INTERNAT10NAL EDIT10N― Noffor Sale in the U.S.A.

FUNDAMENTALS OF

F〈 Э∪RTH EDITION
鷹¨

Betty S. Azar
Stacy A. Hagen
Common 恥 rbs An Reference List
SrMpr-r Sr-upr-e P^sr Snrrr-r SrMPr-ri PAs'r
FoRM PAsr PARTICFI.E FoRM Plsr PARTICIPLE

fall fen fanen

bc feed fed Ftti

beat feel Fc・ lt tlt

became 6cht fought foughr

begin began begun find tound lirund

bend ben! lit fit fit

bitc bir bitten nv flew

blo、 v blcw forget forgot forgotten

break broke broken forgive forgave forgiven

bring brought brought ieeze froze frozcn

broadcast broadcast broadcast gct got gor/gorten

build built built glve gavc grven

burn burnedlburnt burnedlburnt g0 gone

buy bought bought grow glew grown

catch caughr caughr hang hung hung

chose have had had

come came c()mc hear heard hcard

COSt COヽ 1 hidc hid hiddcn

cut hit hrt hit

dig dug dug hold hcld hcld

divc dived-/dove divcd hurt hurt hurt

do did keep kept kept

dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt lay laid loid

dream
drink drank drunk lead led Icd

driven left lctt

drivc
cal catcn lcnd lent lcnt

(coninued on ,he ins;de ba.k c(,Ler)

Fundamertals of Easlish Grammat' Fouth Edition

CopFisht O 201 l, 2003, 1992, 1985 by Betty Schnmpfer Azar

No part of this publication may be reproduced, srored in a r€trieval sysiem, or ransmitted iD anv form or bv
any means! elecftonicj mechanical, photocoPyins, recordingJ or otheMisei wifiout fie prior permission of the

Azar Associates: Shelley Herle, Ediro! aDd Sue Van Erter, Manager

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Staff credirs: The people who made up rhe Frzdazdtals oJ EnElish GraffiLt Foutth Edinoi re"m,
representins editorial! production, desis!, and manufacrurins, are, Dave Dickey, Christine Edmonds,
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|, 392
338, 160, 363, 377 , 1A6, 3A9, 19

Libmry of Cone"ess Catalosins-in-Publicatior Dala

Azar, Bety Schrampfer, 1941

FundameDtals of Engiish grammar / Betty s. Azar, Sracy A. Hagen. -4th ed.

ISBN-l3r 978-0-13-707169-2 (with answer key)

ISBN-l0: 0 13-707169-8 (with aDswer key) 1. English lansus-Textbooks for foreisn speakers.
2. English language--Grammar Problems, €xercises, etc. I. HageD, StacvA., 1956- II.Title.

PE1l28-A965 201I
428.2'M.22
2010050069

Printed in fie Unired States ofAmerica

ISBN 10:0-13-246932-4
ISBN l3r 978-0-r3-2,16932 6
67a910 vo1l 16 15 1.1

ISBN l0: 0 13-231512-2 (International Edition)

ISBN 13: 978-0-13 231512-8 (International Edition)
5678910 voll 16 15 14
 To my sister, Jo
B.S,A.

For D. P and H. B.
with appreciation
S.H.
Prefoce to lho Four,h Edけ on ……… X
Acknowledgmenis ……… ……… … …… … … … … … … … … … … … … … XⅢ

Chopierl PRESENT TIME …… … … …… … …… … … … … …… … …… 1

1‐ l Smplc prcscnt and prescnt progressive 3
1‐ 2 Forms of thc shple prcscnt and the prcscnt prOgressl■ e 4
1-3 Frequencl advcrbs 10
1-4 Singular plural … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … 13
15 Spcnmg Of hal_37__ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 14
1-6 No‐ actlon vcrbs 17
1-7 Prcsent vcJDS:ShOrt answcrs to yes′ nO qucs● Ons 20
Chopter 2 PAST TIME 26
２． ２． ２． ２． ２． ２． ２． ２．
︲

Expressing past time: rhe simple past ........26

２

Spelling of -rhg and -ed forms ... ...........29

３

The principal parts ofaverb...... ..........3l

４

Common irregular verbs: a reference lisr .......32

５

Regular verbs: pronunciation of-edendings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

６

Simple past and pasr progressive . . ...... .42

７

Expressing past time: using time clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

８

Expressing pasr habil zsed to .... ........52

“ ５
Chopler 3 FUTURET ME

５ ６∞ ２５８２４５７
3‐ 1 Expressing future rimet be going to and @ill
５
3-2 Forms with 6€ gor'rg r
3‐ 3 Forms s.idr {rru
６６６７７７７
3‐ 4 Certainryabourthefurure ......
3-5 Be going a vs.
'a'i
3‐ 6 Expressing the future in time clauses and y'-clauses . . . .
3‐ 7 Using the present progressive to express future rime . . . .
3-8 Using the simple present to express future time ........
3‐ 9 Immediate tufure: using be abour ro
3‐ 10 Parallel verbs

chOpler4 PRESENT PERFECT AND RASI PERFECT

＾
１   １
３   ８

……
４
●
１ ＾

Past parti€iple
４
Ｚ

８
３

Present perfect with srrce andlor . .

CONI【 NIS V
 4-3 Negalive, questionJ and short-answer fo ............87
tH Present perfect with unspeofied time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4-5 Simple past !s. present perfect ........94
4-6 Presen! perfect progtessive .. ............ 98
4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect ...... ......101
4-8 Pastperfect.. .. .. . .. ... .. .. 108
Chopter 5 ASKTNG OUESTTONS ...........'lll
5-l Yeyno questions and short answers . . l
Yes/no snd information questions , . - I l4
5-3 Where, u14r', @hen,lDhat time, holD corrw, uha, ...lor t\7
5-4 Questions with ur&o. oho\rn\, and uhot ll9
5-5 Using srrat a form ofdo 12t
5-6 U:JnglJoh;ch and @hat hind ol . . 123
5-7 Using urrose t25
5-8 Using rrotD 127
5-9 Usin9ho{.D olle \29
5-10 Using rroolar 131
5-11 l-engl.h of time: ,', + aahe hou long t32
^nd
5-12 Spoken and written contractions wirh question words l3,l
5-13 More questions \r'ith noq, . . . t37
5-14 Using hou about and @hat aboua 138
5-15 Tag questions 140

Chopier 6 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

6-l Plural forms of nouns .......147
6-2 Pronunciation offinal -s/-es. ............149
6-3 Subjects, verbs, and obiects . . . ............ 151
6-4 Obiects of prepositrons ..... .......... 153
6-5 Prepositions of time ...... ...... -........156
6-6 lf'ord order: place and time . . . ....... ....157
6-7 Subiect-verbagieement.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6-8 Using adiectives to describe nouns ......... 160
6..9 Using nouns as adiectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
6-10 Personal pronouns: subiects and obiects ......164
6-ll Possessive noun ...... ......... 166
6-12 Possessive pronouns afld adiectives ......... 168
6-13 Reflexive prono .. .. ... .. .. .. . 169
6-14 SinSular forms of othet onothet vs. the other . . . . .... 171
6-15 Plural forms of othe. : o,het(s) vs.,he othet(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 17 1
6-.16 Summary of forms oforrtet ..........'176
Chopier T MODAL AUXTL|AR|ES ............ 178
7-1 The form of modal au-yiliaries . . . . . ........178
7-2 Expressing abitity can ar.,d coutd . " ' 180
?.'3 Expressing posslbilityi ,nay, ,night, and rnarbe;
Expressing pcrmission: rnoy co;n .... 182
z-4 ^nd
Using co,td to express Possibility " ' 184
7-5 Polite questions : nay I, codd l, can I . 1 87

vi CONIENIS
 7-6 Polite questions: zrould you, cottld you, rrrill yoL can you 189
7-7 Expressing advice, should ought t 190
7-8 Expre\rmg advice: had beuer ^nd.
191
7-9 Expressing necessiqy: haoe to, ha,Je got to, ,nust . - t93
7..10 Expressing lack of necessityt do not hooe to;
Expre.sing prohibition. must not . \95
7-l I Making log,cal conclu\ions: rn xsr 197
7-12 Tag quesrions with modal auxiliaries 199
7-13 Giving instructions:imperative sentences . . . . . . . 200
7-14 Making suggestions let's a\d @lry don't . 203
7-15 Stating preferencei preler, like . .. better,, @ould rather .. 2o4

Chopter 8 coNNECTtNG TDEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

8-l Connecting idcas with and . . . . . . . .........208
8-2 Connecting ideas ivith 6&rand or .........210
8-3 Connecting ideas wirh so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2t2
8-4 Using auxiliary verbs afrer 6rr, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
8-5 Using azd + too, so, eitheL neithe ........216
8-6 Conflecting ideas with 6ecar6€ ...........221
8-7 Connecting ideaswi$ eoen .ho1,ghl.rlthough ... .......223
Chopler 9 CoMPAR|SONS .......229
9-l Making comparisons with as... as ... _.....229
9-2 Comparative and superlative ...... _.......233
9-3 Compararive and superlative forms ofadjectives and adverbs ..........235
9..4 Completing a compararile . ....... . ._..239
9-5 Modii,ins comparatjves ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
9-6 Compa sons wir\ less ... than and,ro, as,.. as ........24t
97 Using rrrore with nouns .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
98 Repeating a compararive . . . ...... _........244
9-9 Using double comparadves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
9- 01 Using superlarives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ 246
9-11 Usirry the sarne, sirnilar, difrercn4lihe, atike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Chopier l0 THE PASSIVE .........258

10-l Acrive senteflces and passive senrences .. _ -- _.25A
102 Formofrhepassive...... . . . . . . _ . _ . . . . . . 259
10-3 Transirive and irtmnsirive verbs _ - -........263
10-4 Using the 6y-phrase .......265
10-5 Passive modal auxiliaries . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
I 0-6 Using past participles as adjectives (non-progressive passive) . . . . . . . . . . 27 I
l0-7 Parii€ipialad,ectives:-edvs.-rig, ...........276
10-8 Ger+ adjective; I'er + past participle . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27a
l0'.9 Us,l]g be ,Lredlaccustoned to and
eet tsed/accustomed,o . . . . . . . -.........2A2
\o-lo Used to vs. be sedto..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2A4
l0-l1Using6€s r?osed to ..... . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . 2A5

CONT[NIS v"
Chopler ll COUNT/NONCOuNI NOUNS AND ARTICLES … … … … … … … 290
11-1 Avs,on,.. 290
11-2 Countandnoncountnouns,.,., 292
11-3 Noncount nouns 29つ
11-4 More noncount nouns .........295
11-5 Using serJeial, a lot ol, nany/rnuch, a,Jd areutla little . . . . , . . . . . . . . 297
11‐ 6 Noun! thet can be counl or noncount . ,......300
11-7 Using units ofmeasure with noncount nouns ..,....,.,702
11‐ 8 Guidelines for article usage . . . -.. ........306
11‐ 9 Using rrre oro with names. .. -.. .. . . . .. .315
11‐ 10 Capitalization .............317
Chopler 12 ADJECTTVE CLAUSES ..,.........321
12- 1 Adjective clauses: introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
l2-2 Usingatho and,,ra, in adiective cleuses to describe people ...........322
l2-3 Using object proDouns in adiective clauses to descnbe people . . . . . . . . . . 324
I 2-4 Using pronouns in adiective clauses to desc be things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
l2-5 Singular and plural verbs in adiective clauses . . . . ........331
12-6 Usiflg prepositions io adjective clauses . . . . . .332
l2-7 Usiflg @rose in adiective clauses . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Chopier13 GERUNDSAND |NF|NTTTVES ..... ............ .342

l3-l VeO + gerund ... ........... 112
l1-2 Go+-ittg...... ............344
l3-3 Verb + infinitive.. ...........346
l3-4 Verb + gerund or infnitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
13-5 Preposition + gerund .... ......352
13-6 done
Using 6, and r!r'r, to express how something is . . . . . . 355
13-7 .
Using ge.unds as subjects; using ,', + infinitive . . . . . . . . . . 157
1l-8 L + infinitive: usins/or (sorneotu) ........158
l3-9 Expressing purpose with i,, ordet ,o andl6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16l
13-10 Using infinitives wi.d\ too and enotgh ......164
chopter 14 NOUN CIAUSES .......,. . . . . . 370
14-l Noun clauses: inEoduction . . ..... ........370
l4-2 Noun cleuses thar begin wirh a question word . . . . . .......)71
l4-3 Noun chuses that begin with y'or u,rt?thet ..... .. .....176
lilrl Noun clauses that begin with ,rto, ........379
l4-5 Other uses of trat-clauses . ..........380
14-6 Substituting so for 3 ttar-clause in conveBational responses . . . . . . . . 342
14-7 Quoted speech .. . . .. .. ...384
I4-8 Quoted speech vs. reported speech .........387
l4-9 Verb forms in reported speech .........388
l4-lo Common teportingverbs. tcll, ash, ans'uetlrebb) ........389

v"i CONI[NIS
Appendix SuPPLEMENTARY CRAMMAR CHARTS …………… … … …… … … 395
un'A: A‐ 1 ■■e prcscnt pcrft・ ct vs thc past pcrfcct 395
A-2 Ъ e past progressivc vs ie past perict 396
A-3 S′ ￨″ vs α″ν″ Ore 396
A-4 AdditiOnal verbs fono、 ved bv`″ α ciauses 397
A-5 Additional cxprcssiOns、 itl1 0θ +rrlα
`―

`_clauses 397
unil BI B_l Phrasal vclbs 398
B‐ 2 Phrasal vcrbsi a rcFcrence list 399
unit cI (1_1 1'rcposition combinatiOns:introduction 402
(]-2 PIヾ positiOn combinatiOnst a retrence list 402

Listening scr p, … 405

Tttvio Answers …… ……… …… … … … ……… … … … … 421
index … ………… …… ……… … …… … … … … … … … … … 423
Audio CD Trocking LsI … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 434

CONT[NIS ix
 Fundanenrols of English Gramnar is a developmental skills text for lower-intermediate and
intermediate English language learners. It uses a grammar-based approach integmted with
communicative methodologies to promore the development ofall language skills in a variety of
ways. Starting ftom a foundation of understanding form and meaning, srudents elgage in
meaningful communication about real actions, rcal things, and their real lives in the classroom
context. Fun.lomentals ol English Grunnot tunctions principslly as a classroom teaching text
but also serves as a comprehensive reference text for students and teachers.

The eclectic approach and abundant varieo of exercise matedal remain the same as in the
earlier editions, but this fourth edition incorporates new ways and meam. In particular:
. WARM.IJ'P EXERCISES FORTHE GRAMMAR CHARTS
Newly created for the fourth edition, these innovative exercises precede the gmmmar charts
and introduce the point(s) to be taught. They have been carefrlly crafted to help students
drciz,ar rhe target grammar as they progress tlrough each warm-up exercise.

. LISTENING PRACTTCE
Numerous listening exercises help srudcnts interact with the spoken language in a variery
ofsenings that range fiom the relaxed, casual speech of everyday convenation to more
academic content. An audio CD accompanies the studenr text, and a full listening script
can be found in the back ofthe book.

. READINGS
Students can read and respond to a wide selection of readings that focus on the target
grammar structure(s) .

. WRITING TASKS
New writing activities thar practice target structues have been created for every chapter. A
writing sample precedes each task so students have a model to follow.
. EXPANDED SPEAIqNG ACTIITTIES
S$dents have even more opportunities to share drei experiences, express their opinions,
and relate the target Brammar to their personal lives. The text often uses the students' own
life experiences as context and regularly introdu€es topics ofinterest to stimulate the fiee
expression ofideas in structured as well as open discussions
. CORPUS-INFORMED CONTENT
Based on our corpus research, grammar content has been added, deleted, or modified to
reflect the discou$e patterns of spoken and wr:itten English.

X
TIPS FOR USING THE NEIT FEATURES IN THIS TEXT

Thevarm-Up exercises are a briefpre-teaching tool for the charrs. They highlight tle key
point(s) thar will be introduced in the chart that follows the Varm-Up exercise. Before
beginning the rask, reachers will want to familiarize themselves wirh rhe material in the
chart. Then, with the teacher's guidance, students can discover many or sometimes all of
the new patterns as they complete thevarm-Up activity. After studenrs finish the exercise,
teachen may find thar no further explanetion is necessary, and the charrs can serve as a
usetul reference.

. LISTBNTNG
The Listening exercises have been designed to help srudenrs Understand American English
as it is actually spoken. As such, ir includes reductions and orher phenomena that are part
ofthe natural, relaxed speech of everyday English. Because rhe audio uses English rhat
may be spoken at a rate faster than whar srudenrs are used to, rhey may need to hear
sentences two or three times while completing a task.
The Listening exercises do not encourage immediate pronunciation (unless they are
linked to a specific pronun€iarion task). Receptive skills precede productive ones, and it is
essential that students be able to hear the speech pattems before they begin using them in
tieir own speech.
Students are encouraged to listen to longer passages the first time though without
looking at their text- 'fbache$ can then explain any vocabulary that has nor already been
clarified. During the second listening, students complete the assigned rask. Teachers will
want to pause the audio appropriately. Depending on the level ofrhe class, pauses may be
needed after every sentence, or even witlrin a sentence,
ft is inevirable rhat sound representations in rhe text will at times differ from rhe
instuctor's speech, whether it be due to register or regional variation. As a gereral rule, if
the instructor expects that students will hear a variation, or if students themselves raise lhe
questions, alternate representations can be presented,
A listening script with all the listening exercises can be found at the back ofthe book.

. READINGS
The Readings give srudents an opportunity to work wirh rhe gmmmar structures in extended
contxrs. One approach is to have studenrs read rhe passage alone the 6nt time rhrough.
Then fiey work in small groups or as a class to clarify vocabulary questions. A second reading
may be necessary. Varied reading task rhen allow srudenrs ro check rheir comprehension, to
use the target strlLctEes! and to expand upon rhe ropic in speaking or wriring.

. WRITING TASXS
As students gain confidence in using the targer srructures, rhey are encouraged to €xpress
fieir ideas in complete paragraphs. A model paragreph accompanies each assignment and
questjon-promprs help students develop their ideas.
Peer editing can be used for correction. A useful technique is ro pair students, have
them exchange paperc, and then have rhe pdfrr?rread the paragraph aloud- The wrirer can
l?eal ifthe conrenr is what he or she intended. This also keeps the writer ftom
automatically self-corecting while reading aloud. (Self-correcting can be a problem if
writers are unaware thar they are making corrections as they read.)
For classes that have nor had much experience with w ring, the teacher may wanr ro
assign students ro small groups. Each group composes a paragraph rogether. The reacher
collects the paragraph and adds commenrs, and rhen makes a copy for each group
member. Stud€nrc correct i\e parugraph indiiridually.

PR[FAC[ Xi
 v,hen correcting student writiflg, teachers may waot to focus primarily on the structures
taught in the chapter.

. LET,S TAL(
Each Irt's Talk activity is set up as one of the following: pairwork, small 8?oup, class
activity, interview, or geme. Successful language learning requires social interaction,
and these tasks encourage students to speak with others about their ideas, their everyday
lives, and the world around them. Students tend to speak more easily and freely when they
can connect language to their own knowledge and experiences.

. CHECX YOUR KNOWLEDGE

'fbward the end ofthe chapter, students can practice sentence-level editing skills by
cofiecting erors common to this level. The sentences can be done as homework or in
small groups.
This task can easily be set up as a game. The teacher calls out an item number at
random. Students work in teams to correct the sentence, and the first team to edit h
correcdy wins a point.
See r\e Fundamentab ol English Grunnar1bachal! Grid" for detailed information about
teaching ftom this book, including expansion activities and step-by-step instructions-

Fundamentals oJ English Grazndr is accompanied by

. A comprehensive llbr*boofr, consisting of self-study exercises for independent work.
. An Tbochei''s Crrr'&, {,irh step-by-step teaching suggestions for each chert, notes
^ll-rlew
to the teacher on key grammar structures, vocabulery lists, and expansion activities and
PozrerPom, presentations for key chapte$.
. An expanded 1Asr Bartr, with edditional quizzes, chapter tests, snd mid-term and fillal

. Tbst-Generator sokware that allortrs teachers to customize their own tests using quizzes
and tests from the ?isr BarA.
. Azar. Inaeiacaite, a computer-based program keyed to the text, provides easily understood
contenr, all-new exercises, rcadings, lisrening and speaking actieiues, and comprehensive
tests.
. fhrrerPora, prcsentations for key chapters. Based on real-world readings, these lessons
are designed for use in the classroom as "beyond-the-book" activities. They can be found
in the new ??aclrert Ga,ir? or downloaded from AzarGtammoLcom.
. A Chafibooh, a rcference book consisting only of the Srammar charts.
. Aaarctarn nai.com, a website that provides a variety of supPlementery clessroom
materials and a place where teacherc can support each other by sharing their knowledge
and experience.
. Fun uith Grctmnar, a teacher resource text by Suzaone Woodwerd with commuoicalive
activities coffelated with the Azar-Hagen Grammar Series lt is available as a text or as a
danfi\load on Azafirammat com.

The Azar-Hagen GBmmar Series consists of

. understundins dnd Using E slish Grunmar (blue cov€r), for upper-lcvcl srudents.
. Fundanentals oJ Endish Grummar (black), for midlevel students.
. Basic E glish Grumnar (red), for lower or beginning levels.

xii PR[FAC[
We couldn\ have done fiis fourth editior withour rhe many talented professionals who assisted
us. We began our revision with fie insights and suSgestions from rhese rcviewers: Michael
Berman, Montgomery College; Jeff Bette,Westchesrer Community College; Mary Goodman,
Everest University; Linda Gossard, DPT Business School, Denver; Roberta Hodges, Sonoma
State American Ilnguage Institute; SuzaDne Kelso, Boise Srate Univeftiry; Sreven Ilsswell,
Santa Barbsra City College; Diane Mahin, University of Miami; Maria Mitchell, DP'f Business
School, Philsdelphia; Monica Oliva, Miami Sunset Adult Center; A[ly Parker, Universiry of
Michigan; Casey Peltier, Northern Virginia Community College.
We are fortunate to have an outstanding edirorial staffwho oversaw this book from planning
to production. rre'd like to thank Shelley Harde, managing editor extraordinaire, whose
meticulous and perceprive editing shaped every page;Amy Mccormick, editorial direcror,
whose vision, anenti!'eness, and care for the series guided our wriring; Rurhvoermann,
development editor, for he. keen eye, valuable advice, and unfailing patience; Janice Baillie, our
outstandinS copy-editor who scrutinized and honed every page; SueVan Etten, our
accomplished and very talented business and web-sire manager; Roberr Ruvo, our skilled and
responsive production manager at Pearson Education.
We'd also like to express our appreciation ro the writers of the supplementary texts: Rachel
Spack Koch, lYorkbook; Kelly Roberts Veibel, ??sr Bdr&j and Marrha Hall, Teacher\ Gride,T\ey
have greatly enriched the sedes with tleir innovative ideas and creativity.
Finally, we'd like to thank the dedicated leedership ream ar Pearson Education that guided
this project: PieEo Alongi, Rhea Banker, and Paula Van Ells.
The colorful arrwork is due to tle inspired talents ofDon Martinetri and Chris Pavely.
Finally, we would like to thanl< our families, who supporred and encouraged us every srep of
the way. Thev are a continual source of rnspiralion.

Betty S. Azar
StacyA. Hagen

X‖ ￨
J Exercise L Lislening ond reoding.
a, Por. I. Listen to the conversation between Sam and Lisa. They are college students in
(g California. They are beginning a weeklong rraining to be resident assistants* for their dorm.
,',"1,'. They a.e i"terriewing each orher. l-ater they will introduce each other to the group.

SAM: Hi. My name is Sam.

LsA: Hi. I'm Lisa. n's nice ro meet you.
SAM: Nice to meet you too. Where are you from?
LsA: l'm ftom Boston. How about you?
SAM: I'm from Quebec. So, how long have you been here?
IrsA: Just one day. I still have a little iet lag.
SAM: Me too. I got in yesterday morning. So we need to ask each other about a hobby.
Vhat do you like to do in your free time?-
LISA: I spend a lot oftime outdoors. I love to hike. \vhen l'm indoors,l like to surfthe
lnternet.
SAM: Me too. I'm studying Italian right now. There are a lot ofgood websites for learning
languages on the Internet.
LsA: I know. I found a good one forJapanese. I'm trying to Iearn a litde.
Now, when I intioduce you to the group, I have to *,rite your fi l name on rhe board.
What's your last name, and how do you spell it?
SAM: Itt Sanchez. S-A-N-C-H-E-2.
LsA: My last name is Paterson with one "C': P-A-'FE-R-S-O-N.
-
SAM: It looks like oul rime is up. Thanks. [t's been nice talking to you.
LISA: I enjoyed it too.

rmir dBrarr = a studor sho li6 in a domirory md helps .rha 3ddoB with *rydsy ljf. in rhe domi also cdl.d 4 ..RA. ,
 Par, rr. Read rhe conversarion in Part I. Use the information in the convelsation to complete
Sam's introduction of Lisa to the class.

SAM: I would like to introduce Lisa Parerson. Lisa is ftom Bootan . She has been here

In her free time, she

Par, 11L Now it is Lisa's tum to inEoduce Sam to the class. $?hat is she going to say? Create
an intloduction. Begtn urith I &otld lihc ao introduce Sarn.

D Exelcise 2. tol's lolk inlerview

Interview a partner. 'Iten introduce your partner to the class. As your classmates ere
inEoduced to ihe class, write thek names on a sheet of paper.
Find out )nur ?arlfler\:

flative country or hometourr

ftee-time activities or hobbies
favorite food
reason for being here
lengrh of time here

I Exercise 3, l€fs wrile.

Vrite answers to the questions. Then, with your teacher, decide whet to do with your writing.
See the list of suggestions at the end of the €xercise.

l What is your name?

2. lqhere are you ftom?
3. Where are you living?
4. !(,fhy are you here (in this ciry)?
a. Are you a student? Ifso, what ere you studying?
b. Do you work? lfso, what is your job?
c, Do you have another reason for being here?
5. what do you like to do in your free time?
6. What is your favorit€ season ofthe year? Why?
7. 'What are your three favoriteTv programs or movies? l)0hy do you like them?
8. Describe your first day in this class.

&tgsestions for tour wriing:

a. Give it to a classmate to r€ed. Your classmate can then summarize the informadon in a
spoken report to a small group.
b. Work with a partner and correct errorc in each other's writing.
c. Read your composition aloud in e small group and aDswer any questions about it
d, Haod it in to your teacher, who will correct the errorc and return it to you.
e. Hand it in to your teecher, who will retuln it at the end of the terrn when your English has
progressed, so you can correct your own effors.

2 CHAPTER t
」 Exercls€ 4. Worm-up. (Chorh l-t ond t-2)
Read the statements and circle J,€r or,o.
Choose responses that are true for you. Share your
answers with a partner (e.g.,I Lte a compuw eagry dq. oR I don't use a conpu,er eoery daJ.)-
Your parmer will report your information to the class (e.g., En; dre L\e a conpu,er ewry doy.).
"
l.

ｎ    ｎ    ｎ
０    ０    ０
I use a computer every day. ves
2. I am sitting in ftont of a compurer right [ow. yes

3. I check emails every day.

4. I send text messages several times a day, yes no
5. I am sendifig a text message now.

(a) Ann t kes a show€r 6yery day. The siMpLE pFEsENr expresses daily
(b) Lsualr read lhE newspaper in ha ts at usual activilies, as in (a)
the morning. and (b).

(c) Babies cry. Birds ,ry. The simple presenl expresses gereral
slatenents of fact, as in lcl.
(d) xEGAnvE:
ln general,lhe simple presonl is used
ll doesn'l saow in Bangkok.
lor events or situations lhal o(isl
(€) oJEsroar: always, usually, or habitually in the
Does th6 ieach€r sp€rl slowly? past, presenl, and future,

Present Progresslve Ann can'l coms to lhe phon6 The PBESENT pFoGBEssvE expresses an
/&rhl ,ow because she /9 teking activity that is in prcgress (is occuftin1,
is happening) tght now.
I am reacling my $amnet book The evenl is in progr€ss al lh6 time the
speaker is saying the senlence. Th€
Jimmy and Susie are babies. event began in the pasl, is in progGss
]-f,ey ate crylng. I can l\eat now, and will probably conlinuo inlo lhe
lhem right now. Maybe they ar6 lulure.
hungry FDRM: Am,lS, aft + -lng

Itisn t snowlng reht now.

lslhe leachet speaklng right

Pr6seni Tim€ 3
 1‐ 2 ofthe Sfunple Present and the Present Progressive
Simple Present Present Progressive

師“β”” ”“６““
STAT[MENT ￨ wo″ ln,
You wfl“ lng
He, Shs, ll works- He,She,L wo“ lng
We lγ Ortlag
They lort7● 9

NEGATIVE I clo not wotk. l

Youdo not wgtk. You

He, She, lt does not work. He,She,lt
We do not work. We
They do not wotk. They

筋ルにル“
QUEST10N Do I work? I

Do you work?
Ooes he. she, it wotk? he, she, il
Do we wo*?
Do lhoy wotk?
Contractions
′ +an
/Oピ ￨″ a tlley + are ― Yoυ reじere rhey re wo「 日n0
わesわ θ ″ + ls ‐ ′イeb She● ′
Ҭ

rb work ng
＋  ＋

dO十 ″0` = doesnl She doesn't wotk

= don'l lclonlwotk,
‐ ′3,1
‐ 87enl They aten\ workng.
lan + ‐ an ηOr

'NorE: r', and ,0, m not con@ct.d.

.l Exercise 5. tisloning ond grommol, (chorts l -l ond I -2)

a, Lisren ro the passage on the next page. Discuss the verbs in iml,.s. Is the activity ofthe verb a
((l usual activity or happening right now (an activity in progress)?

4 cHAPTE'1
 Lu[ch at the Fiie Stetion
It's I 2:30, and the firefi ghtets are ioaiting lor a\eir next call. They are raAirg rheir lunch

break. Ben) Rita) and Jada a/? stt nS'at a table ill the fue starion. Their co-worker Bruno
3
$ ,[a/tirrg lunch for them. He is an excellent cook. He often ,n a&er lunch. He ;rrring spicy
456
chicken and rice. 'f,r.eir captain in\ eering. He ii doirrg paperwork. He si;ps lunch on busy

days. He r.D'ls in his o6ce andTSnrslrs his paperwork.

,0 lt

U Exer€ise 6, listening. (chqrts l-r ond I- 2)

,, Lisren to rhe statemenrs abour Irene and her iob. Decide if the activiry of€ech verb is a usual
GQ activig or happening right now Choose the correct answer.
*"0
E o pl", You will hear: Irene work for a video game company.
You will choosei f;a *i: happenmg ngnt now
---- ll9
l activity
usual happening right now
2. usual sctivity heppening right now
3. usual ectivity happening right now
4. usual activity happeniog right now
5. usual activity hsppening right now

f ExercBe 7. looking ql gEmmor,

(chqrts I-r qnd r-2)
Complete the sentences. Use the simple present or the prcsenr progressive form of rhe verbs
in parentheses.
l. Shhh. The baby (s/"e|) io oleepinl . The baby (rt"er) _,clccpe__ for ten
hours every night.

2. Right now I'm in class. I (sO at my desk. t usually (s,t)

at the same desk ir class every day.

3. Ali (sPeah) Arabic. Arabic is his native language, but dght

now he (speaA) Enslish.

4. A: (i, rain) a lot in southern Spain?

Bi No. The weather (rd) usually warm and sunnr'.

5. A: Irok out the window. (r., /dr) )

B: lt (rrar, to sprinkle.

Presenl Ime 5
 6 A: bok lt'sYumiko
B: Wncre,
A:Ovcrthcrc She O麒) out of the caf6.

7. A: Oscar usually (zrdn)

(ン ち 囮 2) to work ever,\7 day too?

B: Yes
A: (oscar, tualh) with you?
B: Sometimes.

f, Exercise 8. lel's lolk. (chods r-r ond l-2)

Your teacher will ask one student to perform an action and another student to describe it using
ihe present progressive.
E arrbr stand next to your desk
To STUDE\"r A: Vould you please stand next to your desk? (StulzntA stands up.)
To STUDEN"T B: Who is standing ne),1 to his,/trer desk? oR What is (Student A) doing?
STITDENT B: (Student A) is sranding next to his/her desk.

1. up srand 7. emse the board

2. smile 8. hold your pen in your left hand
3. whistle 9. knock on the door
4. open or close the door 10. scratch your head
5. read your grammar book 1 1. count aloud the number of people in the classroom

6. shake your head "no" 12. lookat the ceiling

tr Exercise 9. Lislening. (chorh l-l ond l-2)

, Listen to rhe que.rions. \Vrite the wordr you hear.
ad
r?*rs A
problem with the printer
Ena,npler You will hear: Is the pinter working?
You will write: /6 the p nter working?
１   ２   ３   ４   ５

need more paper?

have enough ink?

6xing it yoursel?

know how to fix it?

have another printer in the office?

6. Hmmm. Is it my imagination or making a strange noise?

6 cHAPTERl
-l Exercise 10. Gome: lrivio. (choris r-r ond l-2)
Work in small groups. Complete each se[tence with the corecr form of rhe verb in
parentheses. Then circle "T" for uue or "F" for false. The $oup with the most corecr
answers wins.a

l- In one soccer game, a player (rln) TF

average.

2. Ifl one soccer game, playeft (/flr) TF

aveBge.
3. RighFhanded people (rzrr) I 0 yeals longer than TF
left-handed people.
4. Mountains (corer) 3%, ofAfrica and 25% ofEurope. TF
5. 'fhe Eiffel Tolver (l7d?€) 1,000 steps. TF
6. Honey (sr'o,7) after one year. TF
7. The lerter "e" (be) the most common lener in English. TF
8. It GaAe) about seven seconds for iood to get from TF
our mouths to our stomachs.

Ｔ  Ｔ

Ｆ   Ｆ
９

A man's heart (rrat) faster than a woman's heart.

 
０

About 1,15,000 people in the world (d,'€)

J Exercise Il. let's tolk. (chods t-t ond l-2)

\york with a partner. Take rurns describing your picrures ro each other and finding tle
differences. Use rhe present progressive. Partnet A: Cover Parmer B,s pictures in your book.
Partner B: Cover Partner A's pictures in your book.
Exam?b:
Partner B

PARTNER A: In my picrure, the airplane is taking off.

PARTNER B: In my picrure, the airplane is lending.

rS.. Tnnia AM, p. 421.

Pros€nl lim€ 7
 □

ヨ □

I'artner B

J □

8 cHAPTEP:
tr Exercis€ 12. Lel's reod ond unlls, (chofi l-l qnd l-2)
.Phl, L Read the paragraph and answer the questions.

Hair Fects
Here are some interesting facts about our hair. Humen heir grows about one-half inch
per month or 15 centimeters a year. The hair on our scalp is dead. That's why it doesn't hurt
when we get a haircut. The av€ftge person has about 100,000 strerds ofhair.i Every day we
lose 75 to I 50 strands of hair. One strand of hair grows fot two ro seven years. After ir stops
growiflg, it rests for a while and then falls ou!. Hair grows faste! in warmer wearher, end
women\ hair $ows faster than men's hai!.

Qkstin s:
l. How fasr does hair grow?
2. Why don't haircuts hurt?
3. About how many strands ofhair are on your head right now?
4. Where is a good place to live if you want your hair to gtow fesrer?

Ibr'r IL Choose one pert of the body, for example: fingernails, ski[, eyebrows, eyes, heart,
lungs, etc. Make a list of interesring facts about this pert of the body. Organize rhe facrs inro a
paragraph. Begin with the given topic sentence. Nol€. lfyou ere researching informatioo on
the Inremet, search this topic: "interesting _ facts" (e.9., ioteresring hair facts).
Topir sentznce: Here are some inreresting facts about our _ .

I Exercise 13. Wqrm-up. (Chort I-3)

How often do you do esch activity? Give the percentsge (0% ' 100%). Your reacher will ask
which ones you always do, sometimes do, or never do.

1 I take the bus Io school.

2. I go to bed late.
３

I skip brealdast.
 
４

I eat vegetables at lunch time.

 

-
５

I cook my orr.n dinner.

6. I am an early ser.fi

rJta,A d/ra, = pi€ces ofhan

*r.arl, ru.r = . pc.son who geN up c.rly in ihe mornins

PrcsentTime 9
 ﹄      叫︲︲︲︲︲︲▼﹄
Frequency adverbs usually occur in the middle ol a
s€nlence and have special positions, as shown in
u6ually examples (a) through (e) below.

０
，
，
otlen

¨
The adverbs in boldlace may also occur al the

●ｏＱ                 。 ■ ”∞ｏＣ

lrequently beginning or the end of a senlence,
generally
I sometines qel up at 6:30.
Somenmes I get up at 6:30.
， I gel up at 6:30 sonelmes.

The other adverbs in lhe list (nol in boldtace) rarely

occur al the beginning orthe end ol a sentence. Their
usual position is in the middle ol a sentence.

FREO ADV 十 V Frequency adveds usually com€ belween lhe subi€cl

(a) a"8ンS te″ s the truth and lhe simple presenl verb excopl main verb be.
t^EoRRECf: Always Karen tells lhe lrulh.

S ‐ BF + FREO A" Fr6quency adverbs iollow be in the simple presenl

(b) Karen fs a′ ways on lme (am, is, are)and simple pasl (was, wer4-

(c) Do you arways eat b€akfasl? ln a question, lrequency adveds come directly aller
rhe subjecl.

(d) Ann usurrly doesr't eal broaklast. ln a negaiive sentence, mosl lrequency adverbs come
in lrcnr ol a negative velb (excepl always and evetl.

(€) Sue do6sn'l arrrys eal broaHast- Afivrys lollows a negalive helping verb, as in (e), or a

coRRECr: Anna rlevea eals meat. Negalivo advebs (serdom , rarely, hadly evea nevet)
tNcoRRECr: Anna doesn l never eal neat ar6 Nor us€d wilh a negalivs v€rb.

Doyou evel aake lhe bus lo work? Evθ ′is used in questions aboutirequenc,as in(g) t
(9)
- I do. ! often lak€ lhe bus. means'at any lmel
-Y6s.
Fyer s aso used wlh nol as n(h)
(h) I don'leverwalk lowork.
tNco,TAEcr: I evet walk to wotk. =VeriS NOT uSed in statementS

J Ex6rcise 14. Olsmmol ond speoking. (chod l-3)

PaTt L lrok at your answers in Exercise 13. Make complete sentences using the appropriate
frequency word from Chart l-3.

Exdtn la: l. Oo = I neoer take the h$ to school. oF

5Oy" : I some.itus take ,ha bus to school.

10 CHAPIERl
 &r, II. Walk around rhe room and find people who do rhe activities with the same frequency
as you.

Exonpb:
SPEAKER A: I always take the bus to school. Do you always iake the bus ro school?
SpEdr<rR B: No, I don'r. I sometirbes take the bus to school. Do you usually go to bed lsre?
SPEAT.ER A: Yes, I do. I usually go to bed late.

I Exorcise 15. Let's lolk. (Chori l-3)

Answer rhe quesrioDs. Discuss the meaning of the ftequency adverbs.
Vhat i mmahingthat...
l. you seldom do?
2. a politeperso[ often does?
3. a polite pelsoa never does?
4. out teacher fiequently does in class?
5. you never do in class?
6. you rarely ear?
7. you occasionally do after class?
8. divers geDerally do?
9. people irl your country alwals or usually do ro celeblate the Newyeer?

J Exercise 16. Looking (,t grqmmor. (chort | -s)

Add the given adverbs to each senrence. pur rhe adverbs in their usual midsentence posirion.
Make any necessary changes to the sentence.
Eiramplei Emrly doesn r get to work on rime.
a. usually ' Emily zszclly doeso,t get to work on time.
b. often ' Emily ofe, doesn,t get to work on time.

1. Kazu doesnl shave in the morning.

a. fiequendy d. atways g. hardly ever
b. occasionally e. ever h. mrelv
c, somerime( f. never i, seldom

2. I don't eat br€aldast.

a. usually c. seldom
b. always d. ever

3. My roornmate isn\ home in rhe eventng.

a. generally c. always
b. sometimes d. hardly ever

PresonlTime I I
」 Exorcise 17. Looking sl grommor. (chod l-3)
Complete the sentences using the information in the chart. Use a ftequency adverb in each
sentence to describe Mia's weekly activities.

ヽlia'sヽ ルtck S M Tu ヽ ‐ F S
ヽ

2. make breekfast ヽ ヽ ヽ

3. go to the gl',n X X X X X

4. bc late for the bus X X ヽ X

5. cook dinner X X X ヽ X X X

6. read a book X X ヽ ヽ X X

ヽ X

8. go to bed early

1 ヽlia acu.m / .rrelv wzke6 up early.

2 She breakfast.

3 Shc to the gym.

4 She late for the bus.

5 She dinner.

6 She a book.

7 She

8 Shc to bed early.

f Exerciso 18. t€t's lolk pqilxrolk. (chqds l-t ' l-3)

Vork with a partlter. Use ftequency adverbs lo talk about yourself and to ask your partner
questions.

Erarrrle. walk to school

PARTNER A (Dooft orer): I usually walk to school. How about you? Do you usually walk to
school?
PenrNtr B (6oo* c/osed): I usually walk to school too oR
I seldom walk to school l usually take the bus'
Chonge robs.
l. wear a suit to class 6, wear a hat to class
2. go to sleep before I l:o0 PM 7. believe the things I hear in the news
3. get at leest one email a day 8. get up before nine o'clock in the morning
4. read in bed before I go to sleeP 9. call my family or a friend ifl feel homesick
5. speak to people who sit next or lonelY
to me on ao airplane lo. have chocolate ice cream for dessert

12 cHAme I
□ Exercise I9. Wolm-up. (chort l-4)
Combine the given words inro sentences. Add -s where necessary. Do not add any orher words.

1. A dolphin \ swim

2. Dolphin \ swim

SINGULAR : one, not two or more

pLuHAt: two bids, three bircls, many bir6, all birds, etc. P[URAL‐

(c) B rds sing. A plural noun ends in -s, as in (c)

(d) Abirdsngs. A singular verb ends n -s, as in (d).

le) A bhd sings outside my window. A singular velb lollows a singular sublect.
lf sl,19s loudly. Add -slo lhe simple present verb i, the subject is
Ar,, sirgs beautifully, (1) a singular noun (e.9., a bird, Ann, Tom\ ot
Sne s,ngs songs to herchildren
12) he, she, ot it.t
Tom sings very well.
lre slngs professionally.
r,{?,.,ud,ireihidpersonsinsnlarperson.tlronouns.SeeCher6Io,p.I64,formorcinformarionabourpelsonalp.onou.s

I Exercise 20. Looking ol grommqr. (cho* t-4)

I-ook ar each word rhat ends in
-s. Is it a noun or verb? Is it singular or plural?

Sentence
1. Plants grow quickly in \rarm weather.
2. Ali lives in an apartment
3. Bettina listens to rhe radio every morning.
4 The srudenrs at this school work hard.
5. An ambulance rakcs sick peoplc to rhe hospital.
Ambulances take sick people ro the hospital.
'7. Cell phones offer rext messaging.
8. The carth revolvcs around the sun.

Present Time I3
コ︵Ｃｎ Exercise 21. tistening. (chort l -4)
Listed to the statements. Add -s where necessery \vrite O if no _s is needed
¨
Natural disasters: a flood
1. The weather I causeg some natuml disasterg

2. HealT rains somedmes create flood-.

3. A big flood- cause a lot ofdamage.
-
4. In town-, flood- can damage building-, home-, and road
-
5. After e flood a town need e lot of financial help for repair

-,
コ lxercise 22.Worm・
- 1-5)
up.(chor1
-
や″rite thc third Pcrson form for cach verb undcr the corrcct heading Can you rlgure out the
rules for when to add― s,― 鯰 ,and― ies'

mlx speak stay study 岬 wish

Add -s only. Add― les

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

VSt ylsfrs Final 's, nol -€s, is added lo mosl verbs.

(a)
speak speaお tNcoRREcr: visiles,speakes

(b) ide
子 71des Many velbs end in {. Final -a is simply added.
wnte wrlles

'ct, €rr, _s, _r, and '2.

(C) calch → Final -ca is added lo words lhat end in
→

lix →
Final -6s is pronounc€d /t/ and adds a syllaue.'

buzz →

→ rlles lf a word ends in a consonant + -y, change tie -yto -iand add '.4, as an (d)
(d)iy

(e)pay → PayS lf a word ends in a vowel + -y, simply add

tNcoRREcr: paies ot pates

(l) So + goes The singularJorms ol lhe verbs go, do, and rave are irregular'
do r does
hav€ + hrs
rs.e Ch.n 6- l , p. l,l?, for morc inlomrion about tbc prcNnciarion of fnal -'l_@
'ryowh = !, .. i, o, u. Consonec = .I oth( left€rs in rh. alphabcr.

14 CHAPT[Rl
 tr Exercise 23. Looking ol grommor. (Chorts t-4 ond I-5)
Underline the ve.b(s) in each sentence. Add final -s/-es ifnecessary. Do not change any
other words.
a
1. A fiog iq!qp^.
2. Frcss iq4E ' (tto chanse)
3. A boat float on water.
4. Rivers flow toward the sea.
5. My mother worry abour me.
6. A student buy a lot ofbooks at the beginning ofeach rerm.
7. Airplanes fly all around the world.
8. The teacher ask us a lot ofquestions in class every day.
9. Mr. Cook watch game shows onTV every evening.
10. \X/ater freeze at i2.F (0.C) and boil at 212.F (100.C).
1 1. Mrs. Thylor never cross dre street in the middle of a block. She always walk to
the comer
and use the crosswalk.

Crommor ond listening.(chOr l_5)

逃to the vclbs Chcck your answcrs with a partl■
t憲「
♂ :鑑ξ er Llsten to tl■ c pronunciatiOn
０

1 1 [alk 0
１   ２   ３

￨ヽ
'● kiss studv
■

2 rlsh θし push buy_

＆

3 hopc____ walt cn,oy_

，

4 tcach_
ｍ ｂ
︲  。
ｘ

try_
  ５
α

5, mo!.e carry_

tr Exercise 25. tel's lolk

poirwork. (chort t_5)
Work wirh a parmer. Inok at rhe pictures and make conversations. Take rurns
being parmer A
and Parmer B. Follow this model. Use l,e, srr, or ,reJ as appropriare.
PARTNER A: V4rat is he doing?
PARTNI]R Bi He _.
PARTNER A: Does he _ often?
PARr \-ER B: No, he doesn,t. He mrely

PresenlTime I5
J Exercise 26, Gome, (chork t-4 qnd r-5)
Your teacher will assign each student en item number. (If there ar€ fewer than 24 students,
some students will have two numbers. If there are more than 24 students, some students will
have the same nurnber.) Find your number in the list and write dre words that appear beside
it on a slip ofpaper. Then close your book.
r00alk around the classroom and say your words to other classmates. You are looking for
the other half ofyou, sentence. Vhen you 6nd the person with the other half, combine the
information on both of your slips ofpaper into a sentence.
lvrite the sentence on t}Ie board or on a piece of paper. Make changes to the verb if
necessary.

Exomtlz: l. Ast^r
2. shine in the sky at night
- A stat shines in the sbt a, night.
l. A car ll. An elephant
2. causes air pollution. 12. A hurricane
3. stretch when you pull on it. 13. produce one-fouth ofthe world's coffee.
4. A hotel 14. Oceans
5. support a huge variety ofmarine life. 15 use its long trunk like a hand to pick
6. Abee things uP'
7. Does exercise 16. Brazil
8. cause great desEuction when it lT supply its guests with clean towels'
land.
reaches 18. A rubber band
9. A river lq. collects nectarr from flowers.
lO. improves your health? 20. flows downhill.

J ExercBe 27. Worm-up. (chort l-6)

Circle the correct completions.

CHARuE: Shhh! I something on our roof.

a. hear b. am heating

I there is a person up there.

a. think b. am thinking
-
DAD: I
a. don\ know b- am not knowing

It -, more like a small animal, maybe a cat or squirrel.

a. sounds b. is sounding
-

'E@ = . susary liquid iBir. ll@6

16 cHAmR r
 Some vorbs are generally not ussd in progressive tonses'
(a)
tNcoRRECf: I am knowing Ms. Chen. These vebs are called "non-action verbs."r They express
a srluation that exists, nol an aclion in progress.
(b) l'm hungry. I wanta sandwich.
tNcoBRECf: I em wanting a sendwich.

(C) This book beiongs lo Mikhail.

tNoRREcf: This book is belonging lo Mikhail-

le lko lorget
be teve
ex st love
think
understand hate
seem agree
know belong
disagree
mean look liko

fhrrk and hrve can be us€d in lhe progressive.

(d) I tiint that Eammar is easy. ln (d): When thiat means "believ6," it is non_prcgressive'
ln (€): wh€n fiinkgxpresses thoughls lhal are gorng
\e) I em thinking aboul grammar righl now.
lhrough a person s mind. il can be proglessive.

(l) Tom ,,rs a car. ln (l): When nav6 means "own or exprssses possession'
ii is nol used ln lh€ progressive.

(g) I m l,avirg a good lim6 ln (g): ln oxprcssions where havadoes nol mean "own"
\e.g., have a goocl time, have a bac! tine have trouble.
have a ptoblem, haw lunch, have a snack have cofipany
have an opeationt. have can be us€d ln the progrossive'

,Non-rdion r,.rbs lE .lso ellcd 'non_prclr..siE" or "3btiE" Ett'{'

コ Exercise 23.L● ●king●I glomm● L(Chort l‐ 6)

Choosc the correct respOnses

l AI wnat do yOu likc bctter: coree Ortca'

B: I_____tCa
a. am Preferring @ n..r.'
2. A: Cafl you help me set the table for dinner?
B: [n a minute. I mY rePort.
a. am finishing b. 6nish
-
3. A: Are you busy?
B: I-afe\eminutes.
a. have b. am havinS

4. A: a good time?
a. Are you having b. Do you have
B: -Yes, I m)self.
a. am enjoying b. I enjoy
-

Presenl Time I7
 5. A: Therc's goes Salna on her new Ecing bike.
Bi Yeah, she reelly_ bikes.
s. is loving b. loves
A: ThaCs for sure! She _ several.
a. is owning b. owns

J Exercise 29. tooking ql grommoL (Chod t -6)

Complere the senrences wirh rhe simpl€ ptesenr or presenr ptogressive
form of rrrrz& and

l. A: How is your new iob goina?

B: Prerty good. | (think) think I am doing okay.
2. A: You look upser. WhaCs on your mind?
Br I'm woried abour my dau8hter. I G&,ri) shct in

3. A: You look far away.i lJ0hat,s on your mind?

B: I G1,,,&) about my vacarioo next week. I can,t wait!
4. A: Hey, rherel How,s rhe parry going?
B: Grear! We (,ar€) a lot ofirn.
5. A: Could I borrow some money?
B: Sorrn I or y (rd?,") a litde changefi on me.

J Exercise 30. Looking ol glommor. (chort I -6)

Lomplere the sentences. Use the simple present or present progressive
form of the verbs in
parentheses.

l. Rightnowl (/aoA) am tookinl out the window. I (sde) 6rd a window

washer on a ledder.

2. A: ( you, need) some help, l\tus. Bernini?

(you, want) me to carry that box for you?
B: Yes. rlank you. That'sverynrceof you.
3. A: Who is that rnan? | (thinh) rhar | (knou)
him, but I (/o/ae,
his name.
B: That's A&.. Marrinez.
A: That's righr! I (rcnenber) him now.

rlo& aw, = l6ot lil€ you EE rhi.tjns abolr orhcr

lar thi!$; daydrc.m

18 cHAP[Ee I
 (″ち ら
″:ωり in ghosts?
B: No. In my opinion, ghosts (rjflsr) onl!, in people\
imaginations.

5. Right now the children (re) at the beach. They (naoe)

a sood time. Tltey (hate)
shovels, and dley (rxild) a sandcastle. They (/*e)
to build big sandcastles. Their parenrs (ir)
on the beach and (/6!er)
to music. They (/rrrrr, /,o, ro their children's
conversations, but they (redr) them anylvay,

」 Exgrcise 3I. Wolm-up. (chort t-7)

Choose tle correct response for each quesrion.
l. Does Janet eat 6sh?
a. Yes, she does. b. Yes, she is.

2. Do you eat fish?

a. No,I don't. b. No, I am nor. c. No, I donl ear.
3. Are you vegetarian?
a. Yes, I do. b. Yes, I am. c. Yes, I like.

Pres€nt Time l9
 1・ 7 1

Question
ouEsTroNs wrTH oolooEs Yes he llkes tea

No he doesnl,ke tea

00 you″ 々e tea? Yes l d0 Yes,l lke tea

No ldoni No ldool lke tea

OUEST10NS WITH θ_● Yes. I am (lm)studying.

No, I'm noi studying.

s Yoko a student?
′ Yes, she is (she's) a sludenl.
No, shet nol a slud6nt. oR
No she isn't a studenl

ハe they s・ L″ わo2 Yes, they are (lheyle) studying.

No, they're nol sludying. oB
No, they aren'l studying.
r,4,, i,, od ar c Nor.oom.tcd with prmolm ir ihon .tffi.
Y6' ftu V6' st2's. Y6' na\.

コ Exercise 32. looking ot grommor. (Chori I-7)

Complete the convefiations- Use rhe simple present or present progressive form of the velbs
in parentheses. Cive short answerr to the questions as nccessary.

l A: Qanya, ha e) Daes lanya have

^bike?
B: yes, She (,/rorz) _.IzL a racing bike.
--ihg-d9cL.
2 A: (ち ″ right now?
")
B: No, A least,I(′ みlll々 ,"θ rl

3 A: (ッ フ r卜c″ へ 7・
"“
) a lot of emails?
“
B: Ycs, I(′ lots of emails all rhc rimc.
`)

4 A: (the uvather, affect') your mood?

B: Yes, 1(″ D grumpy when it's rainy.

'Th. word,jQa is a ve6: n 2 @dnw afidt nr D@d,

Tb.eid./s,h.nou: lvam, tun 4t @hd hB a soot! .Oct on nt noal

20 cHAmR r
 5. A: (Jean, ywly) at ihe library riis evening?
B: No, She (6, at the gym. She
(ρ lal) rable tennis $ith her fricnd.
* (lean, play\ table tennis every evening?
B: No, She usuall]- (rrr./d,},) at the librarr'.
A: (she, be) a good player?

B: Yes, She (p1a, table tennis a lot.

At (J,ou, play) table tennis?
B: Yes, B\\t | (be, not) very good.

C Exerciso 33. Llslening. (Chori r-7)

14 furt L Listen to these examples. Norice the reduced pronunciarion of the phrases in irdi.r.
(<a

r:?rs At the doctor's ofrice

l. you , Oyr"
Do Do jou haoe
^D ^ppointmett?
2. Does he + Dze Does he haoe zn zppointrnent?
3. Does she + Duh-she Do€r s/,r lrar€ an appointment?
4. Dowe + Duh-we Do ue hau an
5. Do they ) Duh-thef Do they haoe ^ppointment?
6. Am I I Mi ^n ^ppoill,rdr,erf.?
,{rn f hte for my appointment?
7. Isir + Zn ls,rrime for my appointment?r
8. Does it - Z;t D,a rhurr?
Porr Ir. Complete each quesrion \rrifi the unreduced form of the words you hear.
Erazpler You will hear: Do you want ro tell me whet rhe problem is?
You will write: Da .vau vranr to tell me whar rhe problem is?

l. have pain anywhere?

