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    Dam Earthquake Engineering

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    evil_jot
    This document discusses seismic design of dams. It covers 1) geological conditions and earthquake types in Japan, 2) earthquake observation systems, 3) past major earthquakes in Japan, 4) basic seismic design methods for different dam types using seismic coefficients, and 5) advanced seismic design methods including modified seismic coefficient methods and dynamic analysis using finite element modeling. Dams are designed to withstand various loads including water pressure, uplift pressure, inertia forces, and hydrodynamic pressure from earthquakes without failing.

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    Dam Earthquake Engineering

    Uploaded by

    evil_jot
    210 views58 pages
    This document discusses seismic design of dams. It covers 1) geological conditions and earthquake types in Japan, 2) earthquake observation systems, 3) past major earthquakes in Japan, 4) basic seismic design methods for different dam types using seismic coefficients, and 5) advanced seismic design methods including modified seismic coefficient methods and dynamic analysis using finite element modeling. Dams are designed to withstand various loads including water pressure, uplift pressure, inertia forces, and hydrodynamic pressure from earthquakes without failing.

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    (1)Dam Earthquake Engineering

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    This document discusses seismic design of dams. It covers 1) geological conditions and earthquake types in Japan, 2) earthquake observation systems, 3) past major earthquakes in Japan, 4) basic seismic design methods for different dam types using seismic coefficients, and 5) advanced seismic design methods including modified seismic coefficient methods and dynamic analysis using finite element modeling. Dams are designed to withstand various loads including water pressure, uplift pressure, inertia forces, and hydrodynamic pressure from earthquakes without failing.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    210 views58 pages

    Dam Earthquake Engineering

    Uploaded by

    evil_jot
    This document discusses seismic design of dams. It covers 1) geological conditions and earthquake types in Japan, 2) earthquake observation systems, 3) past major earthquakes in Japan, 4) basic seismic design methods for different dam types using seismic coefficients, and 5) advanced seismic design methods including modified seismic coefficient methods and dynamic analysis using finite element modeling. Dams are designed to withstand various loads including water pressure, uplift pressure, inertia forces, and hydrodynamic pressure from earthquakes without failing.

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    of 58

    Dam Earthquake Engineering

    Yoshikazu YAMAGUCHI
    Team Leader, Dam Structures Research Team Hydraulic Engineering Research Group Public Works Research Institute

    Dam Earthquake Engineering

    Seismic Design of Dams


    Dam Structures Research Team Hydraulic Engineering Research Group Public Works Research Institute

    Contents

    1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

    Geological Condition Earthquake Observation System Past Earthquakes Seismic Design of Dams Advanced Seismic Design of Dam

    Geological Condition

    Location of earthquakes occurred in the world

    JAPAN

    Location of earthquakes occurred in Japan

    Plate tectonics
    trench
    a him his h C nc tre

    Japan tre nch

    Eurasia Plate

    Pacific Plate

    gh trou kai Nan

    Sagami trough

    IzuOgasawara trench

    Philippine Plate

    Earthquake types

    Inland Type

    Trench Type

    Compression force Land Plate

    Ocean Plate Fault

    Movement of Plate Several centimeter per year

    Active Faults in Japan

    Earthquake Observation System

    Definition of earthquake size by Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)


    JMA operates a network made up of about 180 seismographs for continuous earthquake monitoring and 650 Seismic Intensity Meters, together with Seismic Intensity Meters of about 2000. The observational data are collected by the Earthquake Phenomena Observation System (EPOS) at the Headquarters of JMA and the Earthquake and Tsunami Observation System (ETOS) at the District Meteorological Observatories. As soon as an earthquake occurs, EPOS/ETOS processes the observational data to locate the epicenter and to determine the magnitude. After the occurrence of earthquake JMA quickly announces information on epicenter, magnitude and the distribution of seismic intensity to the public through mass media as well as to the disaster prevention organizations. It also provides these observational data for the International Seismological Centre (ISC) in the UK which collects and analyzes seismic observational data over the world.

    JMA Seismic Intensity Scale


    JMA Scale Explanation In most buildings, wall tiles and windowpanes are damaged and fall. In some cases, reinforced concrete-block walls collapse. In many buildings, wall tiles and windowpanes are damaged and fall. Most unreinforced concrete-block walls collapse. In some buildings, wall tiles and windowpanes are damaged and fall. In many cases, unreinforced concrete-block walls collapse and tombstones overturn. Many automobiles stop due to difficulty to drive. Occasionally, poorly installed vending machines fall. Most people try to escape from a danger. Some people find it difficult to move Many people are frightened. Some peolpe try to escape from a danger. Most sleeping people awake. Felt by most people in the building. Some people are frightened. Felt by many people in the building. Some sleeping people awake. Felt by only some people in the building . Imperceptible to people.

