LN Meb 3

Material and
Energy Balance
JOB 20403
LECTURER: DR. MUHAMMAD REMANUL ISLAM
Material Balance on Single-Unit
Process
 Introduction to Material Balance
 Material Balance Fundamentals
 Mass Balance on Steady-State Process
 Stream Specification
 Procedure for Solving Materials Balance Problems
 Total mass of input = total mass of output
 Accumulation = (input − output) + (generation − consumption)
Accumulation = (input − output) + (generation − consumption)
Accumulation is the change in quantity of material inside the system
Input is the material that enters the system by crossing system boundary
Output is the material that exits the system by crossing system boundary
Generation is the material that is produced by chemical reaction within the system
Consumption is the material that is used up by chemical reaction within the system
Stream F contains 30 kg/min of O2 and 70 kg/min of CH4. Note that the component
masses must be added and be equal to the total mass. The total mass in F is
100 kg/min:
Example 3.1 Material Balance on Distillation
Column
Problem
A mixture of three components (A, B, and C)

enters a separation process. The three
components appear in the distillate with variable
composition. In contrast, only B and C appear in
the bottom. Write a proper set of material balance
equations.
Example 3.2 Ethanol–Water Separation Process
Problem
A mixture containing 10% ethanol (E) and 90% H2O (W) by

weight is fed into a distillation column at the rate of
100 kg/h. The distillate contains 60% ethanol and the
distillate is produced at a rate of one tenth that of the
feed. Draw and label a flowchart of the process.
Calculate all unknown stream flow rates and
compositions.
Example 3.3 Separation Process
Problem
A feed stream is flowing at a mass flow rate

of 100 kg/min. The stream contains 20 kg/min
NaOH and 80 kg/min of water. The distillate
flows at 40 kg/min and contains 5 kg/min
NaOH. Determine bottom stream mass flow
rate and composition.
3.4 Basis for Calculation The amount or flow rate of one of
the process streams can be used as a basis for
calculation. It is recommended to bear the following in
mind:
1. If a stream amount or flow rate is given in the problem

statement, use this as the basis for calculation.
2. If no stream amounts or flow rates are known, assume
one, preferably a stream of known composition.
3. If mass fractions are known, choose the total mass or
mass flow rate of that stream (e.g., 100 kg or 100 kg/h)
as the basis.
4. If mole fractions are known, choose the total number of
moles or the molar flow rate.
3. Choose a basis for calculation.
4. Select a system, draw its boundaries, and state
your assumptions.
5. Determine the number of unknowns and the
number of equations that can be written that
relate to them.
6. Calculate the quantities requested in the
problem statement. Check your solution and
whether it makes sense.
Example 3.6 Separation of a Mixture of Benzene and Toluene
Problem
A 100 kg/h mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) containing

50% benzene by mass is separated by distillation into two
fractions. The mass flow rate of benzene in the top stream is
45 kg B/h and that of toluene in the bottom stream is 47.5 kg
T/h. The operation is under steady state. Write balances for
benzene and toluene to calculate the unknown component
flow rate in the output streams.
Example 3.7 Methanol–Water Mixtures
Problem
Two methanol–water mixtures are mixed in a

stirred tank. The first mixture contains 40.0 wt%
methanol and the second one contains 70.0 wt%
methanol. If 200 g of the first mixture is combined
with 150 g/s of the second one, what are the mass
and composition of the product?
Example 3.10 Partial Vaporization
Problem
A liquid mixture of benzene and toluene contains 55.0% benzene

by mass. The mixture is to be partially evaporated to yield a
vapor containing 85.0% benzene and a residual liquid containing
10.6% benzene by mass. Suppose that the process is to be carried
out continuously and under steady state, with a feed rate of
100.0 kg/h of the 55% mixture. Let V (kg/h) and L (kg/h) be the
mass flow rates of the vapor and liquid product streams,
respectively. Draw and label a process flowchart, and solve for
unknown flow rates and compositions.
Example 3.11 Cool Drying Process
Problem
A gas stream containing 40% O2, 40% H2, and 20

mol% H2O is to be dried by cooling the stream
and condensing out the water. If 100 mol/h of a
gas stream is to be processed, what is the rate at
which the water will be condensed out and
what is the composition of dry gas?
Example 3.12 Mixing of Binary Liquids
Problem
Pure streams of NaOH and water are mixed on a

continuous basis to prepare an aqueous solution
at 20 mol% NaOH. What is the rate of each stream
required to prepare a 100 mol/h solution?
Example 3.13 Extraction
Problem
Hexane is used to extract seed oil from cleaned cotton

seed. Raw cotton seed consists of 15 wt% cellulose
material, 35 wt% protein meal, and 50 wt% oil. Calculate
the composition of oil extract obtained when 3 kg
hexane is used per 1 kg mass raw seeds.
Example 3.14 Multicomponent Distillation Column
Problem
A feed rate of 100 mol/h of an equimolar mixture of

ethanol (E), propanol (P), and butanol (B) is separated in
a distillation column into two streams. The overhead
stream (distillate) contains 2/3 ethanol and no butanol,
and the bottom stream is free of ethanol. Calculate the
rates and compositions of the overhead and bottom
streams.
Example 3.15 Benzene–Toluene Separation Process
Problem
The feed to a distillation column contains 36% benzene (B)

by weight, and the remainder toluene (T). The overhead
distillate is to contain 52% benzene by weight, while the
bottom is to contain 5% benzene by weight. Calculate the
percentage of the benzene in the feed that is contained
in the distillate, and the percentage of the total feed that
leaves as distillate.
Example 3.16 Evaporation Chamber
Problem
Three input streams are fed into an evaporation

chamber to produce an output stream with the desired
composition. Liquid water, fed at a rate of 20.0 cm3/min,
air (21 mol% O2, the balance N2), and pure oxygen, fed
at one-fifth of the molar flow rate of air stream. The
output gas is analyzed and is found to contain 1.5 mol%
water. Draw and label a flowchart of the process and
calculate all unknown stream variables.
Example 3.17 Ethanol–Methanol Separation
Process
Problem
A 100 kg/h ethanol–methanol stream is to be

separated in a distillation column. The feed has
40% ethanol and the distillate has 90%
methanol. The flow rate of the bottom stream
product is 40 kg/h. Determine the percentage
of methanol in the bottom stream.
Example 3.18 Drying of Wet Polymeric
Membrane
Problem
Two kilograms of wet polymeric hollow fiber

membrane is to be dried by heating in a
furnace. The wet fibers enter the drier with 1.5 kg
H2O per kilogram dry membrane (DM). The
membrane is to be dried to 20% moisture.
Determine the mass of water removed.

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Material and

Accumulation is the change in quantity of material inside the system

A mixture of three components (A, B, and C)

A mixture containing 10% ethanol (E) and 90% H2O (W) by

A feed stream is flowing at a mass flow rate

1. If a stream amount or flow rate is given in the problem

A 100 kg/h mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) containing

Two methanol–water mixtures are mixed in a

A liquid mixture of benzene and toluene contains 55.0% benzene

A gas stream containing 40% O2, 40% H2, and 20

Pure streams of NaOH and water are mixed on a

Hexane is used to extract seed oil from cleaned cotton

A feed rate of 100 mol/h of an equimolar mixture of

The feed to a distillation column contains 36% benzene (B)

Three input streams are fed into an evaporation

A 100 kg/h ethanol–methanol stream is to be

Two kilograms of wet polymeric hollow fiber

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