2. hurt an!$here else?
1. have a cough or sore throar?
4. have a fever?
5. need lab tests?
6. very sick?
7. serious?
8. need to make another appointment?
9. want to wait in the waiting room?
to. pay now or later?

rsee Ch,prc. 5 tur m.re

.$mples of quesn,ns *ith ,, in sloten Enslhh.

Presenl Time 2I
tr ExelcBe 34, lefs iolk ltdervieuv. (chod I-7)
Make questions with the given words. Then walk around the room and ask and answer
questions. Your aflswerc should have both a short and a long response.

Enan L. be \ Texas \ in South Amelica?

SPEAKER A: lsTexas in South Arnerica?
SPEAKIR B: No, it isn't. 'fbxes is in North Afierica.

1. rhe €erth \ revolve \ around the sun \ riEht now?

2. the moon \ tevolve \ around the earth \ every 28 days?
3. be \ the sun and moon planets?
4. be \Toronto in western Canada?
5. whales \ lay \ eggs?
6. your country \ have \ gorillas io the wild?
7. be \ gorillas \ intelligent?
8. mosquitoes \carry\ malaria?
9. you \ like \ vegetarian food?
10. be \ our teacher \ ftom Austmlia?
ll. it \ rain \ outside \ right now?
12. be \ you \ tired ofthis interview?

u Exeicis€ 35. tislening. (chod l-7)

F Choose the correct rcsponses.
@
li examob: You will hear: You look hor and rred. Are vou thirstv?
You will choose: (a) Yes. t am.
b. Yes,I do.
l. a. Yes,I want. 4, ,. Yes, we do.
b. Yes,I do. b. Yes, we need.

2. a. Yes,Iam. 5. a. Yes, he does.

b. do.
Yes, I b. Yes, he is

3- a. Yesr it is. 6. a. Y€s, theY are.

b. Yes, it does. b. Yes, they do.

I ExoreEo 36. Loking ot glqmmol. (chopter I)

present or lhe pr€sent progressive form of the verbs
Complete the sentences.-Use ire simple
ill parentheses.
1. A: My sister (iaoe) ---haz- anew car. She bought it last month'
Rt (Jou,ha?E) Do YoL have a car?

A: No,l - alqtrL. Do you?

B: No, but I have a motorcycle.

22 cHAPI〔 Rl
 2. A: \ifhar are the childrcn doing? (they, wotrh) TV?
B: No, rhey . They (p1a-)') outside.

1. A: l^cob, ( you, liskn)

B: Of course I am, Mom. You (craxr) me ro take out the
garbage. Right?
A: Yes, and I mean now!

4. A: Hey, Becky, where (6.) you?

Bi I (6d) in thc bedroom.
A: What (lor, do)
B: I GrJ) to sleepl

5. A: V}Iet (yolt, thinh) about at night before you fall asleep?

B: | (think) about my day. Bur I (,1,r,,{, rol)
about anything negative. What (rliin k)
At I (thhk, nor) about anything. I (.our,)
sheep.r

6. A: A penny for your rhoughrs.

B: Huh?
A: That means: Whzt O)ou, think) about right no$?
Bt | (rhirk) about my homework. I (thinh, no,)
about anlthing else righr now.
A: | (belieoe, not) you. You Gr,r&)
abour your wedding plans!

7. A: ( rou, hnotn) any tongue-twisters?

B: Yes,I . Here's one: She sells seashells down by rhe seashore.
A: That (6e) hard to say! Can you say this: Sharon wears Sue's shoes to
zoos to look at cheap sheep?
L That (make, not) anv sensc
A: I (kntxu) bur it's fun to say.

r@a, rr"e, = fiu aslcep Mrurarly by closinA }Dur cy.s sd couriDg imsinall, sh..p

Presenl Time 23
I Exercis€ 37. Peoding, giommor, ond lislening. (chopter I)
Parr L Read the passage aIld choose the correct completions.

Aerobic Exercise

Jeremy and Nancy believe exercise is important. They go to an exelcise class three times a
week. They like aerobic exercise.
Aerobic exercise is a special tlpe ofexercise. It increases a person's heart rate. Fast
walking, running, and dancing are examples ofaerobic exercise. During aerobic exercise, a
person's heart beats fast, This brings more orygen to the muscles. Muscles work longer when
they have more oxygen.
Right now Jeremy alld Nency are listening to some lively music. They are doing special
dance steps. They are exercisiog dilferent parts oftheir body.
How ebout vou? Do you like to €xercise? Do your muscles get exercise every week? Do
you do some rlpe ofaerobic exerc$e?

l. Jeremy and Naocy @ are thi"k;"g exercis€ is Sood for them.

2. 'f7rcy prcler' arc ,relernng aerobic exercise.

3. Aerobic exercise nakes,;s makirlg e person's heart beat fast.
4. Muscles need, are needing oxvaen.
5. With more oxygen, muscles t{ror&, ar€ anr},;g longer.
6. Right now Jeremy andNancy do,are doing a special kind ofdance.
7. Do you exetcise, Arc lou exercising every week?
8. Do you exercke, Are iou exerdhg rightnow?
a Part II. Listetr to the passege and complete the senrences with the words you hear- cover
Cd Part I with a piece ofpaper.

Aeroblc Exercfue

Jeremy and Nancy exercise is important. They

an exercise class dree times a week. They aerobic exercise.

3

Acrobic exerosc - a special● pc oF exerclsc lt

4 5

person's heart rate. Fast walking, running, ard dancing exarnplcs oF aerobic

exercise. Duiing aerobic exercise, a peason's he& Fast ThiS

t
-
more oxygen to the muscles. Muscles longer whcn the),
9

more oxygen.

Right now Jeremy and Nancy tO sOmc Lvcv muSiC ncy

1〕

special dance steps. They di6erent

t2
parts of their body.

24 cHAmP I
 How about you? to exercise? vour
14 1●

muscles cxcrcisc cvery wccP VOu some tlpe

17 18
of aerobic cxcrcisc,

J Exercise 38. Check youl knowledge. (chopter t)

Edit the passege to correct errors in verb tense usage.

Omar's Visit
ownS
(l ) My ftiend Omar i&€r*EiEg his own car now. lth brand new.i Today he driving ro a

small town north of the city to visit his aunt. He love ro listen to music, so rhe CD player is

play one ofhis favorite CDs loudly. Omar is very happy: he is drive his o\r,'rt car and listen

to loud music. He's look forward to his visir with his eunt.

(2) Oma. is visiting his aunt once a week. She's elderly and live alone. She is thinking

Omar a wonderi nephew. She love his visirs. He rry to be helpfirl aod considerate iJl cv€ry

way. His aunt don't hearing well, so Omar is speaks loudly and clearly when he,s with her.

(3) \?hen he's fiere, he 6x rhings for her around her aparEnent and help her wirh her
shopping. He isn'r sraying v.ith her overnighr. He usually is sraying for a few hours and then is

heading beck to rhe city. He kiss his aunt good-bye and give her a hug before he is leaving.

Om.r is a v€ry good nephew.

iaBd@ =.omplcr.lydd

Presenl'Iime 25
」 Exorcise l. Worm-up. (chort 2-l)
Check(′ ) the statements that are true for you. Share your answers with a partner.
1 _ I stayed up late last night.
2 _ I slepr well last night.
3 _ I was tired this morning.

(a)Mary walked drlwntc wn veso′ ″ The simple pastis used to talk about acliv ties or s tualions that began
′Sbrdaン ●s,■ 011●Vο あ20チ 0)
(b)1 3reprfOr e19ht hoり rS● S'noわ ′ and ended n the pasl(eg days agο

lc) Bob srayed home ysslsday moming. Most simp e past veOs areヽ med by addin9‐ edtoa veO as n(a)
(d) Our plane /ardedon limo last nighl. (C)and(d)

(e)laに breaklastth s morn n0 Soms velbs nave irrssular pasi lorms, as in (b), (e), and (l). See chari
(I)Sue roo々 a taxito the a rpOn yesterday 2-4.

(g) I wasbusy yeslerday. Th€ simple past lorms ol t€ ate was and werc.
(h) They were ai home lasi n ghl.

Forms of the Simple Past: Regrrlar verbs

STATEMENT I You She He n We They worttedyesterdaソ

NEGAT VE I You She,He,lt We They d″ "ol(dd口 1)'Vο ″ yesterday

QUEST10N oid l, you, she, he, il, we,lhey wolk yeslerday?

SHORT ANSVVER Yss, l, you, she, he, il, w6, they dd. oF No, l, you, sh6, h€, it, we,lhev drd,'t

Forms ofthe Simple Pastt 8€

STATEM ENT l, She, He, 11 was in class Yesterday.
We, You. They we.e in class yesteday.

NEGATIVE L She. He.lt wasrol(wasr't) in class yostoday.

We,You,They were not \weren't) in class y6sierdav

OUEST10N lVas I, she, he, il in class yosterday?

Were w€, you, they in class y6sierday?
ヽＮ

SHORT ANSVVER l, she, he, was Yss we. You. ihsy wete.
Ｏ
，

l, she, he, it rasn l. No, we, you, thoy we.er'i.

26
J Exercisa 2. Looking ol glommor. (Chorr 2-t)
Create your own chart by wriring rhe negarive and question forms ofthe words in rialrcs. Omit
the rest of each sefitence.

Negative Question
l. He ieeded watet. He didn't need Oia hc nccd

2. She drunk tea.

3. Thqi plated basebell.
4. I bfie rry.
5. The! ,.ote boots.
6. lve had time.
7. h uas fin.
8. You &ere late.

J Exerciso 3. l€fs tolk. (chort 2-t)

All of the sentences contain inaccurate information. Make true starements by
(l) making a negarive srarement and
(2) making an afirmarive sratement using accurate informarion.

L Thomas Edi\on invenred rhe telephone.

> Thomas Edison didn\ inoent the telephone.
> Abxandcr Grahan Bell iruented the telephone.
2. I came to school by hor-air balloon today.

3. The students in this class swam into the classroom rodav.

4. (Teacher\ name) is z movie director.

５

I slept in a tlee last right.

 
６

The Int€rner became popular in rhe 1970s.

コ ′０ ＝

Exerciso 4. Listening. (chopter I ond chori 2-t)

Listen to each sentence. Choose the correct completion(s). More rhan one completion may
be possible.

Eaafip&. You will hear: It snows . . .

You will choose: (in tie wmier) every day, now.
1. French. togerher. last week.
2. right now. yesterday. last summer.
3. in the eveniflg. last night. behind the mountahs.
4. et this moment. our class. Yesterday.
5. two week ago. right now. at this moment.

Pos,■ me 27
コ Exercise 5. lislening, (chorl 2-l)
′０ １
The diferences between uaslrDas'i'a and uteielrosten't cen be hard to hear in spoken
English. The "t" in the negauve contraction is often dropped, end you may only hear an /n/
１
１
１
︲

sound.

Pdrr L Listen to these exampl€s.

l. I was in a hurry. I wasn't in a hurry.
2. They were on time. They weren't on time.
3. He was at the doctor's. He wasn\ at the doctort.
4. We were early. We werenl early.

Par, lL Circle the words you hear. Before you begin, you mey want to check your
understanding of these wotdsi v)edding, nerwus, excited, ceremofiy, recePtion
At a wedditrS

l. was wasn't 6. was wasn't

2. was wasn't 7. was wasD't
3. were weleD't 8. was wasn't
4. were weren't 9, were weren't
5. was wasn't 10. wer€ weren't

I Exercise 6. Worm.up. (chod 2-2)

Do you know the spelling rules for tiese verbs?
Pafi I- W:iite the -ing form of each verb under the co.recl heading.

Drop final -€. Double final consonant. Change -re to -y. Just add -t'ng.
Add -irs. Add -ins. Add -ins.

Par, ,l writ€ the -ed form of each verb under the correct heading.

enioy tie stop study

Double final consorunt. Change -, to -i. Jusr add -ed Just add -d.
Add -ed Add -ed.

28 CHAPIER 2
 End of Double the Sirnple
17erb Consonant? Form -ing -ed
で NO (a) smib smiling smiled ‐
fng form:Dropthe t aOd lng
hope hop ng hoped ‐
ed io「 mi 」ust add‐ こ

NO (b)help helping he,ped ll lhe verb ends in lwo consonanls, ilsl

learn learning learned

NO (c) rain raining rained ll the verb ends in lwo vowels I a

+ one heat heating heated consonanl, tust add -,hg or -ed

YES ONE― SYLLABLE VERBS lJ lhe verb has one syllable and ends ln
+ One one vowel + one consonanr. double the
(d) stop slopping stopped
consonanl lo make the -irg or -edlorm.i
plan planning planned
NO TWO― SYLLABLE VERBS l, ihe firsl syllable ol a lwo-syllable verb s
slressed. do nol double the consonant.
visiting visited
otlering offered

YES 0:燻
:鳳 増腑lξ!
li lhe second syllable ol a lwo'syllable
verb is stressed. double lhe consonanl.

ツ NO (S) play playing played lf lhe verb ends in a vowel + -y, keep lhe
enjoy enioying enjoyed -y. Do nol change lhe -rlto -l
(h) worry worrying worried ll lhe verb ends n a consonani r -y, keep
sludy stuclying sludied the -y for the -irg lorm, bul change lhe -y
lo -i lo make the -ediorm.
‐
fe (1)Oie dying died ‐
lngfOrmi change the letoヴ and
e ty ng ued add fng
“ ‐
ed io「 mi 」ustadd d

'ExcEmoNs: Do not double w"or"x"r sd?a s,@i,& r,ed,lix,frrins,fred.

」 Exelcise 7, Looking ol spelling. tchod 2-2,

\itrrite the -mg and -ed forms of these verbs.

-inc ‐θ′

1 wait
2 clean
3 plant
4 plan

5 hope

6 hop

Post Ime 29
 7. play
8. study
9. try
10. die

I l. sleep olept (ha -ed)

12. run ran (no -cd)

・Lい 赫 ,
ξ TttTW泄 壁翌空
pCclal狐 m o spellll■

2. Oh, no. The elevator door is sruck. It isnl

3. Hcrc's a lcttcr for Jou. I it accidentall!.

4. l'm to the phone m€ssage that you already to

5. Are you to me or telling me the truth?

6. '$0e
the party.

7. I',m the nice weather today.

8. You look upset. what

f Exelclse 9. Worm'up' (chq s 2-3 ond 2-4)

There ere four main parts to a verb. Can you complete the chart?

Simple Simple Past Present

Form Past ParticiPle Participle
l. help hel1ed helPine

2. staY
j take took l;akeh takinc

4. give
5. be

30 CHAPTER 2
 'arts of a Verb
Regular Verbs
SIMPLL「 ORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PART1CIPLE
iinish linished linishing
stop slopped sloppod stopping
いope hoped hoped hoping
wat waiting
play played played playing
try tied lri€d wang
Irregular Verbs
see seeing
make making
sln0 sang sung singing
eat earing
put put pul puning
90 gone going

Principal Parts ofa verb

THE SIMPLE FORM English velbs have lou r principal forms, or "parts." The slmpte iorm is the
lorm that is lound in a dictionary. ll is lhe bas€ lorm with no endings on il
ino final-s, -€4 or -r,g).

(2)THE S MPLE PAST The simple peai ends in -€d lor regular verbs. Most verbs are regular, but
many common verbs have ifiegular pasl forms Se6 the relerence lisl ol
irregularvelbs lhal,ollows in Charr 2-4.

(3)THE PAST PARTIC,PLE The pasl parllclple also ends in -edJor regular velbs. Some verbs are
irregular. lt is used in perlect tenses (Chapter 4) and lhe passive
(Chapier 1o).

(4)TH E PR ESENT PARTICIPLE The pre6ent partlclplo ends in rhg (for both regular and irregularvebs). tt
is used in progressivo l€nses (e.9., the present progrcssive and the past
prcsrcssive).

Paslnme 31
SIMPLI SIヽ lP旺 IAST 4PLE
Siム SINII u PASi
FORNl PAS r PARTICH'LL FORM PAST IARTK■ PI E

Oe lent lent

beat !et let

become lay lain

beOin b€gan begun lighl ,tl ghted lMiOhted

bend lost lost

b te bit made nade

Olow meant meant
break met met
bring broughi broughi paid pald
build built built put put
burn qut quit

y boughl boughl read read

catch
“ caughr caught rode i00en
choose ng iang rung
come rose rsen
COSt an run
cut said sald
d0 dus dug saw seen
do sold sold
draw sent sent
dream dreamed/drcaml sel set set
dink drunk shook shaken
O子 Ve driven shot shot
eat eaten shut shut
ial lett lalen sang sung
leed fe0 sank sunk
ieel fe t sat sat
,Oht icughl fought slept s opt

ind Found sld sid

iit til fit spoke spOken
ry ilown spent spent
lorget lorgot lor9oten spread spread
ior91ve ior9,ven stood stood
ireeze frozen まoe stolen
get gol goν gOtten stuck stuck

91Ve given s″ am 9″ um
90ne took taken
9。
taught laじ ght
9rOW 9'OWn
hang hung hun9 tore torn

have ha0 iell to10 to10

hear heard lh nk thoughi thou9ht

hide hid hidden threw thrc wn

h“ h( ht understood understood
いold held upset upset
hurt hurt woke7waked woken/・ vaked

keep kept wore wKlrn

know known WOn WOn

leave lei wrote wrtten

32 cHAP':R2
f, Exercis€ I0. tooking ol gr€mmor. (chod 2-4)
Complete the sentences. Use the simple past of any irregular verb that makes sense.
More than one answer may be possible.
l. Alima walked to the office today. Rebecca drave her car. Olga
her bikc Yoko rhe bus.
２

ft got so cold last nighr rhar rhe warer in rhe pond

    ＾
ｊ

Katya had a choice between a blue raincoar and a brown one. She finally
the blue one.

4. My husband gave me a painting for my birthday. I it on a wal in

my office.

5- Ilst night around midnight, when I was sound asleep, the telephone
It

6. The sun at 6:04 this rnorning and at 6:59 1ast

night.

7_ I an email to my cousir after I finishcd studying lasr night.

8. Ms. Morita chemistry at the local high school last year

9. Oh, my gosh! Call rhe police! Someone

10. The police the car thieves quickly and fiem

to jail.

ll. Thc earthquake was strong, and rhe ground

12. A bird into the grocery store rhrough an open door.

t3. My dog a hole in the yard and buried his bone.

14. I don't have any money in my wallet. I it all

yesterday. I'm flar broke.*

15. Ann does tunny things. She

brother's wedding last week.

r/7dr,tu&. complctcly out oimon.v

Posl Ime 33
J Erercise I l. looking qt gtqmmor. (choft 2-l , 2-4)
Create your o\trTr chalt by writing the simple past, negative, and question forms of the words in
rralrar. Om,r the re\t ofeach \enlence,

SimplePast Negative Question

1. 1{€ s&Ds lunch. He skiPaed He didnt skiD Dia he 6kitt

2. Thqt bow early.

3. She does a lot.
4. fld n sick.
5. lYe diLv to srcrk.
6. You are tigbt-
7. I plan fi! day.

tr Exercise 12. lel's tolk poilx,ork. (chods 2-l- 2-4)

Work q.ith a partner. Answer the questiotrs with yes and a complete sentence.

A brolen arae
Imagine that you came to class today with a big cast on your arm. You slipPed on some ice
yesterday and fell down.

l. Did you have a bad day yesterday? ' Yes,I had a bad dav ves.edat.
2. Did you fall down?
3. Did you hun you$elfwhen you fell down?
4. Did you break your arm?
5. Did you go to the €mergency room?
Change roles.
6. Did you see a doctor?
?. Did you sit in the waiirng room for a long time?
8. Did the doctor put a cast on your arm?
9. Did you pay a lot of mon€y?
lO. Did you come home exhausted?

tr Exercise 13. tooklng ol grommor. (chods 2'l ' 2-4)

Complete the convelsarions with the correct form of the words in Parentheses'

l, At (you, sleep) oia yau 6leeP well last night?

Bt \es, 7 (sbep) very utell.
--J-A\L. ---alcPL
2. A: (Ella on rime yesrerdaf?

B: Yes, It(″ め in at exactly 6:05.

34 CHAPTTR 2
 3 A:(″ ち ″ ) away last weekend?
B: No, | (stay) home because I (/rd1, ,or)
good.

breakfast this morning?

B: No, .1(haoe,nor) enough time. I
was late for class because my alarm clock (nr& ,?or)

5. A: ( Dd Vinci, pann) the Mollα ιおα′

B: Yes, He also (ra,,, other famous
pictures.

tr Exercise 14. tooking ot grommor. (Cho s 2-l , 2-4)

Read the facts about each pelson. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the given
verbs.

Srr-u TIoN l: Whirlwind Wendy is energetic and does everlthing very quickly. Here is her
tyT'ical morning.

Actittities:
wake up at 4:00 A.M.
clean her apart Dent
ride her bike five miles
get vegetables from her garden
watch a cooking show on TV
make soup for dinner
bring her elderly mother a meal
read the day's paper
fix herself lunch

Yesurday, Wendy .. .

up at 4:00 A.M.

2. aianl cleal her car.

3_ her bike ten miles.

1. vegetables ftom her garden.

5. a comedy show on TV.

6. soup for dinner.

7. her elderly mother a meal.

８     ９

he$elf a snack.

Poslnme 35
 SITUAToN 2: Sluggish Sam is lazy and slow' He doesn't get much done in e dey. Here is his
qpical day.

Actilrities:
sleep for 12 hours come home
wake up at noon lie on the couch
take two hours to eet breakfast think about his busy life
go fishing begin dirurer st 8:00
fall asleep on his boat finish dinner et I I :00

Yesteday,Sam...
l. olept for 12 hours.
２

′″4し ,ν ′鯵 up at 5:00 A.M.

，

two hours to eat breakfast.

４

hiking.
■

asleep on his boat.

６

home,
７

on his bed.
＆

about his busy life.

帆

dinner at 5:oo.
０

diiner at I1r00.

Q Exercise 15, lefs tolk poinYolk. (chorts 2-t ' 2-,1)

Work with a partner. Partner A tells Partner B to perform an action. After Parme! B does
this, A will ask B a question in the past tense.

Exdt ple. Oper your book.

PAP.'rNER A: Open you book.
PAf(TNERB: (o?ens hnhn book)
PARTNER A: Vhat did you do?
PARTNER B: I opened my book.
Chonee rolis.
l. Shut yourbook. 9- Write your nsme on the board'
2. Stand up. 10. Drsw a Eiangle under youl name
3. Hide your pen. ll. Shake your head "no."
4. Turn to page 10 in your book. 12. Invite ourteacher to have lunch with us'
5. Put your book in your lap. 13 Read a sentence from your grammar book
6. Nod your head "yes." 14. wave "good-bye "
7. Tear a piece ofpaper. t5 Ask me for a pencil.
8. spe[ the past t€nse or,,speak." ,. came nGt:
[:rfiL*,::H:"&,y"ich

36 CHAPTER 2
J Exercise 16. laslening. (chods 2-r '2-4)
a- I\t I. Did ls often reduced at the beginning of questions. The pronoun that follows did may
Lo also chanee. Lisren ro the reduced Dronunciarion\ wifi drA
'""" t. Did yo., ' Did-ja Did you forser somethins?
腕 り Did you forgct sorncthing,
`
2 Did I ―→ ,カ イ Did l forgct somcthng,
Dl Did l fOrgct sOmcthh♂
3 Did hc → D"認 レ Did he forgct sOmetl■ lg,
Dβ Did hc forgct somcthing,
4 Did she → D′ み‐
sみ θ Did shc fOrget sometl■ ung7
5 Did wc → D力 刊ι Did we forget something,
6. Did rhey + Dih-thq) Did they forget something?
Ihr, II. You will hear questions. Complete each answer with the non-reduced form ofthe verb

l. Yes,ne did . He ,u, ir wirh a knife.

2. Yes, she She it all yesrerday.

3 Ycs,I them yesterday.

4. Yes, they ]￢hcy lt

5. Yes, you You lt

6. Yes, she She them

7 Yes,hc Hc lt to him

8 Ycs,I them yesterday.

9 Ycs,he He 11

10. Yes, you h/ou her

tr Exercise 17. lislening. (chorts 2-t ' 2-4)

a- " Listen to the questions. Complete each ansiwer widr rhe correct form of the verb you hear.
sa
r.9 i, Luka wasn't home Iast night.
1 ヽts,he ,vι 4ι to a party last night.
2 Yes,he a good time.

3 Yes,hc a lot of food.

4 Yes,he a lot ofsoda.

5 Ycs,he some new people.

6 Yes,he hands with them when he met them.

7 Yes,he widl fricnds.

8 Ycs,he with his iiends and

Posl■ me 37
J Exercise 18. looking ot g]ommor. (chorts 2-l ' 2-4)
Rewrite the paragraph. Use the past tense. Begin your new paragraph wl1d\ Yesterday ,iorning.
The Daily News
Every rnorning, Jake reads the newspaper online. He wants to know the latest news. He
enjots rhe business section most. His wife, Eva, doesnl read any newspape$ on her computer.
She downloads them on her ebook'reader. She looks at rhe fronr pages 6rst. She doesn\ have
a lot of time. She fnishes the articles later in the day. Both Jake and Eva xle very
knowledgeable about the day's events.

J Exelcise 19. Lisiening. (cho s2-l ,2-4)

kn t Answer the questions. Then listen to the passage with your book closed.
co
Did you ger the flu** last year?
\il'ere you very sick?
'What symptoms did you have?

,Part IL Open your book and read the statemeDts. Circle "T" for true and "F" for false.

1. The flu kills a lot ofpeople worldwide every year. T F

2. The flu virus ftom l9l8 to 1920 was a usual flu virus. T F
3. Most ofthe people v/ho died were very young or very old. T F

Para zL Listen to the passage again. Complete the sentences with th€ words you hear.

A Deadlv Flu

Ｂ     一

ｉ      ｎ
ｕ     ｌ
Every year, the flu 200,000 to 300,000 people around the world. ln

1918, a very strong flu virus millions ofpeople. This flu

2 3

1918 and until 1920 1t around the、 vorld,and bet、 vecn

4
20 million and 100 milllon pcople UDlike other flu eiruses that usually
6
」hc vcry young and the very old,man■ oftlle nctuns healthy
7 8
yOung adults This pcople especiany aFraid

aaD@l = cl.ctrcnic boot

'r!turs = th. inflkEa vitus;symprons utually in lude feven ftht!, dr.dnns, coqh' srd !r@v dde

3t cHAmR 2
」 Exercise 20,Worm‐ up::istening (chOr1 2-5)

岬
︵
O direlnRI]:::CaCh pair oF verbs Dccidc r thc vcrb endings havc thc sarnc sotlnd or a

Erazrle. You will hear: plays

You will choosei same

1 same difierenr 3. same different

2. same differcnr 4. same differenr
ル stell to tlle sentences Thcy cOntaln past tense verbs wllat sound docs ulc‐ ο
"E_1■
endlng have:′ プ,′ ″ ,or′ oα , `
臓α″,い You wlll hear: Jack pl"cd a galnc oftcnlus
bu剛 ぬoosc″
◎ 70d
l ′
′ ′
α od
′ 3 /υ 7d Dd
′

2 ′
′ d ′
∝ν 4 t d ′
od7

(a) lalked talマυ Final +d is pronounced /U aller voic€lsss sounds.

slopped stOp/υ You make a voiceless sound by pushing air through your mouth.
hkKソ υ No sound comes from your lhroat.
watcⅣ t
Examples ol voiceless sounds: hl . l9l , ls/ , lcnl , lshl .
was"υ

called calld′ Final -ed is pronounced /d/ aller voiced sounds.

rain′ d′ You make a voiced sou nd lrom your lhrcat. Your voice box vibrates
live′ d′
Examples ol voiced sounds:/l/, /n/, /v/, /b/, and allvowelsounds.
robld′

stayld′

(C)Waned Final● d is pronounced′ od aner■・ and・ d・ sOunds

needed Adding′ Od adds a sylable to a lvord

」 Exerciso 2I. Lislening. (Chopte. I qnd Chort 2-5)

′ Listen to each sentence and choose the velb form you hear.
00
Exam?b: yon wlll heer: I needed more help.
---_
You willchoose: need needs 6eedet
l. a8ree aarecs agrced 5. cnd ends eDded
2, zgree agrees agreed 6. stop stops stopped
3. ardve arrives a昴ved 7. touch touches touched
4. explain explains explau■cd

Posl Tims 39
」 lxercise 22.ustening.(choplerl ond Chor1 2‐ 5)
LStCn to each semence and choosc thc cOrrcct comメ C■ On
♂ I"α 771p7F YOu wnlhcar 、たЧ
Юrkcd lll
橋
=ヽ You will choosc: 五8hi no‐

l. every day. YesterdaY.

2. right now. last week.
3. six days a week. yesterday.

5. every day. yesterday,

6. every day. yesterday.

コ＾

Exelcise 23. Lislening ond pronunciolion. (chorl2-s)

０中

Listen to the past tense pronunciation of each word. Vrite the -ed endiflg you hear: /t/, /d/, or
¨

/ad./. Practice pronouncing the verbs.

l cookcd′ ,′ 5. started / / 9 added′ ′

2 served′ ′ 6. dropped / / 10 passcd′ ′

3 ■anted′ ′ 7. pulled/ I 1l rcturned′ ′

4 asked′ ′ 8. pushed / I 12 pOinted′ ′

日﹁

Exercise 24 Lel's:isten ond iolk (cぃ o子 IS 2-1-,2‐ 5)

．Ｃｏ

P● γ′i Listen lo thc conversatlon bet、 veen t、 vo fliends about thclr、 veckcnds and ans、 vcr the
¨

qucsllons

l. One person had a good weekend. Why?

2. His friend didn't have a good weekend. \vy'hy not?

40 CHAPT[R2
 Ihr,IL Complete the conversation with youI parrner. IJse past tense verbs. Practice sayng it
until you cao do it without looking at your book. Then change roles and creete a new
conversation. Perform one of the conversatioN for the class.
A: Did you have a good weekend?

B: Yeah,l
A: Really? Thar sounds like tun!

B: it grearl I
How about you? How was your weekend?
I

B: Did you have a good time?

Yes. / No. / Not really.

U Cxercise 25. Worm.up. (chori 2-6)

Match the sentences in Column A with the descriptioN in Column E.

Column A Column B
l. I looked at the limousine. a First I looked et the limousine.
The movie star was waving Then the movie star waved.
out the window. b. First the movie star began waving.
＾ι

I looked at the limousine. Th€n I looked at the limousine.

The movie star waved at me.

Posimme 41
S mp!e Past (a)Mary lvaked downtown yesterday The slMPLE PASTiS used io talk about
an ac″ Й″ or s′
(b)l Srept10r e19ht hours lasi n19ht "atlon
en“ d ata″ rllcυ 力r fllar
ilme"●be9an
e"sIand

(eo,yesorday lasr]g力 4ル yο da/s

agq ll劾 7).as in(a)and(b)

(C)l Sat down atthe d nnerlab e at The PAsr PBoGFEssrvE o(presses a,

6∞ RM yesterdaメ Ton cameto acliw thet was in prcgtess lwas
ny house a1 6:10 PM occudng, was happeningl a1 a poilll
l was earfng dinner,v力 en bn ol time in the pasl (e.9., at6ir0)or al
ca′ηe lhe lime ol anoiher aclion (e.9., rvhe,
Tom came)-
(d)I WentiO bed at10:00 The phone
rang at ll:00 ln (c): oaling was in progress al6:10i
1 was s′eθ plng l・ 71eη ′θρわοηθ
l・ ealing was in progress whe, Iom
ran,
FORM: Wglwarc + -lng
ｅ   ｆ

when rhe phone rang,l was sleeping.

fhe pno e t€ng whlle I was sleeping. wrrrb = during that time
Eumples (e) and (l) have lhe same meaning.

Forms ofthe Past Proglessive

STATEMENT I, She, He, lt

NECAr VE I She He.1 wa6 not (wasn't) wo*ing.

VOu`We.They wet€ not lwercn t) working.

OuEST10N レas
ν ,she,he, t wo*in9?
Were "u.we,they
SHORT ANS,VER Yes, l, sh6, h6, il wrs. Yes, )ou, we, they were.
No, l, she, h6, il rvasn'l No, you, we, they werer'l

42 CHAPTER 2
」 Exercise 26, Looking ol glommor. (chort 2-6)
Complete each sentence with the simple past or pest progressive form ofthe verb(s) in
parent}leses.

At 6:00 PM. Roben sat down at the table and began ro eat. Ar 6:05, Roberr (?ar)
---!a93a !0- dinner.

2 WЪ ne Robcrt(′ αぅ dinner, Ann (.o,rr)

thrclugh dlc door

l. In other words, when Ann (cor ?) through the door, Robert (?d,
dinner.
４

Roben wenr to bed at 10:30. At I I:00, Robert G/rrp)

 
５

While Robert (strap) his cell phone (nns)

 
６

ln other words, when his cell phone (rrrg) Robert (s1e.p)

７     ８

Robert left his house at 8:00 A.M- and (regrr) to walk to class.

While he (rra&) to class, he (se?)

Mr. Ito.
L When Robert (re€) MI Ito,hc(`″ ηυ) in his

dri\te\pay. He (hod)

10 Mr. Ito (&are) ro Robert when he (ree) him

PosI面 me 43
」 Erercise 27. looking ol grommqr. (chod 2-6)
Complete rhe sentences, orally or in writing, using the information in rhe chart. Use the
simple past for one clause and the past proglessive for the other.

Actiuty in Progress Beth Da17id Llly

sit in a caf€ ordcr a salad pay a few bills spill coffee on her lap

stand in an elevator send a text message run into an old friend drop her glasses

swim in the ocean rvoid a shark see a dolphin 6nd a shipwreck

l. Beth tM5 bittin?

W4eile in cafa, s}].e oree.ed a sal^d.
^
2. D^vid. paia a fe\\ bills while he wa5 aiLlrinl in a cafe.

3. Lily coffee on her lap while she in a cafe.

4. ヽVhile Betl■ in an elevator, she

message on her cell phonc.

David an old ticnd whilc he ln an

6. Lilv her slasses \r'hile she ln an

clevator.
一
′     ＾

Bcth a shark while she

０     ０´

ヽアhilc David in the ocean, he a dolphin.

Vhile Lily a shipwreck.

44 CHAPTER 2
-l Exercise 28. Let's tolk. (chor 2-6)
Your teacher will tell two studenrs to perform a rask. After rhey do, two other students will
descnbe lt. Only the teacher's book is open.

Eramde: To A: Write on the board. ToB: Open the door.

To STUDEN"T A:
Please write yout name on the board. (Studznt A wius on the board.)
What are you doing?
STUDENTA: I'm wriring on the board.
ThAcrrBR: Good. Keep writing.

To STUDENTB: Open the door. (Student B o?ent the door.) Whst did you iust do?
STLDENTB: I opened the door.
To STUDEN.T A: Please stop wriring.

To STLDENT C: Describe the two acrions rhat iusr occurred, using rulren.
STLDENT C: lyhen ( _ ) opened the door, ( _ ) was writing on rhe board.

To STLDENT D: Now describe the actioos, using r.'rre.

STUDENT D: While ( _ ) was wiring on rhe board, ( _ ) opened the door.

1. ToA: Wdteanoteto(_). ToB: Knock on the door.

2. 'fbA: Read your book. ToB: Take ( _)'s graDfilar book.
3. To A: I-ook at me. To B: llave rhe room.
4. ToA: Pur youl head on your desk. ToB: Drop your pencil.
5. ToA: Irok under your desk. ToB: Begin doing youl homework.

-l ExerEise 29.
pair
looking qt grommo]. (chort 2-6)
Read each ofsentences and answer the question.
1. a. Julia was eating breakfasr. She heard the breaking newsi reporr.
b. Sara heard the breaking news report. She ste breaKast.
QuEs'r'IoN: Who heard the news report durhg breakfast?

2. a. Carlo wes fishing ar the lake. A fish was iumping our of rhe water.
b. James was fshing ar the lake. A fish iumped out of the water.
QuEsilIoN: \vho saw a fish iump just on€ time?

3. a. When the sun came out, Paul walked home.

b. $fhen the sun came out, Vicky was walkiDg home.
QUESTIoN: Who walked home after the sun came out?

rrEdr,,r,ler = a sp€ci.l ncws Rpo( on tlcTv or radio

Post“ mo 45
-l Exercise 30. Reoding. (chort 2-6)
Read rhe passage and then read the statemenls. Ctcle "T" for n:ue and "F ' for false.

The First Cell Phone

The 6lst cell phone call took placer in 1973. A man named Martin Cooper made the first
call. He was working for the Motorola communications company. When Cooper placed the
call, he was walking down a street in NewYork. People stared at him and wondered about his
behavior. This was before cordless phones,rr so it looked very strange.
It took another ten years before Motorola had a phone to sell to the public. That phone
weighed about a pound (.45 kilogiam), and it was very expensive. Now, as you know, cell
phones are small enough to put in a pocket, and millions ofpeople around the world have them.

l. A customer for Motorola made the first cell phone call. T F

2. Many people looked at Cooper when he was talking on the phon€. T F
3. In the 1970s, cordless pho[es were very popular. T F
4. A few years after the first call, Motorola sold phones to fie public. T F
5. The fust cell phone was very small. T F

-l4.. Exercise 3I. Listening. (chod 2-6)

Listen to each conversauon. Then listen again and complete the sentmces with the words you hear.
@
*r,,',, At a checkout stand in a Srocery store
l A:Hi what vou nceded?
B: Almost everything. I for sticky rice, but I
lt

A: on aisle 10, in rhe Asian food section.

2. A: This is the express lane. Ten items only. It like you have more than
ten

B: I ten Oh,I
Sorry.
A: 'Ihe checkoul srand next to me is open.

3 A: any coupons you wanted to use?

B: I a couple in my purse, but I can\ find them now.
A: W■ lat they for? I might have some extras here.
B: One for eggs, and the other for ice cream.
A: I think I have those.

r@r. ,iza = Gorr hlpFn

"@idrB ,r,B = phon6 *ithout .ords to thc reircr

116 CHAPTER 2
日 Exercise 32. Looking ol glommor. (chq*s I -l ond 2-6)
Underline the present progressive and past progressive verbs in t}le following conversations.
Discuss the wav thev are used. What are the similarities between the two tenses?

L A: Where are Jan and Mark) Are fiey on lacarion?

B: Yes, they!qq4y9!!4g in Kenya for a few weeks.
2. A: I invited Jan and Mark to my birthday party, but dley didn't come.
B: Why not?
A: They were on vacation. They were traveling in Kelya.
3. A: What was I talking about when the phone interrupted me? I forget!
B: You were desc bing theveb site you found on the Internet yesterday.
4. A: I missed the beginning of the news repolt. !{rhat's the announcer talking about?
B: She's describing damage ftom the earthquake in Pakistan.
日 Exercise 33. Looking ol glommor. (chopter I ond chorts 2-l + 2-6)
Complete the sentences. Use the simple present, present progressive, simple past, or past
progressive form of the verbs in parentheses.

Right rowToshi ard Oscat (sir) are.i1t1tin0 in the library. Toshi (do)
l

his homavork,bu1 0scar(s″ み ″σ

→ ,HE
(starc) out the window. Toshi (urdr,

what Oscar (looA)

TosHI: Oscar, what (Jo(, /oo,t) at'

7

OscAr.t | (aatch) thc skatcboardcr Look at that

8

61y in the orange shit Hc(′・lrll)

in circles on his back $'heels. He's amazins!

TosHr: ft (6e) easier than it (1roA)

t0 ll
I can teach you some skateboarding basics ifyou'd like.
OscAR: Great! Thanks!

YesterdayToshi and Oscat (sil) were in the library. Toshi (do)

^itting
t2

l]
his homework, but Oscar (study, not) .He
(srarc) out the window. Toshi (&rarD
16
what Oscar (/oo&) at. Oscar (po,r, to rhe
17 l8
skateboarder. He GAy) that he was amazing. Toshi (djfer)
t9
to teach him some skateboarding basics.
20

Poslnme 4フ
」 Exercise 34. Worm-up. (chod 2-7)
Check (/) the sentences that have this meanrng:
First action: We gathered our bags.
Second acuon: The train arrived at the station.

L We garhered our bags before the train arrived at the station.

2. Before the tmin arrived at the station, we gsthered our bags.
3. After we gathered our bags, the train arrived at the station.
4_ As soon as the tlain arrived at the station, we gathered our bags.
5. we didn't gather oul bags until the tlain arived at the station.

limo clause AIW I linlsha<l my wo* = a time clauser

(a) Attet I linished ny wo*; ]i;n !; bed. , rer, to Dad = a main clause
Examples (a) and (b) have lhe same meaning.
'aftet I linished
tD Ti;nr6ra? ny wotk.
(1)com€ in lront of a main clause, as in (a).
(2)lollow a main clause, as in (b).
０

l wentto bed attea Ilinlshed my work. These words inlroduce time clalrsos:
０

aeforc I went to bed, I finlshed my work.

betoft I
０

I slay€d up untl I finished my work. untit L suori'ct ana raart - a time ctause
As s@n e,l
０

As soon as I linished my work, I w€nt lo b€d.

when
０

The phone rang whire i was watchingTv- I

０

When lhe phone nng, I was walching TV. ln (e): urrl = to ihal time and lhen no longer"
ln (l); as soon as: immedialely after

prrN.ruArroN: Put a comma al lho 6nd ol a time clause

when lhe time clause comes lrrst in a sentence (comes in
lront ol the main clause):
lime chusa + comma + nain clause
main clausq + no comfia + line clause

( i ) When lhe phone rrrg I answetecl it. ln a senlence with a time clause inlroduced by rr€r, bolh
' lhelime clause verb and lhe main velb can be simple
past. ln lhas cas6, the actton in the wfierFclause
happened lirst.
ln li): Fitsr The phae anq.
fhen] I answercd il.

(i) While I wrs doing my home{vork, my ln (i): When ttw aciions are in progl€ss at lho same lime,
roommate ras walcrling Tv, lhe pasl progressive can be used in bolh parts ol thg

rA .1a6, is . suu.tu. th.t hsr a subi.ct snd ! 6b.

rrunri, cu sl.o b. us.d to say th.t sn..hine <to.! NoT h.ppcn before l p{ticulai iio.: l .li.ln'l eo lo b..l undl I l',h.Il "! wk

a8 cHAmP 2
D Exelciso 35. Looking ql glommot (Chort 2-7)
Check (/) all the clauses. Remember: a clause must have a subject and a cornplete verb.

l. _ epplying for a visa

2. while the woman was applying for a visa
3. _ the men took passport photos
-
4. when the man took passport phoros
5. as soon as he finished
-
6. _ he needed to finish
-
7. _ efter she sent her application
8. sending her application

D -
Exer€be 36, looking ot g]ommoL (chq 2-7)
Underline the clauses. Then decide what happened first (1) and what happened second (2).

[. a. After the taxi dropped me ofl,I remembered mv coat in the backseat.

b. I remembered my coat in the backseat after the taxi dropped me off.

2. a. Before I got outofthe taxi,I double-checked the address.

b. Before I double-checked the address, I got out of the taxi.

3. a. As soon es I tipped the driver, he helped me with my luggage.

b. As soon as tle driver helped me with my luggage, I tipped him.

」 Exercise 37.L● ●king o1 9暉 mrno■ (chOr1 2‐ 7)

Combine eech set of sentences into one sentence by usitrg a time clause. Discuss conect
putrctuation.

l. Frsr.' Igothome.
7h er. I ate dinner.

Ahar I Oot home- t ate d;nncr.

I atc dinner after I Oat hafie.

2. .FirJ, I unplugged the coffee pot.

fier. I left my apartment this moming.
Beforc

3. Frsr. I lived oD a farm.

frrer. I was seven years old.

じ niil

unril

Posl rime 49
 4. Frrsr: I heard the doorbell.
Tfr?nr I opened the door.

as soon as

It began to rain.
Then: I srood under my umbrella.

When

6. At rhe same tinle: I was lying in bed with the flu.

My friends were swimming at the beach.

Vhile
ヽ

while

-l Exercise 38. Looking sl gtommoL (chorts 2-l ' 2-7)

Complete the sentences. Use the simple past or the past progressive form of the ve$s in
parentheses. Use brackets to identiry the time clauses.
1. My mom called me around 5:00. My husband came home a linle after that. [When he

(ger) ---0gL-home,l I Galk) wa5 talkin| to mv mom on the phone.

2. I (buy) a small gift before I (so) ro the hospital

lesterday to visir my friend.

3. Yesrerday afternoon I G,r) ro visit the l-opez famil,v. \fhen I (ger)

there, Mrs. Irpez (re) in the yard. She (rlar,

flowers. Mr. L.pez (bc) in the garage.

He (change) the oil on his car. The kids ( P/a])

in the front yard. In orher words, while Mr.l$Pez (change)

thc oil in the car, the kids (rrlo?r,)

a ball in the yard.

4. t (ho my thumb shile I (t'Jc) the hammcr,

ouch! That (Irr,

5. As soon as we (r€dr) about the hurricane, we (rdair)
to ger ready for the storm-

6. It was a long lvalk home. Mr. Chu (g.t) tired and G,)P)
after an hour. He (res, until he (r./)
strong enough to continue.

50 CHAPTER 2
 b∞ kd“ ‐ ∞ ヽ Fn鴨 嵐n ttd∞ s

f ttT総 熙 T:Ti∬ '‐ “ "lcte the scmm∝

T● ●11 23

Jcnl■ ■
Ferヽ Problem

Jennifer for an insurance company. When people help

l 2
witll their car insurance,dlev hcr Rght nOw itis 9:05Aヽ1,and Jennifer
3
ar her desk-

She to work on time this morning. Yesterday Jennifer late

5
10 WKllk beCausc shc a minor auto accident. !flhile she
8
to work, her cell phone Shc for lt
10
\xftile she for her phone,Jel■ nfer control of ic
11

car. Her car into a rc$ ofmailboxes beside the mad and
13
Fortunatelv no one was hurt u■ tl■ e accident

Jennifer It repalrs
17

Innitr very embarmssed now. She a bad decision,especially

18 19

since it is illegal to talk on a cell phone and drive ar the same time where she lives.

I Exercise rl{t. Worm-up. (chq 2-E)

Pa., L Think about your evperiences when you were a beginning leamer of English.
Check (/) the statements that are true for you.
ltlen I uas d beginning learner of English, . . .

l. I remained quiet when someone asked me a questio .

2. _ I checked my dictionary frequefltly.

3. I asked people to speak very, very slowly.
4. _ I tanslated sentences into my larguage a 1or.

Pdr, Il. Inok at the sentences you checked. Are these srarements no longer true? If the
answer is "yes," another way to express your idea is with zsed lo. V/hich of these sentence(s)
are true for you?

1. I used to remain quiet rvhen someone asked me a question.

2. I used to check my dictionary frequently.
3. I used to ask people to speak very, very slowly.
4. I used to translate senrences into my language a lor.

PosITine 51
 (a) I used to rive with my parsnts. Now I live in Used to expresses a pasl situation or habii lhal no longer
my own apa menl, exists al Presenl.

(b) Ann used to be alraid ol dogs, bLrl now she FoRM: ucedto + lhe simple lorn ol a veh
likes dogs.
Al used lo 3moke, but h€ doesn't anymors,

Did yor Be.l to live in PatiB? ouEsr oN FoFM: allat + subkct + $ed to
(oR Ord you use to ,ve in Pari6?) lo1 ctic! + subiect + use to)'

(e) I dialn t used to dtink collee al breaKasl, bul NEGcnvE FOFM| Clidn't uSAd tO
now I always have colles in lhe morning. loR cll.tn't use tol'
lo1 | clkln t use to dnnkcollee.) Didn't use(d) lo occo$ infrequenlly. More commonly,
I never usec! lo dtink colla€ al breaKast, but people use revsrto express a n€galive idea wilh used tq
now I always havs colf€6 in th€ morning. as in (f).

rBorh f(m3 (!rd ro .nd @ ,o) e pot:iblc i. qu6tio! sd Dcs.riG. FiSli.h lbsiursE .uthdi.i6 ilo nor .sG on etri.h is
pEfdblc- Thi! t@t us6 both fom3.

u Exercis€ 41. lookang ol glommqr. (cho 2-E)

Make sentences with a similar meaning by usi ng tsed ao. Some of the sentences are negative,
and some of ttrem are questions.

l. Wen I wa; a child,I tDas shy. Nou I'n not slry.

I usea to be shy, but now l'm not.

2. V4ten I was :nung' I thought ,hat people our 40 luere oA.

that people over 40 were old.

3. N@! yru l;rx in this city. Were did you lbe Worc vou corne herc?
'Where ?
-.-
4. D;d tou uotk lot the Phone compatry at some tine in the p&tt?

for the phonc company?

5 Wen I uas s'ounser, I sbqt thruugh the nighr. I neL,et twhe ug i11the middle oJ the night.

I in the middle of the night, but now I do.

rhrough the night, but now I don't.

6. lYhen I ttar a child, I Itokhed cattoo : onTU I ilon\ watch cartoons aOmora Nou I z"vkh

I cartoons onTV, but I don't anymore.

I news programs, but now I do-

Vhat
ヽ on TV when you were liftle?

52 CHAPIER 2
U Exercise 42. lnlerview: find someone who . . . . (chort 2-8)
\?alk around the classroom. Make a question with flsed ro for each item. 'When you find a
person who sal's 'Jres," write down his/her name and go on ro the nexr question. Share a few
ofyour answers with the class.
Find somnne uho uted n .. .

l. play in the mud. , Did you use tn plq in the mud?

2. play $.ith dolls or toy soldiers.
3. roller skate.
4. swing on a rope swing.
5, catch frogs or snakes.
6. get into trouble at school.
7. dress up in your mother's or father's €lothes.
□

Exelcise rfj. Lislening. (chod 2-E)

＾ど 器

Us€d ro is often pronounced "usra." Listen to the examples. Then complete the sentences
with the non-reduced words you hear.
Exar4lzs; I used to (mrd) ride my bike to work, but now I rake the bus.
I didn't used to (6ra) be late when I rode my bike to work.
Did you use ro (!sra) ride your bike to work?
l. I ubed to ota:/ up past midnight, but now I often go to bed at 10:00 because I
ha\.e an 8:00 class.
２

'What time
to bed when vou were a child?
 
３

Tom ternis after work every day, but now he doesn'r.

 
４

breakfast, but row I aiways have somcthing to eat in the

morning because I read that studenrs who eat brcakfast do betier in school.

5. I grammar, but now I do.

コ Exelcise 44. Check your knowledge. (chqrt 2-g)

Edit the sentences. Correct the erors in ve$ tense usage.
live
l. Alex used to lii+g in Cairo.

2. Junko used to worked for an investmem company.

3. Margo was used to reach English, but now she works at a publishing company.

4. Where you used ro live?

5. I didn't was used to get up early, but now I do.

6. Were you used to live ir Singapore?

7. My family used to going to the beach every weekend, but now we don,t.

PosIIme 53
J Exerclse 45. Lefs |€od ond wril6. (choprer 2)
Ibrr r. Read the passage about a famous author' Then read the statements. Citcle "T" for
true and "F" for false.

l. K. Rowling
Did you litow that J. K. Rowling used to be an English language teache! before she
became successfi es the author of the iIorr)' Porr?/ series? she taught English to students in
Portugal. She lived there from l99l to 1994. During that time, she also worked on her first
Hany Pottet book.
After she taught in Portugal, she vrent back to Scodand. By then she was a single mother
u.ith a young daughter. She didn't have much money, but she drdn't waflt to rerurn to teaching
until she completed her book. Rowling enioyed drinkrng cofree, so she did much of her writing
in a cafe while her daughter took naps. She wrote quickly, and when her daughter was three,
Rowling finished lirrry Poner and the Ph;losophet\ Stone.*
Many publishers were not interested in her book. She doesn't remember how many
rejection leners she got, maybe twelve. Finally a small Publishing company, Bloomsbury,
accepted h. Shofily efter its Publication, the book began to sell quickly, and Rowling soon
became famous. Now there are seven Iiar4,' Port?i books, and Rowling is one of the wealthiest
and most suc€essful women in the world.

t. Rowling Enished the first HdnJ,' Poa€r book in 1993. T F

2. Rowlirg did a lot ofw tingin a cafe. T F
3. At first, publishers loved her work T F
4. Soon after her book came out, mafly people bought it T F
5. Rowliog still works as a teacher. T F

Itr, Ir. Choose a *riter or in. Find information about this person's
a singer you are interested
life. Make a list ofimportant or inter€sting events. Put the information into a paragraph Edit
your verbs carefully.

'In the Unncd Stzt6 s.t Indi., thi! Erl. was chansFd to t aa) Poid So@r\ stu'
'nd 'tr

54 cHAmP 2
J Exerciso I. Worm-up, (cho 3-l)
Which sentences express future meaning? Do the future sentences have the same meanrng or a
diferent meaning?
l. The train is going to leave a few minutes late today.
2. The lrein lefi e few minules late today.
3. The train will leave a few minutes late todav-

la) I am qoinE to leave al nin6 8e gorng to and wrl are used io

tomorrow moming.
(b) I w,]l ,eave al nine lomorrow Examples (a) and (b) have lhe same
morning. meaning.
Sometimes wil and be gorrg to
express dilferent meanings. The
diflercnces are dis.ussed in Charl3'5
０ ０

Sam ,r in his olfic€ t /s morring- Toclay, tonlght, and this t

moming, attemoon, evenlng,
Ann wrs in her otlice t ris ,norrirg al eight, but nou she's at a
wee& elc, can express presenl,
me€ling.
Past. orJuture lime. as n
Bob /s gorng to be in his ollice lr,s morrlrg all6r his denlist (c)throush (e).
appointmonl,

NoarB: Th. u* of rral (with I or @) to e4cs tuiW iim. i3 p6!ibl. bu b ir&.q@t snd quir fm.]; fo. rypl.; ,rirrr?.a@
d Mrdnizg. l&.hall h d@DdtuMant

55
コ ４Ｃ ｕ卍 Exerck● 2.Hening.(chort 3 1)
1■ sten to eaCh SCntcnce lfit cxprcsses Suture tlIIle,circlcッ ● lfit docs not,circle"ο

Eχα771メ レ
:You wil hear: Tlle airport will bc busy
You● Hchoosc c)no
At the airport
l. yes no 5. yes no
2. yes no 6. yes no
3. yes no 7. yes no
8. yes no

-l Exelciso 3. Wolm-up. (chort 3-2)

Complete these future sentences (6€ goiag to) with the correct form of b€ (+ ,lol) Make
truc statcments

1 1 going to sleep in* tomorrcw morning.

2. Our tcacher going to retire next month.

3 Wし going to have a class party next week.

4 昴 a ttudent nert to !0r: Yoi) going to speak English tomofrow.

Be golng l● mp e form Oithe verb

la) We arc gong to be la\e. `lo10wod by the●
aS in(a)and(b)
(b) She's 9o,rg lo come tomorrc)w.
︲い呵

tNcoRBECf: she's going to cones tott'totfow.

枷た“

b
ヽ ｌ ｔ

ouESroN FoRM: + sublect + golng to

﹂“
ｔ

●●fng tO be ate,
ｒ ｌ ′
ｐ

° + not t going to

乱 鋭 ￨"“ ・
be

、輩 I・ e ate

le) "Hurry upl We're gonra be laiel' 8e goiDg to is more common in speaking and inlormal
wriling than in formalwriting. ln informal speaking, it is
somstimes pronounced'gonna"/gana/. "Gonna' is not
usually a written form.

・ slcep latも 00t WakC up car● い the morning

`睦,,,‐

56 cHAPTER 3
I Exelcise 4. looking ol glommor. (chods 3l ond 3-2)
Complete the sertences with a form of 6e gorrr€' ,o and rle words in parentheses.