    7 6Upper 6lower 5Upper

    5lower 4 3 2 1 0

    Earthquake Observation Systems


    National Research Institute For Earth Science and Disaster Prevention Strong Motion Seismograph Network K-net (Surface of ground) KiK-net (Rock foundation)

    Online Earthquake Observation Systems for Dams


    Seismographs

    Dam Office Earthquake Data Real Time

    NILIM (Tsukuba)

    Database

    About 60 dams are connected on line now. In the future, 410 dams will be connected.

    Headquaters of MLIT (Tokyo)

    Past Earthquakes

    Recent Major Earthquake Disasters in Japan


    Date Earthquake Magnitude 8.0 8 1/2 7.9 7.3 8.1 7.2 7.9 6.8 8.0 7.1 7.7 7.8 7.2 Number of Lost persons 7,273 22,072 142,807 2,925 3,064 1,083 998 1,961 1,330 3,796 104 230 6,427

    Oct. 28, 1891 Nobi Earthquake June 15, 1896 Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami Sept. 1, 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake Mar. 7, 1927 Kitatango Earthquake Mar. 3,1933 Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami Sept. 10, 1943 Tottori Earthquake Dec. 7, 1944 Tonankai Earthquake Jan. 13, 1945 Mikawa Earthquake Dec. 21, 1946 Nankai Earthquake June. 28, 1948 Fukui Earthquake May 26, 1983 Central Japan Sea Earthquake July 12, 1993 Southwest of Hokkaido Earthquake Jan. 17, 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake

    Oct 6, 2000 Western Tottori Prefecture Earthquake

    6.6

    Hyogo-ken Nambe (Kobe) Earthquake

    Date : 17 Jan 1995 am 5:46 Epicenter : 3436 North Latitude 13502 East Longitude Focal Depth : 16 km JMA Magnitude : 7.3

    Distribution of Seismic Intensity

    Epicenter

    Location of Nojima Fault

    Nojima Fault
    Osaka Kobe

    Photo 1

    Collapse of Highway Overpass

    Photo 2

    Collapse of Buildings

    Photo 3

    Appearance of Nojima Fault

    Location of Dams near the Epicenter

    About 50 dams exist within 50 km from the epicenter

    Special Safety Inspections of Dams


    Primary Inspection Visual Inspection immediately after the earthquake Secondary Inspection Both a detailed visual inspection and safety checks of data recorded by instruments

    The special safety inspection of 251 dams were completed by January 21, 1995 (occurrence of the earthquake was Jan. 17) No damage requiring emergency protective countermeasures was reported.

    Horizontal Accelerations observed at dam sites

    Acceleration Response Spectrum

    Relationship between the Distance and the Horizontal Accelerations

    Relationship between the Distance and the Vertical Accelerations

    Relationship between the Distance and the Horizontal Accelerations (Soil Sites)

    FEM Analysis (Concrete Gravity Dam)

    Results of FEM Analysis (Concrete Gravity Dam)

    Results of FEM Analysis (Concrete Gravity Dam)

    Conclusions of Dam Safety Evaluation during Hyogo-ken Nambu Earthquake


    The special safety inspections by site officers and detailed investigations (using dynamic analyses) by PWRI engineers confirmed that there was no serious damage affecting dam safety or requiring protective countermeasures. The dams were constructed on the rock foundations where the earthquake motion were substantially smaller than those at soil sites. It is one of major reasons why dams were safe during the earthquake. Careful geological investigation and site location, adequate safety factor in designing dams, high-quality construction were also important to ensure the safety of dams.

    Seismic Design of Dams

    Essentials of a design

    The dam shall be of a structure possessing safety under anticipated loads, the necessary durability and watertightness, and good operating properties. Also, It should be designed with consideration to its economics.

    Essentials of Design
    A Concrete Dam should have such a structure that will not slide or overturning under the estimated loads. An Embankment Dam should have such a structure that will not show sliding or seepage failure under the estimated loads. Foundations for dams should be safe from sliding, or seepage failure under the estimated loads.

    Difference in Design Methods in accordance with Dam Types

    Type of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Concrete Arch Dams Embankment Dams

    Basic Assumptions 2-Dimentional Elastic Body 3-Dimentional Elastic Body 2-Dimentional Non-Elastic Body

    Conditions of Dam Design 1) Middle third condition 2) Hennys formula (Fs4) 3) Allowable stress 1) Allowable stress 2) Hennys formula (Fs4) 1) Sliding method (Fs1.2)

    Design Water Levels

    DFL SWL NWL

    DFL SWL NWL Drop rapidly MWL

    LWL Empty

    LWL Empty

    Concrete Dam

    Embankment Dam

    Design Loads (1)


    Reservoir condition Concrete Gravity Dam
    Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Silt pressure Uplift pressure Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Silt pressure Uplift pressure Inertia force Hydrodynamic pressure Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Uplift pressure Inertia force Hydrodynamic pressure

    Concrete Arch Dam


    Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Silt pressure Uplift pressure Thermal load Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Silt pressure Uplift pressure Thermal load Inertia force Hydrodynamic pressure Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Uplift pressure Thermal load Inertia force Hydrodynamic pressure