1. A: Vhat (yrr,.ro) ar6 :!au AainA ta do nexr?

B: I ( 2,i&) up a prescription at the pharmacy.

2. A: \ra,here (l/e.r, so)

B: He Grop) at the post office and run
some othcr errands.*

3. A: (rou, Jinish) the proiect soon?

B: Yes, (lnrl,) it by noon today.
4. A. V'}].,t (Dr- Ahmd(l, talh) about in her
lecture tonight?
B: She (d,rcrr, how to reduce health-care costs.

5. A: When (Jd",.d11) your sister?

B: I (cal, not) her. I Qaxr)
her.

I Exelcise 5. LBI'S lolk poinivotk. (cho s 3-r ond 3-2)

V/ork with a partner. Thke rums asking ard answering quesrions with be going to.

Exarzpla what \ you \ do \ after class?

.what
SpEA(rR A: are you going to do after class?
SpE \KER B: I'm going to get a bite to ear* after class.

Enarnple. you \ watch TV \ tonighr?

SPEAKER A: Are you going to watch TV todght?
SPEAKTR B: Yes, I'm going to warch TV tonight. oR No, I'm not going ro watch TV tonight.
I . where \ you \ go \ after your last class \ roday?
2. what time \ you \ wake up \ tomorrow?
3. what \ you \ have \ for breakfast \ tomorrow?
4. you \ be \ home \ this evening?
5. where \ you \ be \ next vear?
6. you \ become \ famous \ some day?
7. you \ take \ a rdp \ sometime next yea!?
8. you \ do \ something unusual \ in the near tuture?

rrln srrdd' = b pick up or deliver n)nerhins

so somcwhere
**ar! a 6,8 ro sdr = ger somethinA ro esr

future Time 57
-l Exerciss 6. tlstening. (chorts 3-l ond 3-2)
.I lhr, I. Listen to the pro;unciatioo of the reduced forms ofgorrr8r ,o in the conversation'
to
en apartruent
,.D'6 Looldng for
A: Ve're going to look for an apartment to rent this weekend.
B: Are you going to look in this area?
A: No, we're going to search in an area clos€r to our iobs.
B: [s the rent going to be cheaper in that area?
A: Yes, apsrtment rents are definitely going to be cheaper'
B: Are you going to need to pay a deposit?
A: I'm sule we're going to need to pay the first and last month's rent.
IhTr Ir. Listen to the conversation arrd \*rite the non-reduced form of the words you hear'

A, \//l:lere are Yau Oaina to mo\/e to?

I
ri(re
B: We Iook for something outside Ihc city.

spend the weekend apartment-hunting.r

Ar Whar fees need to pay?

B: I rhink we need to pay the first and lasr montl's rent.

A: thcrc be other fees?

B: Therc
8
probably be an application fee and a

cleanhg fcc ´uso,the landlord pmbably

ll

credir check,*r so we need to pay for that.

J Exelcise 7. lefs lolk interuiew.

(choplers I ond 2; Chqrh 3-l ond 3-2)
Walk around the room. Ask and answ€r questions using u,ia, + do + the given time
expression. Share some of you: classmates' answers saith the class.

Eramrlsr this evening

SPEA(ER A: \Yy'hat are you going to do this evening?
SPEAKER B: I'm going to get on the Intemet for a while.
1. yesrerday 6. th€ day before yesterday
2. tomorro{, 7- the day afier tomorrow
3. right now S lasr week
4. every day 9. everY week
5. a week from now 10. this weekend

'a?atdenrh"nnns = lmljrE for a ap.d.!t

**runacddichdh=C.tinf.rmatioa.bouiapsoD'sfnlnci.lhis.orvilcludinsth'cmplo,€r'sn@e,on''sin'om'the
amount ofmon.y in th. ba*, and r hisrorv oflar. or unp.id bills

58 cHAmn 3
f Exercise 8. Lel's lolk poitl\rork. (Choprers I ond 2; Chorh 3-l ond 3-2)
Vork with a partrer. Complere rhe conveftation with your own words. Be creative! The
conveftation reviews rhe forms (statement, negarive, question, short answer) ofthe simple
present, simple pastJ and be goins to.

E:can?b:
SPTjAKER A: I rode a skateboard to school yesterday.
Sp[AxER B: Really? Wow! Do you de a skateboard to s€hool ofien?
SPEAK€R A: Yes, I do. I de a skareboard to s€hool almosr every day.
Did you de a skareboard to school yesterday?
SpE'A(ER B: No,I didn't. I came by helicopter.
SpE"A(rrR A: Are you going to come to school by helicopter tomorrow?
SPEAKER B: No,I'm rot. I'm going ro ride a motorrycle to school tomolrow.

A: I yesterday.

Really? Wow! you often?

A: YeS,I almosr every day.

Yesterday?

No, I
Ａ   Ｂ

No, I

E Exercise 9. Worm-up. (choli 3-3)

Complete the sentenceswilJr ,.ti or uon't.
1. Ir raln tomorro、 ■

2. \i/e study Charr 3-3 next.

3. r tcach fie class ncxt \r'eek.

4. To your *achet Yol need to assign homework for tonight.

Future lim€ 59
 STATEMENT L You,She He,",We,Th"wlj′ COmetono子 rOW

NEGAT∨ E L YOu,She,He,1,We,They:竹 ′
′月o′ (wonl)COne tOmOrrow

Q∪ EST10N lyil I, you, she, he, it, we, they comelomorrow?

SHORT
ANSヽ VER 3) にに
WQ hw{瀞
「
CONTRハ CTtONS l ll she ll we ll l,yifl is usually contracted wiih pronouns in boih
you ll he" they,′ speech and rnlormalwriling
l ll

Bob + wiil = 'Bob i/" flI,is ofien conlracled wiih nouns in soeech, bul
lhe leacher + wil, = "lhe leacherTI' usually not in writing.
rPrcnouns rE No contractd with h.lping verh in shori .ns.B,
coRRrtT Yes,I oill.

f Eercise 10. lisloning. (chqd 3-3)

A kr, L Listen to the pronutrciation of contiactions with arrZl in these sentences.
@
cDr', l. I'[ be ready to leave soon.
2. You'U need to come.
3. He'll driv€ us.
4. She'll come later.
5. we'll ger there a little late.
6. They'll writ for us.
Itr, I,. Listen to the sentences and write rhe contractions you hear,
l. Don\ wait up for me tonight. /1/ be home late.
2. I paid dre bill this morning. get my check in the next day or two.

3. We have the better team. probably \{in the game.

4. Henry twisred his ankle while running down a hill. probably take a

break ftom running rhis week.

5. \Fe can go to the beach tomorroq but probably be too cold to go

swilnming.
＾﹀ 

I invited some guests for dinner. probably get herc around seven.
一
′

Karen is doing volunteer work for a community health-care clinic this week.
be gone a lot in the evenings.

60 CHAPT[R3
U Exercise II. Listening, (chorr 3-3)
/l Parl I Listefl to the senrences. Norice the pronunciation of conrractions with rouns + .rrr7r.
tf,
cD' At the doctor.'s office
l. The docror'll be with you in a few minures.
2. Your appoinrmerlt'll take about an hour.
3. Your fever'll be gone in a few da)s.
4. Your stitches'll disappear over the next two week.
5. The nurse'll schedule your resr(.
6. The lab'll have the results next week.
7. The rcceptionist ar the ftont desk'll ser up* your next appoiDtment.
Par, IL Listen to the senrences and write the words you hear. Write the full form of the
cofltractions.
At the pharmacy
1. Your prescription willbe rcady in ten minutes.

2. The medicine you feel a littie tired.

3. The pharmacist your docto/s ofiice.

4. This cough s],rup your cough.

5. Two aspirin enough.

6. The genericll drug less

7. This information all● c sidc c6ects★ ☆☆ tt・ rd■ is mcdichc

tr Exercise 12. Worm-up. (cho 3-4)

How certain is the speaker in each sentence? \r{dre the percentage next to each sentence:
tooo/o, 9oo/o, or 50% .

What is going to hawn n gasoline prices2

1. Gas prices may tise.

2. Maybe gas prices will flse.
3. - Gas pdces will rise.
4. Gas pri€es will probably rise.
5. _ Gas price\ are going to rise.
-
6. Gas prices won't.ise.
-

-
*rgdb; = medicine wid no b.and n.me
n negative, rhat a psti€rt c.n hare ftom a medicine

Fuiure Time 6t
 (a)l Wllj● e in ctass tomorrOw ln (a)i The speak€r uses wil ot bgoing to
OR because he lsels sure aboul his fulure acliviiy.
Ian golng o● ein daSS 10norrow He is staling a lacl aboul the rulure.

90%sure lb) Po wi prcbably bei^ class lomorow. ln (b): The speaker uses prot 6ryto say lnat
he expecls Po lo be in class tomorroq bul he is
Po ls probably going to be in class nol 1000/" sur€. H6's almosl sure. bul not

\c) Anna prcbably won't De in class lomorrow Wod oder with proDtDry.*
(1) in a sialoment, as in (b):
Anna prcbably isn t going lo be in class helping verb - prcbably
(2) wilh a negative vetu, as in
Probebly - helping vetb

50%sure (d) Ali may come lo class iomorrow. lreyexpr6sses a luture possibility: maybe
som€thing will happen, and maybe ii won'l
Ala may rot corre lo class lomorrow. happ6n."
I don t know what h€'s going lo do. ln (d): Th€ spoak€r is saying that maybe Aliwill
coms lo class, or maybe he won l come to class.
The sp€ak€r is guessing.

le) llaybe Ali wi comelo class, and maybe tleyb + wlltb golng to gives ihe sam€
meaning as ,rry.
Examples (d) and (e) have lhe same meaning.
MaW Ali is going to come to class, and
lrayro com6s al lhe beginning oi a sentence.
maybehe isn't.

'Pro6r6, ir . midstcne adrcrb. Se Chrt l_3,p 10, for mc i,fmdon lbou $. pllem.!. of mid!'nr'nc dktrr.
iS.. Chst 7-3, p. Ia2, for moe infoiD.tion rbout -qy.

O Exercise 13. Uslening. (cho,t 3-4)

6 Listen to rh€ setrtences. Decide how certsin the speake! is in each ooe: 100%, 90%, or 50%.
d will hear: 'Ilre benk wiU be open tomoEow.
;:J,, E ande: You
You q.i[ wriie: _-IOOL

My day tomorrow
1
＾
∠  ３   ４
々′     ‘υ

62 cHAPT[R3
」 Exercise 14.L● ●king●lgrommo“ (ch。 ■3‐ 4)
For each situation, predicr what probably will happefl and whar probably won't happen. Use
et:]rcr rrtii], ot be goinA ,o. Include Pro6ab6, in your prediction.

l. Antonio is late to class almost every day.

(be on time tomorrow? be late again?)
' Antonb pmbably uonl be on ime tomorrozt. He'll probably be latz again.

2. Rosa has a terriblecold. She feels miserable.

(go to work tomorrow? stay home and rest?)

). Sami didn\ sleep at all lasr nighr.

(go to bed early tonight? stay up all night again tonight?)

4. Gina loves to run, but right oow she has sore krees and a sore ankle.
(run in the marathon race this week? skip the race?)

J Exercise 15. tooking ot glqmmor. (chod 3-4)

Rewrite the sentences usi[g the words in parentheses.

L. I may be late. (mqtbe)

1/1avレ σ′ ″ レ↓θ
"″
2. Lisa may not get here. (fiafbe)

3. Maybe you will win th€ contest. (rrrar)

4. The plane may land e y. (ma!be)

5. Maybe Sergio won't pass the class. (ma),,)

J Exelcisa t6. Let's lolk: ilrferview. (chod 3-4)

'Walk around the room. Ask and answer questions. Ask two classmates each question.
Answer
the questions using u,r'rr, be go;nA ao, ot riqt. lnclnde probably or tnay6e as appropriate.
Share some ofyour classmates' answers with the class.

Exam?le: v4)at \nill you do after class tomorrow?

, I'A prcbabb) Co bach to n)) o?artmeflL oR I'm not turc. I may go to the bookstote.

l. Vtrat vrill fie weather be like tomorrow?

2. uttlere will you be tomorrow aftemooo?
3. What are you going to do on your nexr i?cation?
4. Who will be the most fsmous celebrity next year?
5. What will a phone look like ten years from now?
6. Think about forms ofcommunication (like email, social websires, phone, texting, etc.).
What do you rhink will be the most common form ren years from now?
7. !0hen do you rhink scienrists will discover a cure for cancer?

Future Tim6 63
コｎ
ｃ輌¨Exercise 17, Lislening. (chod 3-4)
Think about life from now. What will it be like? Listen to each sentence, Do you
IOO years
agrcc or disagree? Circlc Jrr or,la Discuss your answers.

Predictions about the future

ｎ ｎ ｎ ｎ ｍ
。 。 。 。
ｎ
。
l. yes 6. yes
ｎ
。
2. yes 7. yes
ｎ
。
3. yes 8. yes
ｎ
。

4. yes 9. yes
ｎ
。

5. yes 10. yes

」 Exercise 18. Reoding, glommol, ond speoking. (chod 3-4)

Pzrr L Read the passage

Atr Old AParEnent

Ted and A]ny live in an old, run-down apartment and want to move The building is old
and has a lot ofproblems. The ceiling leaks when it rains. The faucets drip The toilet doesn\
always flush properly. The windows dont close tightlv, and heat escapes ftom dle rooms
in the
winrer. In the summer, it is very hot because there is no air conditioner'
Their apartrnent is in a dangerous part of town. Ted and Amy both tske the bus to work
and have to walk a long distance to the bus stoP. T'heir apartment building doesn\
have

laundry facilities, so tiey also have to walk to a laundromat to wash lheir clothes They are
planning to have child.en in the near future, so they want a park or Play area nearby for their
children. A safe neighborhood is verv important.

Por, rr. Ted and Amy arc thinking about their next apartment and are making a list
ofwhat
they want and don't want. ComPlete the sentences with .!i" or
'{'oz"'
Our ncxt apottErent
t. It wa,?', have leaky faucets.

2. The toilet flush properly.

64 CHAPTER 3
 t. tr have \rindows that close righrly.

4 ]￢hcrc be air-conditioning for hot days.

5. Ir be in a dangerous pafi oftown

6. Ir be near a bus srop.

7. There be laundry facilities in the building.

8. We need to walk to a laundromat.

9. A play area be nearby.

Par, rrl lmagine you are moving to a new home. Decide rhe siy most important things you
want your home to have (h wi haae . . .). You can brainsrorm ideas in small groups and rhen
discuss your ideas with the class.

Ll Exorcise 19. Worm-up. (cho.i 3-s)

In which conversarion does Speaker B have a prior plan (a plan made b€lore the moment of
speaking)?

l. Ar Oh, are you leaving?

B: Yes. I'm going to pick up my children at school. They have dentist appoinunenrs.
2. A: Excuse me, Mrs. Jones. The nurse from your son's school is on rhe phone. He,s got a
fever and n€€ds to go home.
B: Okay. Please let them know I'11be there in 20 minutes.

She is going
ge going to and wlll mean the same wh6n lhey are
(a) lo succecd bocause she wolks
hard. used lo mak6 predictions about the lutur€,

(b) She ril, succeed because sh€ works hard. Examples (a) and (b) hav6 th€ sam6 m€aning.

(c) I boughf some wood because I am going to buitct Be going to lbrt wl l is used lo o(press a pior
a bookcas€ lor my aparlment. ^ot
plan (i.e., a plan mad6 belore th6 momeni ot
speaking).
ln (c): The speaker ptans to buitd a bookcase.
Thjs chair is loo heavy loryoLllo carry atone. Wi lbul not be golhg A is ussd to o(pr€ss a
decision th6 speaker makes al th6 momont of
speaking.
h (d): The speaker decid6s orvoluntesrs lo hetp at
ihe immgdrale pres6nt momont: h€ dd not have a pnor
plan or inlention to h6lp.

Future Timo 65
] Exelcise 20. looking ot grqm]flor. (cho.ts 3-l - 3-5)
of
Discuss the ialt rzed verb-(s) . Ii the speaker expressing plans made before the moment
speaking (prio! plans)? lf so, circle i'es. If not, circle
"' PRIOR PT-{N?

1. A: Did you return Carmen's phone call?

B: No,I forgot. Thank for reminding me. Il.aahe. right awav yes

2. A: I'm going o catl Martha later this evening. Do you wlnt to talkto
her too? Yes no
B: No,I don't think so.
3. A: Jakob is io town for a few days
B: Really? Great! I?!r'o. him a call. Is he staying at his Aunt Ilra's? yes no

4. A: Alex is in town for a few days.

B: I know. He called me yesterdsy. $/e're Eoing a get together for dimer
after I get ofiwork tonight. Yes

5. A: I need some ftesh air. I'm goingfora short walk.

B: l?cozawithyou. Yes no

6. A'. I'm going ,o tahe Hamid to the airport tomorrow moming.

Do you want to come along? Yes no
B: Sure.
7. A: to Uncle Scott's over the break.
ll/r'e'rc going to go yes no
Are you intercsted in coming with us?
B: Gee,l dont know. I? rrtrnfr ebout it. Vhen do you need to know? yes

U Exercis€ 21. Looking qt grommoL (chotis 3-l ' 3-5)

Restate the sentences orally or in writing. Use be goina ao.

My trip toThailand
l. I'm planning to be away for three week.
2. My husband and I are planoing to stsy in small towns and camP on the beEch'
3. Ve're plaoning to bnng a tent.
4, We're plaming to celebrate our wedding anniversary there.
5. My father, who was born inThailand, is planring to,oin us, but he's planning to stay
in a hotel.

O Exerciso 22. tooking

-omplete the seot"nces
ol glommor. (chorts 3-l - 3-5)
to to expless a prior plan'
iittr bZ g"r"g ro o. -ill. use be going
l. A: Ate you going by the posi office today? I need to mail this letter'
B: Yeah,I 1l mail it for You.
A: Thenks.

66 CHAPIER 3
 2. A: Why sre you carrying that package?
B: It's for my sister. I'mOoinlto rneil it to her.
3. A: !0hy did you buy so many eggs?
B:I make a special desserr.

4. A: I have a book for Joe fiom Rachel. I'm llot going ro see him roday.
B: l,et me have it. I give it to him. He's in mv algebra class.

5. A: Did you apply for the iob you told me about?

B: No,I take a few moae classes ,nd get more experience.
6. A: Did you know that I found an apartment on 45th Srreer? ['m planniog to move soon.
B: Thaas a nice area. I help you move ifyou like.
A: Great! Id really appreciate thar.
7. A: Why can\ you come ro rhe party?
B: We be wuh my husband s farhily rhar weekend.

8. Ai I have to leave. I don't have time to finish the dishes.

B: No problem. I do them for you.

9- A: Do vou want to go to rle meeting togerher?

B: Sure. I meet you by the elevator in ten minutes.

J Exercise 23. tistening. (Chorr 3-r , 3-s)

Lisren to each quesrion and circle rhe expcglsd response (a. or b.).
-a
GI
.:3.i, l. ". Sur€, I'll do it.
b. Sure,I'm going to do ir.
2. a. Yes. I'll look at laptop compure$.
b. Yes. I'm goiDg to look at lsptop computers.
3. a. Yeah, but I'll
sell ir. I don't need ir now drat I live io the city.
b. Ye3h, but I'm going ro sell it. I donl need it now that I live in the city.
4. a. Uh,I'll ger your coat and we can go.
b. Uh, I'm going to get your coat and we can go.

O Cxercise 2{. Worm.up. (Chort 3-6)

Complete the sentences with your own words. What do you notice about the verb tenses and
the word6 in boldface?
1. Artei I lcave schoot today,I'm going ro

2. Before I comc to school tomomow,I lvill

3. IfI have rime dis weekend,I will

Future Time 67
 lme clau" ln (a)and (b): belote I go to chss tomoffowi. alrtve
●)“ わre′ goわ めSSわ mOf40″ rm 9dng o O“
breakfast

timo c ause

●)lm 9dng O ed breand beゎ /e′ go b c● - subject and veh = alifie clause
bttO′ 0″
“
“

lc) Belore I go home tomgft I'm going to slop al lhe The simple presonl is used in alulurelime clause.
Wll ar.d be gohrg lo arc Nor us€d in a luture time
(d) l'm going to eal dinneral6:00 tonight. ?4tlerl.rt
d,rner l'm going lo study in mY room. tNcoRREcr: Beloro I will 9o to class, I'n going to eal
(e) I'll give Rila your message when I see he. b.aekhst-
(l) ll's raining righl now. As soan as the tatn stops. tNcoRRECf: BeloQ I am gaing to go to class lomoftov
fm going lo walk downlown, l'fi goit g to eat tueakfasl.
I'll stay home urlii rhe ra,, sloPs Allol th6 example sentences (c) lhrough (h) contain

″い″θソOυ re atscわ oO′ 10 rOrroッ be at WOrk luturc lame clauses.

`F‖
Maybe it will €in lomorou lf itrcins tomotrow ln (i)i /lit rairs lomorrowis an n_clause.
I'm going lo slay home.
:
ll + subiect and veb an l'-clarsa
When lhe m€aning is fulurc, lhe simple present (not
will or be gorng to) is used in an ,r-clause.

」 Ex● Icise 25.L● ●king d grommo“ (cho■ 3‐ 6)

Choose ule cOrrect vcrbs

l Beお rc r%″ :“
"κ
7ら ″
C亘)tO mv countrl nett yeaち rm gohgto ndSh"
graduate degree h computer scicnce

2 The boss will re宙 cw pur wOrk atershc w″ ″=“ ″ 酒 tOm vacation next wcck
",″ "″

3 1'1l givc pu a ca1l on tt cell phone as soon as my plane ω″ 滋Z″

"お

4 1 don't cspecial,like my current,ob,but l'm80ing to st∼ With this company untn I

銀 ,,177ル a sOmcthmg bettcr

5 WЪ cn you ,7に ακ h Australia next month,are yOu 80mg to go Snorkcling at the

Great Barner Rccf'

6. I [eed to l'.now what ome the meeting starts. Please be

sure to call me as soon as yon f do t'uill find out
arything ebout it.

7. lf it uonl be,isn't cold tomorrow, we'll go to thc bcach'

lf it i,wll be cold tomorrow, we'll go ro a movie'

68 CHAPT【 R3
tr Exercise 26. Looking ol glommor. (chorr 3-6)
use (he given verbs to complete the sentences. Use 6e goizg' to for the future.

I rn q2kA t42 rcaL the textbook before Lak6 rhe 6nal exam next month.

2. rerurn, call
Mr Le his wife as soon as he
to the hotel tonight.

Before I to my iob interview tomorrow,I

a list ofquestions I want to ask abour rhe compan]'.

We Sabrina to our favorire seafood restaulanr when she

us tlis weekend.

I my cell* on until I-ena

6. miss, undersnnd not

IFAdam the mceting, he the next project.

If Eva dinner at 6:30.

tr Exercise 27. lei's lolk poirwork, (chqd 3-6)

Work with a partner. Read each sentence and make a follow-up sentence using rl pay special
attention ro the verb in the ,JFclause. Share some of your partner,s answe$ with the class.
Exampb: Maybe yo.u'll go downtown tomorrow.
PARINER A: IfI go downtown tomorrow,I'm going to buy some new clothes.
PARTNER B: If I go downtown tomorrow, I'm going to look at laptop computers.

l. Maybe you'll have some ftee time romorow.

2. Maybe it'llmin tomorrow.
3. Maybe it won't rah tomollow.
4. Maybe the teacher will be absent nexr weck.

Time clauses beginnins wirh 2,., usually fo!!o! lhe m.in ctause,
Usual: I'm aoing b keep my cell on until llna .ath,
Po$ible but les us@l Unril a,,a .,&, I m soins ro keep my cell on

Future lime 69
 Change roles.
5. Maybe you'll be tired toDight.
6. Maybe you won't be tired toniSht.
7. Maybe it'll be nice tomorrow-
8. Maybe we won\ have class on Monday.

I Ererciso 28. Looking ol grommqL (chort 3-6)

Lrok at Sue's day planner. She has a busy morning. Make s€ntences usiog the word in
parentheses and the glven information. Use 6€ AoinA ,o for the futul€.

l. (after) go to the dentist \ pick up $oceries

pich
' AJter Sue coes to the dentit, she is going to P Sroceries.
2. (before) go to the dentist \ pick up groceries
3. Oefore) have lunch with Hiro \ pick up groceries
4. (aft€r) have lunch with Hito \ pick up groceries
5. (before) have lunch with Hiro \ take her father to his doctor's appoiotrnent

I Exerciso 29. R€oding, grommor, qnd w ling. (cho't 3-6)

Prt ,. Read the passage.

The Home oftle Future

What will the home ofthe tuture look like? lmagine life 50 yeers ftom now. What kiods of
homes will people have? Here are some intercsting possibilities.
The livinS room walls will have big plasma scleens. Instead of pictures on the wall, the
screens will show changing scenery. If walls have different scenes, PeoPle may not evefl want
many windows. As you know, fewer windows will make it easier to heat e house.
The house will heve special electronic features, and people will cofltrol them with a remote
control. For example, a person can lie in bed at night and lock atl the doo$ in his or her house
wirh one push ofa button. Before someone arrives home fiom work, the remote will turn on
the lights, preheat the oven, and even turn on favorite music. The bathroom faucets will have a
memory. They will remember the temperature a person likes, and when he or she lurns on the
water in the tub or shower, it will be at the correct tempemture. Maybe bedroom closets will
have racks that move automatically at the touch ofa button. \qhen *Ie weather is cold, the
.scks will deliver clothes that keep a Person wa!m, and on warm davs, the rscks will deliver
cloties that keep a Person cool.
Finelly, homes will be more energy-eficient. Most of the heat will probably come fiom
the sun. Ofcourse, solar heat urill be popular because it will be inexpensive.
Which ideas do you like? rwhich ones do you dink vou may see in vour lifeume?

70 CHAPIEF 3
 Pcrt ,l Complete the seniences wirh informarion from rhe passage. More than one ans\&er
may be possible.

l. W'hen people look at tie living room walls, they

2. When a person is coming home ftom work, tie remote

3. As soon as a person gets home,

4. Ifrhe barhroom faucers have a memory, they

5. Before a person goes to sleep,

6. When a person pushes a button, tle closet racks

7. When the weather is cold, tlte closet racks

8. Ifa home has solar heat, the cost of heating the home

Par,Irl Imagine you car build your dream house 50 years from now ft can be any rlpe of
house you want. Think about the sryle, size, kinds ofrooms, location, erc. lfrire a paragraph
about this honse. Begin with this topic sentencet My drcam house will haae , . , .

J Exercise 30. Looking ol grommoL (choprers r, 2 ond choft 3-l ,3-6)

Complete each sentence with a form ofde words in parentheses. Read carefully for rime
expressions.

1. Before Tim (go) aaeb to bed, he always (brxsr) ,ruehes his teeth.

2. BeforeTim (go) to bed larer tonight, he (crldrl)

his gi friend.

3. BeforeTim (8o) to bed last night, he (raie)

4. WhileTim (ta&e) a shower last nighrr the phone (fi8)

5. As soon as the phone (nflg) last night,Tim (rrunp)

out ofthe shower to answer ir.

6. As soon asTim (srr) up tomorrow morning, he (6/,rlr)

his teeth.

7. Tim always (Drasi) his teeth as soon as he (ger) up

:l Exercisa 3I. Worm-up. (chod 3-7)

Which sentences express futuJe time?
l. I'm cstching a train tonight.
2. I'm going ro rake rhe expre.s rain.
3. The trip will only rake an hour.

Fulure TIme 7I
 @) fam is going to come lo tho party lomo(ow. The presenl prog€ssivo can be used lo etpr€ss lulure
(b) Tlm is com,ng lothe pariy tomorrow. time. Each pair ofexamplg sonl6nc6s has lhe same
meaning.
\c) We rc going to go to a movie tonighl.
(d) Wo?egoirg to a movi6 tonight. The present progressive desctibos clelinile plans lot
lhe futurc, plans that werc maato balo@ the fiomenl ol
le\ I m going to stay home this €v6ning.
\l) I n staying hom€ this svening.
Aluturc meaning br lhe presonl progtessivs is
lg't Ann is going to fiy lo Chicago nexl we€k. indicated either by lutur€ time words (e.9., lomonorv)
l Ann is ying to Chicago noxl week. or by lhe situation.'

vou rc going to laugh when you hsar lhis joke. The presenl progressive is Nor used lor prodiclions
tNcoRREcr: You rc laughing when you heat this about lhe luture.
ln (i): The speaker is predicling a luiure event.
ln U): The prcsenl progressive is not possiblei
laughing is a prediclion, nol a planned,uture svenl.
rCoMI{E: Prcsentsnurtioni LNh! Mo4)'t.odins. Do tot see hd?
Future sirultion: Aft tou tlanrins ta .om. h Ih. ?aftJ)? Mary't cmist Sa n At ,.

tr Exerciso 32. tooking ot grommoL (chort 3-7)

Complete the conversations with the correct form ofthe given verbs. Use the present
progressive ifpossibl€. Discuss whether the present progressive expresses present or furure
time.
l. A: \r/hat(J,o,do) are you dainO tomorrow afternoon?
Bt I (so) _34-aeag-- to rhe mall. How about you? \hzr (tDu, do)
tomorror4 afternoon?
A: I (so) ro a movie wirh Dan. After the movie, we ( 80)
out to dinner. \{ould you lik€ to meet us for dinner?
B: No, thanks. I can't. I (rIesr) my son for dinner.

2. A: Vhat (you' najor) in'

Bt | (najor) in enginecrlng

A: What courses ( yotl, rdle)

B: IoaA,j) English, math, and physi€s.

3. A: Stop, Paula! ! hat (yor, dr)

Ｂ  Ａ

I (cut) my hair, Mom.

Oh dcar!

72 CHAPIER 3
J Exercise 33. Lislening. (cho 3-7)
Lister to the conversarion and write rhe words you hear.
dl
,':r'r. Goins on vacation
A:I on vacatlon tomorrovた
B: Where 0

A: To San Francisco.
B: How arc you getting there?

A:I I have to be at the airport by seven tomorrow morning.

B: Do you need a ridc to the airyorr?
A: No, thaflks. I a taxl

\Xrhat about you? Are you planning to go somewhere over vacarion?

BI No I

-l Exercise 34. [el's lolk pqi]work. (cho 3-7)

\Uork with a partner. Tell each orher your plans. Use r}le present progressive.
Exampb: 'W}],at arc your plans for rhis evening?
SPEAKIR A: I'm stayi[g home. How aboutyou?
SPEAKER B: I'm going to a coffee shop to work on my paper for a while. Then I'm meeting
:ome frieflds for a movic.
What arc lour plans . . .
1. for the rest of today? 3. for this coming weekend?
2- for tomorrow? 4- for nexr monih?

I Exercise 35. l,el's wrile. (chod 3-7)

Imagine you have a week's vacation. You can go anylvhere you want. Think of a place you
would like to visit. Vdte a paragraph in which you desc be your trip. Use the present
progressive where appropriate,

Exanple: I\,,|y friend Sara and I are taking a trip to Nashville, Tennessee. Nashville is the
home of country music, and Sara loves country music. She wants to go io lots ol shows.
I don't know an!,thing about counlry music, but l,m looking forward to going to Nashville.
Wele leaving Friday aflernoon as soon as Sara gets ofi work. (Etc.)
Possibb questions to dnswer in lour paragraph:
1. Where are you going?
2. When are you leaving?
3. Who are you going wirh, or are you traveting alone?
.1. How are you getting dlere?
5. Where are you staying?
6. Are you visiting anvone? Who?
7. How long are you sraying there?
8. When are you gerring back?

Fulure Time 73
J Exercise 36, Wolm-up. (chqd 3"8)
Circle all the possible compleuons.
1. Soccer season begins
a. today c. Yesterday

2. The mall opens

a. next Monday b. tomorrow c. today
-.
f . There is a party
week
a. last b. tonight
-.
4. The baby c es
a. cvery night b. tomorrow night c. in rhe evenings

(a) My plan€ ,n/ves al 7:35 tonorrow evening. The srmple presenl can express luture time when
(b) Tim's n€w job st rts nen week. evenls are on a definite schedule or timelable.
(c) The s€mester erds in two more weeks. Only a le$r verbs are used in the simpe present lo
(d) Th€r6 ,s a meeting at bn tomotow moning. express lulure lime. The mosl common are trtive,
l6ave, sterl, begin. enct,linbh, open, close, be.

le) NcoRREcr: I wear ny new suit to the wecding nen Mosi v€rbs cANNor be used ifl lhe simple prcsenl to
w66k. expressluture lime. For example, in (e): The verb
I am wearing/am qaing to weat my new
lr€rr does nol erpress an evenl on a schedule or
coAAEfi:
iimetablo. ll cannol be used in lhe simpl€ pleseni lo
suil tolhe weddinq nexl week-

」 Exorcise 37. looking of grommol. (chods 3-7 ond 3-8)

Circle all the possible completions.
l. Th€ conceri ar eight tonight.
a. bcgins b. is beginning c. is going to begin
-
2. [ seafood pasta for dinner tonight.
e. make b. am maktng c. am going to make
-
l. I to school tomorow morning. I need the exercise.
a. wslk b. am walking c. am going to walk
-
4. The bus at 8:15 tomorrow morninS.
a. leaves b. is leaving c is going to leave

5. I the championship game onTV at Jonah's house tomorrow.

c. am EoiDg to watch
6. The game at l:00 tomorrow afternoon.
a. siarts b. is starting c. is going to start
-

74 CHAPIER 3
 7 Alexa'splane at l0:14 tomoffow morni[9.
a. affrves b. is arriving c. is going to arrive

8. I can't pick her up tomorrow, so she _ th€ airporr bus ioro rhe ciry.
a. takes b. is taking c. is going to take
9. Jonas to several companies. He hopes to ger a full-time job soon.
a. applies b. is applying c. is going ro apply
10. School next Wednesday. I'm excired for vacation to begin.
a. ends b. is ending c. is going to end

D Exercise 38. Wqrm-up. (chorr 3-9)

Choose the picturc that bcst describes this senrcnce: Joanne is about to lcav€ for work.

Picrurc B

(a) Ann's bags are packed, and she is wearing her fhe idiom ba ebout ?o ato sonrct rrg expresses an
coat- She is aDout to /eayelor lhe airport. aclivily that will happen i', lh6 inmedhte luturc,
(b) Shhh. Tho movie is abour to b.g,r. usually wilhin minut6s or seconds.
ln (a): Ann is going lo lsavs sometime in the nexl l6w
minules,
In (b): Ths movie is going to sta in lhe next law

fuluro Tame 75
□ lxercise 39.Let's lolk.(Chort 3-9)
Dcscribe thc action that is about to happcn in cach picturc Usc bθ α6o“ ヽ ork in Pairs,
in smali groups,or as a class
`ro “

J J J

」 劃

76 CHAPIER 3
tr Exer€ise rO. Gomo. (Chqrt 3-9)
Think ofan action to perform. Don\ rell what it is. Get ready to do i!, bu! just before you
perform the action, ask the class to describe whar you are about to do. Perform with a parmer
ifyou wish. Use your own ideas or suggestions ftom the lisr.
Erarnpl?: (Students A and B hold out their hands to each orher.)
Possible guess: They are about ro shake hands.

Suggetabns:
stand up sncczc pick up a pen erase a word
opetr the dool Fall down close your book look up a word
close the window cry write oo the board get out your wallet

」 Exelciso 4I. Worm-up. (Chort 3-lo)

Circle all the possible completions ior each senrence.
1 Fifteen years from no% my wife and I will retire and _ all over rhe world.
a. will trevel d. going to tavel
b. travel e. are tmveling
c. traveling f. tmveled
2. I opened the door and my ftiend to come in.
a 、
vin invitc d. am going to invite
b invite e. am inviting
c lnviting f. invited
Ｖ
碗

Ya,d Ollen a subject has two v€Ibs thal a€ connecied by

(a) Jimrr has bed E a arrd. We say lhal lhe lwo v6rbs ar€ palallel:
6/€ry moming.
,nakes ard c/ears = parallol verbs
lb) Anila called antl rold me about her new job

(c) Ann is cooklrgdinnet and lis) talkingonlhe It is not necessary to repeat a helping verb (an
phon6 al the sam6 time. auxiliary verb) when two velbs are the same lense and
ld) I will stayhome and \w//) studylonight. are connected by ard.
\e) | an golng to stay home anc! \an going ta) study
lonighl.

ロ Exerciso 42. Looking ol grommot (chod3-to)

Complete each sentence wirh the correct form ofthe verbs in parentheses.
l. When I (!rd[t) _.yj)\sA i,r:.o t}Je living rcom yesteday, crandpa (/ead)
a newspaper and (&!rez) lo music

2. Helen will graduate soon. She (noue) to NewYork and (loo&)

for a iob after she (grddzd.d)

Future Time 77
 3. Every dey my neighbor (cdll ) me on the phone and (l:or,rldi )
.bout the weather.

4. Look ar Erin. She (.r!) and (laugh) at the

same dme! I wonder ifshe is happy or sad?

5. l'm beat.i I canl wait to get home. After I (ger) home, I (rdle)

a hot bath and (go) to bed.

6. While Pad (.arl, brushes and paint and (cl)rD)

a ladder, a bee (lald) on his

arm and G,rrg) him. Paul (drop) the paint and

(,lll) it all ovcr the grcund.

J Exercise /13. tooking ol glommoL (choptsrs , 3) I

Complete each sentence with the correct form ofthe words in parentheses.

1. I usually (niCe) - nzlL my bike to work in the morning, but it (,'dtr)

when I left my house early this morning, so I (raAe)

the bus. After I (8e, to work,I (rrd)

outa* that I had left my briefcase on the bus.

2. A: Arc you going to take the kids to the amus€dent park tomodow morninS?
B: Yes. It (oren) at 10:00. Ifwe (Iearr€) here at 9:30,
we'll get there at 9:55. The kids can be the first ones in the park.

3. A: Ouchl I (c!, my finger. It (b1e€d)

B: Put pressure on it. I ( 8?r) some antibiotics and a bandage.

A: Thank.

4. A: Your phone (nra)

B: I (knou)
me to get ir?

B: No.
A: \vhy don't you want to answer your phone?

B, | (dnsuer, not) during dinner.

ir,6.d = b. v.ry, v.tv tiEd; b. .xh.usted

:rrd od = dncoEj L.rn

78 cHAmR 3
 5. A: Irok! There (6r) a police car behind us. Its lights (larr,)

B. | (kt,1xtt | (hnou) I (see)

A: Vtrar (so)
B: No,I'm nor. I (drrzc) the speed limit
A: Oh,look. The police car (pd$) us
B: Whew!

J Exercise 44. tistening. (chopre6 ,3) I

, Parr r. Complete rhe sentences x'i*r rhe words you hear.
CC
.o, At a Chinese restaurant
A: Okay,let's all open our fortune cookies.

B: What

A: Mine says, "You an unexpected gift." Great! Are you

planning to give me a gift soon?

B: Not that I know of. Mine says, "Your life long and happy."

Good I a long life.

C: Mine sals, "A smile all communication problems." $/ell,

that's goodl After this, when I
,ust at them.

D: My fortune is this: "If you hard, you successful."

A: rFell, it like an of us good luck in the furure!

ftrr, II. Work in small groups. Togerher, write a fortune for each person in your group.

-l Cxercise 45, Check youl knowledge. (Choptors I ,3)

Edit the paragraph. Correcr errors in verb rense usage.

My Cousin Pablo
ib
I want to tell you about Pablo. He my cousin. He comes here four years ago. Before he
^
came herer he study sratisrics in Chile. He leaves Chile and move herc. He weot to Newyork

and stay there for three years. He gradueted ftom Newyork University. Now he study ar this

school. After he 6nish his masrer's degree, he retum to Chile.

Fulure Iime 79
I Exercise 45. Lol's wlile. (chopler 3)
Pretend that you have the ability to see into the future. Choose a pe$on you know (classmate,
reacher, family member, friend) and tell this person in writing about his,her future life Give
some interesting or unDsual details.

Exanpb:

My Sonl Fuiure
My son is'15 years old now. ln lhe fulure, he will have a happy and successlullile'
Atter he tinishes high school, he will go to college. He reaily loves to study math He
also loves to build bridges oul ol toothpicks. He will sludy engineering, and he will
specialaze in bridge building. He likes to travel, so he will gel a job with an international
company and build bridges around the wo d. He will also work in poor viilages' and his
bridges willconnect rumlareas- This will make people's lives bettet I will be very proud
ot him.

80 CHAPTER 3
J Exolcise I. Wotm-up. (chon 4-l)
Do you know the past participle form of these verbs? Complere the chart. What is rhe
difrerence between the past participle forms iD items l-4 and 5-8?

Sirnple Simple Past

Form Past Part■ ciple

1 stay srayed
`物
ヾθa

2. work ,γ οlka″

3. help helped
4 宙sit visited

5 go
6 begh began レε´υll

7 wHtc ―

8 sec

Sirnple Simple Past The pa3l parllclplo is one ollhe principatparts oi a

Forrn Past Participle velb. (See Cha( 2-3, p.31.)
Ｒ
Ｅ

f nish f nishod i nished The pasl particiole is used in the pREsENr pEFFEcr
Ｖ
Ｅ

stOp s10pped stOpped lense and lhe PAsr PEaFECriense.r

wat waned waited The pasi parliciple oI regular verbs is the same as
the simpl€ pasl lorm: bolh end in -€d
IRREGULAR see saw seen
VERBS make made made S66 Chad 2-4, p 32, orth6 inside t.ont and back
PUI pul put covers lor a lisi ol irregular verbs.

*Th. p.n pdicipl. ir .ts us.d io rh. p.ssirc. Sc Chaprd ro.

81
□ｎ
Ｏ釧 Exer● ise 2.uslening.(choFIS 2‐ 3,2-4,clnd 4 1)
Write thc words vOu hear
¨
臓 α,“ル :You wtt heari go wcnt 80nc
You will w■te: 8o went 4

Sirnple Sirnple Past Simple Simple Past

Form Past Participle Fo― Past Participle

ｍ
ｅ
ｃ
ａ“ Ш面
l. call called 6 come
2. speak spoke 7 cat

Ldo did 8 cut

9 read

5. meet met 10 bc

コ Exercise 3.L● ●king ot grommo“ (chons 2‐ 3,2‐ 4,ond 4 1)

ヽlake your o、 vn chart "″ rite thc past participles

Sirnple Sirnple Past Simple Simple Past

Forrn Past Pa轟 Cl,e Form Past Participle
６    ７     ８

l Fmish 6nished ■41多 あθ′ hear hcard

2 havc had study studied

3 価 k thought die died

4 tcach taught 9. buy bought

5 11■ c lived 10. start started

D Exercis€ 4. Wolm-uP. (chotl4-2)

Decide which sentence (a. or b.) is colrect for each situation'

l. It's lo:oo A.M. Ilyla has been at the bus stop since 9:50
a. She is still there.
b. The bus Picked her uP.

2. Toshi has lived in the same apartment for 30 years.

a. After 30 yearc, he moved somewhere else.
b. He still lives there.

82 CHAP'ER 4
 lat I ve been in class since ten a clock The prcsonl p€r,eci iense is used in
senren€es wiih slrc€ and ,o. ro erpress

lb) Wo have known Aen bt ten yearc. stualionsthal b€gan rn tho pasi and
W6 md him t6n y€ars ago. Ws slitt conlinue io ihe presenl.
know him loday. Ws ars liands. ln (a): Class sraried ai ren. I am stilr in
class now, atth6 momeni ol sp€aking.
NcoqaEcr: t an in class sinceton oclock

I ?oR$: Mv./haa + past padicipte

comBrcrED FoFMs: lw,You'te, Hes,

be€, h€rs lor on6 hour She s, lt s, We ve, They've-

Since

Srnc6 is lollowed by the meniion ol a

specilicpointintne: an hour, a day, a
(d) lhaveb€e, here slnce 20Og
Srnc? expresses the idea lhai somelhing
b€gan ai a specirictime in the past and
conlinues lo the presenr.

have liv.d here since May., Notic6 th€ incorreci s€nlenc€s:

nave leen hs.€ since May
ln (0: The p,ss€ni progressiv€ is Nor
I am tiving here sincd May.

ln (g)i The simple prcsenl is Nor us6d.

I lived herc since May.
t was hete sinca May. ln (h) and (i): The simple past is Nor

grca may also introducs a lim6 claus€

(prssent pe#ct) (dmpl€ pasl) (i.e., a slbiecl and veft may iollo,v srrc.)
Nolice in th€ examples: Th€ prss€nt
Al hEs mlmany peopts p€dsct is used an the main clauss:th€
simplo pasi is used in the shce{taus€.

For is lollowed by the meniion ot a length

oI t/mer tuo minutes, thres houls, iour
days. live we€ks. eic.)
tor about thr€6 woetG.
ior almosl six monhs.

'Also@ftd:1i@deu dDirrra jtE Ma]. S.c Chd i!6 for! dimsio! otth. p6. p.rf.dproeBiE.

Presenl Perfecl ond Post p€rtoct 83

J Exelcise 5. tooking ol glommoL (chort 4-2)
Complete tie sentences with sthce or/o/.

Amy har been here . . . Ms. Ellk has tw*ed as o subsriu@ uacler ' . .

1. for two months. 11 school began.

2. ----airce-September. 12 last year.

3 yesterday. 13 2008
4 the term started. t4. about a year.

5 a couple ofhours. 15. September.

6 fifteen minutes. 16. a long time,

The Smith hat:e bemmarried. .. I'w kno ) about So io's engagement . . .

7 17. almost four mondN.

8 last May. 18 the beginning of the year.

9 five days. 19 rhe tust ofJanuary.

10 a long trme. 20 YesterdaY.

-

EI Exerclse 6.L● ●king ol gromm● L(cho"4‐ 2)

Complctc the scntcnces wi饉 ±6o,“ `at10n about yottel■

地 唸 幽 型 血 に
一
___:
■ rvc been h J」 s buidulg… … … … …
劣 ?背 篭 士
{1lCe_ず

2い e面 hdヽ S… … … …
1『 三 三 三 正 三 :

Ⅲnh価 蒟 … …
∝ ∝=I正
… ・ {‡

4 hehadtt DⅢ
“
__{#∝
,rT had面 s book… …………{Fe

■l― iden● 6て ation

・ ′

34 CHAPTER 4
-l Exelcis€ 7. Iooking ql glommor. (chori 4-2)
Complete each senteflce with the present perfect form of the given verb.

Since l995,Theresa,a talh-shout hoy,. . .

1. work hao worked for aTV station in lrndon.

2. interview hufldreds of guests.

3. meet many famous people.

4. find out about their lives.

5. m.ke friends with celebrities.

6. became a celebrity herself.

7. sign lots of autographs.

8. sheke hEnds with thousaflds of people.

9. write two books about how to interview people.

f0. think a lot about the best ways to help people feel
cornfortable on her show.

tr Exercise 8. lofs l,olk. (cho 4-2)

Your teacher will ask a question. Two students will answer. Speaker A will answer with
srhce. Speaker B will use Speaker A's information and answer with /or. Only the teacher's
book is opcn.
Exanpb:
To SpEAxlR A: How long have you been in this room?
A: I've been in this room since (f0:00).
SpEAxrR
To SpEAxtR B: How long hss (Srderrr,4) been in this room?
SpEA(rR B: ShelHe has bee[ in this room for (15 minutes).

l. Ho$ long have you loo*'n me?

2. How long have you been up* today?
3. rl0here do you live? How long have you lived there?
4. Who has a cell phone? How long have you had your phone?
5. Who has a bike? How long have you had it?
6. How long have you been in fiis building today?
7. rwho is wearing something rlew? What is new? How long have you had it/them?
8. Who is malried? How long have you beer married?

'6r,, = b. .w.t andout.fb.d

Pres€nt Podocl ond Post Pedoct 85

-l Exercise 9. looking qt g]gmmoL (chort /t-2)
Complete the sentences with rhe correct form of the veords in parentheses Put brackets
.roDnd the srnce-clauses.

l. I (kn!xo) havc known Mark Miller [ever sincei we (De) ----ud2rL in college.]

2. Pedro (chansc) his major three times since hc G.a/r)

school.

3. Ever since I (re) a child, I (De) afraid of snakes.

4. I cen't wait to get home to my own bed. I (sleep,not) well since

t (ba"e) home three days ago-

5. Ever since Pete (rrder) Nicole, he Oft,rA, rod

about an,.th,ng or anyone else. He s in love.

6. Otro (id?e) a lot ofproblems with his car ever since he (bry)
it. k's a lemon."
7. A: What ()or, ear) since you ( j,er)
up this moming?

B: So far,l (edr) a banana and some yogrrt.*tt

J Exercise 10. Worm-up: poimrolk. (chort,l-3)

Work with a partner. Partner A makes a true statement with a phrase liom the list and then
changes ir ro a quesoon. Parrner B give( a true answer.

climbed a iree heard bedtime stories ridden a tricycle

flown a kite played in the dirt slept with a stuffed animal

PATTNTER A: Since my childhood, I haven't

Since your childhood, have you

PAI{TN]IR B: Yes, I have. oR No. I haven\.

'Eu n@ hd rn. sd. mcuilg rs te.

"d ,zM = a d wirh r lot of prcblds
rfiso/,r + pcot psfd.ipc!* situtioG rbtt b.st in th. p.!t 6d continuc b thc p@t'

06 cHAmR 4
lat I hev. nol lhayen't) seenTom since lunch. NECATVE: hryer'rrrs + ,o, + past panbiple
(b) Ann l,,3 ,or (r,rsn't) eate, ior s€veIat NEGATTVE CONTRACTTONS| heya+ not: h'Ven',t
hours. hea + not : hasn',

lc) Have you seen loh? ouEsroN: lrayelhrs r suty'ect + past participle
ldl Hds Ann eaten?

la) How long have you lived he??

(l) - Have you ever met a lamous person? ln (l): el,. = in your lifetime;lrom the lime you w€re born io
No, l've ,eyermet a lamous person, tho prosenl momenl. Ouestions with er€rlrequently us€ the
- pres€nl p6 6cl.
Whsn answering queslions with eyer, sp€akers often use
nayat ,Vayoris lrequently used with the present perl6cl.
ln th6 answ€r to (f), lhe speaker is saying: 'No, I have6't met
a lamous person ,rom the lime I $/as born to the present

Shori A[swer
Hev€ you s€€n Tom? sHoRr ANSWER: heyalhaven't ot has,,,asn't
(9)
- Yes, lhave. oa No, lhaven't-
- NoTE: The helping verb in the short answer is nol contraclod
Has Ann eaten lunch?
(h)
- Y6s, she hes- oe No she hasn't. tNcoRFECf: Yes, lve, oF yes, he's
-

ロ Exerciso I l. Looking ol grommor. (chorr 4-3)

Complete the conversations. Use rhe presenr perfecr form of the verbs in parenrheses.

l. Ai ( jou, eat, ew) Have:/au ever eatan an insect?

Bi No,l haven't .l(ear, exer) have never eaten antrsect.

2, A: (you, stry,ezn) in a room on the top

floor ofa hotel?
B: Yes,I I Cral) in a room on the
top floor of a hotel a fe$ times.

a movie star?
B: No,I | (mee\ el)er) a movie star.

(Ted, ruoel, etet)

B: He (tdtel) to several
countries on business.

Pres€nl Pedecl ond Posl Perleci 87

 5. A: (レ イ,名 ωの in Mexlco'

B: No, she She (be, nelvr)

Sparish-speakjng countries.
コ′０¨

Exercise 12. listening. (chorts 2-3, 2-4, qnd 4-3)

Listen to each sentence and then the beginning ofa question Complete the question with the
past participle of the verb you heard in the 6rst sentence. Have you ever done these thiogs?
¨

Circle yer oMo.

E atn ler You will hear: I saw a two-headed fiog once. Have you ever . . . ?
You will write: Have you ever a two-headed ftog? yes @
-9cctL

い い い い ｙ
１

Have you ever a two-heeded snake?

２

Have you ever in a smsll plane?

３

Have you ever in a limousine?

４

Have you ever

ｓ い い ｅ
ｅ
５

Have you ever a shirt?

６

Have you ever a scary experienc€ on an aiaplane?

７

Have you ever out of a boat?

ｓ い い
ｙ
８

Have you ever so embarrassed that your face got hot?

9. Have you ever to a famous Person?

10. Have you ever ro be femous?

」 Exercise 13. lefs tolk: inlervieuv. (cho.ts 2-il ond il-3)

lnterview your classmates. Meke questions using the Present perfect form ofthe given verbs.
l you \ ever \ cut \ your own hair
2. you \ ever \ catch \ a big fish
3. you \ ever \ take care of \ an injured animal
4. you \ ever \ Iose \ something very imPortsnt
5. you \ ever\sit\on abee
6. you \ ever \ fly \ in a private plane
?. you \ eve! \ break \ yout arm or your leg
8. you \ ever \ 6od \ somethiog very luable
9. you\ ever\ swim \ near a shark
10. you \eve!\ throw\ a ball\and \brcek\ a window

88 CHAPTER 1
f Exercise 14. Lel's lqlk ond wfte: inielvie* (chorts 2-3,2-,1, it-2, ond il-3)
ftrr r. Work widr a partDer. Take tums asking and answering questions. Begin your quesdons
wir\ Hoe lang haa* to! and the present perfect. Answer questions widl since, to\ or
,aeoer aod tle Present perfect.

Exarfiple: ha\e a pet

PAR'INER A: How long heve you had a pet?
PAR]NER B: l'vehzd (a cat,adog,a bri4 er..) for two yeers. oR
I'vehad, (a car, a dog, a 6rd, arc.) since my lSth birthdsy. oR
I've never had a pe!.

l. lirefi (rhis area) 6. wear glasses / contact lenses

2. study English 7. have a roommate /a pet
3. be in this class /at rhis school 8. be interested in (a pafii.ulat subject)
4. have long hair / short hair 9. bc married
5. have a beard / a mustache

Pcrt IL Use the information ftom youl interview to write a paragraph about your partner. You
can add some infomation ro make it more interesting. Use rhe following paragraph as en
example. Notice the present perfect phrases in green.
Exarn le:
Elll.
ld like to tell you a little about Ellie. She has lived in Vancouler, Camda, for six
monlhs. She has studied English for five years. She has been at this school since
September. She likes n here.
She has short hair She has worn shorl hair for a few years. Of course, she
doesn't have a mustachel She has never worn glasses, except sunglasses-
Ellie doesn't have a roommate, but she has a p6t bird. She has had her bird lor
one month. lts name is Howie, and he likes to sing.
She is interosted in biology. She has been inierosted in biology since she was a
child. She has never been married. She wanls to be a doctor. She wants to become a
doctor betore she has a tamily.

f Exercise 15, Worm-up. (chort 4-4)

Circle the correct completion (e. or b.) for each sentence.
l. Tyler has rented a house _.
a. last week. b. already.

2. I have seen it _.
a. rec€ndy. b. two days ago.
3. His parenrs haven\ se€n it _.
yesterday.
a. b. yet.
4. I have been there _.
a. two times. b. yesterday.

Presenl Pefect ond Posl Pedaci 89

 Toshi hos okeody eoten unch Evo hosn'ieoten lunch yei

(a) Toshi hasiust ealen lunch. The pFEsENl pEFFEcr expresses an activily or
Jim has recently changed situaiion that occurred (or did not occur) before
lb)
jobs. nov at some unspecilied or unknown time in

Common lime wods that express this idea are

just, rccenu akeady, yet, ever, never.
ln (a): Toshi's lunch occurred be,ore the
presentllme. The exactljme is not mentionedi
it s unimportanl or unknown.
P€le has eate, al that An aclivily may be repealed two, several, or
reslaurant many times. morc li.neE beforc now, al unspecfied tines in
I have ealenlhete twice- lhe past as in (c)and (d).

(e)Peteヵ as alread/わ r1 0R ln (e): Arready is used in affnmalive

Pote力 as le″ a17ead/ starernenls. ll can come ailer the helping verb
or at the end ol lhe senlence.
ldeaol aEeady: Somelhing happened before
now, before lhis tirne.

(f)M n llasη iた ″yer ln (i): vel is used in negalive slatemenls and

comes al the end ol the s€nlence,
ldea of yet Somelhing did not happen belore
now (up lo lhis lime), but il may happen in lhe

(9)′ イar you afread/た ″? ln (g): Bolh yetand arre,adycan be used in

Ha′ o you′ ο″alread/?
Har youわ ″/e,2

90 CHAPIER4
.] Exercise 16. Looking ot grommor. (chort 4-4)
Ctcle all the possible answers for each question. lvork in small $oups and then discuss your
answe$ as a class,

SrrrJATroN l:
Sara is at home. 12:00 PM., the phone rang. [t was Sara's ftiend ftom high school.
At
They had a long conversatron, and Sara hung up the phone at 12:59. It is now l:00.
W'hich s€ntences describe the situation?

a. Sara has )ust hring up the phone.

b. She has hung up the phone already.
c. The phone has just rung.
d. Sara hasn\ finished her conversation yet.
e. Sara has been on the phone since 12:00 PM.
SrIuAnoN 2:
Mr. Peters is in bed. He became sick with the flu eighr days ago. Mr. Peters isnl sick very
often. The lssr time he had the flu was one year a8o. \vy'hich s€ntences descnbe the situation?
a. Mr. Peters has been sick for a year.
b. He hasn't gotten well yet.
c. He has iust goften sick.
d. He has already had the flu.
e. He hasn't had the flu before.

SrruA'r'roN 3:
Rob is et work. His boss, Rosa, needs a report. She sees Rob working on it at his desk.
She's in a hurry, and she's asking Rob questions. $0hat questions is she Soing to ask him?

a. Have you finished?

b. Have you finished yet?
c. Have you inished already?

I Exercise I r. listening. (chorti 2-4 ond 4-4)

n Richard and lrri are new parents. Their baby was born a week ago. Listen to each seltence
td and complete the queslion wirh (he past participle of the verb you hear.
'""' " 1. H.s Richerd
---tzlL the baby a lot yet?
2 Has Lori the baby a bath yet?

3 Has Rlchald a diaper ,vet?

.1. Has Lori some pictures ofthe baby yet?

5 Has Rlchard up when thc baby cries yet?

6 Has LOri some of the household chores yet?

7 Has Rlchard tired during the day ),et?

Presenl P6d€cl ond Po3l Pedecl 9l

」 Exercise I8. looking ql glsmmor. (chort 4-4)
Irok et Andy's day planner. Write answe$ to rhe questions. Make complete sentences with

denOSt appointment

ptd, rp ttd";;;

It is ll:55 A.M. right now.

L Has Andy had his dentist appointment !'et? fet. he ha. had hie d,nliel

…
2 HasAnd■ picked up bls klds at schtxll yet,

3. Has Aody taken his car for an oil change already?

,t. Has Andy finished his errands yet?

5. Has Andy shopped for groceries aheady?

6. Has Andy had lunch with Michael yet?

コ Exercise 1 9.ustening.(chOrls 4 2 ,44)

″｀ BOthお and JIcs can bc contractcd toも Listcn to each scntcncc Dccldc lf ulc contracted
C vcib is ls Orあ asBcfore yOu bcgh,you may、 vant to chcck your undcrstanding Of mesc
ili,words θ″ 留θ滋 ニ
`ら
Exazplesr You will hear: a“ 疇。
rdCrs.血 g tOoお ng
You will choose: daVelζ
You will hear: l have tQleave My order's takcn too long
You \r.ill choose:

At a re3tauraat
ｈ   ｈ
ｈ   ｈ

５
３   ４

ａ   ａ
ａ    ａ

l. is has
  ６

2. is has

9iT cHAmP 4
J Exelcis€ 20. tislening. (chqds 4-2 - 4-4)
.a Answer the quesoons and tien lrsten to the iob interview. Listen again snd complete t}Ie
Ll, sentences with the words you hear. Before you begin, you may want to check your
.iX,. understanding oftiese words: clinic, prison,aolunreer, tou)-income, patient, challense.
W'hat Opes of iobs can nuftes have?
W'hich ones could be very exciting?

A iob intcrview
Mika is a nurse. She is interviewing for a job with the manager ofs hospital emergency room.
He is looking et her r6sume and asking her some general questions.

IN IDRVTEVER: Ir looks like a lot ofthings since you became a

nurse

MIM:Ycs, for a medical clinic.

3

in a prison. in several arca hospitals And

volunteer work at a community heahh ccnter for

5

low-income patients.

INT€RuEVER: Very good. But,let me ask youj why

6
jobs so often?

MIKA: lvell, I like having new challeflges and difrenent experiences.

I\Tts:RvIEwER: \W_hv for this job?
7
｀lIKA: ｀いoll,I'm loo血 g for sOmctlling more Fast― paced,★ and

interested in working in an E.R.* for a long time.

9
drat dris hospitsl provides geat training for its staB and it ofrers excellent

patient care.

INTER'IE [ER: Thenk you for coming in. I'll call you next week with our decisioo.

MIKA: It was good to meet you. Thank you for your time.

'nN ldt @.n = at. tqtq.Dc.d

'rER = .h.rylncy @h

Presenl P€rfsc! ond Posl P6d€cl 93

」 Exoに ise 21.WoFm・ up (chort 4‐ 5)
Rcad ulc shOrt conversation W■ o is more hkcly to say tlle last scntcncc,Pamela or Jcnna,

PAN4Eし ヽ: 1've travclcd around ule wOrld several times

JmlNA: I traveled around the wclrld oncc
: I'm looking forward to my next trip

SlMPLE踏 ∬ ln (a): I linished my work ai a specilic lime in lhe pasl

(a)l rrnlshed my work moわ ου6 aク 0 \two hours ago).
ln (b): I finished my work at an unspecitied time in the
pasl lsoneline before nowl.
(b)￨わ ave a″ eady rrnlshed my wOrk

SIMPLE PAST Th6 srMpLE pAsr expresses an activily lhal occured al

(c) I t|as in Europ€ /asf r€a r / l\ree years ago / in 2006 / a specilic time (ortimes) in lhe past, as in (a) and (c).
itl2OOB and mlo / when I was ten years old- Thg pREsEl{r PERFEoT expross€s an aclivity thal
occun€d al an unspecilied rime (or limss) i. lhe pasl,
PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I har€ Deen in Eurcp€ many lnes / e@raltimes / as in (b)and (d).
a couple ol limes . once (no fiennon ot lme).
SIMPLE DST ln {e): ln senlenc€s whers ,otis used in a time
(o)Ann was n Miam roll∫ γο wθ θ々6 oxpr€ssion, the simple past sxpr6sses an activity lhat
b6gan and ended in the past.
PRESENT PERFECT
ln (f): ln senlences wilh toror 8rnce, the presenl
(f)BOb has been in Miamiわ ′Nsl■ eet./sわ ce
May′ sI
psrlocl expresses an adivity lhal began in ihe pasl
and coniinues lo the presenl.

D Exercise 22. tooking ol grcmmor. (cho 4-s)

Answer each question and discuss the meanings of the verb tenses in ,ialt'cs.

l. All of these verbs lalk about past time, but the verb in (a) is difierent from the other three
verbs. \X/hat is the difierence?
(s) I haoe had several bicycles in my lif€time.
(b) I rada red bicycle when I was in el€mentary school.
(c) Ldd a blue bicycle when I was a teeneger.
(d) I l,rd a $een bicycle when I lived and worked in Hong Kong.

2. What are the differences in the ideas the verb tenses express?
(e) I iad a wonderful bicycle last year.
(f) I't e ,ad many wondertul bicycles.
3. \yy'hat are the differences in th€ ideas the verb tenses express?
(g) Ann dd a red bike for two years.
(h) Sue ,ar ,lod a red bike for two years.
4. Who is still alive, and who is dead?
(i) In his lif€time, Uncle AIex lad several red bicvcles.
(j) In his lifetime, Grandpa ,as ,ad several red bicvcles.

CHAPTER 4
'4
」 Exer€ise 23. tooking qt grommqL (chort 4-5)
lrok at each verb in iraris. ts it simple past or present perfect? Check (/) the box thai
describes whether the verb expresses somethiflg that happened at a specified or unspecified
drne in the past.
SPECI「 lED しヽ SPECH'IED
TIME N TIヽ ■E IN
THE Rヽ ST THE Lヽ Sr
l Ms. Parker l,ai 6eez in Tokyo many times. □ 図
, pftsent pede.t
2. Ms. Parker rlar inTokyo last week. И □

' simpb past

3. I'rrd n€, Kaye's husband- He's a nice guy. tr D

4. I tn e, Ksye's husband ar a perty last week. tr tr
5. Mr. White in the hospital three times last month. ! !
'!,ar
6. Mr. White llar Dee, in the hospital many times. ! n
7. I like to tmvel. I'r,e b?€n to more than 30 foreign count es. tr tr
8. I zrdr in Morocco in 2008. ! D
9, V.itr^ ha: tuoer bee, to Morocco. tr tr
10. Venita ?rarr" in Morocco when I was there in 2008. ! tr

」 Exercise 2{. tooking qt grommor. (chod 4-5)

Complete tle sentences. Use the present perfect or the simple past form of the verbs in
parenrheses.

l. A: Have you ever been to Singapore?

B: Yes, I (De) have . I (be) have been $ Sinsapore seveml times. In fact,
7 (be) tt/aa in Singapore last year.

2 A: Are you going to 6nish you! work trcfor€ you go to bed?

B: I (fmnh, alrcady+) havc alrcaa:t finishe4 h. | (fnirh) -_frlizhlrl ny wotk
two houls ego.

3 A: Have you ever eaten at the Sunset Beach Csf6?

B: Ycs,I I(ι αう there manv times. In
fact, my wife and I (.d, lunch there yesterday.

'In infomsl spoken ED8lish, .h. sihpl. pas n $mcdm* ucd with .r&dr. PB(icc usins the p66r p.rf(t sith .h.4y

PresonI Perfeci ond PosI Pe“ c, 95

 4. A: Do you and Erica want to go to the movie at the GalaxyTheater with us tonight?
B: No thanks. Ule (tee, alr.adt) it WI(S`の

it last week.

5. A: \yy'hen ere you going to !}rite your report for Mr. Berg?
B: | (wrie, obeany) it I(ω ガ″)

it rwo days ago and gave it to him.

6. Ai (Anronb, haee, eaer) a,Ob'

B: Yes,he He(力αυ
の lots of part― dmc
jobs. kst sumher he (rau€) a iob at his uncle's auto shop.

?. A: This js a good book. !00ould you like to read it when I'm finished?
B:]manks,but:(rα 4 α7raα の ) it. I (read)
it a couple ofmonths ago.

8. A: \vy'hat Afiican countries aJo,r, r,rrr,

B: I(υ お″) Kenya and Ethiopia. I (0,iD
Ken_va in 2002. I (bs) ln

Ethiopia last year.

I Exercise 25. l€l's lolk: poinyo.k. (chod4-s)

work with e parmer. Take turns asking and answering the questions. Use the present perfect
and the simple past. Share a few of your parErer's answers with the class.

E anpb:
PART\.ER A: Vhat countries have you been to?
PARTNER B: ['ve been to Norway and Finland.
PARI
^-ER
A: When were you in Norwey?
PArrN'ER B: I was in Norway three yeals ago. How about you? Vhat countries have you been to?
PARTNER A: I've never been to Norway or Finlatrd, but l've been to . . . .

l. What countries have you been to?

\vhen were you itl . . . ?
2. \a/here are som€ interesting places you have lived?
V/hen did you live ir . . . ?
3. What are some intetesting / unusual / scery things you have done in your lifetime?
Vhendidyou...?
4. \(/hat are some h€lptul things (for a ftiend / your family / your community) vou have done
ifl your lifetime?
whendidyou...?

96 cHAP,ER 4
I Exercise 25, Li3lening. (cho.ts 2-4 ond 4-5)
n For each item, you will hear two complete sentences and rhen the beginning ofa third
@ ,.nt.nce. Complete the third sentence with the past participle ofthe verb you heard in the
r-,t i lrlst two sentences,
Exdnple: Yon wlll hezr: I eet vegetables every day. I ate vegetables for dinner last nighr.
Ihave...
You will write: lha-ve caxen vegetables every day fora lofig time.

1. Since Friday,I have a lot of money.

2. All Neek,I haYe big breaKasts.

3. Today, I have already

.1. I just finishcd dinner, ard I havc a nice tip.

5- Since I was a teenager,I heve in late on weekends.

6. All my life,I have very carefully.

7. Silce I was little, I have in the shower.

D Exercise 27. Oqme. (choft 2'4 ond 4-5,

\truork in groups.
(I) write down two statements about yourselfi ofle in the simple past
On a piece of paper,
tens€ and one in the presenr perfect tense.
(2) Make one statement true and one statement false.
(3) The other memben ofyour group will try to guess which one is true.
(4) Tell the group the corect answers when everyone has finished guessing.
The person with dre most correct guesses at the end of the game is the winner.
ExamPlel
STUDENT A: I'v€ never cooked dinner.
I saw a famous person lsst year.
sruDENr B: You'Lp ne|,vt rcohed di ner is ftu?.
You sau a famous pe6on last )Ear i: fake.

I Exercise 28. Worm-uP. (chort 4-6)

Complete t}le sentences with Lime information.
1. I am sifting at my desk right now. I have been sirting at my desk since

2. I am looking at m!,book. I havc been lookins at my book for

Pros€nl Pe ecl ond Posl Pe ecl 97

 ISiVe

Aland Ann arc in thatc tight now- They are The pFEsENr pERFEcr pAocFEssrvE lalks about how
driing home, n is now fout o clock. /or9 an activity has b€en in progress bofore now.
NorE: Timo orprossions wath t rca, as in (a), and,or,
ａ  ｂ

fhey have been diving s nce two o'clock.

They have been ct vinglor lwo hours. as in (b), are kequently used with lhis lense.
They will be hom6 soon.
hrdhr.+,.en+-lng
(C)HO″ 10ngわ aveわ e/been d″ vlng? OUESTION:
hava/lr.a + subiect + D€€n+ -lng

Present Prog?essive vs. Present Perfect Pro8ressive

Present Progressive (d) Po is sitlirg in class righl now. Th6 pREsENr pFocREssNE describes an
aclivily thal is in progress dghi now, as
in (d). lt do€s not discuss duralion
(l€noh ol time).
tNcotlrlEcf: fu t,n,'s Lreen sitltng in class
dghl now-

Present Perfect Progressive Po is sitting al his desk in class. He Th6 PRESENT PERFECT PFoGRESS vE
sal down al nine oclock. ll is now exprssses lhe dur.tlon (lenglh ol lime)
ninelhirty. ol an aclivity lhal began in lhe past and
(e) Po l,as been s/tt rg is rn progress righl now.
in class
srnce nine o'clock. tNcoRRECf: PO iS Sitling in class since
(t) Po has bee, sita,ngin class nine o'clock.
lor thirly minules.

(g)CORRECT: OwYoko
l kЛ NorE: Non-aclion verbs (e.9., know like, own, belong)
(h)′ NCο RRECI ′ar bOド、 わ わ are gen€rally nol used in lhe progressive lenses.'

( )CORRECT ￨わ ave々noN、Yoko ror mO years ln t'). wlh non.acton veos, lhe pr6s€nl perfecl is
(j)lⅥ 30￢ マECr ′わave beθ n々ηO″●9う 0た o rO′ lwrン リars usod with slrco or ,br to oxPr6ss the duration ol a
silualion thal began in lhe pasl and conlinues lo ths

'Scc Chart I 6, Non-A.tion Vcrbs, p. l7

98 CHAPIER 4
J Exercise 29. looking ot g]ommor. (chod 4-6)
Complete the sentences. Use the present progressive or rhe present perfect progressive form of
the verbs in parentheses.

l. I (sit) atn bittina in the cafeteria right now. | (sit) have been oittin?
here since twelve o'clock.

2 Kate ls standing at the corner. She (rrdr, forthc bus Shc

(2・ alll for the bus for twenty minutes.

3. Scott and Rebecca (tdlA) on t}le phone right now. They

(rdl&) on the phone for over an hour.

4. Right now we're in class. !0e (do) an exercise. We (do)

this exercise for a coupl€ ofminutes,

5 A: You look busy righr now. Whar (]or, do)

B l(2ο on my physics experiment. It's a difiicult
")
cxpcrlmcnt
A: Ho、v long(3り ,製0蔵 ) on it?
“
B: I started plarning it last January. I (rrDrt)
on it sinc€ then.

o Ex€rcise 30. tel's lrolk. (chon 4-6,

Answer the questions your reacher ask. Your book is closed.
Eran le:
TE{CHER: lghere are you living?
STUDEN-T A: I'm living in an aparrment on Fourth Avenue.
TEACHER: How loog have you been living rhere?
STLTDENT A: I've been living rhere since last Seprember.

l. Right now you are sitting in class. How long have you been sitting here?
2. When did you firsr begin to sody English? How tong have you been srudying English?
3. I began to teach English in (rear). How long have I been teaching English?
4. I began to work at this school in (mrr?r, orrear). How long have I been working herc?
5. \X/hat are we doing right now? How long have we been doing it?
6- (S,ulent's name),I see thar you wear glasses_ How long have you been weering glasses?
7. Who drives? $Uhen did you first drive a car? How long have you been driving?
8. Who drinks cotree? How old were you when you srarted ro drink cofree? How long have
you been drinking cofree?

P€s€nl Perleci ond Posl Pedeci 99

J Exelcise 3I. LislGning. (choris 4-2 .4-6)
, &r, r. when speakers use the present perfect in everyday speech, they ofren contract iorr€
@ and fros with nouns. Listen to the sent€nces and notic€ the contractions.
I . Jane has been out of town for rwo days.
2. My parents have beeo active in politics for 40 yeaIs.
3. My ftiends have moved into a new apartment.
4. I'm sorry. Your credit card has expired.
5. Bob has been traveling in MonEeal since lastTuesday.
6. You're the first one here. No one elser has come yet-
ftr.Il Listen to the senrences. Complete tlem with the words you heer. rcun + hatelhas.
l. T\e .veather ha6 been warm since the beginniog ofApril.

2 This beer urusually warm.

3 ヽly been living in the same house for 25 years.

4 '4y lived in the seme town all their lives.

5. You slept late. Your already gotten up and made breakfast.

6 ヽ4y planned a going-away party for me. I'm moving back to my

7. I'm afraid your been getting a lirtle sloppy.*r

8 ヽly rnveled a lor. She's visited many different countries.

J Exercase 32. Worm-uP. (chort 4-7)

Read the siruarions and answer r}e questions.

SrruAnoN l:
Roger is having trouble with math. I am helping him wirh his homework tonight. I hsve been
helptng him since 6:00.

SrruAnoN 2:
Roger is movifig to a ne1x apartnent. I have helPed him move furniture several times this

SruA'noN 3:
I sure was busy last week. I helped Roger with his homework, and I h€lPed him move to a new
apartrnent.

a. In which situation does the speaker emphasize the duratiol or the time that something
continues?
b. In which situation(s) is th€ speaker finish€d with rhc activity?
c. Do you think the activity in situation 1 or 2 is more recent? \vhy?

r& ir r.dE b.t!d n e!Cu6rl, Mmt dwirh,,4 ed,G it Dhlts 3uch s e@ &, @ da' oiroe dt
'a.
firlrr, = mt63 6r mdy

l0O cHAmR 4
Present Perfect Progressive
(a) Gina and Tarik are talking on the phone. The pFEsENr pERFEcr paocREsstvE sxpresses the
fhey have been talkln9 on lhe phone lor duratlon ol pr€€nt act yn €t, using aclion verbs,
20 minutes. as in (a). Th6 aclMty began In the pasl and is still in
progrcss.

Present Perfect
(b) Gim tas lrrted lo Tarik on th€ phone many times The PR€sENr PEFFECT oxpresses
(l) repeated aclivities that occur al unsfrccilled
lc) r,tco&Rrcf: GiM has been talking lo Iaik on the llm€ ln the pe3i, as in (b), ou
phohe mary fmes-
(2) lhe dur.tlon of pras.ni 6nuat ons. as in (d),
(d) Gina l,rs t
ownTarik,or two yeals. usrng non-aclion verbs.
lo) NcoBREcf: Gir!€l]as been knot ng Taik for two

Present Perfect Prog?essive and Present Perfect

{1) | have been living here lor six monlhs. oR For some (nol all) verbs, duralion can be expressed
(g) lnaye lived here lor six monlhs. by githerthe presenl p€rfsct orlhe present perbct
progressive.
lh) Ed has bean weanng glasses since he was ten. oR
Ed hrs wor, glasses sinc6 he was ten. Examples (l) and (g) have essenlially the sam6
l've Dee, go,rg to school ever since I was Jive
meaning, and bolh arc correcl.
Oft6n eilh6rtense can be used wilh v€rbs lhal
l'vegonelo school6vsrsince I was live years old. express lhe duretlon ol ulual or hebltuel
rctlvltlot.lluetlom {ihings lhat happen daily or
@gulany). .-9., live, work, teach, smoke, weat
glasses, play che*s, go to schoo4 rcad the sane
nawspapet evgty motning, elc_

Presenl Perteci ond Posl Perect IOI

-l Exerclse 3:!. looking ol g]!mmor. (chqrt 4-7)
Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect or the present pedect progressive form of the
verbs in parentheses. In some sentences, either form is possible.

l. A: I'm tired. Vte (hihe) have been hikint for more than an hour.
B: Well, let's stop and rest for a while.

2. A: Is the hike to Glacier hke dimcult?

B: No,notatall. I (hihe\ havc hikcd it many times urirl my kids.

3. A: Do you like it here?

Bi I (lioe) have bcen livinL LhayzlilgrL hele for only a short while. I don't know yet.

4. A: My eyes are getting tired. I (rsdd)

I think I'll take a break.
B: Good idea.
5. A: | (reatr) this same page in my chemistry book three times,
and I still don't understand it.
B: Maybe I cao help.

6. A: Do you like the Fxlgewater Inn?

B: Very much. I (stdy) rhere at least a dozen times. It's
my favorite hotel.

7. A: The baby's crying. Shouldn\ we do somerhing? He (cry)

for several minutes,
B: I'll go check.
8. A: Who's your daughter's teacher for next year?
B: I think her name is Mrs. Jaclson.
A: She's one ofrhe best teachers at thc clcmenrary school. She (red.r)
kindergarten for twenry years.

9. A: Ed (plar\ tennis for ten years, but he still doesn\ have

a good sewe.
B: Neiiher do I, and I (rlay) tennis for twenty years.

t0. A: Vhere does Mrs. Alvarez work?

B: Ar the power company. She (!.,or&) there for fiIteen
years. She likes her job.
A: What about her husband?
Br He's currendy unemployed, but he'll find a new iob soon
A: what kind of experience does he have?

B: He (!,1r,'&) for rwo different accounting firms and at

one of the bigger software companies. With his work expe ence,he won\ have any
trouble finding another iob.

I02 CHAPIER 4
 Spu
fi膀 翼;嚇:器 酬 肌 織 穏f潔1鑑 f∬憔 1理 さ〃
Today・ sヽ eather
“
The weather certainly today. Boy,
2
what a dayl already rain,、 ind,hail,andsun So,what's
3
in storc☆ for tonight, As you probably , dark clouds
0 6
NVc have a、 vcatl■ cr systern movung in tl■ atis gOmg 10

bring colder tempcraturcs and high wids all week that

this system is coming, and it looks like tonighr is irl

9
snow dQ″ ■ south Of us,and we could getsomc snow here too So hang
10
onto your hats! We may have a rough night ahead of us.

f Exercise 35. Looking ol glommor. (chopters t, 2, qnd 4)

I-ook at each pair of senrences. Compare the meanings of rhe verb tenses in irdl,.r. Check (./)
the sentences that express duration,

1. a. _ Rachel ri ,a&ir,g English classes.

b. Nadia ftas 6aen raftirg English classes for two months.

2. a. -'.._ Ayako lrdr lioifig in letusalerJ. for two years. She likes it there.
been
b. _ Bea$iz tu* Az'ed in Jerusalem. She's also lived in Pa s. She's lived in NewYork
andTokyo. She's Iived in lors ofcities.

3. a. _ lack has anred his aunt and uncle many times.

b. Matt has been or.slrag his aunt and uncle for the last three days.

4. a. _ Cyil ,l dl&irA on the phone.

b. Cltil alAs on the phone a lot.
c. CWil has been taltirg to his boss on the phone for half an hour.
_
d..
-
Ctlril hds talhed to his boss on rhe phone lots of times.

5. a. _ Mr.Voods zrdl&s his dog in Forest Park every day.

b. _ Mr. \foods l,ar luaJ&ed his dog h For€st Park many times.
c. _ Mr. \ltoods roalked his dog in Forest Park five times last week.
d. _ Mr. \Xroods rs raalkirj.his dog in Forest Park right now.
e. .........._ Mr. Woods l,dr been tlalhing t.is dog 1n Forest park since rwo o,clock.

ra'ndit a rdr = whar to exped or {har n.ohing in ile futu.e

Piosen,pereci Ond PosI Pereci l o3

O Exercise 36.uslening.(ch● :IS 4‐ 1 ,4‐ フ)

′￢ LSten tO each convcrsatlon alld choose dle sentence(a orb)tllat best descnbes it
e
fRI晨 α
″:bu tt hCar住 ∬窯電 dumu
踏 キ
You Ⅲu ch。 Osc O necouメ C haS been watchhg a m¨ c
b Tlle couplc Flnished watchhg a mclvlc

l. e. The speakers listened to the radio already.

b. The speakers have been listening to the radio.

2. a. The man lived in Dubai a year ago.

b, The man still lives iD Dubai.

3. a. The man has called the childrefl several times.

b. The matl called the children once.

4. a. The speake$ went to a party and are still thele.

b. The speakers went to a party and have already left.

-lA Exorclss 37. liitening ond speoking. (chopte6 I -4)

Itrr l Usten to the phone conversation between a mother and her daughter, Ilra.
cc
rndl A Conrrnon illn€€s
L{R-A: Hi, Mom. I was iust calling to tell you lhat I can't come to your birthday Party this
weekend. I'm afraid I'm sick.
Mou: Oh.I'm sorry to hear Lhat.
hRA: Yeah, I got sickvednesday ni8ht, end iCs iust been getting worse
MoM: Are you going to see a doctor?
trRA: I don\ know. I don't want to go to a doctor if it's not sedous.
MoM: Well, what sltlptoms have you been having?
hp"r: I've had a cough, and now I have a fever.
MoM: Have you been taking any medicine?
I-ARA: Just over-the{ounteri stulf.
MoM: tfyour fever doesn't go away,I rhink you need to call a doctor.
hRAr Yeah, I probably will.
MoM: ryy'ell, call me tomorrow and let me know how you're doing.
t-Aru: Okay. I'll call you in the morning

・ av/‐ ″¨ ″‐ medl― eyou αェ buv nd out a prescnplon tom a docto,

"“

104 cHAttR4
 Ihrr Ir. Work with a partner.Thke turns beinS rhe perent and the sick penon. Complete lhe
conversation. Practice the new conve$ation with your partner.
Possibb $mptoms:
e fever chius a sore throar
a runny nose achiness a stomachache
a cough a headache sneezing
n9usea

A: Hi, Mon /Dad. I was just calling to tell you that I can't come to . I,m afraid
I'm sick.
B: Oh,I'm sorly to hear that.
A: Yeah, I got sickrvednesday nighr, and it's iust been getting worse.
B: Are you going to see a doctor?
A: I dofl't know. I don't want to go to e docto! if it,s not serious.
B: !fe[, what s] tptoms have you been having?
A: I've had , and now I have _.
B: Have you been taking a,ly medicine?
A: Just over-the-counter stuff.
B: If your _ doesn'r go away, I rhink you need ro call . doctor.
A: Yeah, I probably will.
B: \n'ell, call me tomorrow and ler me know how you're doing.
A: Okay. I'll call you in the morning.

tr Exercise 38. looking ol glommor. (Chopter I qnd Chorts 4-l

- 4-7)
Choose the coriect verb. In some sentences, more than one answer may be possible.
Discuss your answers,

l. I the windows twice, and they still don't look clean.

a. am washing b. have washed c. have been washiflg
-
2. Please tell MiIa to get ofthe phone. She _ for over an hour.
a. is talking b. has talked c. has been talkiflg
3. \vherc are you? I_ at the mall for you to pick me up.
a. wait b. am wsiting c. have been waiting

4. We _ ar the kkes Resorr once. We want to go back again.

a. srey b. have stayed c. have been staying

5. Where have you been? The baby _, ard I can\ comfort her.
a. cries b. is crying c. has been dying

Presenl Pedecl ond Posi pedect I05

J Exercise 39. Reoding, (chods 4'l ,4-7)
Answcr the questions. Then read the passage and the statements that follow. Circle "T" for
true and "F" for false.

Have you heard about the Problem of disappearing honeybees?

\vhy are honeybees irnportant to fruit and many other croPs?

Where Have the Honeybees Gone?

Honeybees have been disappearing around the world for several years now In the United
States, billions ofbees have already died. Europe, Australia, and Brazil have also reported
losses
lJvithout pollinauon,
ofhoneybees. This is a serious problem because bees pollinatei croPs
apple, orange, and othel ftuit tlees cannot produce ftuit. Other crops Iike nuts also need
pollination. In the United States, ofle-third of the food supply depends on honeybees
scientists have a name for rhis problem: colony collapse disorder (CCD) Bees live in
hive that
colonies or hives, and thousands of be€keepers have been finding their hives empry A
once held 50,000 bees may iust have a few dead or dying ones left'
pests,*i
Therc ha!€ been many theories about why this has happened; for examPle, disease,
unnatural growing conditions, and damaged DNA."' Scientists now thiDk that the cause may
be
soludon to this
e combination of e virus and a frEgus, but they need to do morc research to furd
a

very senous problem.

l. Honeybees heve stopped disappearing T F

2. Scientists expect that more bees will die. T F

3. Apples and other fiuits depend on honeybees. T F

4. Bee hives have been disappearing. T F

5. There are only four reasons why honeybees have died T F

r;tin.u laetu) = f!]rni,utrtinarrt (noun) = thc prcccs that cau's s pl'ot ro hrk no pldt
'
..F, = s in*d or si6.l rhzr d.ma36 qops
, r.sis of ss'tjc i!'orhation

106 cHAmR 4
I Exelcise 4{1. Grommol ond wtiling. (choptErs t, 2, ond 4)
Parr L Complete the sentences wirh the correct form of the words in parentheses.
Myname(bι ) ￨, Surasuk Jutukanyapratcep I(ち の
1

Thailand. Right now I (s'lldf,) English at this s€hool. I (6e)

at.his school since rhe beginning ofJanua.y. I (d/rrre)

here January 2nd, and my classes (Drgir)

5

January 6th.

Since I (dome) here, I (do) manv

8
things, and I (rn eer) many pcople Last wcek,I(β り)
,
to a parw at my tiCnd's housc I(″ θβll some of the
10 ll
other studcnts frorn Thailand at tlle partv OF cOurse,we(,′ αた) Thai, so
12
| (practb.e, not) my English that night. There (De)
li
only people liomThailand at rhc party.
14
Ho曖 掟r,sll■ CC I(ε θ
lllの }].erc, | (meet)
l5
a lot of other people too, including people from Itrin America,
16
Africa,the NIlddic East,and Asia l cnloy mccting peoplc■ 0_othcr cOul■tHes Now I(た 2θ r)

people from all these places, and thet, (rrcome)

]'

my friends

Para Ir. Vdte thee paragraphs about yourself. Use the passage in Part I as a model. Answer
these questions:

I. What is your name?

2. Sflhere are you ftom?
3. How long have you been here?
PARAGRAPH II.
4. \vy'hat have you done since you came here? oR
5. \vlhat have you Iearned since you began srudying English?

PARAGRAPH III.
6. Who have you met in this class? oR
7. Who have you met recenrly?
8. Give a litde information about rhese people.

Prosenl Perfocl ond Post P6.tect I 07

」 Exercise 41. Worm-uP. (chort 4-E)
Vhich sequence of
Read Karen's statemenl. events (a. or b.) is correct?

KAT.EN: Jane met me for lunch. She was so happy She had passed her ddver's test
a. Jarle talked to Karen. Then she passed her test.
b. Jane passed her test. Then she talked to Karen.

sluauOnl The msr pERFEcr is used whenlhe sp€aker islalking

Jack left his apanment at 2:(n. Sue anived al his about two ditlerent evenls ai iwo diflereni lrmes in lhe
apanfienl al 2:15 and kaocked on lhe cloot. past; one e!€nl ends b€fore lhe s€cond evenl happens.

(a) When Sue arrived, Jack wasnl there. He ,ad /efl. ln (a)i There are two evenls, and both happened in the
past Jack loft his apartment. Sue arrived at his

To show lhe lime relalionship belween lhe lwo evenls,

we use th€ pasl perlect (rt d rerl) lo say lhal lhe ftsl
evenl (Jack leaving his apartmenl)was compleled
beJoro the socond event (Sus arriving al his
apartmenl) occu(ed.

FaRtr: he.t + Past Partbiqle

(b) Jack had /eflhis aparlmentwhen Sue arrived
They dleli. Eic. coNruAcroN: //youlsne /he/it/we/they Id
{c) He u l€il.

When belorc and altet at6 us€d in a sentence, the

(d) Jack ,rd /etl beiore Sue anived.
time relalaonship is already clear so the pasl perleci is
(e) Jack /etl belore Sue arrived.
ollen noi necessary The srmple pasl may be used, as
(f) Sue ,rived ailer Jack had lelt. in (e)and (s).
(g) Sue arrived afelJack l6lt.
Examples (d) and (e) have ihe same meaning.
ExamDlss (l) and (g) have lhs same meaning

The pasl p€rlecl is morc common in lormal wriling

(h) Stella was alone in a slrange city. She walked
such as liction, as in (h).
down lhe avenue slowly, lookrng in shop wndows
Suddenly, she lurned her head and looked behind
her, Someone iad caliedher name.

I08 CHAPIER 4
I Exelcise 42. Looking qt grommor. (chort 4-8)
Identi& which action in the past took place 6rst (lst) and which acrion took place second
(2nd).

l. The tennis playe. iumpcd in the air for roy. She hsd woD rhe match.
a. The teDnis player won the match.
b. -!9t-
--znzl The teDnis player jumped in fie air.

2. Before I went to bed, I checled the ftoot door. My rcommete hrd alrerdy loclcd it.
e. I checked the door.
b. -?IZL-
__l9ll My roommete locked the door.

3. I looted fo! Diego, but he had left dte building.

a. Diego left the buildirg.
b. I looked for Diego.

4. -
I laughed when I saw my son. He had poured a bowl ofnoodles on top ofhis hesd.
a.
- I laughed.
b. My son poured a bowl ofnoodles on his head.

5. -
Olir€r arrived at the theater on t ne, but he couldfl't get in. He had left his ticket at
-
home.
a. Oliver left his ticket at home.
b. Oliver arrived at the theater.

6. -
I haaded Betsy the newspaper, but she didn't want it. She had r€sd it during her lurch
-
hour.
a. I hended Betsy the newspaper.
b. Betsy reed the newspaper.

7. -
After Carl arrived in NewYorb he ca[ed his mother. He had prornloed to call her as
-
soon as he got in.
e. Carl made a promise to his mother.
b. Csrl celled his mother.

-
-

Pr€senl Perecl ond Post Pedect I0!,

・Ｊθｃ
ExeЮ ise 43 ustening.(chor1 4‐ 8)
Llsten tO the short conversa● onS and choose the vcrbs pu hcar
Ｄ
︲
¨
Eχ α″メIS:You will hcar: A:11l htroducc you to PrOfcssor Ncnton atふ c meeting tonight
B: You don't need tO I haVc already mct him
YouⅢ Hchoosc has tt had

You win hear: A:Did Jack htrOducc you to ProFcssor Ne■ ton,
B:No,itヽ vasn't necessatt l had alrcad■ ・met him
You mlchoo昭 h6 ha■ e ⑭

l has havc had 3 has have had

2 has haVe had 4 has have had

□ lxo“ ise喘、Check yourknoMedge.(chclpler 4)

Edit the sclltences COrrect thc errors m vcrb tensc usage

Mv expenence● th EngLsh
。●
υ´/i4タ
l l havc bccn sndled English for eigllt years,but l stln hNe a 10tto learn

2 1 started English classcs at thiS School four wccks a80,and l a■ learning a lot of English

shcc tllen

3 1 wantto learn Engllsh since l am a child

4 1 havc been thhhng about how tO mprove my English sk11ls qtuckly slncc l came here,but

l hadll't Found a good Wa■

う Our teacher nkes t0 81■ C tests ヽVe has havc s丘 tests since thc bcghning ofthe term

6 11ikeleaming English wnen I Was"ung,my fathcr found all Australian tt tO teach my

brothers and me English,but whcn l m∝ e to anothcr d● ,my father didn'lind a"onc tO

tcach us

7 1 meet many Fncl■ ds u■ this class l mcct Abdu h he caFeteHa on the Frst day HC Was

ftiendけ and klnd NVe are friends slncc alat day

8 Abdul have bcen stu"English for threc months His Englishヽ bc● er ula.lmhe

110 CHAPTER 4
 Chapler 5

U Exercise I. Wqrm-up. (chod s-t)

Choose the corre€t completion.

Ar _ you Deed help?

c. Have
b. Do d. Were
B: Yes,
a. I need c. I have
-
b. I'm d. Ido

Ycs,No Short Answer (+ LonS Answer)

la) toyou ketea? Yes, / do. (l like lea.) A yorno question is a question that can be
Nc i dor't. (l don1 like l6a.) answered by yes or,o.

lb) Did Suecatt? Yes, shedid. (Sue called.) ln an atlirmalive shorl ans,ver (J€s), a hslping
Na, she didnt. (Sue didn't catt.) verb is Nor contracted with the subj6ct,

(c) ln lc): tNcoRREcr: Yes, I ve.

Heve you met Al? iaye. {lhavs metAl.)
Yes, /
ln (d): r^/coRBEcrj Yes, lts
Nq lhaven't. (lhaven't m6t Al.)
ln lel: NcoRREcr: Yes, he ll-
ld) ts n dlnlng? Yes, , is- (lt's rainang.) Th6 spoken emphasis in a short answer is on
No, il /sr't (ll isn'llaining.) the velb.

lo) Wl Rob beherc? Yeg ,e ryrrl (Rob will be here.)

No, he won'L (Rob won't be her€.)

Ll Exorcise 2, tooking ol g.ommor. (chod 5-l)

Choose the correct verbs-

A new cell phone

l. Doer
rs, that your new cell phone? yesr it ,r, dorr.
2. Are,Do yo\t like ir? Yes,l an,do.
3 . lYere, D;d you buy it online? Yes, I uas, did .

III
 4. Was, Did No,tt uasl1't, didn't
it expensive?
5. Is, Doer it ringing? Yes, it ,r, does.
6. Are,Do yon going to answer it? Yesi I 4,,, do.
7 . wa\ Did. the call important? Yes, it tuds, dd

8. Ha\e,lyerc you turned your Phone ofi? No,I irz'e'l ?ods"}

g. Wi , Ate you call me latet? Yes, I ui4 are'

I Exercise 3. Looking qt grommoL (chod 5'1)

Use the information in-Paren:iheses to make yes/no questions Complete each conversaLion
with an appropriate sho;t answer. Do not use a negative verb in the question'
l. A. Do Yop knaw mY brother?
B: No, (l don't know youl brother')
-lzbdr-
2 A:
B: ヽ o, (Snakes donl have legs )

3 AI
B: ヽts, (Mexico is in Nofth America-)

4 A:
B: No, (I won't be at home tonight.)

D A:
Bi Yes, (I haVC a bikc)☆

6 A:
B: ヽts, (Simon has left.)

7 A:
B: ヽヽs, (Simon left with Kate.)

8 A:
B: Ycs, (Acupuncture relieves Pain.)

iS usuJ、 。Sed when力 ‐ も the mah,cぬ :“ メ 方 ′

'In An昴 ぐan Engli壼 ,afom ofあ “ "α
“noi nec6sarvI″ α ,解 ● P “
In B■ ush Erglヽ h,afom ofdo uulti m,,n verbた 。。is
“ “

112 CHAP'ER 5
ごL“α緊滉 11凛認rttf留黒
:YЭ
鳳:corea rspOn臨
711p″ u will hear Are yOu almost ready,
IRI,Eχ
You will choose: a. Yes,I was. b. Yes,I do. yes,I am.
@
I-eavirg for the airport
l. a. Yes,I am. b. Yes,I do. c. yes, ir does.
2. a. Yes,I did. b. Yes,I was. c. yes,I am.
3. a. Yes,I will. b. Yes, it will. c. yes, it did.
4. a. Yes) they are. b. yes, it did. c. yes, ir is.
5. a. Ye6,I am. b. Yes,I will. c. yes,I do.

D Exeacise 5. Lefs lolk: ir ervieyy. (chort 5-l)

Interview seven students io your class. Make questiors wirh the given words. Ask each
student a different question.
l. you\like\anftials? 5. you\ sleep \ weU last night?
2. you \ evet \ had \ a pet snake? 6. you \ be \ tired right now?
3. ir \ be \ cold \ in this room? Z. you\ be \here nexr year?
4. ir \ rain \ right now?
J Exerciso 6. Lislening. (chods-r)
7, In spoken English, ir may be hard ro hear the begiDning of a yetno question beceuse the words
G1 are often reduced '
Itn I Listen to tlese common reductions,
l. Is he absent? + ,lr-re absent? oR Ze absenr?
2. Is she absent? ' .Ir-rr? absenr?
3. Does it work? , Zi work)
4. Did it break? > Dih-ditbrcala oR Dr break?
5. Has he been sick? + Z? been sick? oR .{-ze been sick?
6. Is rhere enough? > Z*e erro]ugh?
7. Is that okay? + Zat ok^y?
P4rr rr. Complete the sentences with the words you hear. Vrite the non_reduc€d forms.
At the STocery store
l. I need to see the manager, available?

2. I need to see the manager. in the srore today?

3. Here is one bag ofapples. enoush?
4. I need a drink of werer. a drinling founrain?
5. My credit card isr'r working. Hrnmm. expire?

rsee also Ch6pt.r

l, L\crche 33, p. 21. and Chapter 2, Exe&is. 20, p_ 39.

Askang Sue.llons I l3
 6. riflhere's Simon? left,

7. The price seems hi8h. include the tax?

」 Exercis€ 7. worm-uP. (cho 5-2)

Circle the conect answeri. There may be more than one correct answer foi each quesuon'

l. lvhere did you go?

a. 'Ib the hospital. b. Yes,I did. c. Outside. d. Yesterday.

2. When is James leaviog?

a. I'm not sure, b. Yes, he is. €. Yes, he does. d. Amund noon.
3. Who did you meet?
a. Tariqdid. b. Sasha. c. Well, I met Sam and Mia. d. Yes, I did.

A yetno question = a question lhal can be answered by ros" or"no"

A: Does Ann live in Monteal?
B: Yeq she does. oR No sie doesn t
question word:
An inlormalion queslion = a queslion lhal asks tor informalion by using a
wh6rc, whan, wlry, who' whofi what whlch' lthose, how
A: Wherc does Ann live?
B: ln Montreal.

(Question
word)
(a) Does The same subpcl-veb word order is
(b) Where used in both yes/no and inJormation

(c) Sa.a studYing at lhe library?

Helpingverb + subiect + Main verb
San sluc,ying?
ghaluate nexl y€aa Example (a) is a yedno queslion.
(€)
Etample (b)is an inlormation question.

(s) Did they Jac*?

(h) who(m)' they ln (i) and 0): Main vetb Doin simple
presenl and simple Past (rm, /5, arc'
(i) r8, here) precedes the subject. ll has
ihe same posilion as a helplng !€lb.

came When ihe quostion word (e.9., tthoor

nappened what) islhe subiecl ol the question
usual quesion word ord€r ls nol used.
Notice in lk) and (l) lhal no lom ol do

'Sa Chd 5_4 for . disossion of &"(')

114 cHAPI【 R5
」 Exercise 8. looking ql grommoL (chod 5-2)
Read the information about Irina and Paul. Then make complete questions with the given
words and choose the correct short answers,

The SlmDle Life

Irina and Paul live . simple life. They have a one-room cabin on a lake in the
mountains. They fish for some ofrheir food. They also mise chickens. They pick fruit
from riees and berries ftom bushes. They don,t have eledriciry orTV, but they enjoy their
life. They don't need a lor to be happy.

l. QuEsrroN: where \ Irina and Paul \ live?

Where 2o lrina and Paul liveT
ANsrx.ER: a. Yes, they do. On a lake.
@
2. QUESTIoN: they \ live \ a simple life?

ANSVER: a. Yes, rhey live. b. yes, they do.

). QuEsnoN: whar \ rhey \ pick \ fiom rhe rrees?

ANs\x.ER: a, Fruit. b. Yes, they pi€k.

-1.
QuEsrrovr they \ have \ elecrricity?

ANSVER: a. No, they don't. b. No, they don'r have.

5. QuEsTtoN: rhey \ enjoy \ their life?

ANsvrR: a. Yes, they do. b. Ycs, they enjo},.

6 QuEsrroN: they \ be \ happy?

ANSVER: a. Yes, they do. b. Yes, they are.

Asklng Queslions I I5
コ ′Ｏ Ｗ Exercise 9. lislening. (chort 5-2)
Listen to the conversation. Then listen again and comPlete ihe sentences with the words you
hear.

Vl/here are Robera ond Isabel?

Robcto and Isabel?

B: Yes, They livc around the corner ftom mc.

them lately?

B: No, They're out of town.

to their parents? I hcard Roberto's parents are ill.

B: They went to help them.

drem soon?

B: Yes, In fact, I'm going to pick them up at the airPort.

back this weekend? I'm having a party, ard l,d likc

to invire them.

B: No, They wonl be back until Monday.

l0

J Ixercise 10. Worm-up, (chort 5-3)

list. one sentence
Complete th€ sentences with the most appropriate question word from the
has two possible answers. Match the answers to the questions.

V4Iy Vhat dme Vfterc \ihen

QuEsrIoNs
l. do you live?
are you lauShing?
2. -
1. will you get here? -
ANsvDRs
-

b. on Fifih Street.
c. Becsuse the ioke was funny.

116 CHAPTIP5
 Question
(a) wner6did hs go? lyrerc asks aboul p/aee.

∼
Last night- A queslion with wrre, can be answered by
(b) wrr6r, dad he l€ave? any time sxpression, as in the sample

︱
Monday morning.
Seven-thiriy.

 ∼
Seven-lhirly. A question with tvrrt tmo asks about
(c) Wn a tin dld he leav€?

︱
6

(d) Wrry did he leave? Because he didn'l leelwell.. lYhy asks aboul r6asol,.
＞
ｅ

What did ha leaue tor ? yyhy can also be expressed with the phmses Whrt. ..lotand How come, as
０

in (e)and (r).
Noiice thal wilh How corrre, Lrsualquestion order is not used. The subiect
precedes lhe verb and no form ol do is used.
rsee Chart 8-6, p. 22I for rhc $e of D,.a6d. Be.dBe I .lidn\ t u.lt is n
, k ctause_ It is nor a .ompt.ie s€m.nce. In thi,
ex@ple) it isth. sbort!n!erto, quc ion. ^dEfb

tr Exer€is€ I I.
looking ot grommoL (Chorr 5-3)
Complete each conversation. Make questions using rhe information from Speaker A.

l. A: I'm going downrown in a few minures.

B: I didn't catch that. Wtlen dawntown
are vau Oaing ? oe
B: I didnl catch that. V}:.erc arc vau aoina th a few mnutco )

2. A: My kids are transferring to I-akeview Elemenrary School because it,s a better school.
B: rJ0'hat was that? Where ) OR
B: What was that? Why

3. A: I will meetThka at 10i00 at the mall.

B: I couldn\ hear you. 'fbll me again. What time ?oR
B: I couldn't hear you. Tell me again. Where ?

4. A: Class begins at 8:15.

B: Are you sure? When ?oR
B: Are you sure? rJ(trat 1lmc

5. A: I stayed home from work because I wanted to warch the World Crlp final onTV
B: Huh?l why OR
B: Huh“ ヽ
ルЪat t)r,

Asking Queslions I l7
f, Exelcise 12. l.ookilrg ol grommor. (chort s-3)
RestAte the sentences. Use Holtt cornc and $Yhatlot.
I. why are you going? 3. Why does he need more money?
2. I0qhy did rhey come? 4, \vy'hy are they going to leave?

U Exeicise 13. Peoding ond glqmmoL (choth 5'2 ond 5-3)

Read the passage about Nina's birthday. Make questions with the given words. Answer the
questions in small groups or as a class.

The Birthday Ptesent

'Ibm got home late last ni8ht, around midnight. His wife, Nina, was sitting on the couch
waiting for hirD. She was quite worried becauseTom is never late.
Tomorrow is Nina\ birthday. Unforrunately,'Ibm doesn't thinl she will be happy with her
birthday present. Yesterday,Tom bought her a bike and he decided to ride it home fiom the
bike shop. While he was riding down a hill, a &iver came too close to him, and he lsnded in a
ditch. Tom was okay, but the bike was ruined. Tom found a bus stop nearby and finally got
home.
Tom told Nina the story, but Nins didnl care about the bike. She said she had a better
present: her husband.

l. When \Tom \ get home 4. \a/hy \ be \Tom \ late

2. Vhere \ be \ his wife 5. What present \ Nina \ get
3. What \Tom \ buy

O Exerciso 14. tislening. (chq s 5-2 ond 5-3)

Listen to each question and choose th€ b€st answer.
@
^
.DJ" Example: You will hear: \r0hen are you leaviog?
You will choose: a. Yes,Iam. @ Tomo..o'r. c. ln the city'
1. a. Iamtoo. b. Yesterday. c Sure.
2. a. For dinner. b. At6:00. c At the restaurant'
3. a. Outside the mall. b. After lunch. c Because I ne€d a
'ide'
4. a. At work. b. Because traffic was hea!1. c. A few hours ago'
5. e. A pair ofieans. b. At the store. c. Tomorrow'

U Exelcise 15. Wqlm'up. (chort 5-il)

Match each question io Column A with the corect answer in Column B'

Colrmn A Colum, B
l. Who flew to Rome? a. A small plane flew to Rome'
2. Who did you fly to Rome? b. Pablo flew to Rome'
3. -
what did you fly to Rome? c I flew a small plane to Rome'
4. What flew to Rome?
- d. I flew Pablo to Rome'
-
-
118 cHAPTER 5
 Qucstion
s s ln (a): Wnois used as the subjeci (S) ol a question.
(a)
ln (b): lyho(rr) is used as the objecl (O) in a queslion.
o so lytom is used in very lormal English. ln everyday
(b) Wholm) did you see?
spoken English, rr,o is usually used inslead o,

uNcoMMoN: whom did you see?

coMMoNi who did you see?

S s Wrrtl can be used as eilher the subject or lhe object in

(C) ″ Sometl,ing happen6d.
"athappened?
0
What didノ ου see,
so Nolico in (a)and (c): When whoor whel is used as
(d) the subiect of a quesrion, usualquestion word order is
nol usod:no lorm of dois used:
CoBRECT: who Came?
tNcoFRECf: who diCl CUno

」 Exelcise 16. looking ol grommo]. (chort 5-4)

Make qtrestions with o,o, zoho(n), and zohat Wrire "S" if rhe quesrion word is rhe subject.
Write "O" if the quesrion word is the ob,ect.

Que3tion
5 I
L. Who knotu? Someone krlows,
a a
2. rYha(n) dia rop a.k? I asked someone.

3. Someone knocked on the door.

4 Thlya met someone.

D Mike learned something.

6 Somethhg changed cina's mind

7 Gina is talking abour someone.i

8 Gina is talking abour something.

・ A preposiion m,com● at the beg● lhg ofa ques6on in Кry formal Enυ ish
′あ ● ■´o″ た,■
="■ "(NOr"ぬ 0き
。
b、、,yd,y '
Eng[ish,a preposi● on u"J]y docs no:conc althe beginning oFa qu6tton

Asking Oueslions I l9
J Exercise 17. tooking ol grommor. (chod 5-il)
Complete the sentences with urrro o. .!rrar-

l. A: just called? 4. A: is going on?

Bi That was Antonia. B: Ben's having a parry

do you need? 5. A: did you call?

B: A pair ofscissors. I'm cutting my hair. B: Tracy.
3. A: is Jae? 6, A: do you need?
B: My stepmom. B: Dr. Smith or her nurse.

J Exelcise 18. Lel's lolk: interview. (chort 5-4)

Walk around the room and ask your classmates questions qrith orro or urrdr.
Example: yol currendy reading?
SPEA(ER A: What are you curendy reading?
-arc
SPEA([jR B: A book about a cowboy.

l. do you like to do in your ftee time?

2. is your idea of the perfect vacation?
3. - is your best fiefld?
4. - was the most memorable event ofyour childhood?
5. - stresses you out?
6. do you need that you don't have?
7. - would you most like to invite to dinnet? lvhy? (The Person can be liling or dcad.)
-
-la. Exercise 19. lisiening. (chort s-4)
Listen to the conversation. Listen again and complete the sentences with the words you hear.
(o

A: John told me something.

B: tell you?
1

A: It's conidential i Can't tcll you

BI anyone else?
2
A: Hc told a Few ouler peoplc

B: tell?
t
A: Some ftiends.

B: Then it's flot a secret. say'

A: I can't tell you.

B:

A: Because it's ebout you. But don't worry' It's nothiog bad.
B: Gee. Thanks a lot. That sure makes me feel better.

l2O CHAPTEP 5
U Exercise 20. Lel's reod ond lolk. (cho 5-4)
Work in smell groups. Ask your classmares for the meaning of rhe ,'rlirzed words in rhe
passage. Refer to a dictionary as necessary.

Eico da: We
STUDENT A: What does 0&e mean?
STUDENT B: Tyge means kind ot category-
Typcs of Boots
There are several diferent 0,per ofbooks. You may be familiar with rhe categories ofrcrb,
and tonfction. These ate the two main tlpes. F,;r,on includes ryyr teries, romance, thrillers, science
fictbn, and hoffor. NonJiction incl:udes biograrhies, autobbgra?hies, histary, and r,"arel There arc
other t,?es, but these are some ofthe more commofl ones. Which Rpe do you like besr?

:-l Exercise 21. Worm-up. (Chort s-s)

Answer the questions wirh information about yourself.

l. liq}lat do you do on weekends? I . . .

2. What did you do lasr weekend? I . . .
3. V/hst are you going to do this weekend? I'm going to
4. What will you do the follo\{ing weekend? Iwill...

Question
\a) What cloes Bob clo every morning? He goes lo c/ass. What + a form of do ts used to esk
(b) Wral did you do yestsday? questions about activilies,
(c) Wrar Is Anna doi,r,g (ight now)? Sh63 studylng. Examples ol forms of doj am doing,
ld) Whal arc yos golng to do tomonow? I n going lo go to 1e beach. willdo, are going to do, did, etc.
le) What .!o you want to do tonight? I wanl to go to e fiovie.
ll) What woulcl you like to clo lomonofl? I tttould like to visit Jin.