    Embankment Dam
    Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Pore pressure

    Design flood level

    Normal water level And Surcharge water level

    Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Pore pressure Inertia force

    Lowest water level

    Design Loads (2)


    Reservoir condition Middle water level When the water level drops rapidly Empty reservoir
    Self weight Inertia force Self weight Inertia force

    Concrete Gravity Dam

    Concrete Arch Dam

    Embankment Dam
    Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Pore pressure Inertia force Self weight Pore pressure Inertia force

    Seismic Loads
    Seismic Coefficient Method

    Hydrodynamic pressure

    Inertia Force

    Inertia Force

    Concrete Dam

    Embankment Dam

    Seismic Zone

    Strong Seismic Region Intermediate Seismic Region Weak Seismic Region

    Seismic Coefficient
    Seismic Region Strong Seismic Region Intermediate Seismic Region Weak Seismic Region

    k
    Zoned Embankment Dam 0.15 0.18 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.10 0.12 0.15 Homogeneous Embankment Dam 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.12 0.18

    Foundation Concrete Concrete gravity Arch Conditions Dam Dam Rock Soil Rock Soil Rock Soil 0.12 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.24 0.30 0.24 0.20 0.24

    Inertia Force

    I = Wk
    Where,

    I inertia force of the dam body during


    an earthquake

    W weight of dam body k design seismic coefficient

    Hydrodynamic Pressure

    Pd = 0.875Ww k Hh
    Where,

    Pd hydrodynamic pressure Ww unit weight of water k design seismic coefficient H depth of the reservoir h depth of the water from the water surface

    Hydrodynamic Pressure
    H w( dynamic ) = Pd dy
    0 H

    h H Pd

    7 = Ww k H 2 12

    Example
    Horizontal Forces ( k=0.12 )
    Forces 90 m 100 m Hydrostatic Force Silt Force 30 m Inertia Force Hydrodynamic Force Total sum Value (ton) 4,050 225 1,104 567 5,946 Percentage 68 % 4% 19 % 9% 100 %

    Advanced Seismic Design of Dam

    Advanced Seismic Design

    Modified Seismic Coefficient Method Dynamic Analysis using FEM

    Modified Seismic Coefficient Method


    Distribution of Seismic Coefficient k

    Seismic Coefficient Method

    Modified Seismic Coefficient Method

    Modified Seismic Coefficient Method


    1991.6 SEISMIC DESIGN STANDARD FOR EMBANKMENT DAMS (DRAFT)
    0.0 0.2

    y/H

    y
    1.76

    0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0

    k / kf

    Example of Dynamic Analysis


    Oct 6, 2000 Western Tottori Prefecture Earthquake

    Kasho Dam Epicenter

    Kasho Dam

    Dynamic Analysis using FEM


    Gate House

    reservoir

    Dam Body Dam Body

    Dam Body
    Z X

    Earthquake Record (Input Data)

    5 00 .0

    20.480 0.010 -503.345 5.930

    ACCELERATION

    2 50 .0

    Horizontal

    0 .0

    -2 50 .0

    -5 00 .0 0 .0 2 .0 4. 0 6 .0 8 .0 10 .0 1 2. 0 14 .0 16 .0 1 8.0 20. 0

    5 00 .0

    20.480 0.010 485.209 6.680

    ACCELERATION

    2 50 .0

    Vertical

    0 .0

    -2 50 .0

    -5 00 .0 0 .0 2 .0 4. 0 6 .0 8 .0 10 .0 1 2. 0 14 .0 16 .0 1 8.0 20. 0

    Dynamic Analysis using FEM


    V1 L1 G1 150. 140. 130. 120. 110. 100. 90. 80. 70. 60. 5.1191 50.
    V1 L1 G1

    Principal Stress (Compression)


    0. -10. -20. -30. -7.3479 -40. -50. -60.

    40. 30.

    Y Z X 148.86

    20. 10. 0.

    Output Set: PLAN-S1 Contour: PLANE S1

    Principal Stress (Tension)

    -70. -80. -90. -100. -110. -120. -130. -140. -150. Y Z X -183.59 -160. -170. -180. -190. Output Set: PLAN-S3 Contour: PLANE S3

    Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis using FEM

    Role of Dynamic Analysis

    Design
    Seismic Coefficient Method Modified Seismic Coefficient Method

    Inspection
    Dynamic Analysis using
    FEM, BEM, DEM

    Unique solution can be obtained.

    Results are effected by method, model, conditions

    Definition of Earthquake Motions


    Proposal of Earthquake Resistance for Civil Engineering Structures by Japan Society of Civil Engineering Level I Earthquake motions is the level in which structures are not damaged when these motions strike. (OBEOperation Based Earthquake)

    A structure is designed so that it may not get damage


    Level II Earthquake motions is the level in which an ultimate capacity of earthquake resistance of a structure is assessed in plastic deformation range. (MCEMaximum Credible Earthquake)

    A structure is designed so that it may not get fatal damage

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