」 Exercise 22. looking ol g]ommor. (cho s,s)

Make questions beginning with Wla, + a form ofdo.
l. * What are lou doinq rigbt now?
B: I'm working on my monrhly reporr.

last night?
B: I worked on my monthly reporr.

3. A:
B: I'm going to lisit my relatives.

Asking Au€snons l2l

 4. A: IOmOrrjow?

B: I sant to go to thc bcach.

5. A: this evening?
B: I would like to go to a movie.

6. A:
B: I'm staying home and relaxing most of the day.

in your history class every day?

B: We lisrcn to the tcacho talk.

8. A: (for a living)?*
Ｂ Ａ

I'm a ieacher.
︲

your wife ?

B: She designs websites. She works for an Intemet company.

J Exercise 23' l'el's lolk: inlerview' (chqrt 5-5) -

Interview your classmates. Make questions with the given words and @hat + ^ fo'rn ol do.
More than one verb tense may be possible. Share a few of youl classmates' answers with the
class.

E am?b: tomorrcvt
SPEAKER A: \X/hat ale you going to do tomorrow? /Vhat do you want to do tomorrow? /What
would you like to do tomorrow? / Etc.
SPEqKER B: I'm going to buy a new video game. / I want to buy a new video game. / I'd like to
buy a new video game. / Etc.

l. nighr
last 6. last weekend
2- right now 7. afrer class yesterday
]. next Saturday 8. every morning
4. this aftemoon 9. since you arived in this city
5. tonight 10. on weekends

-l Exercise 24. Wqrm-up, (chorl 5-6)

Answer the questions about ice-cream flavo^.

blackberry chocolate cotree lemon strawbemy

caramel coconut green tea mint vanilla

l. Which rL(-crejm navor. are p,'Fular ir )'uur..runtrrl'

2. Vrhar kind ofice cream do lou like?

, It m.ans: Vh@ tow .rcutation, t{* job? Anoth" wv of asti4 the sme
"Whot .to jou .!o? bos special meanins. n

9esn6: WaI dn tnu d. J0 a lbiq?

122 cHAmR s
 Which
(a) May I borrcw a pen lrom you? ln (a): Ann uses yhrch (nor wrEl) because she
Sur€, I hav6lwo p€ns. This p€n has black ink. wants Tom to choose.
Thal p€n has rcd ink.
Mrrbl, is used when lhe sp€akd wanls someone to
pe,
wilcn do you wanl? oR
make a choice, when the speaker is olrering
ore
Wr,icn do you want? oR
alleanali!€s: ll,is ore or lhat one; lhese or lhose-
Whlch do you wanl?
(b) И力￨ザ o"can be used w th ether singular Or plural
I lik6 thes€ 6arings, and I lik€ those loo.
Which l.erlngs /oned are you going lo buy? nouns
Ithink l'llgst lhes€.

JrM: Heres a photo ol my daughlels class. lylrich can be us6d to ask aboul p€opl6 as well as
KMi Vory nic6. Whicn ore is your daughler? things.

(d) IVy aunl gave m6 some money lor my birthday- ln (d): The question do€sn1involvo choosing lrorn a
Im going to lake it with me to lhe mall. parlicular group ol ilems, so Bob uses wr,al, not
０  ０

YYiet ar6 you going lo buy with it?

I hav6n'l d6cid6d y6l.

What hind of
QUI]STIoN Whet knd ol a.ks lot inlormation aboui a specilic
iype (a specilic kind) in a 9an6ral cat6gory
Bools.
Sandals. ln (e): generalcalegory = shoes

le) What kind ot shoes did you buy? sandals

Hunning shoes. lennis sho€s
High heels.
Etc.

general calegory = iruil

Eananas.
= apPlos
Oranges.
ll) What ktncl ol lruit do you like besl?
Grapelruit.
bananas
orang6s
6lc.
Etc.

」 Exercise 25, Looking ol grommor. (chort 5-6)

Make questions beginning with Which or Whaa.
l. A: I heve two books. Which baak / Which ane / Which dovau ||aht?
B: Thet one. (I want that book.)

2i Ai What did:/ou bLy when yau wentt ohapoin??

B: Abook. (I bought a book when I went shopping.)

Asking Quesiion. I23

 3. A: Could I borrow your pen for a minute?
B: Sure. I have two.
A: That one. (I would like that one.)

4 A:
B: A pen. (Hassan borrorvcd a pen from me.)

5 A:
B: Two pieces of hard candy. (I have two pieces of hard candy in my hand.) Would you
like one?
A: Yes. Thanks.
B:
A: The !'ellow one. (I'd like the yellow one.)
6. A: Tony and I wenr shoppinS. I gor some new shoes.
B:
A: A tie. (Tony got a tie.)

7. A: Did you enjoy your trip to SouthAmerica?

B: ヽts,I did Very much
A:
B: Peru, Brazil, andVenezuela. (I visited Peru, Brazil, andVenezuela.)*
A:
B: Peru. (I enjoyed Peru the most. I have family there )

u Exercis€ 25. Lol's ldlk iniervi6w (chori 5-6)

Make questions. Ask one ofyour classmates each question and write the answer' share some
of their answers with the class.
t. A: !(/hat kind of __ltOCL_ are you wearing?

B: Boots. Cldssndre t dn s&€r

2. A: Vhat kind of mez, do you eat most often?

B: Beet. Classmau's ansuer:
3 Al unlat kind of do vou like bcst'

B: Rock'n roll. Cbssmau's ansucr:

4 A: WЪ at kind of do you like ro watch?

B: Comcd1,. C/asszate

5. A: What kind of do vou like besr?

B: Clossnate's artwet

｀Ъ e dintκ nct be"ecn● 研 and“ I● ●● ,ッ isoto● ●り sm=ll

"り
“`ω “
""′

124 cHAPIER5
」 Exelcis€ 27. Worm-up, (chort s-7)
Answer the quesdons.

l. This is Ted's dsughter. Vhose daughrer is rhat?

a. ThatlTerry b. Thar'sTerry's.
2. This isTed. \Yy'ho's next ro him?
a. That'sTc.r)- b. ThaI'sTerrr, s.

Question
(a)″ Se(● ●●A Sths? lt s」 ohn's(b00k) lflhose asks about possession.r
"●
(b)Nヽ。Se(b001S)are those? Theプ re mine(oR my boOkS) Nolice in (a)i The speaker ofthe question
(C)村ヽOSe cardid pu borrc w? l borrowed Karen s(cao may omil ths noun (Dool) illhe meaning is

COMPAREl
lYho's and lyhose have lhe same
(d)″ わοも that? Mary Smith.
(0)物 10Se 6 that?
l,Yrob is a contraction ol lvho is
l,Yhose asks aboul possession.
rS.. Chtrs 6 I I, p. 166, md 6-12, p. l6a, for ears ofcxpEssing posscssion.

J Exercise 28. Let's lolk: poirwork, (chort 5-7)

Work wirh a parlner. Partner B looks at the picrure below and rries to remember what the
women are wearing. Then Partner B closes his/her book. parmer A asks questions by poinring
to an item on pagc 126 and using alrrose. Partners should change roles after four irems.
Exanple:
PAKINER A: Vhose purse is that?
PAR]-\iER B: [t's Rira's.

RⅢ o

Asking Auestions I25

コ lxercise 29.ustening.(Chor'3‐ 7)
● Llstcn to thc ques■ ons and Cirde ulc correct completions
C●。t l WЪ

´
Ｄ   ６
Oヽ Whose 3 W■ o's WЪ ose WЪ o's W■ osc
2. Who's Vhose ,t Who's Wlose WЪ oヽ W hose

コ Exercise 30. Listening. (cho s-7)

′" Listcn to Ihc questions. Decide if the speaker is saying tr,ose or o,ob.
0

Ar old tecation photo

５  

l. whose who's 3. whose whoヽ

６

2. whose who's 、
vho's

」 ExeFCiSe 31.Worm・ up (chort 5‐ 8)

Match each questlon in ColllEln A wiふ thc corrcct ansverin Column B

Column B
ａ  Ｏ   ｃ   ｄ    ｅ

1 How tall is your sister? By bus.

2 How old is your brother? In five minutes.

-
3 How did you get he!e? I don\. I only know his sister.
4 How soon do we need to go? Fifteen.
-
5 Ho* \rell do rcu kno$ Kazu? Five feet (1.52 meters).

126 cHAPT[R5
Question
I drove. / By car. HorYhas many us€s. On6 us6 ol
I took a tari./ By laxi. ,,ow is to ask aboul m6ans (ways) oi
(a) Howdid you gel here? Itook a bus./ By bus. transportalion.
lll€w./ By plane.
Ilook a irain. / 8y l€in.
lwalked. / On loot.

(b) How otd arc you? Holv is often used wilh adjeciives
lc) How ta is he1 (e.9., oi4 bU)and adverbs (e.9., we4
(d) Houy brg is yourapa(menl? ll has thr6e rcoms.
le) How sleepy ate yoo?
ll) How hunqryarcyou? l'm slaruing.
(g) Horl soo, willyou be ready?
(h) t ow wel does he speak English?
li) How quickty can you get herc2 I can get lh6r6 in 30 minutes

J Ex€rcise 32. Reodang ond glommor. (chort s-E)

Reed rhe passage about John and rhen answer rhe questions.

Long John

John is 14 years old. He is very rall for his age. He is 6 foot, 6 inches (2 meters). His
friends call him "Inng John." People are surprised ro find out thar he is still a teenager. Both
his parenrs are average heighrr soJohn's hcight sccms unusual.
It causes problems for him, especially when he rravels. Beds h hotels are too short, and
there is never enough leg room on airplanes. He is very uncomfortable. Vrhen he can, he
prefe$ to take a train because he can walk arcund and stretch his legs.

1 How tall is Iohn?

つ
How old is John?

3. How well do you think he sleeps in horels?

4. How comfortable is he on airplanes?

5. How does he like to travel?

Asking Auesfions 127

J Exercise 33. Looking ol glommor. (chort 5-E)
Make questions with llour.

l. At Haw ald ie laur dauahter?

B: Teo. (My daughter is ten years old.)
2. Al
B: Very important. (Education is very important.)
3. A:
B: By bus. (I get to school by bus.)

B: Very, very deep. (The ocean is very, very deep.)

5. A:
B: By plane. (I'm going to get to Buenos Aires by plane.)

B: Nor very. Cfhe test wasn't very difEculr.)

B: It's 29,029 feet high. (Mt. Everest is 29,02S feet high.)i

8. A:
B: I ran. (I rEn here.)

O Exelclse 34. lisiening. (chorls-8)

, Complete the conversations with the words you hear.
Kl
CD l l A: are these eggs?
TI● ￨￨ ,2

B: I just bought them at the Farmers'Market, so they should be fine.

were the tickets?
B: They were 50'% otr.
3, A: was the driver's test?
B: Well,I didnl pass' so that gives you an idea.

is the car?
B: There's dirt on the floor. We need to vacuum it inside.
5, A: is the fi:yine pan?
B: Dont touch it! You'll burn yourself.
is rhe street you live ofl?
B: There is a lot oftrafiic, so we keep the windows closed a lot.
arc you about interviewing for the job?
B: Very- I already scheduled an interview with the company

'29,019 icur 3,a48 meters

I28 CHAPIER 5
」 Exercise 35. Worm-up: Irivio. (cho 5-9)
Match each quesrion in Column A wirh the best answer in Column B.i

Colu![n A Column B
l. How often does the earth go completely a. About six times a yeer.
around the sun? _ b. Severel hundred times s day,
2. How often do the sunmer Olympics c. Once a yesr.
d. Every four years.
3. How ofren do earthquakes occur? _ e. Exactly 22 times a day.
4. How many dmes a year can a healthy
person safely donate blood? _
5. How many times a day do the hands
on a clock overlap? _

Question
How orlen asks aboul lrequency.

(a) How ott6r, do you go shopping?

lb) How many t,,,es e clay do you eal? Olher ways of asking ,or oriar,
How fieny tlmes a week do
Iadav
you go shopping? I a w*t
How fiany tlmaa a month do
hoy metry tlmo, \ e ndth
you go to lhe posl otlice? L".",
t
How metry tl.,es a y6ar do
you lake a vacalion?

Frequancy ExpEa3lona
a lot
occasaonally

day / week / month / year

rEMJ o,Lr &, m..ns "Mondry y.t, Tucsday no, la,edneday ys, Thusday no," er.-
Or rd meds "Epproxim.t.ly."

'5.. Trivi, AM, p. 42r

Asking Oueslions 129

.l Exercise 36. tefs tolk: poinyork. (chort 5-9)
Work with A partner. Thke turns asking and answering questions with Hol, ofren ot Ho&t
mar.y tirne s a d.at, lueeh lrnonthlteor.
Erdmrler eat lunch at the cafeteda
SPEAKER A: How often do you eat lunch at th€ cafeteria?
SPEAKER B: About twice a week. How ebout you? How often do you eat at the cafeteria?
SPEA(ER A: I don,t. I bring my own lunch.

]. check email
2. listen to podcasts
3. go out to eat
4. cook your owrl dinner
5. buy e toothbrush
6. go swimmiog
7. attend weddirBs
8. do*rrload music ftom the Intemet

O Exercise 37. Reoding ond listoning. (choft s-8 ond 5-9)

A Read the short paragraph about Ben. Then complete the questions with the words you hear.
@
.:"'1, Ben's Sleeping Problem
Ben has a problem with insomnia. He's unable to fell asleep at night very easily. He also
wakes up often in the middle of the night end has uouble getting back to sleep. Bjght now he's
talking to a nurse at a sleep disorders clinic. The nurse is asking him some genesl questions.

1. you?
＾
Ｚ

vou?

3 you weiSh?

.1. In gencral, you sleep at night?

〓つ

you fall asleep?

´
０

you wate up during the night?

′ you in the momings?

8 you exelcise?

9 you feeling right r!ow?

10. you come in for arr ovemight appoinrrnent?

I30 CHAPTER s
J Exercise 38. Worm-up. (chort 5-rO)
Irok at the map and answer rhc questions about flying distances ro these cities.

iri./365km.
774ni./1,25}km.

640nii7r;3oolim.

I. How far is it from I-ondon to Madrid?

2. How many miles is it from bndon ro Paris?
l. How many klometers is it from Paris ro Madrid?

(a) tr is 489 miles from Oslo to Helsinkiby air., Ihe mosl cohmon way oi expressing dislance:
trom Moscow roBeijing. It ls + disterce + lronno + b/lrom

(b),trs3,605miles ,rom Beijing lo Moscow. ln (b): Alllour expressions wilh trom and to hav6 the
to Berlng f/om t\,loscow. same m6aning.
ro Moscow from Aeijing.

How far is it hom Mumbai lo Delhi? How rar s useo io ash quesrions about dtslance
725 miles.
-
How tat clo you live lrcm school?
(d)
-
ｅ

How many miles is itlrcm London to Paris? Other ways to ask tow t ri
ｒ   ｇ

How nany yilometets is it to Montreal kom hero? . how nany niles

How many blocks is itto the post ottice? . how many klometers
. how nany btock

'l hilc L60 Lilonetersi l kilometer o0.ol4 milc

U Exerclse 39. Looking (,t glommor. (chod 5-to)

lloailfar.
Make questions wirh
I. A: Hot f-r b ,t fram P.albe b
B: 276 miles. (It's 276 miles ro Prague from Budapesr.)

Asking Questions l3l

 2
B: 257 kilometers. (It's 257 kilometers from Montreal to Quebec.)
3

B: Six blocks. (Itt six blocks from here to the post office.)
4
B: A few miles. (I live a few miles from work.)

J Exelcise 4{r. Looking st gEmmor. (chort 5'10)

it
'Write four questions with florlat and wolds ftom the lisr. Use this modeli Ho@ Jar is
lrom ( ( )? I-ook up the correct distances. Ask orher students vour questions
-),o
the sun - t]le earth Mars
Jupiter Saturn Neptune

」 Exercise 4I. Worm-up. (cho 5-ll)

Complete the scnlences. Then ask thrce different classmates about rheir nighttime routine.
Begin with Ilonr ,ozg does ;a tahe you to . . ? Sharc some of their ans,rers with the class.

l. k takes me minures to get ready for bed.

2. [t takes me minures to brush mv teeth.
3. ft usuallv rakes me minutes/hour(s) to fall asleep.

tr + raKE + lsoMEoN1 + TENGTH oF rlME + rNFlNlrlvE t ta is often used wilh lime words
,t +
and an infinilive lo express length of
(a) It lakes 20 minules llm€, as in (a) and (b).
(b) ,t took An intinilive : lo + the sinple forn ol a

ln (a): lo cook is an inlinitive.

(c) How lorg does it iake lo cook rice? Twenly minules. How long asks abaul length of lne.
(dl How /ong did il lake Al to drive lo work loday? Two houG
(e) How lorg drd you sludy lasl nighl? Fourhouls.
1l) How torg will you be in Hong Kong? Ten davs
Olher ways ol asking lDw rorg;
\g) How fiany days,Nillyou be in Hong Kong?
f minut€s
I no,,"
how mznv + | 0,,"
<

I monttrs
I y""o
rsee Cha l3-f,p.146.

I32 CHAPTER 5
-l Exelcise 42. tel's lqlk: poirwork. (chort 5-l l)
'Work with a partner. Thke tums asking and answering questions usitgia + toke. Share a few
of your answers ivith the class.
L How long does rt take you lo . . .
a. eat breakfast? ' ]t takes me kn uinuks ro eat breakfast.
b. get to class?
c. write a short paragraph in English?
d. read a 300-page book?

2. Generally speaking, how long does it take to . . .

a. fly from (d .try) to (l7 c,,J)?
b. get from here to your hometown?
c. get used to living in a forei$ country?
d. commute ftom (d locat ptace) ro (a kt:at pli,e) during rush hour?

I Exelcise 4:1. Looking ol grommor. (chod s-r r)

Make qu€stions with Ho{, long.

l. A: How lang iidilt take -vau ta ririve to l,ttanbul?

B: Five days. (Ir took me five days to d ve to Islanbul.)

2. A:
B: A $'eek. (Mr. McNally $ill be in rhe hospital for a \(,eek.)

3. A:
B: A long time. (It takes a long time to learn a second language.)

B: Six months. (I've been living here for six months.)

5. A:
B: Six years. (I lived in Oman for sL\ yeafs.)

B: A couple of],ears. (I've known Mr. Pham for a couple ofyears.)

B: Since 2005. (Hc's bccn living ir Canada since 2005.)

Asking Queslions 133

θH:滉T::∬ ぶ留λ “ ■
●c ttcsdon wora Ch。 0"nc
ded“
tti駄 ¶e鑑 “
r_k,1
'ar C°

A bitlldas
l l1 71θ
"t your birhday'
＾∠     ３ 一    ４ 一

lvhen'll youx patty be?

uZercA you decide to have it?

Who're yo\t in\.rtIq?

Spoken Only
・ ,ダ わθn3 he oOminO?" ls, ara. doE.s, did, h$, hava and wrrrare usually
・И″
νbSい 。late2・ contracled wilh quesiion wods in speaking,
・ Nha′ ,η these'・
・ ″い0夕 ,they talkng io?"
・ /hen3 thO movie starl?・
I・

・ツソわeret ho lVe?"
・ ″ヽOυ ,ou see?"
・ ″ha′ υ yOu dO?・

・ 1ダ わa′ ●she done?・

・ Wl・ ereb h0 00ne?・
・Ho″ 'ソe yOu been?・
`ツ ′har′ θl done?・

・ //11ere″
・ ,νhen″ thOy
"u be?・
be here?・

(h)″ → whaddaya thnk? what alo you and Whet are you bolh can be reduced
"ardo you
(1) W"arare you → vvhaddaya thinking' to 'whaddaya in spoken English.

$'ritten
(1)レ νわereb EO? Only contracfions wilh wrere, whet, ot vvho + la are
lν hatb thal? cornmonly used in wriling, such as in letters lo Jriends
V"0も he?
ツ or emails. They are ggnerally nol appropriate ia more
formalwritino, such as in magazins articles or

134 CHAP'ER 5
 :I Exercise 45. listening, (chqn s-t2)
, Lisren to the conEactions in rhese ouesttons.
(,
,..D.,, l. V&e!e is mykey? 8. Why is the teacher absent?
2. Il'here are my ke]s? 9. Who is rhat?
3. people?
\X/ho are those 10. Why did you say that?
4. Vrhat is in that box? I l. Who did you ralk to ar the parry?
5. What arc you doing? 12. How are we going to get ro work?
6- Where did Bob go las. nighr? 13. Whar did you say?
7. V,ho will be ar the party? 14. How will you do that?

J Exerciso 45. Lislening. (chod 5-12)

e Complete the sentences with rhe words you hear. Write the non-contracred forms.
@
r.1," On an alrplaoe
E ample: you willhear: When's rhe plane land?
You will wrire: When does ldte plane land?
１

you going to sit with?

２

you gohg to get your suitcase under the seat?

３

the llight attendant just say?

４

we need to put our seat beks back on?

５

the plane descending?

６

we going down?
７

the pilot tell us what's going on?

８

meet you wheo you land?

９

our connecting flight?

０

we get fiom the airport to our hotel?

J Exercise 47, Lislening. (Chori s-r2)

2 Complete the quesrions wirh rhe rvords you hear. w'rire rhe non-conracred forms.
cd,
.,,D '- A mother talling to her teenage daughter
１

going?
 
２

going with?
 
３

that?
４

known him?
 
５

meet him?

Askhg Queslions I35

 ６
go to school?

７
a good student?
８

be back?
９

wearing that out6t?

０

giving me thst look?

１

asking so many questions?

Because I love you!

コ＾Ｃ一

her€ise 46. Uslening. (chort 5-12)

Listen to the questions and circle the coffect non-reduced folms of the words you hear.
¨

Eraflrk. Yotr willhear: Whaddaya went,---- - --\

You will choose: $Yhat are you q199
1. Vhat are you What do you
2. Vhat are you \Yy'hat do you
3. What are you What do you
4. \Yy'hat are you What do you
5. What are you \vhat do you
6. !(/hat are you 'What do you

7. Vhat are you What do you

8. !?hat are you What do you

コ Exercise 49. Worm-up. (chort 5-13)

Palr t Both sentences in each pair are grammatically correct. \yy'hich question in each pair do
you think is more common in sPoken English?

l. a. How do you spell "Hawa "

b. What is the spelling for "Hawaii?"
2. a. How do you pronounce G-A-R-A_G-E?
b. What is the pronunciation for G-A_R-A-G-E?

Por, /L Which two questions have the same meaning?

1. How are you doing?

2. How's it going?
3. How do you do?

I36 CHAPTER s
 Question
，
ａ り ＞

How do you sFll"cominq? C-O-M-|-N-G To answer (a): Spelllhe word.

How clo you say"yet in Japanese? Hai. To anslver (b): Say lhe word.
ｃ

How do you say lponource lhis word? To an$/er (c): Pronounce ihe word.

- ln (d), (e), and (0: How is your lile? ls your liie

okay? Do you have any problems?
NorE: Example (f) is also used in greetings: H,,
Bob- How s it 9oin9?

Tefiilicl The queslions in (g) ask aboul health or aboul

genera emoliona slate.
Gleatl
Fine.
lgJ How do you feet?
How are you feeling? Okay.
So-so.
A bit under lhe wealher
Not so good.
Teniblel / Lousy- / AMull

lh) How do you do? How do you do? is used by two speakeG
when they meel each olherlor lhe lirsl lime in a
somewhai formal silualion, as n (h).'
rA: Ir, Etic|1bn, lU lihe to intudue rou to a Jri.nd ol nin., Ril B@a. Ri.k, &n n nr biol,p ?nlsd,Ir- Eti.tn.
B: Htu do )au do, Mr Bttunl
C: Htu do roa do, D. Etnasd? I'n rLaed,o n.et )ot.

D Exercls€ 50. Gome. (chort 5-t3)

Divide into two teams. Thke turns spelling the words your reache, gives you. The team with
the most correct answers wins. Your book is closed.

Exampl2: cotJnty
TEACHER: How do you spel "country"?
TEAM A: C-O-U-N-'ER-Y
TEACHER: Good. (If.he a$roer ;s inanect, the othet team gets a fiy.)

l. together 7. beginning
2. people 8.intelligent
3. daughter 9.Mississippi
4. beautitul 10. purple
5. foreign ll. rained
6. neighbor 12. different

Askang Auostlons 137

tr Exercbe 51. Lefs tolk. (chod 5-r3)
lwalk around the room and ask your classmates how to say each item in another languaae
Oapanese, Arabic, German, French, Korean, etc). If someone doesn't know, ask another
person. Use this questiorJt Holt do you say ( in ( )?

Exanple: -\
SPEAKER A: How do you say "yes" in French?
SPEA(ER B: "Yes" in French rs "oui."
1 No. 3. Okay. 5. Good-bye.
2. Thank you. 4. How are you? 6. Excuse me.

I Exercise 52. Worm-up. (chort 5-14)

In the conversetion, the speakers are making suSgestions. IJgdglliDq 6eir suggestions.
A: kt's invite the Thompsons over for dinner.
B: Good idea! How about next Sunday?
A: Irt's do it sooner. What about this Saturday?

(a) A: Ws n66d one more player. How about and what about have lhe same meaning
B: llow about/What about Jack? and usage, They are used to make suggeslions or
Lel's ask him il he wants lo play.
(b) A: what lims should we meet? tlow about and flt'6? at oul are iollowed by a noun
B; How about/What about thrcc o'clock? (or pronoun) or lhe -rng lorm of a verb (gerund).

(c) NorE: How about and what ,boul are lrequently used
A: Whal should we do this atlernoon?
in informalspoken English, bul are usually not used in
B: How about going to the zoo?
witing.
(d) A: what ebout asking Sally clr'er lor dinner nexl
Sunday?
a: Okay. Good idea.

A: I'mlted. How about you? How about you? and What aboulyou? ae usedlo
B: Yes, l'm tir6d loo. ask a question thal relers lo lhe informalion or
quesrion rhai mmediately preceded il.
(f) A: Are you hungry?
B'. No. what about you? ln le): How about you? = Ate You tircd?
A: l'm a lattle hungry tr lll: what about you? = Arc you hungry?

u Exercis€ 5.i. Grommor ond lislening. 5-14) (cho

Choose the besr response, Then listen to each conversation and check your answel.
da
^
"""" s"**a* 4, what are you going to do over vacatron?
SPEAKER B: I'm staving here.
!0[hat about you?
SPEAKER A: a. Yes,l will. I have a lacation too.
@ I'm going to Jordan to visit my sister.
c. I did too.

138 CHAPTER 5
 1. A: Did you like the movie?
B: It was okay,I guess. How ebout you?
A: a. I thought it was pretty good.
b. I'm sure.
c. I saw it last night.
2. A: Are you going to the company party?
B: I haven't decided yet. Vrhatabout you?
A: a. I didn't know that.
b. Why aren't you going?
c. I think I will.
3. A: Do you like living in this city?
B: Sort of. How about you?
A: a. I'm living in the city.
b. I'm not sure. Iis pretry noisy.
c. Yes, I have been.
4. A: What are you going to have?
B: Well, I'm not really hungry I think I might order just a salad. How about you?
A: a. I'll have one too.
b. I'm earing at a restaurant.
c. No,I'm not.

J Ex€rcise 54. tel's lolk poirwolk. (chort 5-r4)

rvork with a partner. The given questions are common wa]s to begin casual conversalions or
mske "small talk." Partner A asl.s the question and Partner B answers. Borh speakers look ar
each orher. not the book. \rhen speaking,

E azpler 'Vy'hat kind ofbooks do you like to read?

PAR'INER A: What kind of boolc do you like to read?
PARTNER B: I like biographies. How about you?
PARTNER A: Thrillers are my favorite.
l. How long have you been ,jn,l]g in (this city ot counry)?
2. $/hat ere you going to do after class today?
3. !0hat kind of movies do you like to watch?
Chonge robs.
4. Do you come fiom a lalge family?
5. V/hat kind of sports do you enjoy?
6. Do you speak a lot of English outside ofclass?

tr Exorcis€ 55. Worm-up. (chort 5-15)

\tyhat is the erpeslerl response? Circle
J€s of'lo.

l. You're studying English, arenl you? yes no

2. You're not a native speaker ofEnglish, are you? yes

Asking Oueslions 139

(a)」 l iS SiCk,fs,lsわ θ? A lag question is a queslion ihal is
(b)You didnt knO″ dld/ctl, added onlo the end ol a senience.
(C)Theret enough lme lsn l● er, An auxiliary vetu is used in a tag
(d)rm nOt ate,am′ ,
(。 )lm ate aren″ ? Norice rhat l rr, becomes rrEn't l
in a negaiive lag, as in (e). (Am /
nolis also possible, bui it is very

A6t:Edv€ (+) Nesative (-) Amrmatlve When the main verb is allirmative,
Expected Allstcr lhe iag question is negalive, and
You knowBitt. yes
ld) ihe erpected answer agrees wiih
(e) Marie is lrom Paris, yes

Nesative ( ) Aflirmative(+) Nesative When lhe main velb ls negalive, the

tag queslion is affirmativs, and the
(イ)ン Oυ dOn■ 々″Ow Tom, doン ου? exp€cled answer agrees wilh lhe
(9)νa″ θ lS'■ from Athens, ls sわ θ?
THE SPEIIKER'S QUESTIOT..

Tag questions have two types of intonalion: rising and ralling. The
メ intonation determines the meaning oJ lhe lag.
一
(h)n wi be n celomorrow,wり ″■rt? A speaker uses risrng intonalion lo make sure intormalion is correct, ln
(h): the speaker has an ideaithe speaker is chec{ng to see il lhe idea
ヽ
、
(1)IW“ lbe n cetOmorrcl wo"',lt? Fallrng inlonaiion is used when the speaker is seeking agreement. ln (i):
the speakerlhinks ii willbe nice lomorrow and is almosi cenain lhe

￨。(i)i The speaker has no idea The speakeris simply looking lor
(j) - Will il be nic6 tomorrou/? nlormation
Ye., it wlll. oA No, it won t. Compare(い )and o)Wnh o)
-

ロ Exercise 56. Lislening ond grommor. (chorl 5-15)

Listen to each pair ofsentences and answer the question.
0^
l. a. You're MIs. Ros€, aren't you?
b. Are you Mrs. Rose?
QuEsnoN: In which sentence is the speaker checkilg to see ifher information is correct?

2. a. Do you take cream with your coffee?

b. You take cream with your coffee, don\ you?
QuEsrtoN: In vrhich senrence does the speake! have ro idea?
3. a. You don't want to l€ave, do you?
b. Do you want to leave?
QuEsrIoN: In which sentence is the speaker looking for agreement?

140 cHAPT[R5
-la" Exercise 57. Grommor ond lislening. (Chorr S-r5)
Complete the tag questions wirh rhe correct verbs. Then lisren to the quesrions and check
@ vour answers.

l Simple Pr:esert
a. You /.Ae strong coffee, aon't \orr?
b. David j.oes to Ames High School, he?

c. I-eila and Sam ,z,e on Tree Road, they?

d. Jane lrds the keys ro rhe storeroom,
e. Janet in her office, she,
f. You'r, a member ofthis class, you?
g. Oleg.Jorrr" have a ca., he?

h. Lisa ,srt ftom around here, she,

i. In in trouble,

2 . Simple Past
a. Paul .L,err to Indoncsia, hc,

b. You drCrl rd& to the boss, you?

c. Ted's parents u.,er€n'r at home, thcv,
d. Thar s,as Pat's idea,

:). Present Progressive, Be GoinETb, Past Progressive

^nd,
a. You're st dfms' hard, vou?
b. Creg ,;,', &orfrrna at the bank, he?

c. lt isn't going to rain rodzy,

d. Michelle andYoko rlsre ,eh,n& they?
e. He wasn't listening, hc,

4. Present Perfect
a- It,,,ar 6ee, warmer than usual, ir?
b. You'ae &ad a lor ofhomework, vou?
c. We haz)en't spe t m\ch rimc rogether,
d. Fatima l,ar sra,"red her new job, sht・ ,

e. BrurIo dsr t/inrrcd his salcs report yet, he?

f. Steve's had to leate early, hc,

Asking Qu€slions Ial

I Exercise 58, [et's tqlk: poi]work. (chorl s-ls)
Work with a partner. Make true statements for your parmer to agree with. Remember, if your
partner makes an affirmative statement bcfore the tag, the expected answer is "yes." If your
partner makes a oegative statement before the tag, the expected answer is "no."

l. The weatier is todar_, isn\ it?

2. This book costs

3. I',m , aren\ I?

4. The classroom isnl , is it?

5. Our g&mmar homework wasn't

6. 'lbmorrow will be

u Exorcise 59. Listening. (chort s-15)

F Listen to the tag questions and choose the expected responses.
@
,::'*:, Checkina in at a hotel
Eramrle.' You will hear: Our room's ready, isnl it?
You will choose: 6e]
\..-/ no

l. yes no 6. Yes no
2. yes no 7. yes no
3. yes no 8. yes
4. yes no 9. yes no
5. yes no 10. Yes no

f, Exercis€ 60, Check your knovledge' (chopter s)

Edit the sentences. Corect the errors in question formation.
l. Who you saw? - lYho didyou su?

2. Where I buy subway tickets?

3. Whose is that backpack?

4. What kind of tea you like best?

5. It's fteezing out and you're not wearing gloves' aren't you?

6. Who you studied with at school?

7. She is going to work this weekend, doesn't she?

8, How long take to get to the airport from here?
9. How much height your father hsve?
10. It's midnight. Why you so late? Why you forget to call?

I42 cH^mR 5
 -.1 Exercis€ 6I. Lislening. (chopter 5)
a Polt 1. Listen ro the questii)ns and choose fie correcr ans$crs.
(o
j',\.',',, E t pb: You $ill hear: Hou often do,vou brush vour rcrth?
You \r'ill choose: ,. Three times , d.!
b Ye., I do.
(. In rhe evening.
l. a. Iloveir. 4. a. Tlvo milcs.
b. Jazz and rock. b. Threc blocks.
c. The radio- c. Ten minutcs.
2. r. I \r.as really tired. 5. a. Am_v is.
b. At 7:10. b. Am,v's.
c. A package. c. Thar is Am!.
l. a. A lide sick. 6. a. Ne(r lveek.
b. No,I'm not- b. A ferv days ago.
c. Ho$'ard's fine. c. On Fifrh Srrcct.
Pal, /L Listen to each convcrsarion and choosc the senrencc rhar best compleles rr.
7. a. My waller. 9. a. Yes,Iam.
b. Ai the box oflicc. b. My company is moving ro anorher ciry.
c. I think so. c. I lovcd m_v job.
8. a. It usuall,v comcs by noon- 10. a. ICs grear.
b. Bv truck. b. I'm ,r consrrucrion supervisor.
c. One time a dar. c. V/e're doing rcallv well.

J Exercise 62. Lel's lislen ond lolk: poirwork. (choprer 5)

a l-isten to the conversatjon. Then $ork $'ifi a panner. Take turns being the cashier and rhc
(C cr"torn".. Compleie the sentcnccs $ith irems ftom rhe menu and praciice rhe conversarron.

burger chicken strips soft dtttkst cola,lemofl soda,;ced tea

cheeseburger fish burger milkshakes: oafiilla, srrawbefty chocolate
double cheeseburger veggie buger (sna ,nedium,larse)
tics salad

Ordering at a fast-food restaur.a[t

CASHIER: So, whar'll ir be?
CusToMrR: I'll have a
CASHTER: Would you like fries or a salad with your burger?
Cus'roMER: I'll have (a)
CASHTER: What size?
CusroM!R:
CASHIER: An}.rhing to drink?
CusroMER: I'll have a
CASHTER: Size ?

Asking Oueslions 143

 CusroltER:
CASHIER: Okas So thafs

CusroMER: About how long'll it take?

CASHTER: Ve're pretty crowded right now. Probably l0 minutes or so. ThaCll be $6.50.
Your number's on the receipt. I'll call the number wheD your ord€r's ready
CusloMER: Thanks.

」 Exelciso 63. lel's reod ond wdle. (choplers I ' 5)

Ibrr L Read rhe fairy tale and answer the questions at the end.
The Frog Prince

Once upon a time, there was a king with three unmarried daughters. One day while the
king was thinking about his daughters' futures, he had an idea. He thought, "I'm going to drop
three iewels among the young men in the village c€nter. The men who 6ndr the iewels will
become my daughte$' husbands." He announced his plan to all of the people ofhis kingdom.
'Ille next day, the king took an emerald, a ruby, arld e diamond into the village. He walked
among the young men and dropped the jewels. A handsome man picked up the emerald. Then
a wealthy prince found th€ ruby. But a frog hopped toward the diamond and took it He said
ro rhe king, "I am the Frog Prince. I claim your third daughter as my wfe."

Whcn the king toldTrina, his third daushtcr, abour rhe Frog Prince, she refused to marrv
him. She hid from her friends and grew saddcr every da]'. Mcanwhile, her two sisrers had
grand weddings.

*The simple prcsen! is used here b€.ausc th. fory is sivins th. Lins's qact words in 6 quotarion, Notic' rhd quotad6' mark
("-..").r€ *cd. S.. Chari 14 8, p. 0o0. for moF infomation .bout quotaii.ns.

I44 cHAmR s
 Eventuelly,Trifla ran away and went to live in the woods, bur she was very lonely and
unhappy. One dayTrina went swimming in a lake. Trina became tired in the cold water and
decided to give up. She didn't want to Iive anymore- As she was drowning, the ftog suddenly
appeared and pushedTrina to the shore.
"Why did you save my life, Frog?"
"Because you are very young, and you have a lot to live for."
"No,I dont," seid the princess. "I am rhe most miserable person in the world."
"kt's telk abour it," said the frog. Trioa and the Frog Prince sat together for hous and
hours. Frog listened and understood. He told her about his own unhappiness and loneliness.
They shaled their deepest feelings with each other.
One day while th€y were sitting near rhe lateJTrina felt grear affecrion for the ftog. She
bent down and kissed him on his forehead. Suddenly rhe fiog tulned into a man! He took
Trina in his arms and said, "You saved me with your kiss. An evil wizard changed me ftom a
prince into a frog. I needed to find dre love ofa woman with a uuly good hearr to set me ftee.r
You looked inside me and found the real me."
Trina and the prince returned to the casde and got married. Her rwo sisters, she
discovered, were very unhappy because their husbands treated them poorly. Bu( Trina and her
Frog tuince lived happily ever after.

Questions:
l. Vhqt did the king want for his daughters?
2. Why did a frog claimTrina for his wife?
3. What didTrina do to escape the mariage?
4. Where did she meet the ftog again?
5. Why did she kiss the ftog?
6. What did an evil wizard do to the ftog?
7. rt(/hat kind oflives did her sisreE have?
8. luhat kind of life did Trina and $e Frog Prince have?

Par,l/. Write a story tharbegins A.ce utton a arrre. Use one ofthe given topics.
Topis:
l. Read the story again and then retell it in your own words. Write one or two paragraphs.
Do not look at the story when you wrire.

2. lSfrite a fairy tale that you are familiar with, perhaps one that is well known in your cuhue.

3. Create a story with your classmates, Each student w tes one or two sentences ar a rime.
One student begins the story. Then he or she passes the paper oo to anotler student, who
then writes a sentence or two and passes the paper on until everyone in the class has
had a chance to write part ofthe story, or until the story has aD ending. This srory can
then be reproduced for the class to edit togethet. The class may wanr to add art and
"publish" the 6nal product as a small book.

'J.r,./@ = 8iE mc hy &..doh

asking ausslions 145

J Exercise l. Whot do I ohsody know? (chopter
6)
This exercise previews gmmmar terms used in this chapter. Idenrifo the i;'alrcized word in each
sentence as a noun. adiectlve. preposirion. or pronoun.

l. Miki is a rrxiler, at my school. 4θ し4

2. .Sre is from Kyoto, Japan,

3. Kyoto is south orTokyo. prcposition

4. lt is bea tirti cit:y. adiective

^
5. This summer / am going there with Miki.

6. I am looking forward to this mr.

7. My parents ar€ iar2),, for me.

8. I will stay roit, Miki's family.

9. They have a snalhotel.

10. -l is near a popular park.

I l. The park has lovely 8ard"rr.

I 2. Miki hes shown me postcards o/them.

」 Cxercise 2. Wolm-up. (chort 6- l)

Wrire the word oze before the singr ar nouns and the word auro before the plural nouns.
l. trips 4.

2. vacatlon 5. cities

1. classes 6. knives

146
 Singular
(a) one bird To make mosl nouns plural add -s.

(b) Add -es lo nouns ending in -s1,, -ci, -ss, and -x

lf a noun ends in a consonanl + -y, change the ylo /and add

-es, as in (c).
lr -yis prec€ded by a vowel. add only -s. as rn (d).

(e) ll a noun ends in -tuor -l change lhe ending to -yes.

ExcEProNs: beliefs, chiefs, toofs, cuffs, cliffs-

(r) one tomato The plurallorm oi nouns lhal end in -o is sometimes -oesand
one zoo
one zero
-oes: lonatoes, potatoes, heroes. echoes
-o3: zoos, tadios, studios, pianos, solos, sopmnos, pholas, autos,

-oes ot -os: zeroes/zercs, volcanoes/volcanos,

to rn ad oe s/lo n ad os, n o s q u itoe s/ m osq u i lo s

(o) one child Some nouns have irregular plurallorms.

NoTE: The singulartorm ol people can be person, woman, man,
one goose
child. Fot example, one nan and orc chiltl : two people-
(Two persors is also possible.)

(h) The plura form ol some nouns is lhe same as lhe singular form.

() one bacter um Some nouns lhal English has borrowed irorn olher languages
one cr sls have loreign p ura s.

□ Exercise 3. Looking ol Erommor. (Chort 6-t )

\Urite the correct singular or pluml form ofthe given words.
l. one chair
2.a a lot ofwindows

3. one wish

Nouns ond Pronouns 147

 4 two dishes

5 a tax a lot of

6 tヽ v(〕

7 a hobby

8 one leaf 〔
ヽV0

9 a

10 a belief many

11 one wolf

12 a radio

13 one a lot of sheep

14 one

Exercise 4. Looking qt glommor (cho.l 6 - I )

Write the plural form of each noun uoder the correct heading. The number ofwords for each
column is given in parentheses. NorE: lbr, and ,rri€1,'can 8o in rwo places.
︲¨﹄脚
ｈ
ｉ
ｃ
ｄ

/buttcrny dlieF
baby library iomato
boy potato ■ clman

′bean sandwich Z00

148 cHAPIER 6
I Exercise 5. Check youl knowledge. (chod6-l)
Edit the newspaper ad by making the appropriate nouns plural. There are eight e ors.

ON SALEr*n,"*or,rn',r

shirt jean pant dress

Outfit and shoe for babys 50% off

Exercise 6. Wolm-up: lislening. (chod 6-2)

Listen to the nouns. Circle jres if you hear a pluml ending. If nor, circle ,a
ご
Erdmrler You will hear: books
You■vln choosc O
YOu、 vill hcar: class
You win ch00se: rS
″ ”
１

３   ４

〓リ   ス︶
ｎ    ｎ
０    ０

ｙ   ｙ
Ｃ   Ｃ

ｎ   ｎ
０   ０
ｎ   ｎ
０   ０

ycs
  ＾
∠

ycs

Final 's/-es has lhree d tferenl pronuncaions: lsl,lzl and /azl.

(a) seats = searY Final-sis pronounced /s/ after voic€less sounds. ln (a): /s/ islhe sound ol "s"
maps = map/Y
lakes = ake/s/
Examples of voiceless' so unds, fi1, lpl, lkl.

(b) seeds : seed/z/ Final s is pronounced′ z7after voiced sounds ln(b) Z7iSthe sound oi z
in'buzz:
holes : hole// Examples of voiced・ sounds: ′
d′ ′
rl ′′/m′ ,′ げ,and al■ owelsounds

(c) dishes = dish/., Firal-s/+sis pronounced /az./altet -sh, ch, s, z, ge/ dge sourds
matches = malch/3, ln (c)i /r/ adds a syllable 1o a word.
classes : clasye,
sizes = size/ezl
pages = page/r/
judges = judge/a,
rsee Cha.r 2 5, p.39,formore informadon sb our vo iceles s and voi.ed $nnds.

Nouns ond Pronouns I49

f, t{ercise 7. Ustening. (chorl 6-2)
Listen to rhe words. Circle the sound you hear at the end of each wotdi ls/, /zl, or lad.
^
<t
rcDL:, l. pants lsl /7J lazJ 4. Pens ls/ / l'.l
2. cars /s/ / /ezl 5. wishB lsl / lezl
3. boxes lsl lzl lazl 6. lakes /s/ lz.l lezl
u Exercise 8. Lislening. (chod 6-2)
A Listen to each pair ofwords. Decide if the endings have the same sound or a diferent sound.
t9,
:' Exam\le: You will hear: maps streets
You will choose: @mp different
You qrll hear: knives forks
Youwill choose: same @
l. same different 5. same difierent
2. same differ€nt 6. same differ€nt
3. same different 7. same dmerent
4. same different 8. same different

J Erercise 9. Lisl€ning ond pronunciolion. (chort 6-2)

a Listen to the words. Vrite the pronunciation of each ending you hear: /y, /2/, or /azl. Practice
GO oronouncins the words.
.'"' l. ,rr-.": name/.2 4. boets = boatl / ?. lips: lip/ I
2. clocks: cloclvg/ 5. eyelashes: eyelash/ I a. bridges = bridge/ /
3. eyes = eye/ I 6, ways : way/ / 9. cars = car/ I

Ll Exercise I0. tistenlng. (chod 6-2)

A Listen to the sentences and circle the \tords you hear.
(d
l. size s;es 3. fax fexes 5. glass Slasses

2. fax faxes 4. price prices 6- Pize prizes

J Exorcise I I. Worm-up (chod 6-3)

frr r. Wo* in small groups. Make lists.
l. Name things people need to take with them when they travel.
2. Name things you do when you have ftee time.
3, Name important people in your life.

ftr,Ir. Read your lists. Make sentences using the following information Share som€ of your
seDtences with the class.

I- People need to take with th€m when they travel.

2. I when I have ftee time.
3. have -
been important in my life.
-
-
l5O CHAPTER 6
 nor, rlr. Answer these questiofls about your answers in Part II.
l. In which sentence did you write verbs?
2. In which two sentences did you write nouns?
3. In which sentence did you \rrite subiects?
4. In which sentence did you write objects?

An English sentenc€ has a suBrEcr (s) and a vEFs (v).

(a) The The suBJEcr is a noun. ln(a): s.r., is a noun; il is th6 subject ol the verb
(noun) (vefi)

lb) Plants grow.

(noun) (verb)

svo Somelimes a VERB is lollowed by an oBJEcr (o).

Plants neecl waler The oalEcr ol a verb is a noun. ln(c)i wrter is lhe objecl ot lhe verb
{noun) (verb) (noun)
svo
(d) Bob is rcading a book.
(noun) (verb) (noun)

J Exer€ise 12. Looking ot glqmmor. (chod 6-3)

Complete each diagram with the correct subiect, verb, and object.

l. The carpenter built a table.

fhe carpenler buill a table
verb objec oflrrb

つ
Birds fly.

6ird. flv (nane)

3. Cows eat grass

4. The actor san8.

I lt

Nouns ond Pronouns I5I

 5. The actor sang a song.

6. Accidents hsppen ftequently.

1t

7. The accident iniured e woman.

tt

il Exercise I3. Looking ot glqmmqr. (cho*s 6-2 ond 6-3)

Ifrhe word in ira,rs is used as a noun, circle "N." Ifthe word in r'ralrs is used as a verb,

︵︶ Ｖ
Ｎ ⑤
1. People ,n ile when they're happy.
2. Maryam has a nice sri,I" when she's happy.

Ｖ
3. Plesse dont sign your nanre in pencil.

Ｖ
4. People ofted ,arr€ their children after relatives.

Ｎ Ｎ Ｎ Ｎ

Ｖ
5. Airplenes lrrd on runways at the airport.

Ｖ
6, The lard across [he s6eei ftom out house is wcant.

Ｖ
7. People usually sbz milk in the ref:igerator.

Ｖ
8. We went to the rror? to buy some milk.

Ｖ
9. I took the express ,ra;4 fiom NewYork tovashiDgton, D.C.,last week.

Ｖ
10. Lindsey ,rairJ horses as a hobby.

f, Exercise 14. Wolm-up: poitwork. (chdrt 6-4)

'Work with a pertner. Make uue sentences about yourself using ,iE e or don'a lihe. Sharc a
few ofyour partner's answers wittr the class.

I likeldon't like ro do ,n), homework . . .

l. at the library. 6. in the evening.
2. ar the kitchen table, 7. on weekends.
3. in my bedroom. 8. after dinner.
4. on my bed. 9. before class.
5. with a ftiend. 10. duing class.

I52 CHAPIfR 6
 S V O PBEP OOF PFEP l$any English sentences have preposilional phrases-
(a) Ann put her books oD the desk
(noun)
ln (a): or, fte deskis a preposilional phrase.
A prepositional phrase consisls ol a pFEposroN ipFEp)and
S V PBEP OOF PREP an oBJEcT oF A PBEPOSTTON (o of puEp). The object of a
(b) A leat lell to the grcuncl preposition is a NouN,
(noun)

Reference Lisl of Prepositions

aboul despite to
behlnd
during
beneath until
against up
along in
among into ihrough
beyond like throughoul within
at by titl

tr Exelcise 15. looking ot g]ommor. (cho 6-4)

Check (/) the prepositional phrases, and underline rhe noun in each phmse that is the object
of the preposition.
1. / across rhe sreet 5. rext to the phone
2 ln a mlnute 6 doing work
3 daily 7 in a few hours
4 down thc hin 8

tr Exercise 16. Looking ql grommor. (chods 6-3 ond 6-4)

Check (./) the sentences that have obiects ofpreposirions. Identi4, the preposirion (P) and the
object of the prcposition (Obj. ofP).

l. a. Emily waited quietly.

P Obi. of F
b. 1 Emily waited quietly for her m"ottrer.

c. 1 Emily's morh.. *r" ,r,O,r, ,5

"'*'i;l:
2 a Kimiko saw a picture on the wall.

b. Kimiko rccognized the people.

c. Kimiko looked at the picture €losely.

Nouns ond konouns I53

 3. a. Annika lost her ring yesterday.

b. -_ Anniks lost hei ring in the saod.

c. Annika lost her ring in the sand at the beach.

-
4. a. A telketive woman sat with her husband.

b. - lue were at a meeting.

c. - She tslked to her husband the mtbe time.

-
f, Exelcise 17. bt's lolk. (chort 6-4)
Review prepositions ofplace by using the given phrases in complete sentences. Demonstrate
the meaning of the preposition with an action while you say the sentence. rl!'ork in pairs, in
small groups, or as a class.

Erdflple. across the room

' I'n ualhinc across the rMm. oR I'm kuk;fig acloss the room,
t. above the door 9. below the window
2. against the wall 10. beside my book
3. toward(s) the door ll. near the door
4. between two pages ofmy book 12. far ftom the door
5. in the room 13. ofrmydesk
6. into rhe room 14. out the window
7. on my desk 15- behind me
8- at my d€sk 16. rtuough the door

tr Exercis€ 18, Gome: hivio. (chof 6-4)

work in smell groups. Answer the questions without lool'jng at a map. After you have
fiDished, look at a map to check your answers.r The team with the most correct answers wins

l. Name a country direcdy under Russia.

2. Name the country directly above Germany.
3. \yy'hat river flows through l-ondon?
4. \Yy'hat is e country nea. Haiti?
5. Name a country next toVietnam.
6. Name a city far from Sydney, Australia.
7. What is the country between Austiia and Switzerland?
8. Name the city within Rome,Italy.
9, Nam€ two countries that have a river between them.
10. Name a country that is across ftom Saudi Arabia.

'5.. T,itia AM, 9. 421 .

154 cHAmR 6
u Exercise 19. Reoding. (cho 6-4)
Read the passage and thcn answer the quesrions.

The Habitats ofa Rainforest

Rainforests have different areas where animals live. These areas are called habiats.
Scientists have given names to the four main habitats or layers ofa minforesr.
Some animals Iive in the rops ofgiant trees. The tops oftiese rrees are much higher than
the other trees, so this layer is called the emer"grr,rr lalai Many birds ard ins€cts live there.
Under the emergent layer is rl-\e cana?!. The canopy is rhe upper part of the trees. It is
tltick with leaves and vines, and it forms an umbrella over the rainforest. Most of fie animals in
t}te rainforest live in rhe canopy.
The next layer is the rzdrr"rrory. The understory is above the grcund and under the leaves.
In the undersrory, it is very dark and €ool. ft gets only 2 5% ofthe sunlight thar the canopy
gets. The understory has dre mosr insects of the four laye$, and a lot of snakes and frogs also

Finally, tlere is the/o/rsrlodl. On rhe surfa€e ofthis floor are fallen leaves, bBnches! and
otherdeb s.*" In general) the largest animals in the minforest live in this layer. Common
animals in this habiBr are tigers and go llas.

l. Name two tlpcs of animals rhar live in the tops of gianr trecs.
2. V/herc is the urderstory?
3. Where do you think most mosquiroes live?
4. r,Juhat are some differences between
the emeryent layer and the forcst floor?

r?usrad, = in botany, a pler rhsr is talle. th.n oder plans oround n. lkc a rau ree in o foresr
*a.i.6nr = loose, natuEl m.tdirl.like dirr

Nouns ond Pronouns I55

」 Exercise 20. wolm-up. (Cha"6-5)
Complete the sentences with infoⅢ Ⅲation about yoursel「

l h (認
"″ )
3 on ⑫り物 )
2 on (あ の 4 at ("η り

′η (a) Pleaso be on lime ir lhe future ln+め θ past he present"e″ rllre・

(b) I usually walch TV in lhe evening- θ norning.力 ea″enooo.・ lle even"g
(c) lwas bom in Oclobe,: "+め
(d) lwas bom in 1995.
ln+￨:li}
le) I was bo'n in the 2oth century.
(l) The woalher is hot in (the) sumner-

0″ lgl I was born on October 31 st- 995- 1 ar, + a(he

(h) I w€nt lo a movie on lru,.sday
(i ) I havs class on Ihursday moning\s). d, + (a) nelday mo.nirg(s), denrn(s), €r€ring(s)
a′ (1)We Sleep at n ght l was asieep a′ nidnoわ ′ ea + noon, night, midnight
(k)ilel asieep a,9130(η め● ) ,l + "clock lime'
"e‐
oο ηθ ηl Canltake a message? at + lhe momenL lhe pEsent fmo, present
()He S busy at"θ

'Possiblc i, Brnnh Enslish: in luture (e,s., Pkov b. on tinr in luhot.).

コ Exercise 2I. Looking dl gEmmor. (Chor1 6‐ 5)

Complere th€ sentences with ia, or, or oz. All the sentcnccs contah tlIIle eXpressions

Studious Smn has college classes . . .

1. the morning. 6 Saturdays.

2. the afterfloon. 7 Saturday momings.
3. the evening. 8
4 - nisht. 9 midnight.
5. - weekdays.
-
Unlucky Lisa has a b;rthdat tuety lon year,.

10. - February 29th- 13 2000

It. February 29th, 2000. 14 Fcbrtla,2000
12. February 15 tllc wntcr
-
Cool Carhs is
- a lashion daignet He\ Lhirlhing about clothing designs .

16. - the moment.

17. the present time.
18. the past.
-
-
-
156 cHAPI[R6
:l Exelcise 22. Lel's lolk: inlerview. (chod 6-s)
Complete each questior with an appropriare preposition. InteNiew seven classmates. Ask
each pe$on one question.

1. r,J(ahar
do you like to do _ rhe evening?
2. \r(lhat do you usually do night before bed?
3. \vy'hat do you like to do _ Sarurday mornings?
4. !(/hat did you do January Isr ofthis year?
-
5. What were you doing Jafluary lst, 2000 (the beginning ofde new
millennium)?
-
６  

How do you spend your ft€e time January?

-youI
７

What will you do wirh English skills _ rhe future?

コ Exelcise 23. Worm-up. (cho -

6-6)
Check (/) all the grammatically correct senrences.
l a llet A● cns in 2005 2. a. ke sold his car yesterday.
b ____I leftin 2005 Athcns b. _ Yesterday Lee sold his car.
C _In 2005,Ilei Athens c. - be sold yesterday his car.

S V PLACE T ME ln a typicalEnglish sentence, place"comes before'1imel'as in (a)

(a)Ann movedゎ Pa″ s わ 200θ
tNcoRREcI: Ann moved in 20A8 b Patis.
We went ・oa nOЙoソ esわ Oa′
S‐ V‐ O‐ P‐ T― Subied‐Verb-01eCt Place‐ Time
S V O P T
(basic Englsh sentence structure)
(b)VVe bOught a house in Mianiin 2005

TIME S V PLACE Expressions ol lime can also come atthe begtnning ot a sentence,
\c) tn 2008, Ann moved as in (c)and (d).
ld) Yestetday we wenl Al me phrase at lhe beginning ol a sentence is oflen lollowed by a

I Exelcise 24. Looking ol grqmmoL (chorr 6-5)

Put the given phmses in correct senrence order.
l. to Paris \ next month
Monique's company is going ro transfer hei

2. last week \ duoughTurkey

William began a bike trip

Nouns ond Pronouns I57

 3. at his uncle's bakery \ Alexi \ on Saturday mornilgs \ works

4. arrived \ in the early morning \ at the airport \ my plane

」 Exercise 25. Worm-up. (chorl6-7)

Add -s where appropnate. If no final -s is necessary, wdte o.
l. Lions roar 4. A tiger in the jungle roar
2. A lioo roar 5. Tigers in the jungle roar
3. Lions and tigers roar 6. Tigers in jungles roar
-.

A singular subjecl lakes a singular velb, as in (a).

The su, shirl€s. A plu€lsubiecl lakes a pluralverb, as in (b).
Notic6: yelb + -a = singular (shirss)
noun + -r= plwal lbitdsl
(b) Bida sing.

S,CUtt S'`utAR Two sublecls∞ nneded"“ ″take a p uralverb.as

IC)″/broめ α ″ves n Jaka由 in(d)

(d)￨″/brOめ er alld sお ね
「 ″ve n Jakarta

(e) The grasses over lhere under the winclow by the Sometimes phrases como belvJeen a subjecl and a
verb These phrases do nol allect lhe agreemenl ol
The intomatio, in lhose magazines aboLrl the subiect and velb.
(1)
Vietnamese cullure and cusloms i5 v6ry interosling

VS fherc + bo + sr./b./bclexpr€sses thal somelhing

(g) Ihere is a bookon lhe desk. exisls in a particLrlar place. The verb agrees wilh ihe
noun lhat,ollows Do.
vs
(h) Trere are some boots on the desk.

()=Ver/s″ den,ls s ttng dclwn Evary is a singularword. lt is us€d with a singular,

(1)FVery● ●dyrFye″ つne ttopes lor peace
tNcoRRECf: EVery St1denl' -. ,

Subjecls with .v6ry lake singular verbs. as in (i)

and (j).

(k) Peopre in my counlry aretiiendly Peopte is a plural noun and lakes a pluralverb.

158 cHAPTER6
-l Exercise 26. Looking ql grqmmor. (chorr 6-7)
Vork in small groups. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the velb from the list.
Discuss the words you use to describe diferent animal sounds in your native language.

ba* chirp hiss meow roar

lXhat sout& do these animok mahe?

l A dog 6. A bird

2. Dogs 7- Cats
'1. Lrons in rhe wild 8. Sea lions on a beach

,1. Lions, rigers, and leopards 9 A lizard

5. Every snake 10. Babv chickens

-l Exercise 2r. Looking ol grommor. (chort 6-7)

(\D. Correct errors in agreement.
IJEdsdils and identiry the subiect (S) and l}le verb

l. The students in this class speaki Efiglish very well.

2. My aunt and uncle speak Spanish. '0K(noetror).

3. Every students in my class speak English well.

4. There are five student fiom Korea in Mr. Ahmad's class.

5. There's a vacant apartment in my building.

6. Does people in your neighborhood know each other?

7. The neighbors in rhe apartment next to mine is very fiiendly and helplUl.

I txercls€ 28. Uslening. (chods 6-2 ond 6-7)

a Listen to the passage. Listen a second time and add -s where necessary. Before you tregin,
Gi you may want ro check your understanding of these words: s ,vat, fuL patu, fup, nud.

How Some Anhnels Stsy Cool

How do aflimalt2 stay cool in hot weather? Many animal don't sweat like

human so they have other way- to cool themselves.

14
-,
Dog
567
for example, have a lot of fur- and can become very hot. They stsy _
-,
cool mainly by paoting. By the wsy, if you don't know what prn rnS means, this is the sound of
panring.

Nouns ond Pronouns 159

 Cet lick their paw aod chest . v/hen their fur is wet, they
8910 Il 12

-
become cooler. - - - -
Elephant have very lerge ear-. when they ere hot, they can flap their huge
t3 l{
ear-. The -flapping ear- act like a fan and itcool- them. Elephant also
15 16 l? la t9
like to roll in the mud to stay cool.
20
-
J Exelcise Zr. Worm-up. (chod 6-8)
Think about the very first teacher you had. Choose words ftom b€low to descnbe him/her.

young liiendly
middle-aged unfriendly patient
elderly fun impatient

畑 ECrlV〔 HOUN Words lhal describe nouns are called ADlEcrtvEs.

(a) Bobis reading a good b00火 ln (ar: good is ar aotecrve ri descr,bes lhe book.
り ＞

the tall womanwote a now ctess. We say that adjectives "modit/ nouns. Modiry means "change
ｃ０

fhe shorl womanworc an olat drcss. a little.'An adiective changes lhe meaning ol a noun by giviog
fhe Wung womanwo@ e shorl ciess. more inlormation aboul il.

(e)
qoses aB beautiful flowers. Adiectives are neither singular norplural. They do Nor havo a
tN.oRREcf: Boses are beautiluls flowerc. plurallorm.

He wote a white shirt. Adjeclives usually com€ immedial€ly betore nouns, as in (r).
NCARBECI: He wOrc a shitt white. Adjecrives can also Jollow main verb be, as in (g) and (h).
Aoses arc beautiful.
His shilt was rl,le.

」 Exercise 3{r. Looking ol grommoL (chort 6-6)

Check (/) the phrases that have adiectives. Uqdsdiss the adiectives
l. -/ story
a gggry 4 a small, dark, smelly room

2. onTuesday 5.
- quickly and then slowly
3. - going to a femous place 6. long or short hair

-
」 Exercise 3I. Looking ql glommqr. (cho 6-E)
Add the given ediectives to ihe sentences. Choose tu)o of the three adiectives in each irem to
sdd to the sentence.

Ejrarrrl€r hard, hea!ry, strong A manl■ cd he box

' A strong man lifted the heary box
l. beautitul, safe, red Roses are flowers-

I60 CHAPTER 6
 2. empty, wet, hot The waiter poured coffee inro my cup.
3. ftesh, clear, hungry Mrs. Fields gave the kids a snack.
4. dify, modern, delicious Afrer our dinner, Frank helped me with the dishes.

I Exercise 32. looking ol g]ommor. (chor 6-8)

Vork in small groups.
Part I Add your own nouN, adjectives, and prepositions to the lisr. Don't look at Part II.
l. an adtective old 6. an adjective

2. a person's name 7. an adjective

3. a plural noun 8. a preposition ofplace

4. a plural noun 9. an adjective

5. a sinsular noun 10. a plulal noun

Part IL Complete the sentences wirh tle same words you added in Parr I. Some ofyuur
completions might sound a little odd or funny. Read your complered passage aloud to anotler
group or ro rhe rest ofthe class.

One day a/an old girl was walking in rhe ciry Her name was
I
. She was carrying a package for hcr grandmother. k conrained somc

,soコ nc , and ,an

5
things.

As she was walking do\lll the sareet, tan ulicF stole her packagc
6
1lhc girl pulled out her cell phore and called the police, rrho caught the

thicf a nearby building and returned her package to her. She took ir
8

immcdiatcly lo hcr grandmother, who was glad to get thc package

,
because she rcany necdcd some ncw

f Exelcise 33. Worm-up. (chod 6-9)

Combine the word c,rthez with the words in the list.

/ftesh hot /lees recipe soup

l εlた kι 4′ ∂′ぅ 4

2 1raラ わσll′θkcr_______― ―――――――――――――――- 5

3

Nouns ond Pronouns l6l

 I ha\e a llowet gardon, Somelimes words that are trsually used as nouns arc us€d as adjeclivos.
The shoe slole also sglls soclG, For example, ,rower is usually a noun, but in (a), ils used as an adjective
＞
ｃ●

$rcoBBECf: a llowers gerclen When a noun is used as an adiective, il is singular in lorm, Nor plural.
trcoq&ecf: lhe shoes stora

J Exercise 34. Looking ot grqmmoL (chort 6-9)

Underline and identi! the nouns (1.D. Use one of the nouns in the first sentence as an
adjective in the second sentence.

l. This book is about gremmar. It's a erandar baat'

2. My garden has vegetables. It's a

The soup has beans. It's

4. I read a lot ofalticles in magazines. I read a lot of

5. The factory makes toys. It's a

6. The villages are in the mounrains. They are

7. The lesson \ras about art. It was an

8. Flags fly from poles. Many governmert buildings have

J Exercise 35. looking (rl glommqL (chort 6-9,

Add -s to the ria,/,&ed nouns if necessary. Then agree or disagree with €ach statement.
Circle l,€r or no.

l. Or,e dey, compukt progams will make it possible for computers to think.
2. Computzt make life more stressfirl. yes no

3. Aiplane rrips erc enioyable nowadays.

4. Airglone don't h^ve enough legroom.
5. Br;ycle are better than cars for getting around in s crowded city. yes no
6. It's fun to watch ,ril,cle races like t\e Tbur de Fran e oDT\. yes

7. Zeg?taDL soups are delicious. yes

8. Fresh o.getabla are my favo te food.

'Vhcn onc noofl modifld dorh.r nouj ihe spokd sGs is usuallv on the 6nr noun: d aEmat ,@l

162 cHAmR 6
コ
Exelcise 36, Lislening ond speoking. (Chorh 6-l , 6-9)
´０ ＝
L Listen to two friends talking about findin8 an aparrment.
Phr,

Porr rr. Complete your own conversation, Perform ir for the class. You can use words fiom
the list. NoTE: This conversation is slightly diferenr from Part I.

I'm looking for e new place to live.

B: How come?

I nced
B: I just helped a fiiend flnd one. I can help you. What else do you want?

I \{.nt Also, I

I dont u?nt

B: An,'thing else?

would be nice.

B: That's e:pensive.

I guess I'm dr€aming.

f, ExeEise 37. Worm-up. (cho.t6-10)

Read the conversarioo. Irok at the personal pronouns in green. Decide if rhey are subiect or
obiect pronouns.

A: Did you hear? Ivan quit his iob.

I
B: I krow. I don't understand him. Between lou and me, I rhink it,s a bad decision.
2345
1. you subject object
2. I subiect obiect
3. him subject objecr
4. you subje€t objcct
5. me subiect obiect

Nouns ond Prcnouns 163

 )iects and ￨

Personal Pronouns
ヽURJ「 CT PRON()tNヽ : ′ ωで )rcu he, she, it theY
OB,ECI PRONOUNS: 171θ S you him, het, i them
“

s A pronoun refers lo a noun.

(a) Kate is married. She has lwo children. ln (a): srre is a pronouniit relers to Krle
t ___
ln (b): ,rer is a pronouniit relers to Kete.
O
helwel ln (a): Sheis a suBJEcr PAoNouN.
(b) Kate is my lriend. I know
ln (b): heris an oBJEcr PBoNouN.

(C) Mike has a new blue bike. A p.onoun can reler lo a single noun (e.9., Krre) orlo a noln phrase
He boughl /t yeslerday. ln (c) il relers lo rhe $,ho € naun pn?se a new blue bike.

s Guidelines lor using pronouns iollowing ardl

(d) EE7i7I are good trienos. ll the pronounas used as parl ol the subiect, us€ a subjecl
pronoun, as in (d).
o
(e) Ann met ffiIi7il a the museum. lllhe pronoun is parl oJ lhe obiecl, use an object prcnoun,
as in (e)and (f).
OoiPFEP
nco11Ecf: Eic an<! me erc good lnends.
Ann watt<ed belween EZ7n77d
tNcoRREcr: Ann met E c and Iatlhe museum,

SNG― R PRKINOUNS: ′ ″ ツ0" みe,sII′ ,1` 7111PI,″ α

PLURハエ PRCINOUNS: tOC お ,0“ の ι
み
"
:
Ｏ

Itike is in class. He is laking a test. Singular one. Plural = more lhan one.
  ｈ

The sluderts arc in class. They arc Singular pronouns reler lo singular nouns; plural pronouns reler lo
taking a tesl. plural nouns. as in the examples.

(1) Kate ancl Tom arc manied. TheY

」 Exercise 38. Looking ol grommoL (chort 6-10)

w te the nouns that the pronouns in boldface refer to.

1. The apples were rotten, so the children didnl eat thern even though they were really
hungr-v.

b. they =

2. Do bees sleep at ght? Or do thev work in the hive all night long? You never see them
after dark. What do they do after night falls?
a they =
b ■ cm‐

c tlley =

164 cHAPIR6
 3. Thble tennis began in England in the late 1800s. Today it is an inrernational sport. My
brother and I played it a lot when we were teenagers. I bear hi,n sometimes, but he was
better player and usually won.

﹂ ・
ヽ ︶    Ｃ

ｍ
d hc =

tr Exercise 39. Looking ql grqmmor, (chort 6-t o)

Circle the correct words in irdl,cr.
l. Toshi ate dinner with 1, tte.
2. Toshi ate dinner with Mariko and 1,2r.
3. 1, ne had dinner with Toshi last night.
4. Jay drcve Eva and I, me to the store. He waired for zL,c, ?lr in the car.
5. Ar I want to get tickets for the soccer game.
B: You'd better get it, then tig)i a'ray. h, They n, dr€ selling fast.

tr Exercise rO. Looking dl grommor. (chort 6-l o)

it, he", hint, they, or them.
Complete the sentences'rtit\ she, he,

l. I have a grammar book. /t is black.

2. Brian borrowed my books. Yesterday.

3. Sonya is wearing some rew ear ngs. look good on

,1. Don't look direcilv at the sun. Don,i look ,r directly even if vou are
wearing sunglasses. The inrensiry ofits light can irjure your eyes.

5. Recertly,I read about "micromachines." are machines that are smaller

than a grain ofsand. One sciemist called "the greatest scientGc invention

Nouns ond Pronouns 155

コ Exercise 4l . worm-up. (chod6-ll)
March the phrases to the pictures rhat describe them.

Pictue A Picture B

1 _ the teacher's ofrce

2 _ the teachers'offce

sNGULAR:(a) lknow the student's name. An apostrophe (') and an -3 arc used wilh nouns lo
PLURAL: (b) I know the sruderls'names.
pruuAr: (c) I know the clrl'rdrer's names.
denib name
匡くコＤＯ Ｚ 一

(d)the student → the siυ S1NGULAB POSSESSIVE NOUN:

my baby → my bab/も name noun + afnstrcPhe \'l + -a

a man → a man3 name
A siflgular noun lhal ends in -! has lwo possible
∽

(e)」 ames → Janes′ Janesb name possessive loms: James' oR Jamesb.

(l) lhe studenls + lhe studerts'names PLUML POSSESSIVE XOUN:

my babios r my Dabies'names noun + -3+ apostophe l"t
(g) men + merbnames IRREGULAH PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN:
the children J lhe crrrdrerb names noun + apostrophe (') + -3
(An iregular plural noun is a plural noun lhal doss not
endin -s: chilclren, men, people, woman- Soe
Chart 6-1.)

Comparel ln (h): 10rr'6 is not a poss6ssiv6 noun. ll is a

(h)TOn● hero conlraclion of Iom is, used in anlormal writing,
(1)r● lrother s hero ln (i): Iomb is a possessivs noun.
"●

コ Exelcise 42. Looking ol glommoL (chori 6-l l)

Decide ifthe meaning ofthe rralnr'-:ed word is "one" or "more man One'

L The teachcr answered the vxden, ! questions. (ne) mOrc than one
2. The teacher answered the.rudrra que\Lions one mOre than onc
3. Our daug,irters' bedroom is next to our rcom. onc more than one

166 cHAPI[R0
 ´”     く
Our sort room is downstairs. one more than one
one
，
M?r?t clothing is on sale at the department store. more than one

    ´い ﹀
This looks like a ?.,omdr! shirt. one more than one

O Exerciso 43. Looking ol grommor. (chort 6,l t)

I-ook at the Nelson's family tree. Complete the sentences using the correct possessive form.
1 1Vθ ′ち 、ife is Ella

2. husband is Sam.
[‖ a+Ned
3. Howard is broth€r.
4. Howard is husband.
5. grandmother is EIla.
Lisa + Sam Howard + Moni,
6. parents are SBm and Lise.
I

7 Ena and grandson isWilliam. william

8. Howard and Monica arc aunt and uncle.

tr Exercise 44. Oome: tiviq. (chort 6- I r )

Work in small groups. Use the correct possessive form of rhe given nouns to complete the
sentences. Decide if the information is true or false. The group with the most correct answers

l. earth The surface is about 70oZ water. TF

Ｔ  Ｔ  Ｔ

Ｆ  Ｆ  Ｆ
2. elephent skin is pink and wrir*led.
3. man Pat is a namc

Pat is a name

The area for language is larger in TF

Ｔ Ｔ  Ｔ

Ｆ Ｆ  Ｆ
6. Men brains are bigger than wom€n's brains-
7. person A eyes blink more if he/she is nervous.
8. P€ople voices always ger lower as they age.

」 Exercise tL5. Worm-up. (chorr 5-r2)

Check (/) all the grammatically correct rcsponses.
Whose camem is this?
l. It's my camera. 5. It's your camere.
2. _ [t's mine, 6. - It's your's.
I Ir's mv ?. - It's theirs.
4. It's yours. 8, - It's their camera.

- -
*See 7i{ p.421
'n,4,sd^,

Nouns ond Pronouns I67

This p€n belongs io me. Examples (a) and (b) have lhe sam€ moaningilhey
both show possession.
(b) ll is mypen. t/tine is a possessive pronoun; firy is a possessite
adiective-

POSSESSⅣ T PRONOυ NS POSSESST!'E ADJECTN'ES A PossESSIVE PRONOUN iS uSed alone,without a noun

lo‖ owing t
(C)l have nfne
ld)You have y● ur8 A PossESSIVE ADJECTIV[iS uSed only with a noun
lolowing it
(e)She has Lr3 She has ,rel pen.
′わaVe n′ ″e ρθ
(1)He has hrs 'VCORttECI "
ο●/s
ORRECr ′施 Ve lη /
(9)WO have “
(hl You have y● J嘔 You have your p€ns.
()Thoy have● elB They have thek pens.
I havs a book.

ln(k) jtS(NO apostrOphe)is a pOSSessive adiectiVe

(k) Sue gare me a book. ldon'l r6m6mber ns litle. mod iying the noun t'“
(l) Sue gave me e book, ,l's a nov€|, nO ″●lW h an apostrOphe)O a contra“ on ol″ 十1S

∞ MPAREめe17VS● θre vsめ ey rel fheh, therc, and they're have the same
(m)The students havo● e″ books prcnunciation, bul not lhe same m€aning.
(n)My bOOkS are over● o70 tieir:possessivs adjsclivg, as in lm)
(。 )Where are the students?■ わe/re in class tlrere: an expression ol placo, as in (n)
they?e = key arc, as in lol

コ Exercis€ 1l5. looking ol grommoL (chorl6-12)

Circle the correct completions-
I. Alice called (<g)hers h',end.
2. Hasan urote a letter to ,[rs, ,re'r mother.
3. Itl Irr normal for a dog to chase ,i'! its tail.
4. The bird cleaned itr, ,it feathers vrith iat, tit beEk.
5. Paula had to drive my car to work. Hen, Het hsd a fl^t tire.
6. Junko fell offherbike and broke hen' her arm.
7. AnAstasia is a good friend of me, mine.'
8. I met a friend of rou, yo ts yesteday.
9. A: Excnse me. ls t\is ny' nine pen or to r, tons?
B: This one is nry, mine. Your, Yolt is on ,oul, J,,or/^ d€sk.

rAtind ol + e6s.in p@ow (..8-,afuofaitu) ist @moD qp6sio!.

l6t cHAmn 6
 10. a. Adam and Arnanda are married. Thq, Them live in an aparnnent buildilg.
b. Their, Thete, Trey're apartment is on the fifth floor.
c. We Iive in the same building. Orr, Ours apartment has one bedroom, bur rieir,
,reirr has two.
d. Their, There, I'hq'rc sirtjng ,heir, thete, fiqt're now because their, there, they're
waiting for a visit ftom ,heir, therc, hqt're son.

」 Ex6lcise 47. Worm-up. (chod 6-13)

Work in small groups. Use a mirror to demonstrare the following senrences. Take turns saying
the sentences while srudenrs perform the actions,

L I am looking at myself. 5. They are looking at themselves.

2. You are looking at youftelf. 6. She is looking at hercelf.
l. You are looking ar you$elves. 7, We are looking at ourselves,
4. He is looking at himself.

(a) / saw mys€I, in lhe mirror- Reliexive pronouns end in -selfl-selyes. They ar6 us6d
(b) Yo, (one pe6on) saw yot /serl when lhe subjecl (o.9., ,) and lhe obiect (e.9., rryser) are
(c) Sre saw heBerl
himsell (d) Hesaw himsen tNcoBFEcr: I saw me in the mfuoi
iisall (€) l(e.9., the kitlen) saw ,rserf.
ll) We saw ourselves-
(g) You (plural) saw yourserves.
(h) Ireysaw fiemselves.

til Greg lives by himsell_ By+ a rcfle\ive pronoun: alone

(i) / sat by myserton lhe park bench. h (i): Greg lives alone, wilhoul family or roommaies.

\k) I enjoyed myselt atthe lar. Enloy and a lew olher verbs are commonly lottowed by a
rellexive prcno!n. See the lisl below.

Common Erp.o$lons wllh Retlexive Pronouns

g'v€ yourself (som€thing)

Nouns ond Prcnouns 169

tr Exelcise 48. looking al glEmmor. (chort 6-13)
Complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns.
l. Are you okay, Heidi? Did vou hurt .vourself ?

2. ko raught to play the piano. He never had a teacher.

3. Do you ever talk to ? Most pcople talk to

some[lmcs

4. A newborn baby can't take care of

5. It is important for aI ofus to have confidence in our own abilities. We need to believe in

6. lsabel always wishes good luck before a big rest.

?. Kazu, therc's plenty offood on the tatrle Please help

8. t couldn't believe my good luck! I had to pinch to make sure I

wasn't dr€aming.

B Ex€r€ise 49. Lislening. (chod 6-13,

a Listen to the sentenc€s and complete them with refl€xive pronouns.
@
G, Exanole: You will hear: The accident was my fault. I caused it. I was responsible. In other
rds.tblamed...
You will write: r''tedt'
４
１

 
 

５
２     ３

 
６

tr Exercise 50. t3l's lolk inlsrvieur. (cho 6-13)

Interview siy srudents in your class. Ask each student a different question Share some of
rheir answers with the class.

l. ln this town, what is a good way to enioy yourselJ?

2. How do people introduce themselves in your country? Vhat do rhey say?
3. Have you ever wished yourselfgood luck? when or why?
4. Have you ever felt sorry for yourseF Or, have you ever felt proud ofyourseP lfso' why?
5. When athlet€s talk to themselves before an important event, what do you imagine thcv say?
6. ln your country, at what age does a person usually begin living by himself or herselP

I70 CHAPIER 6
 Exelcise 5I. Worm-up. (cho 6-14)
Choose the picture that matches the description.

One flower is red. Another is yellow. The other is pink.

(a) There is a large bowl ol apples on lhe tabre. Paut ,Arorrrffm€ans "one more oU o, a group ot similar
is going lo eat one apple. lf he is slill hungry alter il6ms, on6 in addilion to the one(s) already menlioned,"
that, he can eal anolher apple. There are many
/lrotlrar is a combinalion ol a, + olr,€4 wrillen as
apples to choose lrom.

T71″ 0`″ gr

There are two apples on lhe lable. Paul is going to Ihe olrter means "lhe last one in a specilic groupilhe
eal on€ oflhem. Sara is going to eal the only one thai remains irom a given number ol similar

Anoth and the other?an bo us€d as adjeclives in

(C) PaulateOneapple Thenheatel:￨:￨:￨:::le lronl ol a noun (e.9., apple) or in Jronl of the word ora
Anolhet and the othor can also be used alone as

oヽ d ae me中
"sara“
。1籠 指響
Nouns ond Pronouns I7I
」 Exercise 52. Looking ql grommor. (chod 6-14)
Complete tlle sentences vilh onother ot thc oahet.

1. There are wo birds in Picture A. One is an eagle. ---&c orter is a chicken.

2.
Picture A

There are three birds in Picture B. One is an eagle.

w{
Picturc B

one is a chicken.
b. bird is a crow.

3. Therc are many kinds ofbirds in the world. Onc kind is an eagle
ａ    ｂ

kind is a chicken.
kind is a crcw.
C kind is a sea gull.
d. WIar is the name of klnd of bird ul tllc world'

4. It rained yesterday, and ftom the look ofthose dark clouds, we're going to have

5. Nicole and Michelle are identical twins. The best way to tell them apart is by looking at
rheir ears. One of rhem has pierced ears, and

6. Fmnce borders several countries. One is Spain. is lta卜 i

」 Exelcise 53. Wolm-uP. (chorl6-15)

Match the sentences to the correct pictures.

Pictl■ rc A Picture ts
１   ２

Some are rcd. othe6 are yellow.

Some are red. The others are yellow.

-
I72 CHAPTER 6
6-
Other(s)

Ther€ ars many apples in Paul's kitchen. Pau, is Ot rer(s) (withoul lrte)means "sevelalmo.e out ol a
holding one apple. group of similar ilems, several in addition to the one(s)

(a) thetearc othq applos in a bowl. akeady mentionedl'

(adj6rive) + (nou.) Ihe adjeclive ofrer(withoul an -s) can be used with a
(b) There are ofl,er ones on a plale.
pluralnoun (e.9., apples)or with the word ores.
(adjerive) + ones Others (with an -s) is a plural pronouni it is not used
There are others on a chair.
(ponoun) l^ \c). others - othet apples

The other(s)

There are lour apples on the lable. Paul s going Il,e ofrer(s) means '1he lasl ones in a specific group,
the remains from a grven number of s miar lems.'
(d) Sara is going to take Ihe olrrer(withoul an -s) can be used as an adtective
as n (d) and (e).
in front ol a noun or the word ores,
Sala is going to lake Ihe olterc (wi1h an -s) is a p ura pronouni il is nol

(l) Sara is go ng lo lake ln (f): t ,e others = the othet apples

Nouns ond Pronouns 173

I Exelcis€ 54. looking ot grcmmor. (chorts 6-li!ond 6-15)
Perform these actrons.

l. Hold two pens. Use a form of o,rs, to describe the second pen.
, I'n holdinc Rr,\, pe/E. O r i mine, and the othet bellings t Ahmed.
2. Hold three pens. Use a form of oria to describe the second and third pens.
3. Hold up your two hands. One of them is your right hand. Tell us about your left hand,
using a form of ott?r.
4. Hold up your right hand. One of the five frngers is your thumb. Usirg forms of orter, tell
us about your index finger, then your middle finger, then your ring 6nger, and then your
little finger, the last ofthe five fingers on your right hsnd.

tr Exercise 55. Looking ol glommoi. (chq{ 6-15)

Complete the sentences wit\ other(s) ot the othe(s) .

l. There are many kinds of animals in the world. The elephant is ooe kind. Some
atharo ate igers, horses, and bears.

2. There are many kiods ofanimals io the world. The elephant is one kind. Some
kinds are tigers, horses, and bears.

3. There are rhree colors in the Italian flag. On€ ofthe colo$ is red.
are green and white.

4. There are thrce colo$ in the Italian flag. one ofthe colors is red.
colors are green and whitc.

5. Many people like to get up very early in the morning. Iikc n)

sleep unril ooon.

6. There are many kinds ofgeometric figures. Some are circles.

figures are squares. StiII are rectangrlar.

□ ￨ ￨○ △
7. There are four geometric figures in the above dre$ing. One is a square.
figures are a rectangle, a circle, and a tdangle.

8. ofthe four geometric figures in the drawing, only the circle has curved lines.
have straighr lines-

I7. CHAPIEP 6
I Exercise 55. Lel's reod ond wrile. (chods 6-13 ,6-15)
Pa', L Read the passage and answer the questions.

Calrrins Yourser
\vhen was the last time you felt nervous or anxious? Vrere you able to calm yourself.)
There arc a variety of techniques that people use to calm tiemselves. Here are three that many
people have found hetptul.
One way that people relax is by imagining a peaceful place, such as a tropical beach.
Thinking about the warm waterj cool breezes, and steady sounds ofthe o€ean waves helps
people calm rhemselves- Another popular method is deep breathing. In}Ialing deeply and then
slowly exhaling is an easy way for people to slow their heart rate and relax their body. Still other
people find exercise helpful. Some people benefit from a slow activity like a 2o-minute walk.
Others prefer activiiies that make them tired, like running or swimming.
How about you? How do you calm yourself when you feel nervous? Do any of these
methods help you, or do you do other things to rela-.(?

1- Whar arc three ways people relax when they are nervous? (Use on e and aao,rrel in your

2. do some people choose actMties like running and s$.imming as a way to relax?
',J(/hy
3. Imagine you are trying to relax by thinking ofa peaceful place. \uhat place would you
think of?
4. How do you relax when you are nervous?

Pa.t 1I. Read this paragraph by one student who tells how he rela-les when he's nervous.

How I Calm Down

Sometimes I feel nervous, especially when I have to give a speech. My body begins to
shake, and realize lhat I have to calm myself down. This is the technique I use: I imagine myself
in a peacelul' place. My favorile place in the world is the sea. I imagine myself on the watet I am
floating. I feel the warm waler around me. The sounds around me are very relaxing. I only hear
the waves and maybe a few birds. I don'l think about the past or the luture. I can feel my heart
rate decrease a little, and my body slowly starts to calm down.

PaltIrl IlT te a paragraph about how you relax when you are nefious. Follow the model.
Give specifrc details about how you rclax and what the results are.

Sometimes I feel nervous, especially when I have to .My

and I realize thal I have to calm myself down. This ls lhe
lechnique I use:

Norins ond Pronouns 175

 SINGULAR anolher apple anolher Noiice thal the word ot rers (oth€r + linal -s ) is used only as a
PLURAt otherapples others

SINGUIAR the other apple lhe olher

PLURAL lhe olher apples ths olhers

」 Exelciso 57. Looking ol glommor. (Chorts 6-1 5 ond 6-1 6)

Complete the senrences with correct forms of other: onoahe\ oahe\ oahers, the oaheL

1. Juan has only two suits, a blue one and a gray one. His wife wants him ro buy
anol:her one.

2 Juan has rwo suits. One is blue, and ls gray

3 Some suits are blue. arc gray

4 Some jackets have zippers. jackets have buttons.

5 Some people keep dogs as pcts have cats. Still

people have 6sh or birds as pets.

6 Mv bovfriend gave me a ring. I tied to put it on mv ring finger, bur ir didn\ lir. So I had
tO putlt On finger.

7. People have two thumbs. One is on the right hand. is on rhe

8. Sometimes when ['m rhirsty, I'll have a glass of water, but often one glass isn\ enough, so
I'1l have onc

9 ncrc are nve letters inふ c wordチ た One Ofthc lettcrs ls a vowel
“
are consonants

10. Smith is a common last name in English. common namcs are

Johnson, Jones, Miller, Anderson, Moore, and Browr.

♂ uStCn to each con“ on and drdc■ e corcct絣 "cmCntい rb)

rsa●

縦,・ :乳 :謡 :籍 鵜:は 1:斜 轟:il露lc` :醤

2 a ne speakers havc only● vo fa、 っHtc colors

b ■lle speakers havc morc■ anヽvo fa、 o● tc colors

176 cHAPTER0
 3. a. There are several roads the speakers can take,
b. There are two roads the sp€rkers can take.

4. a. There are only two wa]s to get downtown.

b. lhere are more than two wa,B to ger downtown.

5. a. the speaker had more than four pets.

b. The speaker had only four pets.

tr Exercise 59. Lislening. (Chorts 6-t5 ond 6-t6)

A Listen to the conversauon about dealing with loneliness. Complere the sentences with the
td -""a. """ r'.,"
A: What do you do when you're feeling lonely?

B: I go someplace \rhere I can be around people. Even if they

are strangen, I feel better when there are around me. Hoi{
about you?

A: That doesn't work for me. For example, ifl'm feeling lonely and I go to a movie by
mysel! I look at all people who are there with their friends
and family, and I start to feel even lonelier. So I try to find
things to do to keep m]'selfbusy. Vhen I'm busy,I don't feel lonely.

Q Exercise 60. Check your knourledge. (chopter 6)

Edit the sentences. Cofiect errors in nouns, pronouns, adiectives, and subject-verb agreement.
$/ioheo
1. Jimmy had three ivish for his birthday.

2. I had some black beans soup fo! lunch.

3. The windows in our classrcom is dirty.

4. People in Brazil speaks Portuguese.

5. Are around 8,600 qpes ofbirds in t1te world.

6. My mother and father work ir Milan. Their teacher's.

7, Today many womens are carpenter, pilot, and doctor.

8. Is a new studeot in our class, Have you met her?

9. There are two pool at the park. The smaller one is for childs. The another is for adults.

10. The highwals in my counEy are excellents.

11. I don't like my apartment. Its in a bad neighborhood. Is a Iot ofcrime. I'm going to

move to other neighborhood.

Nouns ond Ponouns I77

」 Exeに ise l. Wolm-up. (cho 7-r)
Check(′ ) the seniences that are gmmmatically cofrect.
1 _ I can speak English well.
2 _ He cans speaks Eng:lish well.
3 _ She can to speak Enelish well.
4 ____ Our neighbors can speak some English.
5 _ My parents can't speaking English at all.

The verbs lisled below arc called "modal auxiliaies ' They arc helping verbs lhai express a wde range of
meanings (ability, permisson, possibilily, necossily, etc.). [losl ol lhe modals have mor€ lhan one meaning.

Auxiliary + the Simple Forrn ofaVerb

(a)019a can Spea″ English Can, could, nay, night, should, had bettea nust, will,
(b)He Cο uldnt cometo class and uould are immedialely Jollowed by lhe simple lom
(C)“ ′ηa/raln tomorro‖
ln tOmOrrow
. They are nol tollowed by lo.
mighl (d)‖ ‐●
"!僣 tNcoRFECf: olga can lo speek English-
ο υld Srud/hardet
should (e)Mary sわ . The main verb does not have a linal -s.
had beiler (1)l hadゎerrer s,"dy lonight
tNcoRREcr: Olga can speaks English-
(9)B ly!You"● s'″ Stento me . The main verb is not in a past lorm.
will ・ 。tomorrow
(h)I Wll′ bein cl・ tNcoRREcr: Olga can spoke English.
(1)ν bυ ″ you please C′ OSethe dooF . Tho main lerb is nol in ils -Iag blm-
tNcoRREcr: Olga can speaking English-

Auxiliary + to + the Simple Form of a Verb

(1)￨力 ave fo s:“ dy tonight 7o+ll e simρ わ ん″η s used wththese aux市 ales
わayθ わ 力avθ クο:わ Oe aわ た O and Oυ OI′ lo
(k)l have golわ S"d/ton19ht
(￨)Kate ls able fo srud/harder
oughi to (m)Kate Ollgわ !● 3"dy harder

1フ 8
O Exorclso 2. looking dl grommor. (chor 7-l)
+ corra. Add ,o where necessary.
Make scntences with the given verbs IJse this model:
la aonighL

Exanpb:
- can - l*o can ame tonight.

l. mey 6. mighr
2. should 7. had bener
3. ought 8. has
4. will not 9. has gor
5. could Dot 10. is not able

.l Exerci$ 3. Ustening. (chort 7-r)

.4 Listen to rhe senrences. Add ,o where necessary. If to isn\ necessary, write 0-
q? Noiice thet ro may sound like "ra."
l. I heve la go dowtrtowD tomorrow.
2. You must -,L fasten your seat belt.
3. Could you please opell the window?

4. May I borrow- your e&Ner?

5. I'm not-able sign the contract tod6y.

-
6. Today is the deadline. You must sign itl

7. I have got - rhis afternoon.

go to the post oftice

8. Shouldn't you save some of your money for emergencies?

9. I feel bad for Elena. She has have more sutgery.

10. Alexa! Stop! You must not - rurt into rhe streer!

-
f Ex€GFa 4. Wolm-up, (chort 7-2)
Circle the best completion for each sentence. Discuss your answers.
l. A newborn baby can lcan\ roll over.
2. A bAby offour months can /can't smile.
3. A newbom baby iabletal;s \ able to see bleck and whire shapes.
4. A baby ofsix months is able ro l;sn'table b see colors.
5. When I was nine months old,I could lcoul.ln't crawl.
6. rWhen I was nine monrhs old,I could / couldn't welk

Modol Auxllo● es 179

 (a) Bob can piaylhe piano. Crn expresses abrrty in lhe presenl orfuture.
(b) You ca, buya scrowdri!€r al a hardware slor6.
(c) I can me€iyou atTed's tomorow afternoon.
The negative lorm ot ce, may be wrinen crr,'t crnrot,
(d)￨{ElililunderStandthatSentenCe

ln spoken English, ce, is usually unstressed and

1e\ t can gi.
pronounced /ken/ :'kun."
g tcl so Car't is slressed and pronounced /k@n?/. wllh lhe linal
sound being a glottalslop.* The glottalstop replaces the
/t/ in spoken English. Occaslonally nalive speakers have
trouble hearing lhe diflerence belween cat and car't
and have to ask lor clarilication.

(g) Our son could 116r* when ho was one year old. The pasi lorm ol ca, s courd

lh) He coutcln t walkwhen he was six months old. The negalve ol courd is coulcln't ot could not.

()He Can read Ability can also be exprcssed wilh a form ol td aDre la
(1)He lS aoた to rea` Examples (i) and (j) have the same meaning.
(k)She cο υld fead Examples (k) and (l) have lhe same meaning.
()She Was a● le ro read
rAdoftl sop is the sound you her. in tb€ nesative "unh-uh." The an is sropped hy tle closing ofvour slotis in th. back ofvou
tnroai. The phonetic synbol for th. slotal stop is /?/.

I Exercise 5. looking ol gtommor (chod 7-2)

Para t Complete the sentences with ca, or caz'r.

l A dog swim, but it a.

2 A frog live both oo land and in water, but a cat

3. A bilingual person speak three languages, but a trilingual person

4 People with a Ph.D. degee use "Dr." in flont oftheir name, but people
with a master's degree

Par,IL Restate the sentences in Part [. Use be able to.

」 Exercise 6.Let'sI● lk:intervieui(chart 7‐ 2)

Intcrvic、 v your classmatcs Ask cach student a dlrcrent question. If the answer is "yes,"
ask the fo1lo、 v― up question in parcnthescs Sharc somc of your answers with the class.

130 CHAPT[R7
 Canyou...
1. speak more than two languages? (Which ones?)
2. play chess? (How long have you played?)
3. fold a piece of paper in half more than six times? (Can you show me?)
4. draw well- for example, draw a picturc ofme? (Canyou do it now?)

5. write clearly with both your right and left hands?

(Can you show me?)
6. pat the top ofyour head with one hand and rub your
stomach in a circle with the other hand at the same time?
(Can you show me?)
7. drive a stick-shift car? (when did you learn?)
8. pley a musical insuument? (which one?)

f Exercise 7. Lislening. (Chod 7-2)

A Listen to the conversation. You will hear reductions for cafl a,].d can't. write the words you
@ h""..
''"'n " In the cl""".oorr.
A: I this math assignment.

B:I you $'irh that.

Ａ

Really? this prcblem ro me?

Ｂ

$fe11, we our r}le ansrler unless $e do this part 6rsr.

Ａ

Okayl Bur it's so hard.

Ｂ

Yeah, but I know you ir. Jusr go slowl]'.

Ａ

Class is almost over. me after school todav to finish this?

Ｂ

well, I you right after school, but how about at 5:00?

Ａ

Greatl

」 Exercise 8. Lel's lolk. (cho 7-2)

Complete the sentences \$ith couldlcouldn'tlbe able tolnot be abl.e ro and your own words.

Exam?le: Ayeat ago I but now I can.

A year aso I co dn\ sreak Enelbh, but nou I can.
' -,
l. When I was a child,I but now I can.
2. When I was six, I bur I wasn\ able ro do thar
when I wes three -,
3. Five yeaff ago,I -, but now I can't.
i[. In the past,I , but now I am.
-,

Modol Auxl:ories 181

」 ExeEise 9. Worm-up. (chod 7-3)
Check (/) ihe sentences in each goup thar have rhe same meaning.

GROUP A
l. _ Maybe it will be hot tomonow.
2. It might be hor tomorrow.
1. _ It may be hot tomorrow.

GRor,.P B
4. You can have dessert, now.
5. _ You may heve dessert, now.

GRoUP C
6. _ She can't stay up late.
7. _ She might not stay up late.

la) ll may rain lomonow. lrry and ,rglrt express posslbirty in the present or
(b) ll rright ra,r lomofiow. lulure. They have lhe same meaning. There is no
(c) isn'l John in class? dilf€rence in meanins between (a) and (b).
-Why
- r don r know. H" "Y il
II miqht be sick rodaq

(d) ll mry nol rrin tomonow. Negarive: fiay not and might not
(el ll mlght not hin lomofiad. (Do nol contracl mayand mighl wilh not.)

(J) /lraybe it wall rain lomorow ln (l) and {g): maybe (spelled as one word)is an
adverb. lt'neans -possrbly.- lr comes al lhe beg'nnrng

(g) /ttayDe John is sick. (adl6rb) NCARREC|: n willnaybe Ain lomoffOw.

(h) John may re sick. (verb)
ln (h): mey be (two words)is a velb lom: lhe
au\lliary ney + the nan veh be-
Eramples (g) and (h) have the same meaning.
tNcoRREcr: John matbe sick-

Yes, children, you may have a cookie atler dinner. ,ray is also used to give perm,ss,br, as in (0.
Ca, is often used lo give permissior, loo, as in (j).
Okay, kids, you car l,ave a cookie aher dinner-
NorE: Examples (i) and 0) have the same meaning,
bul ,nry is more formal ihan cra.

(k) You may ,or nrve a cookie M.y not and c.nnot (can 't) ar6 us€d io deny
You car't have a cookie. p€rmission (i.e.,lo say "no").

I82 CHAPTER 7
-l Exercise I0. Looking ot grommoL
Complete the sentences wrt}, cab
(chort 7-3)
,fiq), ot ,n grrr. Identiry the meaning expressed by the
modals: possibility or permission.
In a courtroom for a speeding ticket
,. No one sp€sks without the iudge's permissiott. Yo.r may / can not sPeak until the
judge asks you a question. Meaning: P.rmn,;ah

2. The iudge reduce your fine for your speeding ticket, or she
not. [t depends. Mearirg.'
3. You not aryue with rhe judge. Ifyou argue,you will get a fine.

4. You hav€ a sEong case, bur I'm not sure ifyou will convince rhe judge You
Ivln or yOu

」 Exercise I I. Looking ol grommoL (chod 7-3)

Rewrite the sentences with the words in parentheses.
l. It may snow tonight.
(misho
(Maybe)

2 You might need to wear your boots.

(may)
(Maybe)

3. Mevtre there will be a blizzard.

(mav)
(mich0

Modol Auxllorios 1 03
J Exercise 12, Lat's lolk. (chort 7-3)
Answer each question wir\ rnatr, ,night, a'rd ,naybe. Include at least three possibilities in
eech answer. li'ork in pairs, in small groups, or as a class.

E ampb: whet arc yo[ going to do tomorrow?

I don't hruxL. I nay go dotontnun. oR I rnigha go ro the laundrcmat.
' Maybe I'll studr all da!. V4to k tdts?
l. Whar are you going to do tomorrow night?
2. \fhat's the weather goiog to be like tomorrow?
3. What is our teacher going to do tonight?
4. (_ ) isn't in class today. Where is he/she?
5. What is your occupation going to be ten years fiom now?

..l Exelciso 13. listening. (chorts 7-2 ond 7-3)

. ,nar, or,rrrgrrr.
You will hear sentences with carr, Decide if the speakers are expressing
CO atrilirv- oossibiliw. or oermiss'on-

"'" cro pt", You will hear: A: where'svictor?

B: I don't know. He may be sick.
You will choose: abiliE- permission

l. ability possibility permission 4. ability possibility permission

2. ability possibility permission 5. ability possibility permission
3. ability possibility permission

U Exercise I4. Worm-up. (chort 7-4)

In which senrmce is rhe speaker expressing a past ability? s present possibility? a futule possibility?

A soccer Ssme
l. There is 6ve minutes Ieft and the score is 3 3. Our team could win.
2. The goalie is on the ground. He could be hurt.
l. Our team didn\ win. we couldn't score aoother goal.

How was lhs movie? Courdyou One meaning ol cour., is past abiiil)4 as in (a).r
(a)
- urderctsrd lh€ Engiish? Another meaning o, courd is poss/ib,ir1y.
Nol very w€ll. I coulcl only un.lerstanclil ln lb): rle could be slckhas lhe same meaning as
- wilh lhe help ol subtitlgs. He nay/night be sick, i.e., ll is possible that he is sick-

(b) isn'l Greg in class? ln (b): courd erpresses a presenl possibility.

-Why
I don't knd. H6 couid De sick.
(c) Look at those dark clouds. lt could start raining ln (c): courd expresses a future possibility.

'S● 2
`=]so Chart 7‐

I84 CHAPTER 7
-l Exelcise 15. Looking ol grommor. (chotu 7-2 ond 7-4)
Does coard express past, present, or future time? what is the meaning: ability or possibiliry?

Scntcnce Possibili●

l. I corl/ home hte tonight.

De Donl
wah for me for dinner.
2. Thirty years ago, when he was a small
child, David could spsdA Swahili fluentlv.
Now he's forgotten a lot ofit.
). where's Alicia?
I don't knou She coxld re at the mall-
, When I was a child. I .ruA climb neEs,
but no$r I'm too old.
Ilis leave lor the airport now. Yuki's
plane coulA arrfue eafly, and we want
to be there when she arrives.
6 Vhat's that on the carpet?
I donl know. It looks like a bug.
Or it coald De a piece oftuzz.

f, Exercis€ 16. tefs l,olk. (chqrt 7-4)

Suggest possible solutions for each situatiotr. Use cotld. Work in pairs, in small grouPs, or as
a class.

Erarnple. Tim has to go to work eady tomorow. His car is completely out of gas.
His bicycle is broken.
co U tahe the bus b n*.
' He
' could get a lrbnd a tahe h;m to a gas statioi t
He get gas.
iy ,o fx h;t bihe.
', He couu get
He could up uerJ early and walh to wrk.
Et.
l. Lisa walked to school today. Now she wants to go home. It's raining herd. She doesnl
have an umbrella, and she's wearirg sandals.

2. Joe and Joan want to get some exercise. They have a date to play tennis this morning, but
the tennis court is covered with snow.

3. Roberto iust bought a new camera. He has it at home now. He hss the insEucrion
manual. It is written in Japanese. He car't read Japanese. He doesn't know how to
oPerate the camera.

4. Albert likes to travel around the world. He is 22 years old. Today he is alone in Paris. He
needs to eat, and he needs ro find a place ro sray overnight. But while he was asleep on the
train hst night, som€one stole his wallet. He has no money.

Modol Auxlllorles 185

D Exercise 1 7.ustening.(chorISフ ‐ 3 ond 7‐ 4)
′ヽ Lsten to the conversation bcぃ rccn a husband and wlfc Lstcn again and complctc thc
Sentences働 ■伍e"“ s pu hca■
鰍
In a home omce
A: l ook atthis cord Do you kno、 v、vhat it's for,

B: I don't bow Ve havc so many cOrdsaround hcrc■ ith al1 0ur clcctroniC cqllipmcnt lt

for the pdnter, I guess.

1
Ａ

No, Ichecked ne p血 ter isn't misshg a cord

Ｂ

It for one ofthe kid's toys.

Ａ

ゞ、ah,I . But they don\ have many electronic roys.

Ｂ

I have an idca. k for the cell phone- You know the one I
had bcfOrc ulis Onc
Ａ   Ｂ

l bct u.at's it ヽ、 _ probably throw this our.

,

WelL let's be sure beforc we do tllat

」 Exercis€ 18. Worm-up. (chort 7-5)

Check (/) aI the sentences that have the same meaning.
l. _ May I use your cell phone?
2. _ Can I use your cell phone?
3. Could I use your cell phone?

186 cHAPT[R7
 Polite Question
{a) tlry, pl6as€ boro{, your pen? Yes People use may l, cnulal l,' and ctn I
(b) Courd I please borrow your p€n? Yes Olcourse to ask polite questions. The questions
(c) Crr rpl6as6 borrow your pen? Yes Certain, ask lor someones permission or
Ol course
Cer・ ainl, Examples (a), (b), and (c)have
Sure(わ rorma′ ) basrcally the same meaning.
Okaン (わ rorma′ )
NorE: ca, , is less lormal than mry,
Uh‐ huh(meanlng,S')
rm SO子ry butl need to use lt

ldl Can I bo(ovt yol.rr. pen, please? myser P/ease can come al lhe end ol the
queston, as n (d).
(6) Crn iborrow your pen? Prease can be omilled lrom the

'ln. polit. qu.:non. @dd F \d rbe pa$ fom o4..,.

」 Exercis€ 19. looking ol grommoL (chod 7-5)

Complete rhe phone conversations. Use may I, could I, or caa I + a verb ftom the list.
Nor-E: The caller is always Speaker B.

ask help spealVtalk Iake

l A: Hc1lo'
B: Hcllo ls Ahn■ cd■ crc,
A: Ycs,he is
B: to hin'

A: Just a minute. I'll get him.

，

Hello. Mr. Black's office.

一

to Mr. Black?
who is celling?
Susan Abbott.

Just a momenr, Ms. Abbotr. I'll transfer you.

3 Hello?
Hi. This is Bob. to Pedro?
Sure. Hold on.

ModolAuxl oles 1 87
 4. A: Good afrernoon. Dr.Wu's ofiice. you?

B: Yes. I have an appointment that I need to change.

A: Just a minure, please. l'll Eansfer you ro our appointment desk.

5 A: Hcl10'
B: HenO to Emilv?

A: She's not at home right now. a messaSe?

B: No, thanks. I'll call later.

6 A: Heno,
BI HenO to Maria?
A: She's nor here right now.
B Oh a message?

A: Sure. Just l€t m€ get a pen.

O Exorcis€ 20. lel's lolk poinvork. (chori 7-5)

Work with a partner. Ask and answer polite questions. Begin with ./}tq, I, CouU I, ot Can I.
Make coflv€rcations you can role-play for the class.

Exanpb: (A), yon went to see (B)h gammar book for a minute.
SPEAX.ER A: May/Could,/Can I (please) see your grsrimsr book for a minute?
SPEAI<ER B: Ofcourse. / Sure. / Etc.
SpEAxnR A: Thank you. / Thank. I forgot to bring mifle to class todey.

l. (A), ,'ou want to see (B)'s dictionary for a minute.

2. (A), you are at a restaurant. G) is your server. You have finished your meal. You want the
check.
3. (B), you run into (A) oD the stleet. (A) is carrying some healy packages. !i/'hat are you
going to say to him^er?
4. (A), you arc speeking to @), who is one oflour teachers. You want to lealr class early today.
5. (B), you are in a srore with your good ftiend (A). The groceries cost more than you
expected. You don't have enough money. What are you going to say to your ftiend?

D Exerciso 21. Worm-up. (chod 7-6)

lt(tich two questions do you think
Check the questioDs that are grammatically correct. are
more polite than the others?

In the ldtchen
1. rvill you help me with the dishes?
2. _ Would you load the dishwasher?
3.
- Mey you load the dishwasher?
4. Can you ut oad the dishwasher?
-
5. Could you unload the dishwasher?
-
-
It8 cHAmR 7
 Polite Question
(a) lvourd you please op6n lhe dooa People use vrould Wu, coulat yo!,
(b) Courd you pl€ase open ihe door? Yes. Oi course. vlll you, and crn Wulo askpolile
(c) Wil you pl€as6 op€n th6 dooa Certainly. l'd be happy lo. questions. Tho queslions ask lor
(d) Ca, you pleas€ op€n lh€ doo, Ol course. I d be glad to. someone's hslp or cooporalion.
Sure. (informal) Examples (a), (b), (c), and (d) have
Okay. (informal) basEally lhe same meaning.
Uh-huh. (meaning )es') Would and could a@ gene'ally
I'm sorry. l'd like to help, but considered more polite ihan wil/and
my hands are tull.

NOrE: lrry is Nor us6d when youis lhe

subject ol a polile question.
tNcoRRECf: MAy you please open the

」 Exerciso 22. Looking ol gEmmor. (chod 7-6)

Make two diflere[t questions for each situation. Use ro!.
l. You're in a room and it's getting very hot.
Formali WoLl,l you plaaea op

lr)fotrJlal, Can yau turn on the air-condiuoner?

2. You're trying to listen to the news onTV, but your friends are talking too loud, and you
can't hear it.
Formal:
Informal:

3. You're in a restaurant. You are about to pay and notice the bill is more tharl it should be.
The server has made a mistake.
Formal:
Informal:

コ Exercise 23. Lol's lolk: poirwolk. (chors 7-s ond 7-5)

Work with a partner. Meke a conversation for one (or more) of the given situations. Perform
your conversation for the rest ofthe class.
Eranple: Yotl'rc i\ a rcstaurant. You waot the server to refill your coffee cup.
You catch the server's eye and raise your hand slightly. He approaches your table and
says: "Yes? What can I do for you?"

PARINER A: Yes? WIat can I do for you?

PARTN'ER B: Could I please have some more coffee?
PARTNER A: Ofcourse. Right away. Could I ger you anlrhing else?

Modol Auxllo● es 189

 PAI(TNER B: No thanks. Oh, on second thought, yes. Vould you bring some cream too?
PAI(n\ER A: Certainly.
PAKrN'ER B: Thank.

1- You've been waiting in a long line at a busy bakery. Finally, it's your turn. The clerk turns
toward you and says: "Next!"
2. You are at work. You feel sick and you have a slight fever. You really want to go home. You
see you boss, Mr. Jenkins, passing by your desk. You say: "Mt. Jenkios, could I speak with
you for a minute?"
3. The person next to you on the plane has finished reading his newspaper. You would like ro
read it. He also has a bag on the floor that is in your space. You would like him ro move ir.
You say: "Excuse me."

コ Exercise 24. Worm-up. (chod 7-7)

Your friefld Paula has a terrible headache. 'W}rar advice would you give her? Check (/) tbe
sentences you agree with.

1. You should lie down.

2. You \hould take some medicine.
-
l. You ought to call the doctor.
4. - You should go to the emergency room.
-
5. You ought to put an ice-pack on your forehead.

should S"Ould and Oug● tt● havethe sane meanin9:

rar Mv
' [\ ousht to)\
ctoth* ere dirrv |
,hisis a Oood idea This is Oood adViCel

(b) ,xcoaFEcri I shoulcl to wash them. FORMS:

(c) /xcoFREcr I oughl washinqlhem. 3hO“ ″ +slmple rorm Ora,9ゥ (no ral
●V●●I+t● +S"ρ le rO′ η οra veめ

(d) You need yoursleep. You shoulcl not\shoulatn t) NEGtr vE-- Ahot'lat + not = ahouLlnl
(Ought to is usually not us6d in the negalive.)

(C) A: Im going tO be late lorthe bus What sわ ουrd′ d。 ? ouEsroN: 8hourd + suD,/ecl + nain vgrb
B: RunI (Ought to is usually nol used in questions.)

(1)A: Im lred today The use o, ,rrybe wilh arould end otght to
B: You s"Ourd/cugh:lo go home andtake a nap

(9)A: rm lred 10day

B: Ma/be you sいo“ ld/ou9わ
ln (l); Speaker B is giving dofinile advice. He is
nap `fO go hOme andtako a staling clearly that he b€lievss going home lor a
nap is a good idea and is lhe solution to Speaker

ln (g): Sp€ak€r B is making a suggeslion: going

home for a nap is on6 possiblo way to solve
Speak€r A's problom.

190 CHAPT[R7
u Exercise 25. tet's lolk: poirwotk. (chod 7-7)
Work with a partner. Partner A states the problem. Partner B gives advice using s/rould or
ought ao. lnclnde rnoybe to soften the advice if you wish.
Exarnple: l'fi sleepy.
PALTN'ER A: I'm sleepy.
PARTNER B: (Maybe)You should/ought to donk a cup oftea.

1 I can't fall asleep at night.

2, I have a sore throat.
3. I have fie hiccups.
4. I sat on my ftiend's sunglasses. Now the frames are bent.
Change robs.
5. I'm starving.r
6. I dropped my sister's camera, and now it doesn't work.
7. Someone stole my lunch ftom the refrigerator in the stafllounge
8. t bought some shoes that don't fit. Now my feet hurt.

u Exelcise 26. Worm-up. (chort 7-0)

(/)
Marco has lost his passport. Here are some suggestions. Check rhe sentences you agree
with. Which sentences seem more se ous or urgent?
1. He had bert.r go to the embassy.
2. He should wait and see if someone returns it.
3. He had berrer report it to the police.
4. He .h,'uld ask a firend to help him look for it.
¨
¨¨
︱
′ ︱ ︱ て ｌ ｌ ｔ

Hrd Detter has lhe same basic moaning as should

(a) My clothes are diriy. and ought lo: "This is a good idea. Ihis is good
︱

(b) You're driving too lasll Youd bener sta|9 do,,n.

,rrd Detter has mo€ of a sense ol urgency lhan
should ot ought lo. lt ollen implies a wa.ning about
possible bad consoquences. ln (b)i lJ )ou don'l slow
down, ihere could be a bad resull. You could get a
speeding ticksi or have an accident-

lc) You d bettet noteatlhal meal. li looks spoiled 力8d bel● r″ 0:

It belter serd my boss an email riqht away. n conversalro., l,ad rs usua ly coniracled: A

rJdr!,ns (infomal Enghh) = rtryj v{ry hunar!

Modol Auxiliories l9I

Ll Exercis€ 27. Looking dt grqmmoL (chqrt 7-8)
Give advice using rdd 6errar. What are some possible bad consequences if your sdvice is not
followed? Work in pairs, ill small groups, or as a class.

l. I haven't paid my electric bill.

' Yo 'd benet ?aJ i, by tanoftn\,. If t\ru don\ ?ar n,ttu elzriic @mianr wil turn ofl the potuet.
2. Joe ove$leeps a lot. This week he has been late to work three iimes. His boss is very
unhappy about that.
3. I dont feel good right now. I t}lir* I'm coming do\rrr with something.i
4. I cant remember ifl locked the ftont door when I left for work.
5. My ankle really hurts. I think I've sprained it.
6. I can\ find my credit card, and I've looked everywhere.

tr Exercis€ 28. Check youl knowledge. (chopter T)

Edit the sentences. Correct tlte verb form errors.
had
l. You *ill better not be late.

2. Anna shouldn't weals shorts to work.

3. I should to go to the post office today.

4. I ought pying my bills today.

5. You'd had better to cell the doctor today.

6. You donl should stay up too late tonight.

7. You better not leaving your key in the door.

8. Mr. Lim is having a surpdse party for his wife. He ought iold people soon.

3 Exercise ,. lefs lolk, (chorts 7-7 ond 7-E)

work in small groups. Give advice using srror.rd, ot gha to, aid had beater. The leader states
dle problem, and others in the group ofrer suggestiotrs. Select a diferent leader for each item.

Examplz:
ITADER: I study, but I don't understand my physics class. It's the middle of rhe term, and I'm
failing the course. I need a soence course in order to greduete. Whet should I do?**
SPEAKER Ar You'd bafter get a tutor right away.
SPEAKER Br You should make an appointment with your teacher and see if you can get some
extre help.
SPEAKER C: Maybe you ought to drop yoru ph,sics course and take a different science course
ne$ teffn.

\'l\. idi,om ctu. tb.M uit,, t6.rri,!s = set r sictn6s, lilc ! cold 6i th. f,u
.,Shbtd(N6 sh b 6 han d.,@) i. uN.lty u*d ir s qudtion tLlt slc for r<lei.., ThG esr, h()xer, cs contain r/',!/l,
erhnrd had b.@ Fot darpl l
At Mt hdetlanB ak.rt dn:. Vhn,.h@ld I do?
B: lbt?, [.t.r ea 4 h@|6 tl4nB- vou ttould,t! b fnl tu uh! ther de. Mqb.3a/dtht to looL @ th.ln@ anl @
tuiBion.
'btu.ontunfu
I9:l cHAmR 7
 1 I forgot my dad's birthday yesterday. I feel terrible about it. What should I do?

discovered fiat I made dinner plans for tonight with two different people. I'm
I iust
supposed to meet my parents at one restaurant at 7:00, and I'm supposed ro meet my boss
at a diffcrcnt restaurant across town at 8i00. Vhat should I do?

3 Samira accidentally left the grocery storc with an item she didn\ pay for. Her young
daughter put it in Samim's shopping bag, but she didn\ see it. What should Samira do?

4 I borowed Karen's favorire book ofpoetry. Ii was special to her. A note on the inside
cover said "To Karen." The author's sisnature was under it. Now I can't find the book.
I think I losr it \x/hrt should I do?

」 Exorciso 30. Wqrm-up. (chort 7-9)

rwhich of rhese sretements abour writing e rtsum€ ere true in your country? Check (/) them
and then decide which sentence is more common in wiiting and which seDtences ale more
commor ir speaking.

Writing a re3ura6
l. You must list all your previous employers.
2. _ You have to provide refereoces.
-
3. _ You heve got to include personal information, for example, whether you are
married or not.

la)l have a very importanttesttomorow Heve to, have go? to, and musl have basically lhe

ψ
same meaning. They express lhe idea that something

ll鶴 11lS″ onm

(b) l'd like to go wiih you lo the movie this evening, but Her€ ,o is used much mors lrsquoniy in evoryday
I can't. I l,rve ro go lo a meeting. speech and writing lhan musl
(C) Bye nowl l ve Eot to go- My wife's waiting lor m6. HeE got lois lypically ussd in informalconversalion,
l'llcallyou laler. as in (c).
(d) All passengeG muslpresertthsir passporls al
cusloms upon a(ival, lruat is lypically found in wdtlsn inslruclions or rules,
Tommy, you musr nold onto the railing when you as in (d). Adulls also use il when talking to younger
go down the stairs. childron, as in (6). lt sounds very slrong.

ll) aowe have to bringpencils ro rhe rest? ouEsrloNs: Hrve tois usually used in queslions, nol
(g) Why d,id he l,ave lo ,eaye so early? musl ot heve got to- Forms ol do are used w lh ,aye

l had fo stl α/ast n ght The p sr iorm ol f,rve io, nave got to, antl must
(mean nq necessrv) is had lo.

￨わ ave fo(・ halta・ )9ο do″ ntO″ n today Nol ce lhai nave to, hrs ro, and have gor to arc
RIaわ as● (hasta・ )gO tO the bank commonly reduced. as rn (i) lhrough (k).
,ve 00rfo(・ 90tta・ )S″ 0/10n19ht

Modol Auxlio面 es 193

D Exerciso 31. l€t's tolk. (chorts 7-7 ond 7-9)
Answer rhe questions. Work in pairs, in small groups, or es e cbss.

l. lvhat are some things yolt haoe to do roday? tomorrow? every day?
2. Vhat is something yo,r had t do yestetday?
3. What is something yot)'L,e got to do soon?
4. What is something yon'oe got to do cl^ss today or later tonight?
^fter
5. !(/hat is something a driver ,fl r6t do, according to the la$?
6. What is something a diver shoua ahtays do to be a safe diver?
7. What are some things a person s/rodd do to stay heelthy?
8. What are some tijngs a person zrst do to stay alive?

u Exorclso 32. listening. (chort 7-9)

qn
Complete the sentences with the words you hear. Before you begir\ you may want to check
your understanding of these words: appb, applicable, bgal, nnknane, preltious, enploJel

￨ヽ ,1て ,ヽ ヽ11ヽ 1 ヽ
「「
) ヽl ,ヽ

Maa bfl

′
― ″ 峰
…
″ ″ 仁 ″4 0メ oダ F 2,-000-7890
′
^″ "′

Filling out a iob application

1. The application be complere. You shouldn't skip ary parts. lfa
section doesn't fit your situation, you can write N/A (not applicable).
つ一

r)?e it, bur your writing

be easy to read.
３

use your full legal name, not your nicknane.

  ４

list th€ names and places of your previous employers.

  ５

list your education, beginning with either high school

or college.
apply in person. Sometimes you can do
it onlinc.
7 wrhc some things, like the same telephone numbcr,
rwice. You can lr'rite "same as above."

8. All spellins

194 CHAPTER 7
-l Exercise 33. Lel's leod ond tolk. (chods 7-7 ,7-9)
Read the passage and therl give advice.

A Famlly Problem
Mr. and Mrs. Hill don't know whar to do about their l5-year-old soo, Mark. He's very
intelliSent but has no interest in learning. His grades are getting worse, and he wonl do any
homework. Sometimes he skips school and spends rhe dav at the mall.
His older sister Kathy is a good student, and she never causes any problems at home.
Kathy hasn\ missed a day of school all year. Mark's parents keep asking him why he can't be
more like Kathy. Mark is jealous of Karhy and picks fiahrsr with her.
All Mark does when he's home is stay in his room and lisren ro loud music. He ofren
rcfuses to eat meals with his family. He argues with his parents, his room is a mess, and he
won'tl* help around the house.
This family needs advice. Tell them what changes they should make- \X/hat should rhey
do? Vhat shouldn't they do?

Use each of these words at least once in the advice you give:
should ought to
shouldn't have ro/has to
have got to/has 8ot to
hsd better

コ Erercise 34. Worm-up. (cho 7-tO)

Which sentence (a. or b.) completes rhe idea ofthe Siven sentence?
\tr(/e have lots of time.
a. You must not d ve so fast!
b. You don't have to d ve so fast.

(a) llinashed allof my homework this atiernoon, Don'l / d@sn t have to expresses the idea that
I don t have to stualy tonighl- something rs ,o, necessary.
(b) Tomo(ow is a holiday. Mary eloesn't have to go

(c) Bus passengers must not talkto the dtiv6t. tlust not exptesses prohibition (Do Nor oo rHrsl)
(d) Childrgn, you mlstrorp/aywith malchesl

(e) You nrrslr', pray with matches Must t not = mustn t

(NorE: The lirsi l" s not pronounced.)

irr:r a,k !, = oh ! 6ght

rr@,', ir q*d hfr ro ctpras ftfri'.l: Ee ,f,86 b t4? .tuad ne hM.

ModolAuxl oles 1 95
J Exercise 35. looking ol glommor.
(chorr 7-10)
Complete the sentenceswith don't hatte to, doesn', hooe to, or must nol.

l You ′ り drive when you are tired. It's dangerous.

"υ '400

2. I live only s few blocks ftom my office. I aoh't havc ta drive to work.

3. Liz fnally got a car, so now she drives to work. She

the bus-
４     ５

Mr. Murphy is very wealthy. He work for a living.

tell Daddy about the birthday parry. 'we went it to be

a surPnse.

6. A: Did Professor Acosta give an assignment?

B: Yes, she assigned Chapters 4 and 6, but we

Chapter 5.

7. A: Listen carefully, K-riste,I. Ifa stranger offers you a ride, you

get in the car. Never get in a car with a sEanger. Do you understand?

B: Yes, Mom.

」 Exercise 36. Worm-uP. (chort 7-l l)

Read the situation and the conclusions that follow. v/hich conclusion(s) seems logical to you?
Explain your answels, if necessary.
SrruATIoN: Mr. Ellis is a high school gym teacher. He usually wears thCS to、vork
い m Clて ｀
Today he is weariDg e suh and tie.

l. He must heve an important meeting.

2. He must be rich.
3. He must need new clothes,
4. He must want to make a good impression o
5. His g]'rn clothes must not be clean.

I96 CHAPIER 7
(a) A: Nancy is yawning. ln (a): Speaker B is making a logicalgu6ss. H6 bases
8: She must be sleepy his guess on lhe in,ormation lhal Nancy is yawning.
His logical conclusion, his'b6sl guess," is that Nancy
is sleepy. He uses ,rusllo 6xpr6ss his logical

LOGCqL CONCLUSTON: Amy plays lgnnis erery day. colr,rP R€: lrust can express
She musl ri*e to play tennis. . a logical conclusion, as in
N€cEssrw: ll you wanl to gel into the movie . necessity, as in (c).
theater, you must Duy a licl(6t.

NEGATVE LOCTCAL CONCLUSTON: Eric ate eveMhing CoMPAAE: lruslrolc:m oxpr€Ss

on his plale excepl the pickle- He must not like . a n€gative logical conclusion. as in (d),
pickles. . prohibition, as in (e).
(e) pFoHrsrr oN: There are sharks in lhe ocean near
our holel. We musl rotgo swimming there.

コ Exercise 37. Looking ol grommor. (cho 7-r !)

Complete the conversations with ,?.us, or rnrs, ,tor.

l. A: Did you ofler our guests somedring to eat?

B: Yes, but they didn't want anl'thing. T\ey ---.fr!9i-tQL be hu[gry yet.

2. A: You havenl eaten since brealdasr? Thar was houls ago. You __@ltg.L be
hun剪
B: Iam

3 A: Gregory has already had four glasses of water, and now he's having another.
B: Hc bc rcalh rhirsn.

4 A: I 1 Holly
ぃiltrご 、 something to drink, bur she doesn'r want an)'thing.
B: Sht bc tllirstv

う A: The dog won'r ear.

B: Hc fccl wcll

6 A: Brian has watery eyes afld has been coughing and sneezing.
B: Poor guy. He have a cold.

7 A: Erica's rcally smarr. She always gets above 95 percenr on her math resrs.
B: I'm surc she's pretty bright, but she also study a lot.

8 A: Listen. Someone is ,umping on the floor above us.

B: It be Sam. Sometimes he does exercises in his aparrment,

Modol AuXllo● os 197

tr Exercise 38, Looking ol grommoL (chort 7-r r )
Make a logical conclusion for each situation. Use rfirsr.
l. Alima is cryins. + She must be unhap?y.
2. Mrs. Chu has a big smile on her face.
3. Samantha is shivering.
4. Olga watches ten movie\ a week.
5. James is sweating.
6. Toshi can lift one end of a compact car by himself.

O Exercise 39, Let's lolk. (chort 7-l I)

Make logical conclusions $rith rnfls, or rzust rlot. Use the suggested completions and/or your

1. I am at Clril's apartment door. I've knocked on the door afld have rung the doorbell
several times. Nobody has answered the doot. be a, home? be out somewhere?
+ Ctr;l must not be at home. He mu:t be out someuherc.
2. Jennifer reads all the time. She sits in a quiet corner and reads even when people come to
visithet. loz'e boohs7 like boohs bemr than peopb? lihe to talk,o peopla?

3. Ilra has a full academic schedule, plays on the volleyball team, has the lead in the school
play, is a volunteer at the hospital, takes piano lessons! and has a part-time job at an
ice-cream store. be bu$' all the rime2 haz'e a lot of spare time2 be a hard worher?

4. Simon gets on the Internet every day as soon as he gets home ftom work. He stays at his
computer until he goes ro bed. be a computer d it? haz,e a happy home life? hdlre a lot of

tr Exercis€ rO. Looking ol grommor.

(chorts 7-9 ond 7-l I)
Complete the sentences 'r'ith ,nust, haoe ,o, or ,rad ,o and the corecr form of the ve$s in
parentheses.

A: Your eyes are red. You (re) really tired.

B: Yeah, I Gtdy) up all night working on a project.

A: Did vou finish?

B: No, I (&ori) on ir later roday, but I have a million other

things to do.

A: Yt,u (r,)
B: I am!

I98 CHAPTER 7
」 Exercise 4I. Worm-up. (chorr 7-r2)
Complete the questions with the correct words ftom the lisl. Two words don\ 6t any questions.

can't couldn't do does will

1 You can work rhis weekend, vou?

2 He wont be late, hc2

3 We,d like you to stay, WC'

4 They don't have to leave, they?

(a)You can come,can f/● u' Tag quesiions are common wrih lhese modal
(b) She,vο nt te11,w171s力 θ auxiliatles: can, will, chould. couLl, and would.'
'
d help.sわ Ouldn`わ θ?
(C)He Sわ ου′
(d)They cο υ10nt do l,could theノ ?
(0)We lЮ υ″ liketo he p.″ οuldnt we 2

(f)Theyわ avθ わ たav9 dantthe/2 Tag queslons are also common w th力 ave to,hag ro`
(g)They¨ rわ jeaり ,do rhe/2 and"ad ro
(h) H。 わas′“ “
ο leayo dcesrセ he, Not ce thatforms of do are used lorthe tag n
(1) He dο esnt´ aveわ leave doeshe? (1)thrOugh(k)
(,)You“ d lo●att dld● ■ノOυ 2
(k)You didn,haで わ jeave dld/aυ 2

rS.. Char 5- 15, p. l,ro, aor inlomrtion o. how to use Ea q!6rions.

」 Exercise 42. Looking ol grommor. (chorr 712)

Complete the tag questions.

l. You can answer these questions, yOu?

2. Melinda wonl tell anyone our secret, she'

3. Alice would like to come with us, shc,

4. I don'r have to do more chores, I'

5. Stever shouldn't come to the meetingr hc'

6. Flies can fly upsidc down, they?

7. You would rather have your own apartmefit, yOu,

8. Jill has to renew her driver's license, she,

9. Ifyou want to caich your bus, you should leave now; yOu,

ModolAuxilioies 199
 10 Ms. Baxter will be herc she?

You couldn't hear me, vou?

12. We have ro be at the doctor's early tomorrow,

El Exercise 4il. Worm-up. (chort 7-13)

Read each $oup of sentcnces. Decide who the speaker is and a possible situetion for each
group.
GRor,'P A
l. Show me,'our driver's license.
2. Take it out of your wallet, please.
3. Step out ofthc car.

GRor.rP B
l. OI,en you mourh.
2. Stick out your tongue.
3. Say "ahlh."
4. IJt me rake a closer look.
5. Don't bite me!

lmperative senlences are usod lo give commands,

(a) Caplain: Open ths doorl make polile requesls, and giv€ directions. The
Soldier: Y6s. siri drtlerence belwe€n a @mmand and a requesl hes in
the sp€ake/s tone ol voice and the use ol plerse-
(b) Teacher: Oper lhe door, please. Preas€ can come at the beginning or end oI a request:
Student Sure. Open the cloot, please.
Please opon lhe doot-
(c) Babara: Could you tellm€ how to gel to the post
otlice?
Stranger: Cerlainly. yyarktwo blocke dovrn thls
street. Irrrn lett and wrrr( lhree more
blocks. lt's on the ighl-hand side ol
the streot

(d) C/oselhe window. The simpls fom ola verb is used in imporalive
(e) Please sildown. senlences. ln (d)r The underslood subject olthe
(f) Be quiell sentenc6 is lrou (meanrng lh€ person lhe speaker ls
(g) Oor? lvarkon lhe grass. talking to)r C/ose the wirdow = You close he window-
(h) Pl€ase dor'l r,t/ritfor me
(i) Oon'l belate. Don't + the simpla bm ol a veh

2OO CHAPTER 7
コ Exercise 44. Lel's lolk, (cho 7t3)
Pa.a l Read the steps for cooking rice. Pur them in a logical order (1 9). Work with a parrner
or in small groups.

1. Measure rhe ce.

2. Cook for 20 minutes.
3. Pour warer inro a pan.
4. Bring the water to a boil.
5. Put the rice in the pan.
6. Don't burn yourself.
7. Set the timer.
8. TuIn otrthe heat.
9. Thke the pan offthe stove.

ft', Il Vrite instructions for cooking somethinS simple. Share your recipe with the class.
コハ

Exercise 45, lisiening. (Chqd 7-t3)

Ｏα

Ihr_,L Listen to the steps in this number puzzle and $The the verbs you hear.
¨

Before you begin, you mey went to check your undersranding of these wotdst add, sub.ra.t,
nuhi?b, doubb.

1 do$'n the numbcr ofthe month you were bom. For example,

the number 2 ifyou were bom in Februery.

3 if you were bom in March, etc.

２

thc numbcr.
３

5 to it.
４

it by 50.
５

your 3g€.
６

250.

Ibr, II. Now follow the steps in PeIt I to complete the puzzle. In rhe final number) the lasr
two digits on rhe right will be your age, and th€ one or two digits on the left will be the month

[4odol Auxiliories 201

コ Exercise 46. R€oding ond wriling. (chorl 7-13)
For! L Read the passage. Cross out suggestions thsl don\ work for a job interview in
country. 'Ihen add more suggestions until the.e are ten

How to Mate a Good lrnpression io a Job Interview

Do you want to know how to make s good impression when you interview for a iob? H€re
are some suggestions for you to consider.

l. Dress approp ately for the company. Flip-flops and shorts, for
example. are usually not appropriate.
2. Be sure to arrive early. Employers like punctual workers.
3. Bring extra copies ofyour resume and references. Therc may be
more than one inte iewer.
4. Make eye contact with the interviewer. It shows confidence
5. Don\ chew gum during the interview
6. Research the company before you go. That way you cafl show your
knowledge and interest in the company.

Ifyou follow rhese suggestions, you will have a better chance ofmaking a good impression
when you go for a iob interview.

Pbrr rr. Write three paragraphs. Use the topic in Part I, or give general advice to people l,ho

l improve their health. 4. find a job.

2. get good grades. 5. get a good night's sleep.
3. improve their English. 6. protect the envirolment by recycling.

l. lntroductory paragrzpt.t Do you want to . . . ? Herc arc some suggestio6 lor )ou to consider
II. Middle paragraph: (List the suggestions and add details.)
IU. Final paragraph: Il )'ou follLflr th.se sug$estions, )ou will . ..

202 CHAPTER 7
J Exelcise 47. Worm-up. (chon 7-14)
Check (/) the itcms fiat are suggestions.

l. Why do bears hibernate?

2. I have a day of. why don\ we
take the kids to the zoo?
3. kt's go see ihe beals at the zoo.

(a) lts hol loday. Let's go lo lhe beach. Lel s and Why cron't we are used to make
- Okay. Good idea. suggeslions abou activilies lor you and anolher
-
(b) ll s hot today. why clon t we go lo the beach?
- Okay. Good idea. E)Gmpl6s (a) and (b) have lhe s€me meaning.
- Lets = l6t us

l'm lirsd. ln\cl Why don't you ts used lo make a lriendly

Wrry c,on t you take a nap? suggesiion or io give lriendly advice.
- That's a gmd id6a. llhink lwall.
-

Ll Exelciso 48. let's tolk. (chorl T-14)

Make suggestions beginning with 2",'s and Wi, don't ue.
l. Wh€re should we go for dinner tonight?
2. Who should we ask to join us for dinfler toniSht?
3- What time should we meet at the restaurant?
4. Vy'here should we go afterwards?

U Exercise 49. Lel's lolk. (chdri 7-14)

work in small groups. The leader states the problem, and then others in the group offer
suggestions beginning with Wh! don'l !ou.

1. I'm fteezing.
2. l'm feeling dizzy.
3. I feel like doing something interesting and tun this weekend. Any ideas?
4. I need to get more eyercise, but I get bored with indoor activities. Any suggestions?
5. I haven't done my assignment for Professor lrpez. Itwill take me a couple ofhours, and
class starts in ao hour. Vhar am I going ro do?
6. I've lost the key to my apartment, so I can'r get in. My roommate is at rhe library What
am I going to do?
7- My lliend and I had an argument, and now we aren'r ralking ro each orher. I've had some
time to think about it, and I'm sorry for whar I said. I miss her fiiendship. r*rhat should
I do?

Modol Auxl o● es 203

D Exercise 50. Listening. (chod 7-r4)
4 Lilten ro fie conversation about a couple making suggcstlons for thc cvenlllg LIsten a
@ rime and put the sup€e.tions in r]:e correct order (1-3)
'"'" " sugg""tion ,
1. go to a restaurant
2. go dancing
-
3. go to a movie

tr Exercise 5I. Wqrm-up. (chort 7-15)

Check (/) rhe sratements that are true for you.

1. _ I prefer fruit ro vegerables.

2. _ I like raw vegetables better than €ooked.
3. _ I would rather eat vegetables than meat.
ａ ｂ

I preter apples to oranges. ptelet + noun + to+ noun

I p/efelwalching TV to studying. prclet + -ing verb + to - -ing veh
Ｃ   ０

lllke apples be"り 妨an oranges

「
like + noun + betlet than + noun
l llke watching TV betわ ′昴an studyin0 like t -ing verb + bener than + -inq vetb

le) Ann woutd rcrhet have an apple lhan an orange. Would Hther is tallowed immedialely by the simple
lorrn oi a verb (e.9., have, vlsit /,ve), as n ie).
It) tNcoRREcr: Ann would Gthet has an apple-
(g) l'd ralhervisit a big cily than livelherc. Verbs following t,a,are also in lhe simple form, as
n (q).
lh) tNcoRREcr: I'd rathet visil a big city than to live therc.
tNcoRBEcr: I d rathet visit a big city than liing thete.

′ /She`/reυ /ぃ● rather have Contraclion ol would =?

`/you●
an apple `/■"e/●

Would you rcther have an apple ot an orange? ln (i): ln a polile queslion, would nthetcanbe
iollowed by orio otlersomeone a choice.

」 Exercise 52. Looking ol grommor. (cho* 7-15)

Complete the sentences with ,rraz or ,o.
l. Vhen I'm hot and thi$ty,I prefer cold&inks to hot drinks.

2. When I'm hot and thirsty,I tike cold d nks better ,h,,,1 hot drinks.
3. When I'm hot and rhirsty, IU rattrer have a cold diiDk thaL a hot drink
４

I prefer tea coffee.

 
５

I like tea better coffee.

204 cHAP'ER 7
 6. I'd rather dnnk lca coffee.

?. When I choose a book, I prefer nonfction fiction.

8. I lite folk music music befter. rock and roll.

9. My parents r.,ould rather wotk retire. They enjoy their iobs.

10. Do you like spring better fan,

I l. I prefer visiting mv friends in the evening watchingTv by myself.

12. I would rather read a book in (he evening visit widl friends.

il Exel€is€ 53. Lel's lolk: poinvork. (chort 7-t5,

w'ork with a partn€r. Thke tums asking arld answering questions. B€ sur€ ro affwer in
complet€ sentences.

Erazplesr Which do you prefer: apples or oranges?*

' I prefer orances to applzs.
Which do you like better: bananas or strawberies?
, I l;ke banafias better than strawberries.
r0 hich would you rather have right now: an apple or a banena?
. I d rarher hau a banana.
l rwhich do you like better: rice or potatoes?
2. Which do you prefer: peas or corn?
3. Vhich ivould you rether have for dinner tonight: 6sh or chicken?
4. Name two sports- Which do you like better?
5. Name two movies. Vhich one would you rather see?
6. What kind ofmusic would you rather listen to: rock or classical?
7. Name two vegetables. $(/hich do you prefer?
8. Name twoTv proglams. Which do you like befter?

J Exercise 54. Lel's lolk: inlelyiew. (Chori 7-ts)

Inter'\'iew your classmates. Use uotald raaher. . . ,tcz in your answers.
lVouLl yu rather . . .

l. liv€ in an apartment or in a house?ii Why? 5. surf rhe Intemet or warchTv? Why?

2. be an author or an artist? Why? 6. have a big family oI a small family? Why?
3. drive a fast car or fly a small plane? \?hy? 7. be a bird or a fish? Why?
4. be dch and unlucky in love or 8. spend your ftee time wirh othe! people
poor and lucky in love? Why) or be by yourself? Vtry?

rU* a rilins inionrnon on in. 6st .hoicc .nd s falins inroutjon otr rhe s.on<t choicc: Wti.* y" p,4",;:1p4-
a" - -."jO
rllt is pdsibl. bur Dot Gcdsary io.rpe{. pEpsirion aitr.re,.
coPo€m: IA 4d@ liu in on a?ntua, than in . t@-
coial!cf, I'd turt4 liu in an arntud, t ten e h$e.

Modol Auxl'olos 205

J Exercise 55. Looking ol grommor. (chopter 7)
Choose the besr completion for each sentence.

軌晨①
蔽ｌ
風

﹃
Ａ Ｂ

ｔ 一ｉ
ｃ
ａ
ｗ
。
飾 

ｃ
ａ
  ︲

ｔｈ
■
ａ

ｍ
ｄ
ｗ

ｂ
ａ

ｙ
Ｃ

Ｃ
]' A: Does this pen belong to you?
B: No. lt be Susan's. She was sitting at that desk.
a. had better b. will c. must
2. A: kt's go to a movie this evening.
B: That sounds like firn, bui I can't. I 6nish a repot before I go to bed tonight.
a. have got to b. would rather c. ought to
-
3. A: Hey, Pietro. V/hat's upi with Ken? Is he upset about something?
B: He's angry because you rccommended Anrl instead of him for the promotion. You
sit down with him and explain your reasons. At least that's what I think.
a. should b. will c. can
-
4. A: Does Omar want to go with us to the film festival tonight?
B: No. He _ go to a wrestling match than the film festival.
a. could b. would rather c. prefe$
5. A: I did it! I did it! I got my driver's license!
B: Congratulations, Michelle. I'm really proud ofyou.
A: Thanks, Dad. Now I have the car todght? Please, please?
B: No. You'rc not ready for that quite yei.
a. will b. should c. may
6. A: I just tripped on your carpet and almost fell. It's loose right by the door. You lx
it befor€ someone gets hurt.
B: Yes, Uncle Ben. I should. Iwill. I'm sorry. Are you all right?
a. can b. ought to c. may
7. A: Are you goiDg to the conference in Atlanta next month?
B: I It's sort of iry*r right now. I've applied for Eavel money, but who knows what
my supervisor will do.
-. a. will b. have to c. might
8. A: What shall we do after the meeting this evening?
B: pick Jan up and all go out to dinner together.
a. !0?hy don't b. LeCs c. Should
-
9. A: What shall we do after that?
B: we go back to my place for dessert.
a. Why don't b. Irt's c. Should
-
r tlzr,,'r 4t = '!qhar! coins on?

",i!, = uceriah; doubttul

206 CHAPTER 7
10. A: Have you seen my denim iacket? I_findit.
Bi I-ook in dle hall closet.
a. may not b. wonl c. can't
ll. A: Bye, Mom. I'm going to go pley soccer with my friends.
B: Wait a minute,,'oung men! You _ do your chores fusr.
e. hed bettertrot b. ha!€ to c. wou.ld rarher
12. A: Do you think that Scon will quit his job?
B: I don\ know. He _. He,s very angry We'll iusr have to wait and see.
e. must b. may c. will
13. A: The hotel pmvides tow€ls, you know You _ pack a towel in your suitcase.
B: This is my bathrober not a towel.
a. don't have to b. mustno! c. couldn't
14. A: Did you climb to the top ofthe Stetue of Liberty $hen you were in NewYork?
B: No, I didn't. My knee was very sore, end I _ climb aI thos€ stain.
a. might rlot b. couldn't c. must Dot
15. A: Rick, work for me this evening? I'll take your shift tomorrow.
B: Sure. I was going to ask you to work for me tomorrow anp?y.
a. should you b. could you c- do you have to
16. A: What are you children doing? Stop! You play with sharp knives.
B: rwhy not?
a. must not b. couldn't- c. donthaveto
17. A: DoD't wait for me. I_late.
B: Okay.
a. maybe b. can be c. maybe
18. A: The Bensons ar€ giving rheir daughter a new stateboard for her birthday.
B: They _ give her a helmet, too. She does some daDgerous things on a skateboard.
a. had bener b. can't c. would rather

Modol Auxllo● es 207

□ Exercise 1. Wqlm-up. (chqrt 8l)
Check (/) the sentences that have the correct punctuation.

l. _ I ate an apple, and an orange.

2_ I ate an apple and an orange.
3. _ I ate an apple, an orange, and a banana-
1_ I Nina ate a peach.
ate an appler
5. I are an appler and Nina are a pea(h.

Connecting Items within a Sentence

NO COMMA: I SaW a Cat arda mOUSe. when andconnecls only r!.Jo woBDs (or phrases) withif a
coMMAS: I SaW a Cat, a mouse, arda dog. senrence, No coMMA is used, as ln (a).
When ardconnects oR MoRE items withln a
'HREE
senlence, coMMAs are used, as in (b).,

Connecting Two Sentences

COMMAi I saw a cal, andyou saw a mouse. when ard connecls rwo CoMPLETE SENTENCES (also called
"independent' clauses), a coMMA is usually used, as n (c).

(d) PERToD: lsaw a cal. You saw a mouse Without rr4 t\,!o complele sentences are separaled by a
I saw a cat, you saw a nouse. peiod, as in (d). nota comma."
A complete sentence begins with a capilalletterinole ihat
You is capilalized in (d).

'In a sedes or three or morc iiems, ihe coDmd before dtd is optional.
I sa@ a eat, a noue and d dos.

'*A"p€riod (rhe dot uscd .t the end or a se.ten.e) is .aled a "tull stop" in British Enalish.

204
J Exer€ise 2. looking o, grsmmor. (chort E-l)
IJodcdigs and label the words (noun, !,erb, adiective) connected by ozd. Add commas es
necessary.

naun + noun
l. My mom puts E!!! and ryEq! in her rea- - (no conmas needzd)

naun+ naun + noun

2. My mom puts 4i!\, !!84!, and lemon in het te . , (cornmas needed)

3. The river is wide afld deep.

4. The river is wide deep and dangerous.

5. The reenage girls at the slumberr party played music ate pizza and told ghost stories.

6. The teenage girls played music and ate pizza.

7. My mom dad sister and grandfather came to the party to see my son and daughter

celebBte their fourth birthday.

8. When he wanted to entertai[ the children, my husband mooed like a cow roared like a lion

and barked like a dog.

:l Exerciso 3. Lefs lolk ond wrile: inlerview. (chqd 8t)

Interview another student in your class. Thke notes and then write complete sentences using
ard. Share some of rhe answ€rs *.ith the class.
Watare...
l your three favorite sports?
2. three adiectives that describe the weather today?
3. four cities that you would like to visit?
4. two characteristics that describe this city or town?
5. five things you did this morning?
6. three things you are afraid of?
7. rwo or more things that make you happy?
8. three or more adiectives that describe the people in your country?
9. the 6ve most important qualities ofa good parent?

1&,1.r = sleep, at a sluDb€r p.rty, friends sle.p ovmid osed.r.

Connecling ld€os 209

Ll Exercise 4. looking ol grommor. (chorl E-l)
Add commas and periods where appropiate. Capitalize as recessary

T
l. The rain fell, the wind blew.
2. The min fell, and the wind blew.r
3. I talked he listened.
4. I talked to Ryan about his school grades and he listened to me carefully.
5. The five most common words in English are the and ol to arj.d a.
6. The man asked a question the woman answered it.
7. The man asked a question and the woman answered it.
8. Rome is an Italian city it has a mild climate and many interesting atuactions.
9. You should visit Rome irs climate is mild and there are many interesting atEactions.

tr Exercise 5. Worm-up. (chorl E-2)

Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Make true statements.
l u llen I'm not sure oftl■ c mcaning Ofa word in Ellglish,I

Or

2. Sometimes I don't unde$tand native speakers ofEnglish, but I

la) I wenl lo bed but couldn t sleep- An l, but, and ot ate called "coordinaling conjunctions."
(b) ls a lemon sweet or sour? Like and, but and or can connecl items within a
(c) Did you order coftee, tea, or mitk?
Commas are used wilh a series oi thrce or more items,
as in (c).

I dropped the vase. :

a senlence A comma is usually used when Dut or otcombines lwo
It didnt bteak. :
a sentence complete (independenl) sentences inlo one sentence.
as in (d)and (e).
(d) ldropped lhe vase, burit didn't break.
(e) Do we have class on lvlonday, oris L{onday a A conjunction can also come at the beginning of a
holday? senlence, except ln lormal wriling.
also coFFEcr: I dropped the vase, Bul it didn'l brcak.
I saw a cal- And you saw a mouse.

rsomenm* rhe coms is omined whm ad connects two vov shori independem clau€s
rh. ruin lell and rtu uitd bk . lNo .ol/M)
ln lonssr *nEn es, tLc comma is h€lptul md mual.

2IO CHAPIER 8
I Exerciso 5. tooking ol grommdr. (choft 6-t qnd 8-2)
or. Add commas as necessary.
Complete the sentences witt, and, but, or

1. I washed my shirt, __-bl)L ir didn'r get clean.

2. Would you like some water ,r some fruit juice)

3. I bought some paper, a birrhday card, zr, some envelopes.

4. The flight attendanrs seffed dinner I didn\ eat it.

5. I $'as hungry didn't eat on the plane. The food didn't look appetizing.
6. I washed my face, brushed my reerh
7 GolF tennis are popular sporrs.

8. Sara is a good tenris playcr she's never played golf.

9. Which would you prefer? Would you like to play tennis _ golfseturday?
10. lfho made the call? Did Bob celt you _ did you call Bob?

J Exercise 7. Looking qt glqmmor. (Chorh E-t qnd g-2)

Add cornmas, periods, and capital letters as necessary.
Electronic devicesr on airplaaes
c
1. kptops are electronic devices. lell phones are electronic devices.
2. Ilptops and portable D\aD players are elecEonic devices bur flashlights aren'r.
3. Passengers can't use these electronic devices during takeoffs and landings they can use
rhem the rest ofthe flight.
4. During takeoffs and landingsr airlines don,r allow passengers to use leprops DVD players
electronic readers or PDAs.*i
5. The devices may cause problems with the navigation system aod they may cause problems
with the communication s,stem.

J Exercise 8. Worm-up, (Chort 6-3)

Match the sentences in Column A with a logicsl idea from Column B.

Column A Column B
l I was tired, so I _. a. didn\ sleep
2. I sas rired, but I

id2,rle = a thinA, oft€n cle.tic or elccroni.,

thar h.s . sp.cific purpos.
riPD,, = peGoml dis,ial a$i mt; 6 smsll d.vice rhar hN som. computc. fluctions

Conneclinq ldsos 2I I
(a) The room was dark! so I lurned on a ighl Socan b€ ussd as a coniunction, as in (a), ll is
pr€cedod by a comma, lt connects lh€ ideas in two
indopsndent clauses,
So expr6ss6s rqault3:
carae- The room was cla*.
@sullc I luned on a lohl.

COMPARE: AUtoflen expresses an unexpecied result, as in lb)

The room was dark,● u:l didn tturn On a l19ht

コ Exercise 9. looking ol grommor. (chorh 8-2 ond E-3)

Complete the senrence\ wit-tt so or 6!r.
1. rain, 5o I opened my umbrella.
tt began ro

2. ft began ro min, ,Lt I didn\ open my umbrella.

3. I didn't have an umbtella, I got wet.

4. I didn't have an umbrella, I didnl get wet because I was wetring my

raiocoat.

5. The water was cold, I wenr swimming anyway.

6. The water was cold, I didn't go swimming.

7. Scoft's directions to his apartment weren't clear, Sonia got lost.

8. The directions weren'i clear, I found Scott's apartment an)'way.

9. My ftiend lied to me, I still like and trust her.

t0. My friend lied to me, I don't trust her enymore.

o Exer€ise I0. Looking qt glommor. (chons 6l , 8-3)

Add commas, pe ods, and caPital letters as necessary
Surpriing aninal lacts: w
l. Some tarantulas'can go two and s halfyears without food. *hen they eat, they like

grasshopperc beedes small spidels and sometimes small lizards

2. A female elephant is Preglant for approximately twenty months and almost alwa,'s has
only one baby a young elcPhant stays close to its oother for the 68r tefl years ofits life'

*,,/a,,!la = a bk, hairy spido

212 CHAPIER 8
 3. Dolphins sleep vriti one eye open they need to be conscious or awake in order to breathe if
they fall asleep when they ere breatbing, they will dro$Tt so they sleep with half their brain
awske and one eye open.

tr Exercise I I. Lisiening qnd grommor. (chorts 8-l - 8-3)

a. Lisren to the passage. Then add commas, periods, and capital letters as necessary. Lisren
@, again as you check your answers. Before you begin, you may wanr ro check your
;;;s understanding ofrhese words: blinher, dn a good dzed, motioned, uaue someone o .

A Payng It Fonvardi
(l) I few days ago, a ftiend and I were driving fiom Bentoo Harbor to Chicago.

(2) /e didn\ have any delays for the 6rst hour but we ran inro some highway construction

(3) near Chicago the trafic wasn't moving my friend and I sar and waited we talked about

(4) our iobs our families and rhe rerrible rraffic slowly it starred to move
(5) we noticed a black sports car on the shoulder irs blinker was on the dnver

(6) obviously wanted to ger back inro treffic car after car passed wirhout lening him in I
(7) decided to do a good deed so I motioDed for him to get in line ahead ofme he waved

(8) thank and I waved back ar hlm

(9) all the cars had to srop at a toll boorh a short way down the road I held out my

( l0) money ro pay my toll bur the roll-taker just smiled and waved me on she told me thar rhe

(1 1) man in the black sporrs car had already paid my toll wasn\ that a nice way of saying

(12) thank you?

,airy n lMnl = doigwetling nic. for soo.oDe aftd rom.on. dod somethiry nicc fd you. For ffiDlc, ro.8mc you
rc .t c cotr . shd qirins to buy , sp of @See. Th. lrrson in front or you is ch.rtins with you stui p.rr fo. ,our cup of
co6... You rh6 bu, a op of cofee for rhe er p.6od i. tin.. yon ac Aqins n Jo@nl
Payns n/ed m.ss rh. opposire ofrayrs n 6&I (rcp.yilg . d.br o. m obtisltjotr).

Connecting ldeos 2I3

」 Exercise 12. Worm-up. (chqd 8-4)
Complete the sentences. Make tlue statements.

l. I like fish ,but fi:l.ieter

＾
∠    ＾ doesn't.

I don't like , but docs.

ｊ

, but hasn\.

.1. l'm not 1ヽ

\a) | don'l like caffee, bul my husband does. After but ollen only an auxiliary verb is used. lt has
(b) L-ke rea, but my husband doesrl lhe sam€ lense or modal as the main verb.
lc) I won t be here lamonaq bul Sue will. ln \a): doe6 = likes coffee

ld\ I've seen that movie, but Jo€ n sr't Nolice in ihe examples:
(e) He isr'l here, bu she is.' negative + but+ allinalive
allimalive + tut+ negalive

'A Erb is not con@d.d sith , pronoln .t tne md or ! sdkn.e after 6!l md eudi
.oNo: ---rlrJr?n
NcoRR..T .-. bn 3h.\.

3 Exercise 13. tooking ot glqmmor. (chort 8-4)

Ibrr r. Complete each sentence with the correct negative auxiliary ve.b.

l. Alan reads a lot ofbooks, but his brother doeon't

2. Alan reads e lot of books, but his brothers aon'l)

3. Alan is reading a book, but his brother

4. Alan is reading a book, but his brotheft

5. Alan read a book last week, but his brother(s)

6. Alan has read a book recently, but his brother

7. Alan has read a book recend% but his brothers

8. Alan is going to read a book soon, but his brother

L Alan is going to read a book soon, but his brothers

I0. Alan uill rcad a book soon, but his brothcr(s)

Pdrr rl Complete each sentence with the correct affirmative auxiliary verb.
1. Nicole doesn\ eat red mear, but her sister does

2. Nicole doesnl eat red meat, but her sisters

-lL
2I4 CHAPTER 8
 3. Nicole isn't eating red meat, but her sister

4. Nicole isn't eating red meat, but her sisrers

5. Nicole didn't ear red mear lasr nighr, but her sisrer(s)

6. Nicole hasn\ eaten red mear recenrly, bur her sisrer

7. Nicole hasn't eaten red meat recendy, but her sisters

8. Nicole isn't going to eat red mear soon, bur her sisrer
g. Nicole isn't going to eat ted mear soon, but her sisters

10. Nicolc won\ eat red meat soon, bur her sister(s)

O Exercise 14, let's tolk. (chorr 8-4)

Complete rhe sentences with true starements about your classmares. You may need to
interview *rem to get more information. Use appropriate arl\iliary verbs.
l. Kira has long hair, but Y)ki daeonL

2. isnl hungry right now, but

3. lives ncarbv, bur

4. car, speak (a language)

5. plays a musical insrrument, bur

6. wasn\ herc lasr year, bur

7. il,ill be at homc t()nighr, bur

8. do€sn'r $car a ring, but

L didn't study here last year, but

10. has lived hcre for a k)ng time, bur

I Exercise t5. Lislening. (chorr E-4)

a Complere the senrences wirh appropriate auxili.ry verbs.
(3t
r:?1, A strong storm
Eranple: You will hear: My husband saw a rree fall, bur L . .

You will wrire: ,7r'l

５

l.
 
６
 
７

3.

4. 8

Connecling ldeos 2I5

」 Exercise I6. Wolm-up. (chort 8-5)
Match each sentence with the correct picture. NoTE: One picture doesn't match any of the
sentences.

Picture A Picture B Picture C

l. Alice has a motorcycle, and her husband does too

2. - Alice has a motorcycleJ and so does her husband.
f. - Alice doesn\ have a motorcycle, and her husband doesnl either.
4. - Alice doesn\ have a motorcycle, and neither does her husband.

s+aux+Ioo ln aflirmative statemenls, an auxiliary verb + loo

(a) Sue works, andTom does loo. or ro can be used atter ,nd
Examples (a) and (b) have lhe sam€ m€aning.
so+ AUx + s
(b) Sue wo s,andso does Tom
subiect + auxiliary + too
ao + auxiliary + subject

S+ AUX + E'T'EF An auxiliary verb + eltherot neithetate osed

(c) Ann doesn't work, andJoe doesn t eilher, with negalive slatem€nls.
Examples (c) and (d) have the same msaning.
/vElrliEa + alx +s
Ann do€sn't wo*, ard nelth6r does Joe.
(d)
subtect + auxiliary + either
nalthet + auxiliary + subiect
NorE: An aflirmalive auxiliary is used with ,eilher

l'm hungry Andis not usually usod when there are iwo
(e)
- I am too.l So am l.
-
(1) I don't eat moal.
- I don t elther. I Nelther do l.
- a d me neithet ate
(9) l'm hungry.
used in inlormalsPoken English.
Me too. linbrmal)
-
Me \n)eithet linfomal)
-

215 CHAPTER 8
J Exercise 17. tooking ot gEmmor. (chort 0-5)
Complete the sentences wirh the given words. Pay special attention ro word order.

Omar J,-* .\larco h,an

l. a. 100 Marco has a mustache, and ,lame6 daeo too

b. SO Marco has a mustache, and

2. a. either Omar doesn\ have a musrache, and

b. neither Omar doesn't have a musrache, and

3. z. too Marco is wearing a hat, and

b. so Marco is wearing a hat, and

4. a. either Ivan isnt wearing a hat, and

b. neither Ivan isn'r wearing a hat, and

」 Exercise I8. Looking sl gEmmor. (chod 6-5)

fbr, L Complete each sentence with the correct effirmative auxiliary verb.
l. Arrdy walks to work, and his roommate docs too.
2. Andy walks to work, and his roommates

3. Andy is walking to work, and his roommare 1(,()

4. Andy is walking to work, and his roommates t00

5. Andy walked to work lasr week, and his roommate(s)

6. Andy has walked to work recendy, and so his roommate.

7. Andy has walked ro work recently, and so his roommates.
8. Andy is going ro walk ro work romorrow, and so

9. Andy is going to walk to work tomorrow, and so

10. Andy will wslk to work tomorroq and so his roommare(s).

connecling ldeos 2L
 Part lL Complete each sentence with the correct negauve auxiliary verb.

1. Karen doesn't watch TV, and her sister ---aQcz!A- ei$et.

2. Karen doesn't watch TV, and her sisters either.

3. K.aren isn't watchingTv, and her sister either.

4. Karen isn't watchidg TV, and her sisters eirher

5. Karen didnl watch'I'V last night, and her sister(s) eitler.

6. Karen hasn't watchcdTv rccentl-v, and neither her sister-

7. Karen hasn\ watchcdTv recently, and neither hcr sisters.

8. Karen isn't going ro watchTv tomono\i, neither

9. Karen isnl going to watch Tv tomorrow, and fleither her sistcrs.

10. Karen won't watchTV tomoffow, and neither her sister(s).

-l Exercise 19. lel's lolk ond wrilo. (chori 8-5)

'Work in small groups. Complete the sentences with
too, so, eitheL or neiaher. Meke t,ue
statements. You ma,v nccd to rcsearch youf ansilers
1. Haiti is a small country, and

2. Japan produces rice, and

3. Turkey has had many sEong earthquakes, and

4. Iceland doesn\ grow cofiee, and

5. Mosr Canadian children will learn more rhan one language, and

6. Norway joined the Urired Nations in 1945, and

7. Argentina doesn't lie on the eqr.rator, and

8. Somalia lies on the Indian Ocean, and

9. Monaco has neverr hosted the Olympic Games, arld

10. South Korea had a Nobel PriTe winner in 2000, and

tw Bi'h't an l oa I n not'ith'r'
'N.''E mrtd ! stoce nelr d\.: Th. @uto Lnz, onn

218 cHAmR 8
 」 Exelcise 20. lol's lolk pqir ork. (chort 6-5)
lr'ork wirh . partner. Speaker A sa)s r}|e given senrence. Speaker B agrees with Speaker A's
statement by using so or zsr',ter.

Ercrrple. I'm confused.

SPEAKER A (60rA ope,)i I'm confused.
SPEAKER B (rirol c/os?d): So am I.

l. I studied last night.

2. I study grammar every day.
3. I'd like a cup ofcoffee.
4. I'm not hungiy.
5. I've never seen a vampirc.
6. Running is an aerobic activity.
7. Snakes donl have legs.
8. Coffee contains cafTeine.

Char.Ee rcler.
9. I overslept this morning.
10. I don\ like mushrooms.
ll. Swimming is an Ol).rnpic sport.
12. Denmark doesnl have anyvolcanoes.
13. I've nev€r touched a crocodile.
14. Chickens lay eggs.
15. Elephants can swim.
16. I'd rather go to (r?ane ol a dace> than (nane of a plo.e).

-J Exerciso 21. lefs listen ond iolk. (cho,i E-s)

F There are responses you you can use if don't agrce with someone else's statement.
f(a
_i2.," ktt t- Listeo to the examples. As you listen, pay special attention to the sentence siress in
rtems 4-o when Speaker B is disagreeing.

To ger more informatioa:

l. A: I'm going to drop this class.
B: You are? Why? What's the mattcr?
2. A: My laptop doesn't have enough memory for this applicarion.
B: Redly? Are you sure?
3. A: I can read Braille.
Br You can? How did you learn to do that?
Tb disagree:
4. A: I love this weather.
B: I don't,
Ａ Ｂ

I didn\ like the movie.

I dtd!
Ａ Ｂ

6 I'm excited abour graduation.

I'm not.

Conn€cnng ldeos 219

 Ibt z. lgork *'ith a partner. Partner A will make a statemeot, aDd Parmer B will ask for more
information, Thke tuns saying the scntences.
1. I'm feeling tired.
2. I don't like grarnmar.
3. I've se€n a ghost.
4. I didn't eat breakfast this morning.
5. I haven't slept well all week.
6. I'm going to leave class early.
.Phr, Irr. Now take turns disageeing wirh the given statements.

7. I believe in ghosts.
8. I didnt study hard for the last test.
q. I'm going to exercise for an hour today.
10. I like stawberries.
I l.
I havenl worked very hard this week.
12. I don't enioy birthdays.

I Exercise 22. l€fs tolk. (chorts 8-4 ond 8-5)

Make llue statements ebout your classmates using ord atrd but. You may need to interview
them to get morc infotmetion. Use the applopriate auxiliary verbs.

l, Kunio lives in an apartment, end ---Dai9-dpca-lga--.

2. Ellcn is wearing ieans, but Rica o ishl
３

is absent today, but

４

didn't live here last year, and either.

５
６

has a bascball cap, and

７

doesn't have a motorcycle, and either.

８

doesnl have a pet, but

９

will ger up early tomorrow, but

 
０

has srudied English for more than a year, and

u Exelcise 23. Worm-up, (Cho 8-6'

Circle all the logical completions.
Because Roscr fclt tir€d,
a. he took a nap. -. c. he went to bed early
b. he didn't tak€ a nap. d. he didn't go to bed earlv.

220 CHAPIER 8
 (a) He drank waler because he was thusty. Secruse expresses a causeiil gives a reason. Why did he
drink waler? Eeason. He was thirsty.

(b) M rN ctrusE: He dank water. A main clause is a complele sentence:

He drcnk waler = a complete senience

(c) crArsE: because he was thirsty An adverb clause is Nor a complele senlence:
^or'EBB
:
becausa ha we6 thi6ty Nor a complote senlence
8ecru36 inlroduces an adverb clause:
beceuse + subject + verb = an adveh clause
MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAuSE An advsrb clause is connected lo a main clause, as in
●)He dほ nk watだ Oecavseゎ e ll asめ ,6′
'
(d) and (e).
い。Comma)
ln \d): nain clause + no comna + aclveb ckuse
AOVERB CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE ln le): aclverb clause + comma + main ckuse
ot Eiun n",as uii ire-oran*wa'"; Examples (d) and (e) have exaclly lhe same meanrng
((Mm)

ll) tNcoRREcr tN wBtflNc: Example(1),S in∞「rectin w"● en Englishl aecaljmヵ り

He drank watel Because he was lhitsty- wag thr● fy cannot stand a one as a sentence that staris
with a captalletter and ends wnh a pe10d lt has to be
connecled to a nain clause,as in(d)and(o)

(9) COR8ECT IN SPCAKINC● :

ln spoken English, an adverb clause can be used as lhe
― why d d he dlnk sOme wate´ sho answ€r lo a queslion, as in (g).
― Because he was th rst,

u Exercise 24. looking oi g]qmmol, (chqr 0-6)

Combine each pair of sentences in rwo diferent orders. Use 6ecause. Punctuate csrefully

l. lre didnl have class. \ The teacher was abs€nr.

' We didn\ haoe class becarlte the teacher @os absent.

' Because the .earher was absent, ue didnT haoe class.

2. The children were hungry. \ There was no food in the house.

3. The bridge is closed. \ We ca['t ger across rhe river.

4. My car didn't stan. \ The battery was dead.

5. Telya and Patti Iaughed hard. \ The ioke was very funny.

u Exerrclso 25. Looking ol grqmmoL (cho 0-6)

Add periods, commas, and capital lette$ as necessary_
ts
l
Jimmy is very young. fecause he is aftaid ofthe dark, he li-kes to have a light on in his
bedroom at night.
つ
Mr. El-Sayed hsd a bad cold because he wes not feeling well he stayed horne from
the office.

Connecling ld6os 22I

 3. Judy went to bed early because she was tired she likes to get at leasl eight hours of sleep
a night.
4. Fiank put his head in his hands he was angry and upset because he had lost a lot of work
on his comPuter.

tr Exer€lse 26. tooking ql glommoL (chorts E-3 ond 8-6)

Mak€ sentences with the same meaning as the given seotence. Use commas where
appropriate.

Ibr, r. R€state the sent€nces. Use 5o.

1 . \0endy lost her iob because she neve! showed up for work on time
wendr neoer sholDed up for too* on timet so she lost he, job.
'
2. I opened the window because the room was hot.

3. B€cause it was raining, I stayed indoors.

Ibr, rr. Restate dle sentences. Use &eca&9e.

4. Jason was hungry, so he ate.
, Beca&te Jason la,as hurj,ry, he ate. oR Jason arc because he tu\ls hr,ugry.

5. The water in the dver is polluted) so we shouldo't go swimming there.

6. My alarm clock didn't go off i so I was late ior my job interview

J Exercise 27. lsoking ol gEmmor' (chons 0-l ' 8-6)

Add commas, penods, end capital letters where appropriate. Don't change any of the words or
the order of the words.
H
1. Jim was hot. /e sat in the shade.

2. Jim was hot and tired so he sat in the shade

3. Jim was hot tired and thirsty.

4. Because he was hot Jim sat in the shade.
5. Because drey vrere hot and tbirsry Jim and Susan sat in the shsde and &ank iced-tea'
6. Jim and Susan set in the shade and drarlk iced-tea because they were hot and thirsty'
he was hot
7. Jim sat in the shade drank iced-t€a and fanned himself with his cap because
tired and drirsty.

8. Because Jim was hot he stayed under the shede of the tree but Susen went back to work'

つ ″ ‐ing

222 cHAPIER3
コ′“∝
¨ Exelcise 28. listening. (chorts 8-l ,8-6)
Listen to the passage. Then add commas, periods, and capital letters where apprcpriate.
Listen again as you che€k your answers.

Understanding tl|e S cientiff.Terfi Mstter

The word ,rdrter is a chemical term. datter is anything that has weight this book your

finger water a rcck air and fie moon are all examples ofmaner heat and radio waves are not mafter

because they do not have weight happiness dreams and fears have no weight and are not matter.

-l Exercise 29. Wolm-up. (cho[ 8-7)

In which sentences is the result (in green) the opposite ofwhat you expect?
l. I didnt eat dinner last night,I wasn't hungry this morning.
Even though
2. Because I didr't eat dinner last night,I was hungr-v this morning.
3. Although I didn't eat dinner last night,I wasn\ hungry rhjs morning.

(a) Even though I was hungry, I did eal. Even though and although introduce an adverb
^ol
I did not eat even thougl, lwas hungty-

Although I was hungry, I did nol eal. Exampes (a)and (b) have lhe same meaningl
I did nol eal although I was hungry. lwas hunqry, but I did not eat.

Aecause expresses an expected resull, as in (c).

(c)aecause l was hun9r“ ′aわ Even though/although expresses an unexpected or
(d)EVen“ οじ9h l waS hungry′ ψd ρο′θal opposile resull, as in (d).

」 lxercise 30 Lo● king oi gromrnoL(chOri 8‐ 7)

Complcte thc sentenccs with thc givcn words

l ち なη七

a. Because Dan is sick, he going ro work.

b. Althoush Dan is sick, he going to work.
c. Even though Dan is sick, he going to work.

a- Even though it $as latc, lrc

b. Ahhough it was late, we
c. Because it was late, we

connecling ldeos 223

tr Exercise 3I. looking st grommor. (chorr 8-7)
Complete the sentences with eTten thottgh or because.

t. Evcn thouah the weather is cold, Rick isn't wearing a coat.

2 うθ υぅθ the weether is cold, Ben is wearing a coat.

`′
●フ       ′攣       〓フ       ´

Jane was sad, she smiled.

Jane was sad, she cried.

it was cold outside, we went swimming in the lake.

ｈ﹀

our tiends live on an island, it isn\ easy to get there by car.

7. People ask Kelly to sing at weddings she has a good voice.

8 I'm rraining for the Ol]'rnpics, I biked up the mountain

it was starting to snow.

9. George sings loudly he can't carry a rune.

」 Exettise 32.L● ●king ot grommoL(chortS 8‐ 6 ond 8‐ 7)

Choosc the best completion for each sentence.

l. Evcn though the test was fairly easy, most ofthe class
O LnCd
b passcd
c did prcw wcll

2 JaCk hadn't hcard or read about the bank robbcrv even though
a he was thc robber
b it was on thc front pagc OFcvcry ncwspaper
c he、 vas out oftown、 vhen it occurrcd

3 N血 ough__,stt nnishcd thc lacc u1 6rst placc

a ヽ1:kl vvas iJl of enettt and strcngth
b ヽlikl was lcading an the way
c ヽこiki、 vas far behind in thc bcginning

224 cHAPT[R3
 4. lye can see the light ftom an airplane et night before we can hear the plane beceuse _.
a, light travels faster than sound
b. airplanes Eavel at high speeds
c. our eyes work better thafl our ears at night
5. My partner and I worked all day and late into t}Ie evening. Even though _, we stopped
at our favorite restaurant before we went home.
a. we were very hungry
b. we had finished our report
c. we were very tired
6. ln the mountains, melting snow in rhe spring runs downhill into rivers. The warer carries
soil and rock. Io the spring, mountain dvers become muddy rarher than clear because

a. mountain tops are covered with snow

b. the water ftom melting snow brings soil and rocks to the river
c, ice is fiozen water

J Exercise 3:1. lis{ening. (Chods 8-6 ond E-7)

, Choose the besl comDlerion for each senrence.
cL
ti?:.. Eranple: You will hear: Because there was a sale at the mall,. . .
You will choose: a. it wasn't busy.
@ there were a lot of shoppers.
c. prices were very high.

l. a. they were under some mail.

b. my roommate helped me look for rhem.
c. I never found them.

2- a. the rain had stopped.

b. a srorm was coming,
c. the weather was nice.

3. a. he was sick.
b. he hed graduated aheady.
c. he was happy for me.

4. a. I mailed it.
b. I decided not to mail it.
c. I sent it ro a ftiend.

5. a. the coaches celebrated afterwards.

b. the fans cheered loudly.
c. rle players didnl seem very excired.

Connecling ldeos 225

I Exerclse 34. l€fs tolk. (chorts E-6 ond E-7)
Answer the questions in complete sentences, using eithet because or eoen ahough. Wotk,x,
pairs, in small groups, or as a class.

E\arngle: lastnigbryou were tired. Did you go to bed early?

, Yes,I stent to bed early because I wet tied. oR
Yes,because I was tired,I uen, to bed belote ine. oR
',
No,I didn\ eo to bed eai) etEn though I uas reallv sbeb). oR
No, er-'en tholtch I wis rea Jj tired,I didnl go to bed nt;l aJrer ,rtidn;ght.
'
l. Ilst night you were tired. Did you stay up late?
2. Vegerables are good for you. Do you eat a lot ofthem?
3. Space exploration is exciting. Vould you like to be an astronaut?
4. What are the winte$ Iike here? Do you like living here in the winter?
5. (A rccent moL'ie) h^s had good reviews. Do you want to see it?
6. Are you a good artist? Will you draw a picture ofme on the board?
7. Vhere does your family live? Are you going to visit them over the next holiday?

I Exercise 35, Reoding ond grommoL (chopter 8)

Part r. Read the passage.

The Importance of \ryeter

What is the most common substance on earth? It isn't wood, iron' or sa[d. The most
€ommon substance on earth is water. Every living thing contains water. For example, a
person's body is about 6? percent water, a bild's is about 75 percent water, and most ftuit
contains about 90 Percent water.
In addition, T0 percent of the earth's surface is water. Besides being in lakes, rivers, and
oceans, water is in the ground and in the air. However, most of the wsrer in the world is
saltwater. Only 3 percent of the earth's water is ftesh, end just one Percent of that is aveilable
for human use. The rest is saltwater, and people can\ drink it or grow food with it.
Vater is essential to life, but human beings often poison it with chemicals from industry
and farming. Vhen people pollute waler, the quality ofall life plant life, animal life, and
human life suffers. Life caanot exist without flesh water, so
-it is essential that peoPle take
-
care of this impotant nstulal resource.

Ihrt It Complete the sentences with 6ecazse /aLhotgh/e{en thoughlso.

l. 70 percent ofthe earth's surface is water and water is in every

living ihing, it is the most common substance on earth.

２

70 percent ofthe earth's surface is water, orily 3 pcrcenr is frcsh.

 
３

water is evcrylvhere, not much is available for human use-

,1. Chemicals pollute water, ir is important to keep thcm out of dlc

ofit.
一

warer is essential to human life, people need to take carc

Ｄ

6. Water is essential to human life, pcoplc need to take care ofil.

226 CHAPITR 8
」 Exerciss 36. Chec* your knoyyledge. (chopte. E)
Edit the sentences. Corect the errors in sentenc€ structure. pay special attention to
punctua!ion.
1. Even though I was sick, btr+ I wenr to work.

2. Gold silver and coppel. They are metals.

3. The children crowded around the teacher. Because he was doing e megic trick.

4. I had a cup ofcoffee, and so does my 6:iend.

5. My mommate didn't go. Neither I went either.

6. Even I was exhausted, I didn't stop working until after midnighr.

7. Although I like chocolate, but I canl eat it because I'm allergic to it.

8. I like ro eat raw eggs for brealdasr and everybody else in my family too.

9. A hardwar€ store sells tools end nails and plumbing supplies and paint.

10. Most insects have wings, spiders do not.

」 Ex€rcise 37. bfs w te. (chopte, E)

Write about an animal rhar interests you. Follow these sreps:
l. Choose an animal you wanr to know more about.
Hirr Ifyou are doing your research on rhe Internet, R?e io ..interesting facts
about

2. Thke notes on the informarion you 6nd. For example, here is some information abour
girafres from an Internet site.

Girafes
) have long necks (6 feet or 1.8 meters)
+ can reach tops of rees
J need very lirde sleep (20 miflutes to two hours out of24 hours)
, eat about 140 pounds offood a day
, can Co for weeks without drinking water
' get a lot ofwarer ftom the plants they ear
' can grab and hold onto obiects wirh rheir ton$r(s
J don't have vocal €ords
+ can communicate wirh one anorher
(bur humans can'r hear rhem)

connecling ldeos 227

 3. Vrite senteDces based on your facts. Combine some of the id€es using 4n4 6ur, 07, so,
becctse, althottgh, eoen though,
Sarn b sentences:

Giraffes
, Giraffes have long neck, so they can reach the tops of tlees.
, Although they eat about l4O pounds of food a day, they can go for
weeks without drinking water.
though girafres don\ have vocal cords, tley can communicate
' Even one
with another.
' Ginfres can communicate, but people ca[1hea! their communication.
4. Put your sentences ioto a paragraph.

Sample ?ara{raph:
lnteresllng Facts About Glrafles
Giraffes aro inleresling animals They have long necks' so lhey can
reach lhe tops ol trees. They eat llowers, fruit, climbing plants, and the
twigs and leaws lrom trees. Although they eat about 140 pounds of tood
a day, they can go for weeks withoul drinking water They gel a lot ot
waler lrom lhe plants they eal too. They hav€ v€ry long tongu€s and
these tongues are useful. Because lhey are so long, they can grab
obiects with them. Even though giratles don'l have vocal cords, they can
communicale, but people can'l hearthek communication.

228 CHAPIER 8
」 Exercise I. Wolm-up. (cho 9-r)
Compare the lengths ofthe lines.
１   ２   ３

Line D is as long as Line _ . Linc A

Line A isnl as lorg as Line . I.inc B
Line C
Line E is almost as long as Line
- _ Linc D
Line E

(a) Tina is 21 years old. Sam is also 21. A6 .. . as is used io say that the iwo parts ol a
Tina is as old as Sam (is). comparison are equalorthe same in some way.
ln la): as+ adjective + as
(b) Miks cams rs qu,ckly rs he could. ln lb): as + adverb + as

(C)Ted iS 20 Tinais 21 Negative lorm: notas-.-es-r Ouheand nea yate

Ted is nO,as O′ d as Tina often used with the negaiive.
(0)Ted iS nο ′0“ lle as O′ d as Tina ln ld|t notquiteas---as = a small diflerence.
(e)Amyis 5 Sheis"0′ nea″ yasο ′
d asTina ln le)t not nea yas--.as:abgdiflerence
Sam is lusl rs o/d rsTina. Common modiliers ol es... asare lust(mean nq
'e\aclly") and nea y/almoit.
Te<lis nea y/almostas old asfina-
一
一
  一
中５

Tina Sam Ted

21 21 20
rAlso ,o, ro . cr Tal { not ro ol.l 6 1|no.
rossibrr: ..

229
J Exercise 2. Looking dt grommor. (chort 9-l)
Complete t]re sentences, withrrs, as, a/rnost aslnot quiae os, ot t ot $eorly as.

Par, L Compare the fullness of the glasses.

￨ ス 5 4

1. Glass 4 is almaslt ao / nat quitc ab full es Glass 2.

2. Glass 3 is Sull as(〕 lass 2

3. Gless I is ftlH as Class 2

Pal, ,l Compare thc sizc of thc boxes.

4 Box B is big as Box A.

5 Box E is big as Box A.

6 BOX C iS big as Box B.

7 3ox E is bis as Box D.

コ ExeЮ iSe 3.L● oking at gromrnoL(chort 9 1)

Complete thc sentencesヽ ith α.9 _as and、 Ч)rds tom the list Cヽ ℃ your own ophiOn
Use ncgatlve verbs where approprlate

a housefly ,r an ant good health / money

a lake / an occan honey / sugar
alemon/ai{atermelon monkeys /people
a lion r' a tigcr rcading a book r' listening to music
rhe sun / rhc moon

230 cHAPIER,
 l. An tnt isn't a6 big as

2. A lion ib a6 dangerou s and $ild as

3. large as

4. SVCCt aS

5.

6.

7. hot as

8. good at €limbing trees as

9. rela-xins as

U Exercise 4. Lislening. (chod 9-l)

Complete the sentences wirh the words you hear.
GO

珈５
。

llra
ａ

Sylvia Brigita
30 2a 50

Ejrdmrlrr You will heer: Brigira isn\ as old as hra.

You will ffiite: .)41 a6 ota a.
l Lara Tanva

2. Sylvir I-ara.
3. Sylvia and Brisita Tanya.

4. B gita Sylvia.

5. Brigim Sylvia.

Comporisons 23I
」 ExeFCiSe 5.G● me.(cho"91)
′s as is uscd in many tradl● onal phrases Tllcse phrascs arc generally spokcn rathcr than
wHttcn See ho,v many oFthem you're familiar、 vitll by complctlng the sentcnccs with thc
gⅣcn、 vords ヽ9ork ul teams ‐ c tcam witll■ c most correct answers、 vins

/a bear a cat a homet an ox

a bird a Featllcr a kite ぬ e hills
１

'lvhen will dinner be ready? I'm as hungry as 2 bear

 
２

DidToshi realy lift that heAly box all by hitDsen He must be as strong as

3 It was a lovely summer day. School was out, and there was nothing in particular that I had
to do. I felt as fiee as

4 Marco won'r change his mind. He's as stubborn as

5 How can anyone €xpect me to sleep in this bed? It's as hard as

6 ofcolrrse I've hesrd rhat ioke beforel Ir's as old as

7 !0hy are you walkiog back and forth? !(7hacs the matter? You're as nervous as

8 Thanks for offering to help, but I can carry the box alone. lt looks heary, but it isnt. ICs

as light as
９     ０

V/hen Erica received the good news, she felt as high as

A: Was he angry?
B: You'd better believe it! He was as mad as

-.

232 cHAPT[R9
」 Exercise 6. Wolm-up. (ChO子 19‐ 2)
Compare the people.

Ma
１   ２   ３

Paolo looks younger than

Matt looks younger than
looks rhe youngesr ofall.
０

A's o7der rllan`B: The comparalive compares firs to thalor lhese lo lhose.
り  ＞

払 'and・ B'are Older"an・ C・ and・ Dr Fatm: 4rot more (See Charl9-3.)

ｃ

Ed is mOre genero“ s nan his b「 。ther Notice: A comparalive is followed by thrr.

4,"'Bl'"Cl'and 'D" arc sisters. "A" is tl,e The superlative compares one part ol a whole group to
o/dest of a//four sislers. allthe rest ol the group.
A woman in Turkey claims to be the ordest Form: 'estor rrosl (See Chart 9-3lorforms,)
person in the worid- Notice: A superlalive begins wilh t,e
(f) Ed is the most genercus percon tn his famly.

□ Exercise 7. Gome. (chort 9-2)

Work in teams. Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). The re.m wirh rhe mosr
correct answers wins.
1. Canada is larger rhan France. T F
2- Russia and Canada arc thc largest countries in the world. T F
3. The South Pole is genemlly colder than the Norfi Pole. T F
4. The Pacific Ocean is the coldest ocean in rhe world. T F
5. The Mediteranean Sea is r}le biggest sea ofall. T F
6. In eeneral, Libya is hotter than Mexico. T F
7. Africa is larger than Asia. T F
8. Argentina has the highest and lowest points in South America. T F
9. The nearest conrinent to Antarctica is Australia. T F
10. The longesr country in the world is Chile. T F

Compo"sons 233
コ＾０脱置 Exercise 8. Listening. (Chorts 9-l ond 9-2)
Lisren ro the statements. Do you agree or disagree? CircleJes orr,o. Before you begin, you
may want to check your understanding of these wordsr dlkarbe, .oo hcd' tastf' rau.

l yes no

2. yes no

3. yes no

4. yes no

5. yes no

6. yes no

7. yes no

8. yes no

己 Exercise 9. Worm-up. (cho 9-3)

Compare the three handwriting samples.

B:

C:

l. --.1: is neater than A(ar9)

2_ is messier than

3. - is more resdablc than

4. is better than

5. - is the best.

6. - is the worst.

7. - wrote more carefully than

234 CHAPTER 9
 9.3 Comparative and Superlative Forrns ofAdiectives
and Adverbs
Comparative Superlative
ONE‐ SYLLABLE old older the old€sl For most one-syllable adieclives,
ADUECTIVES wise wiser the wisesl -er and -esl are added.

TWO― SYLLABLE lamous lamous

more the most lamous For most lwo-syllable adjectives,
AD」 ECTIVES pleasant pleasanl
more the most pleasanl morc and most are used.

clever clever€r the clovercsl Some two-syllable adjectives use

more clevor the mosl clovsr eilhet -ef/-est ot mofe/moat: able,
gentle g€ntl€r the gentlest angry, clever, comnon, cruel,
more genlle the mos! genll6 friendly, qen e, handsomo, narrow
friendly lriondlier the l endliesl pleasant, polite, quiel, sinple, sout-
moro lriendly the mostlriondly

busy busior the busigst -E and -estare used with two'

pretty pr€llior the pretliest syllable adjeclives lhal €nd in -y.
The -yis changed lo -t

AEJECTIVES V● ITH importanl more imporlanl lhe most imporianl /lrore and moslare used with onq
THREE OR lascinating morc hscinating he mosl lascinaiing
MORE SYLl■ 8LES

IRREGULAR good bellsr the b€sl Cood and tadhave irregular

AO」 ECTIVES bad worse the worsl compaalive and superlalive lorms.

ιY
‐ ADVER3S carelully more carelully lhe mosl carelully Itore and most are used with
slowly more slowly lhe mosl slowly adverbs lhat end in -/y.r

ONE‐ SYLLABLE lasl lasl€r the lasiest The -er and -estlorms are used
ADVERBS hard harder the hardest wilh one-syllable adverbs.

IRREGULAR wel better the best Bolh ,rrtlrer and ,urther ar6 us6d
AIllV E RBS baoly worse the worst lo compa.e physical distancos: /
僣i la“ herfurlher the lanhesttunhest walkec! fafthet lhan firy liend did.
oa I walked further than ny lriencl
dld Further also means
"addilional't I need lurther

NoTE: Fadrte, cannot be used

when lhe meaning is "additionall'

'lixcqlion eafl, is both an adiccriv.,nd rn rdErb. Forms: dri,n..rriy.

comporisons 235
O Exercise 10. tooking al glommor. (chorts 9-2 ond 9-3)
Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following adiectives and adverbs.
l. hish higher- the hiqhe.t 8. dangerous

2. good 9. slowly

3. lzzy 10. cornmon

4. hotr 11. ftiendly
5. neatr 12. careful

6. late' 13. bad

7. happy 14. far

I Exelcise I I. Looking ol glommor. (chorts 9'2 ond 9'3)

Complete the sentences with the correct comparative form (rzo7€l-€r) ofthe adicctives in
the list.

clean dangerous tunny

confusing dark pretty

l. Oranges are ---2!ccr€r than lemons.

2. I heard some polite laughter when I told my jokes, but everyone laughed loudly when Janet

told hers- Her iokes are al*ays much

3. Many more people die in car accidents thsn ir plane accidents Statistics show that

driving your own car is rhan fl],ing in an airplane.

4. Professor Sato speak clearly, blrt I have Eouble understanding Professor llrson's lectures.

Her le€turcs are much than Professor Sato's-

5. Is there a srorm coming) ThL \k! look\ than it did an hour ago.

6. That tsblecloth has some stains on it. Take this one. [t's

7. We're having another beautiful sun se. lr looks like an orange fireball. The sky is even

than yesterday.

8. If a cat and a duck are out in the rain, the cat will get much dlan

rhe duck. The water wil iust roll otrdle duck's feafiers, but it will soak into dle cat's hair.

. whd a onc{ylablc .di{ti( en& in o,. llryl + a cmo,,,r, doubl. ii€ consondr and
'dd
'q/-"t: 4d' sd'Lr'
. Vhd s .di.dirc mds in tm adul! + o eMn , do Nor doubl. th. @IMmt: co"l' d'>Lr, @"t.'t'
. Whd an .di.ctiE end! in -., do N@ doublc rh€ conson.m: @d.' @d4' @i'Ltt

235 CHAPIER 9
3 Exercise 12. list€ning. (Chort 9-3)
a Listen to the seatences and choose the words that vou hear.
st
1:r2r5 Erande: You will hear: I am the shortest person in our family.
You will choose: shorr shorrer @
My family
l. young younger youngest

2. tall taller rallest

3. happy happier happiesr

4. happy happier happiesr

5. old older oldest

6. funny funnier funniest

7. hard harder hardest

8. hard harder hardest

f, Exercise 13. looking oi grommor. (chort 9-3)

Choose the correct completion(s) for each sentence.

1. Ron and his friend went iogging. Ron ran two miles, but his friend got tired after one
mile. Roo ran _ rhan his friend did.
O farthCr @ turth".
2. Ifyou have any questions, don't hesitate to esk.
a. farther b. further
-
3. I gave my old computer to my younger sister because I had no _ use for it.
a. farrher b. turther

4. Paris is north than Tokyo.

a. farther b. further
-
5. I like my new apartmenr, bur ir is _ away fiom school than my old apartment wes.
a. farther b. furrher
6. Thank you for your help, but I'll be finc now I dont wanr to cause you any _ trouble.
a. farth€r b. furder
7. Which is fiom here: rhe subway or the train station?
a. farther b. turther

Comporisons 237
J Exercise 14. Lel's lqlk poirwork. (chorts 9-2 ond 9-3)
Vork wi& a paltner. Make comparison sentences with ,nole/-e7 rnd adjectives in the lisr.
Share some ofyour answen with the class.

beautitul enjoyable light soft

cheap expensive relaring stessful
deep fast shallow thick
easy heaiy short thin

l. tra!eling bI Jr rratelin8 b! rrrin

, Tratoliry by air Jaster thd tra!.ling br train.
, Ti.trclhs b! ai is^ norc ltrcls[ll tha traL,eli/tg b! ttli -

Er..
2. apool\alake
3. an elephant's neck , a giraffe's neck
:1. taking a trip , staving home
5. iron \ tL ood
6. going to the docror \ gojng rc rhe denrist
7. gold \ silver
8. rubber \ qood
9. an emcrald , a diamond
10. a feather a blade ofgmss

I Exercise 15. Listening. (Chods 9-l

'9-3)
2, Listen to each scnrence ard choose thc statcment (a. or b.) that has a similar mcrning.
(c
'. E\antple: You !!rllh(ar I ncr,l h.lpl Pler\e comc a\ 'oon as po.sible.
\bu $,ll.ho.re: a Plcar'.om< qurckl!.
b. I'lcasc come $hen vou halc time.

l. a. Business is bener this year. 6. a. I'm going to drive faster.

b. Business is worse this year. b. I'm not gotrg to drive faster.

2. a. Steven is a v€ry friendly person. 7. a. Your work was careiUl.

b. Steven is an unfriendly person. b. Yout wotk was not careirl.

3. a. The test was dimcult for Sam. 8. a. I am full.

b. The test wasn't so difficult for Sam. b. I would like more to €at.

4. a. We can go farthet. 9. a. My drive and my flight take

b. We cent go father. the same amount of time'
b. My drive takes more time.
5. a. Jon made a very good decision.
b. Jon made a very bad decision.

238 CHAPIER 9
」 Exercise I6. Worm-up. (chod 9-4)
Comp)ete the sentences with the names ofpeople you k ow. Make true statements-
1. I'm oldcr than
2. I live nearer to/farther ftom school than

3. I got to class earlier/later than did

l 's hair is longer/shorter than mhe.

(a)lm。 10r・ lan Oyわ rrlner(0 h formal English, a subject pronoun (e.g., ne) Iollows m6a, as
(b)lm。 ldOr"an heだ in (b).
(C)lm OdOrゎ aη 力lm (わ rolη a′ )
In everyday informal spoken Engish,an oblect pronOun
ゎiり 。nen fOlows tha"as n(c)

(d)He WOrks harderthan′ do Frequenly an auxl ary verb lolows the sublecl alter fhall

(e)t attVed ead er"an● ″ djd in(d)出an′ do‐ ￨ヽn′ 田 贅

(1)ハ nn`ha ris onger"aη κatet A poss€ssive noun (e.9., Kate's) or pronoun (e.9., m,ino) may
(9)Ja“ 3 apartmentis smaler ttan mfre

ロ Exorcis€ I7. Looking ql grqmmor. (chorr 9-4)

Complete the sentences. Use pronouns in tle completions.
l. My sister is only six. She's much younger tian I afi oR finformallv) ma
2. Pe8gy is thirteen, and she feels sad- She thinks most ofthe other gi s in school are far
more popular thart

3. The kids can't lift that hearT box, but Mr. El-Sayid can. He's srronger than

4 Jared isn't a very good speller. I can spell much better rhan
5 I was on time. Carlo was late. I got there earlier rhan
6 Ma ko is out of shape. I can run a lot fssrer and farther than

7 Isabel's €lasses arc difficult, but my classes are easy. Isabel's classes are more difficult than
. Mv classes are casier than

8. Our neighbor's house is very large. Our house is much smaller than
. Their house is larger than

Compoisons 239
J Exercise I8, Worm-up. (chort 9-5)
Do you agree or disagree with these statements? Circle -!,rs or tla

l. I enioy very cold weather. yes no

2. Ir's cooler today than yesterday. yas no
3. Ias much vrarmer today than yesterday.
4. Ias a little hotier today rhan yesterday. yes no

(a) Tom is v6ry o/d. y€ry often modalies adi€clivos. as in (a), and adverbs, as
lb) Ann dtiws very carcfully. in (b).

tNcoBREcr: Ton is very oldet than I am. yary is Nor used lo modily clmpatati\g adjectivss and
\c)
tNcoBBECf: annd ves very morc catefully
than she usecl lo-

(d) fom is much / a / lar olderthan I am.

lot lnslead. much, a lot, ot lat are used to modily comparative
(e) Ann dri\€s much /, ,ot / lat fiore carelully adjectives and adverbs, as in (d)and (e).
than she used lo.

ll) Ben is a little \bit) okler lhan I am oR Another common modlier is a llttle/a ltlebit,asin(l).

J Exelcise 19. Looking ot grommoL (chort 9-5)

Add oery, ,nuch, a lor, or/4/ to the sertences.

l. tr's hot today. ' It\ oery hor rodq).

2. ICs hotter todAy than yesterday. ' h\ ,nuch/o lot/Jar hottet todoy than lesLerclay.
3. An air?lane is fast.
4. Taking an airplane is faster than driving.
5. Irarning a second language is dificult for many people-
6. karning a second language is more difficult than learning chemistry formulas.
7. You can live more inexpensively in student housing than in a rented apartment.
8. You can live inexpensively in student housirtg.

J Exorcise 20. Worm-up. (chort 9-6)

Complere the sentences with your own words

1. Compare the cost of two cars:

´ is morc expensive than (a/an)
")

2. “
Comparc the cost oftwo kinds offruit:
are less expensive than

). Compare the cost of two kinds ofshoes (boors, sandals, rennis shoes, flip-flops, etc'):

are not as cxpenslvc as

240 CHAPTIR 9
 4. Compare the cost of rwo kinds ofheat: (gas, electric, solar, wood, coal, etc.):
heat is not as cheap as heat-

MOBE THAN ONE SYITASLEI The opposite ol -erlrrore is expr6ss6d by ,€ss or

(a) A pen is ,ess expensiye tl,r'' a book-
(b) A pen is not as expers,ye as a book. Examples (a) and (b) have lhe same meaning.

Le35 and ,ot as . . - ,s are used wilh adjectives and adverbs

ol mole then one syllable.

Only rolrs. . as (Nor ress) s used wilh one-syllable

A p€n is rotas /arge asa book. adiectlves or adverbs, as in 1c).
tNcoRREcr: A pen is lass lage than a book-

」 Exer€ise 2I. looking dt glgmmqr. (chort 9-6)

Circle the correct completion(s) for each senrence.
l. My nephew is _ old myniece.
a. less...than
2. My nephew is _ hard-working _ my niece.
a. less...than b. notas...as
3. A bee is big _ a btud.

-
4. My brother is _ interested in computers _ I am.
a. less...than b. noras...as
5. _ se ous abour rheir schoolwork
Some students are others.
less...th.n
a. b. notas...as
6. I am _ good at repairing rhings _ Diane is.
a. less...then b. notas.,.es

」 Exercise 22. Gom€. (Choris 9-t ,9-6)

Work in teams. Compare the given words using (ror) as . . . as, less, end rnorcl-er.. Ho\tt
many comparison sentences can you think of? The teem with the most correct sentences wins.
Exdnple. trees and flowers (big, colodul, ueful, etc.)
Ttees are biccer than fllruets.
,' FLnLvrs are usuaty more colodr.tl than rees.
j Fkxters ore less usefi rhan trees.
: Fl.awn aren't as tall as trees.
l. the sun and the moon 3. two restaurants in this area
2. teenagers and adulrs 4. two famous people in the world

comporisons 241
コ Exercise 23. tBtsning. (Chorts 9-l
＾０＝ '9-6)
Listen to each sentence and the statements that follow iL Choose "T" for true or "F" for false.
Example: Fratce \ Brazil
You will hear: aδ nCeご tお hrgC¨ B鯰 J
You will choose:
You q,ill hear: b. France is bigger than Brazil.
You will choose: T

1 asidewelk\aroad 1 toes \ fingers

a.T F a.T F
b.T F b.T F
c.T F
2 ahill\amountain
a.T F つ basic math \ algebra
b.T F e.T F
b.T F
3 a mountain peth \ a mountain peak c.T F
a.T F d.T F
b.T F

」 Exelcise 24. Wolm-up: lrivio. (chod 9-7)

Compare Manila, Seattle, and Singapore. Which t'!vo cities have more rain in Decemher?r

and have more rain

than in December.

(a) Would you like some mo.e co,ree? ln (a): Coree is a noun. When rrote is used wilh
Not everyone is here. I etpacl morc people lo nouns. il ollen has lhe moanrng of 'additionall' lt is nol
(b)
necessary lo use thar.

(C)There are nore people n Ch naわ an there are in lror€is also used with nouns lo make complele
the unted states comoarisons by adding lt
,,

(d) Do you have enough couoe, or would you like When lhe meaning is clear, ihe noun may be omitled
and rrorecan be used by ilselJ.

・ ょ er/`..И ″oゎ P 421

242 cHAPTER 9
D Exercise 25. Oome: tivio. (chort 9-7)
'Work in teams. !0?rite true sentences using lhe given information. The team with the most
corect sentences wins.*
l. more kinds ofmammals: South Afiica \ Kenya
, Kenya has more hin& of mammak than South Afrba.
2. more volcanoes: Indonesia \ Japan
3, more moons: Saturn \ Venus
4. more people: Sa6 Per o, Brazil \ NewYork City
5. more islands: Greece \ Fioland
6. more mountains: Switzerland \ Nepal
?. more sugar (per 100 grams): an apple \ a banana
8. more fat (per 100 grams): the dark meat ofa chicken \ the whire mear ofa chicken

Ll Exor€ls€ 26. looking ol grommot

(chqds 9-2, 9-3, ond 9-7)
First, underline the words in the list that are nouns. Second, use -elrzore and the words in
the list to compl€te the sentences.

doctors information responsible

happily mistakes responsibly
heppiness responsibiliries /tra6c
happy

l. A ciry has more lraffic rhan a small town.

2. There is available on the Intemet today than there was one
year ago.
3. I used to be sad, but now I'm a lot ahout mv life than I

4. Unhappy roornmates can live togerher ifthey learn to respecr

each other's differences.
5. Maggiet had a miserable year. I hope she 6nds in lhc futurc.
6. I made on the lest test than I did on rhe fust one, so I gor a
worse grade-
7. My daughter Ilyla is fiustworthy and mature. She behaves much
than my nephew Jakob.
8. A twelve-year-old has at home and in school thar an
eight-year-old.
9. My son is ubout doing his homewo.k rhan his older sisrcr is.
10. Health care in rural areas is poor. \ve need to treat People in

'5.. Tnaia AM, F. 121 .

Compo sons 243

J Exercise 27. Worm-up, (chorl9-8)
Do you agree or disagree with itrese statements? CircleJet oraa

いいい

ｎ   ｎ   ｎ
。
l. The grammar in this book is getting harder and harder.

。
2. The assignments in this class are getting longer and longer.

。
3. My English is gening becer and better.

(a) Bocause he was alraid, he walked fastet ancl Bep€ating a comparative gives the idea lhal
somelhing becomes progrossively grealer, i.o., it
increases in intensity, quality, orquanlity.
(b) Litu in th6 modarn world is goning moteatd

」 Exercise 28. Looking ctt grcmmor. (chort 9-8)

Complete the sentences by repeating a compantive. Use the qords in thc list.

︲
ｄ
ｏ
嗣晩

ｕ］
big ′fast ヽVm

discouragcd g00d WCt

l. When I get excited, my heart beats faster and fz,ter

2. When you blow up a balloon, it gets

3. Brian's health is improving. It's gedng

every day.
４     ５

As rhe ambulance came closer to us, the siren became

The line ofpeople waiting to get into the theater goi

unril ir went around r}Ie building.

6. Tlank goodness winter is over. The wealher is getting

{ irh each passing day.

?. l've been looking for a iob for a month and still haveo't been abl€ to find one. I'm gerting

8. The rain started as soon as I left mv o6ce. As I walked to the bus stop, it rained
, and I got

9. I started to row thc boat across the lake, but my arms got
, so I tumed back.

244 cHAPI[R9
J Exelcise 29. Worm-up. (chqd 9-9)
Do you agree or disagree wifi the following idea? V,hy?

Ifyou pay more money for something, you will get better qualiry In other words,
the more expeDsive something is, the better the quality will be.

(a) nre lrarder you study, tl,e more you will l6arn. A double comparative has two padsi bolh parc begin
(b) Ihe more she studisd,lhe more she learned. wilh tha, as the examples. The second part oJ th€
rn
comparison is lhe roauli of the lirst part.
lc\ The wa,/metthe vlealher (is), lne Detter I like il.
ln (a): ll you study harder, lh6 lesull will be lhal you

(d) Should we ask J6nny and Jim lo lh€ party too? fho morc.lha mefiler and the soonei the !€tl,r
- nol? The morc, the fieftlel ats two common expressions,
-Why
(e) When should u,6l€avs? ln (d): lt is good lo have more people al the party.
- The sooneL lhe betler.
- ln (e)i lt is good il we leave as soon as we can.

J Exercise 30, Looking (tl grommoL (Chorr 9-9)

Ibrr L Complete the sentences with double comparatives (tr€ rrore l-er' .. . ahe rnorcl-er)
and the words in ,ral,i.r.

I . If the fiuit is ,esi, it tastes good

fhe fresher ldte frUjt (is>, lhθ レθ,,θ r

2- We got ./ors to the 6re. We

we 8ot to the 6re) \le felt.

3. Ifa knife is srdrA it is ,dry to cur something with.

a knife (is), it is to cut something.

4. The party got o$y ncxt door. I gor.trla/,r1

rt got! I goL

5. lfa flamingo eats a lot ofrrn:nA ir becomes very r,rk

The a flamingo eats,

thc ]t gets

Comporisons 245
 Itr ,r. Combine each pair of sentences. Use double comparaoves (thc ,norcl-er .. . ahe
moreLer) a'rd the words in itdl.t.
6. She dtovelat \ I became aertozs.

Rosa ofered to take me to tle airport, and I was grateful. But we got a late stan, so she

began to drive frster. , The fastzr she dtoae, ahe more nerw*\ I became,

7, He fiought zbolutlis family. \ He became romesr.*.

Pierre tried to conc€ntrate on his studies, but h€ kept dinking about his family and
home. +
8. The sky glew dalfr. \'We ran/ast to reach the house.
A storm wes threatening. -
」 Exelcise 3I. Worm-up.
(chort 9-10)
Complcte the sentences with your own ideas.

l is ihe most expensive city I have ever visited.

＾
ｚ    ３

is one ofthe most expensive cities in the world.

is one ofthe least expensive cities in the world

(a) Tokyo is one ol the largest cities ln the world. Typical completions when a supenali!€ is used:
(b) Davad is tlre moslgenercus Person I have ever ln lal: superlative + ln a place lthe world, this class,
my family, lhe corqozlion, elc.)

(c) I ha!€ lhrs€ books. Thess two are quile good, bul ln lb)t superlative + adiective clause'
lhis one is the b€st (book) o, arl ln (c): supe ative + ot a

(d) ltook louriinalexams. The linalin accounting Il,e lerstr'as he oppos,ie meanirq ol tte mo.r
was the least dillicult ol all-

(e) Ali is one ofthe besl studenfs in lhis class. Notice the pattern wilh one of:
(l) Ons ofthe best slrdents in this class isAli. one ot + plunl noun l+ singulat vehl

(g) l've nevertaken a hrderlssl. Never - compatative : superlative

(h) l've ,ever laken a irrdlest. Example (g) means'ltwas the hardesi tesl l've €ver
raken." Compare (g)and (h).

rsee Chaptcr 12 for norc iDfolmation about adj..iivc clauses

I Exercise 32. Looklng ol grommor. (chort 9-10)

Complete the sentences wirh superlatives of the words in /talt?s and the
'ppropriare
prepositionr dz or o,

1 . Kyle is &r-?. He is ---fuclazlgL student in the class

245 CHAPIER 9
 2. Mike and Julie were ,.roor.r, but Amanda \Nes the mast. ne^/ouo of all.
3. Coste Rica is 6ddrrr,/l,lL ft is one of
countries _ the world.

4. Scott got a 6rd score on the test. It was one of scorcs

the class.

5. Neptune is/a/ ftom rhe sun. Isit planet from t}le

surl our solar system?

6. There are a lot oftool cooks in my family, but my mom is

_ - all.

7. My grandfather is very old. He is person _ the town

where he lives.

8. That cheir in the cotner is comlortable. lt is

chair the !oom.

9. Everyone who ran in the race was exra,rr,€4 but I was

Ll -
Exercise 33. Looking ot grqmmor, (Chort g,lo)
Complete the senrences with the superlative form ofthe given phrases.

big bi.d long river in South America

two great natural dangem popular forms ofenterBinment
/deep ocean thrce common sr€et names
high mountains on earth

l. The Pacific is the deepc5tt acean in the world.

2. are ir the Himalayan Range
in Asia.

3- Most birds are small, but nor the flightless North African ostrich. It is
in the world.
4 to ships are fog and icebergs.
5- One of thrcughour rhc world
ls movlcs

6. in the Urited SBres are Park,

'W'ashington,
and Maple.

is the Amazon.

Compoasons 247
J Exercise 34. looking qt grommor. (chorl9-10)
Complete the sentences with the superlative form ofthe words in irdl,.r.

1. I have had many goo d expeiences Of those, my vacation to Honduras was one of
I have ever had.

2. Ayako has had many ,?ic? ,i/res, but her birthdey party was one of
she has ever had.

3. l've talrrn lr.any dilflath colrnas, but statistics is one of

I've ever taken.

4. ['ve made some dd m,rraies in my life, but lending money to my cousin was one of

5. We've seen many r ea tifut buildin?s n r\e Norld, bur the Ta j Mahal is one of

6. The fnsl e,.oml took was pretty ea!,. ln fact, it was one of
I've ever taken.

I Exercise 35. let's lolk: poirwork. (chort9-10)

Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering questions. Use superlatives in your
answers. Pay sPecial attention to the use ofplural nouns after ore o,
E\&tnple:
SPEAr.ERA: You have known many interesting peoPle. Who is one of them?
SPEAKER B: Oze o/the rnost lnteresting peoplc I've ever known ,s ( ) oR
( ) rs oze o/the most ioteresting p€ople I've ever known.
-
1. There are many beautiful countries in the world. What is one ofthem?
2. There are many famous people in the world. \qho is one ofthem?
3. You've probably seefl many good movies What is one of them?
4. You've p.obably done many interesting things in your life. Vhat is one of rhem?
5. Think of some happy days in youl life. !0hat was one of them?
6. There are a lot ofintercsting animals in the world. What is one ofthem?
7. You have probably had many good experiences. \tr?hat is one ofthem?
8. You probably know several fulny people who is one of them?

J Exelcise 36. Olommol ond lislening. (chort 9'10)

Pdrr L Circle the sentence (4. or b.) that is clos€st in meaning to the given sentence'
I . I've never been on a bumpier plane dde.
a. The flight was bumpy. b. The flighr wasnl bumpv'
2. I've never tasted hot chili peppers.
a. The peppers are hot. b. I havenl eaten hot chili peppers'

248 CHAPIER 9
 3. The house has never looked cleaner.
a. The house look clean. b. The house doesn't look clean.
4. We've never visited a more beautiful ciry.
a. The city was beauritul. b. The city wasn,r beautitul.

?, tut.II. Listen to the sentences- Circle the sentence (a. or b.) that is closest iD meaning to rhe
@ one you hear.
tunny.
His jokes are b. His iokes aren\ frmny.
6, a. It tastes gteat. b. It doesn,t tast€ very good.
7. a. The mattress is hard. b. I havent slept on hard mattresses.
8. a. The movie was scary. b, I haven't watched scary movies,

I Exercise 37. Lel's lolk inlerview. (cho 9-ro)

Make questions with the given words and the superlative form, and then roterview your
classmates. Shere some of their answers with the class.

l. what \ bad movie \ you have ever seen

, V4tat is the uont moob you hooe eut seen?
2. what \ interesting sporr to watch \ onTV
3. what \ crowded city \ you have ever visited
4. where \ good restaumnt to est \ around here
5. what \ fun place to visit \ in this alea
6, who \ kind person \ you know
7. what \ important thing \ in life
8. what \ serious problem \ in the world
9. who \ most interesting pe$on \ in rhe news right now

J Exercase 30. Oome. (Chorts 9-l ,9-tO)

'Work in teems. Compare each list of items using th€ words
in r'r4&.r. Write sentences using
as . . . as, the comparanve (-erlrn rre), a'i,d rhe superlarive (-"rrrzos,). The group with the
most correct sentences wins.

E&rrpl€. streets in fiis city. ,ide I noft&t / bttt! / dongero s

- Fitst AlEnuei uider thafi Market Sreet.
Second Aoemte is naorb, as uride as First Atenue.
,' First Axenue is nanvDer than Indstate Highuq Z0-
+ me bu.riest srreet is Main Street.
', Main Street i busi.et than Marhet Street.
The,nost danaerous street ifi the ciry is Olioe Bouteoard
l. a lemon, a Srapeftuit, and an orange: swee, / sour I large I smalt
2. a kitten, a cheetah, aI:.d a lio'J weak / ,o?aetlul / wild / gentle / fast
3. boxing, soccer, and golfi clangercus I safe I exciting I boring
4. the food at Ahree ?laces ir1 ,hi cit)t ehere ylt haoe eatan): dahbus /
a?,etizinq / inexpensbe / sood t bad

Comporisons 249
-l Exercis€ 39. looking ol grommor. (chort 9-l ' 9-10)
Coftplete the sentences with any eppropriate form of the words in pareotheses. Add any other
necessary words. In some cases, more than one completion may be possible.

1. Irad is a very healT meral. Itis (lieao:',) heavier thah Eold or silver' Itisoneof
(heatD) the heavieat meEls of all.

2. Mrs. Cook didn't ask the children to clean up the kitchen. It was (eaiy)
for her to do it he^clf to nag them to do it.
３

A car has two (roleeb) a bicycle.

 
４

Crocodiles and alligators are different. Th€ snour of a crocodile is (/org)

(norroro> than an alligator's snout. An alligator has a (url'd")
^nd
uppcr jaw than a crocodile.

5. Although borh jobs are important, being a reacher requircs (rdr.dtr'ori)

bcingabusd ver.

6. The Greatwall of China is (rong) structure rhat has ever

been built.

7. Hannah Anderson is one of ( r,,,?db) and (deliehdut)

pcople I've ever met.

8. One of (/anorc) volcanoes the

world is Mount Erna in Sicily.

9. It's possible thar rh€ volcanic explosion of Krakatoa near Java in 1883 was (/oxd)
noise recorded history' People heard it 2,?60
milesi4,.141 klometers away

-
250 CHAPIER 9
 to. (hard) I tried, (iapossi6le)
the math problem seemed-

ll. World Cup Soccer is (r,g) sporting event rhe world.

It is viewed on TV by ( ,eorl") anv orher event in sports.

12. Vhen the remperature stays below fteezing for a long period of time, tbe EiEel Tower
-
becom€s six inches or fifteen centimeters (shor,

13. Youns people have (,'l) mte of automobile accidenrs

all divers.

14. Youd better buy thc tickets for rhe show soon. (ir,rs)
you wait, (d,Jfi.dt) it will be for you ro ger
-
good seats.

15. No animals can trsvel (/arr) birds. Birds are (/dJ,

animals ofall.
16. (s/eat) variety ofbirds a single aree can be
found in the rainforests of Southeasr Asia and India.

D Exolcise /O. Worm-up. (chort 9-r t) -

Solve the math problemsr and then complete the senrences.

PRoBEM A: 2 + 2:
PRoBEM B: t/s00 + zo =
PRoBL-EM C: 3 x 127 =
PRoBltMD:2+3:
PRoBrfM E: 127 x 3:

l. Problem _ and Prcblem _ have tle same snswer$.

2. Pmblem and Problem heve similar answers
3. Problern _ and Problem _ have different answers.
4. The answer to Problem _ is rhc same as the answer ro problem _.
5. The answers to Prcblem _ and Problem _ are similar.
6. The answeft to Problem _ Problem _ are different.
7. Problem _ has the same answer as Problem
8. Problem _ is like Problem _.
9. Problem _ and Problem _ are alike.
'S.. Inntn,r,ffi, p. {2 r, for aM ro rne m.t} probtcms.

comporisons 25I
(a) John and Mary have lhe same books. The safie, sifillal and dilfererl are Lrsed as adjectives.
(b) John and Mary have similat books. Notice: ihe always precedes sa1,e.
(c) John and Mary hav€ dillercnt books.
(d) Their books are fl,e same.
(e) Their books ale simi,at
(t) Their books ale difrerent
(o)ThiS bOok is"e satte as that One Notcei ne salη eisio owed by asi
(h)ThiS bOOk s s'″ llar iO that one slmllar s lo10WeO by tal
(1)ThiS b00k is d′ rreren:rrOrn that one
dl砕 7entis(olo,ved by rrOm・

(j) She is lne same rge as my molher A noun may come belween ihe srma and rs, as in 0)
My shoes are the same size as Yours.

(k) My pen is lite your pen. Nolce in(k)and O)

(l) My pen ardyour pen ,re al,te. ρOυ n― be ll■e+ nOυ n
n and ηου月 十 わe ali綺
"Oυ

(m)She loο ″s llke her s ster ln addition to following be, ,lke also lollows certain vorbs, prima ly
lt′ ooks″ ke rain lhose dealing with lhe senses.
lt sO“ nds llke thunde[ Nolice lhe exampl€s in (m).
This matela reeお jlke slk
That sne″ s llke Oas
This chemical● stes flke Sa t
Stop acPlng″
He seens″ ke"aa nice
loo Ouy

(n) The twins ,oot alike. ハllke may lo“ Klw a lew vefbs Otherthan● ●

Notに e the examples n(n)

Mosl lour-yearolds acl ,/,*e.
My sisl€r and I talk rlike.
The litlle boys are dressed rr-ke
,ln infomal sF.ch, Mrive sD.zr.B mighr uF ,rer iftt..d orJas rh.t lri&ra. I'!u is cofltid€rcd colld in fororl Eqlish'
!,16s rh. comp.nen is mmpl.t dbya clzus.: Ihtua&fimt@itubn@ thon Itscl@h*'

」 Exercise 41.Looking oi gromm● L(chori 9 11)

Completc thc scntences wi■ as`o,メ リ″,Or o

l Ccesc arc sunilar 'θ ducks Tllcy arc bOth iargc、 vatcr birds

2. But geese are no! the same ducks- Geese are usually larger and have
longer necks.

J. Geese are difrerent ducヽ

,[. Geese are like duck in some ways, but geese and ducks are not exacdy

alikc

5. An orange is similar a peach. They arc bo*r round, sweet, and iuicy

252 cHAPIER'
 ６
However, an orange is not the same a peach.

 
７
An orange is differenr a peach.

 
８
a pcach in some ways, bur rhey are nor exacdy alike
コ

Exeicise 4il. Listening. (Cho s 9-3 ond 9-t t)

′“ ■

Listen to each passage. Complere rhe senrences with the words you hear.

Gold vs. Silver

G01d is similar silver. They are both valuable metals rhet people use lt● r

iewelry, but they arent same. Gold is not

2 3
silvcr Gold is also d力威Orent silver in cOst: gold is

cxpenslve silver.

Two Zcbras

Irok at the two zebras in the picture. Theh names are Zee and Bee. Zee looks

Bee. Is Zee exactlv same Bee? The pattern of

39 10
the stripes on each zebra in the world is unique. No ■■ス)Zebras arc cxactly
11
Even ftough Zee and Bec are similar cach othcら dlcy are dircrcnt
t2
each other in the exacr patrern oftheir snipes.

Comporisons 253
J Exercise 43. looking qt glommor. (cho e-l l)
Compare the figures. Complete the sentences with ahe sarne (as), si,nilat (to)' difreren.
([r'otn) , hhe, or al;he.

l. All of the figlres are similar la each other.

2. Figlre A is Figrire B.

3. Figure A and Figure B are

4. A and C are

5. A and C are

6. Cis
7. Bisnl D,

El Exercise 44. Looking ol grommor. (chod 9-l l)

Complete the sentences ;ith ,re sarfte (as), sintilor (to)' dillereflt Cto'n)' lihe' ot alihe'
ln some cases, more than one completion may be possible

l. Jennifer and Jack both come fiom Rapid Ciry ln other words, they come ftom

alE 9Afie town-

2. This ciry is th.6.nc 2a / similar ta / lik my hometo$'n. Both are quiet and

minc
０フ       ””       〓フ

You and I donl agree. Your ideas are

Sergio never wears clothes two days in a row.

a female
A male mosquito is not
mosquito. The fcmale is larger'

254 CHAPTER 9
 6. I'm used to stronger cotree. I think the coffee at this cafe tastes
dishwater!

7 . Meet meat are lTomonyms; in other words, rhey have

^nd.
pronunciation.

8. -Flozler" has

9. My nvin sisters act , but they don\ look

10. Trying to get through school wiihout studying is trying to

go swimming without gening wet.

.l Exercise 45. Reoding. (chopter 9)

PoltL Read the passage and the srarements rat follolv it. NorE: IIe and sre are used
interchangeably.

Birth Order
In your family, are you the oldest, youngest, middle, or only child? Some psychologists
believe your place in the family, or your birth order, has a strong influence on your pe$onality.
I-eCs look at some of the personality characteristics ofeach child.

The oldest child has all the parents'attention when she is born. As she grows up, she may
want to be tle center of attention. Because she is around aduhs, she might act more like an
adult arourd other children and be somewhat controlling. As the oldesr, she mighr have to rake
care of the younger children, so she may be more rcsponsible. She may want to be rhe leader
whcn she is in groups.
The middle child (or children) may feel a little lost. Middle children have to share their
parents' attention. They may try to be difrerent from rhe oldest child. lf the oldest child is
"good," the second child may be "bad-" However, since they need ro ger along with both the
older and younger sibling(s), they may be the peacekeepers ofrhe family.
The youngest child is the "baby" of rhe family. Other family members mav see him as
weakerJ smaller, or more helpless. Ifthe parents know this is their last child, rhey may not want
the child to grcw up as quickly as the other children. As a way to get artenrion, rhe youngest
child may be the tunniest child in the family. He may also have more fieedom and turr out to
be more artistic and creative.
An only child (no brothers or sisrers) often grows up in an adult world. Such childrcn
may use adult language ard prefer adult company. Only children may be more inrelligent and
sedous than other children their age. They mighr also be more self-centered because ofall the
attention they get, and rhey might have trouble sharing wirh others.
Ofcourse, these are general statemenrs. A lor depends or how r}Ie paretts raise the child,
how many years are between each child, ard rhe cuhue rhe child grows up in. How about you?
Do you see any similarities to your family?

Compo sons 255

 Pal, Il Read the statements. Circle "T" for true and "F" for false according to the
infomation in the passage.

Ｆ
l. The two most similar children are tle oldest and only child.

Ｆ
2. The middle child ofren wants to be like the oldest child.

Ｆ
3. The youngest child likes to contlol others.

Ｆ
4. Only children may want to spend time with adults.

Ｆ
5. All cultures share the same birth order characteristics.

J Exelcise 46. Wriling. (chopter 9)

ftrr r. The word list contains penonality characteristics. Do you know all these words?

artistic funny lebellious

hard-working relaxed
controlling secretive
loud sensitive
creative serious
flexible outgoing shy

Ihr, Ir. Compare yourself to other members of your family. lyrite sentences using the
structures below:

Structures:
1 notas...as
2. more...tlan
3. -er...than
4. the most . . .
Par, 11L Write a paragraph comparing your personality to that of another member of your
family. Follow these steps:
l. Write an introductory sentence: I am dillercfit lrorn I similar to my ..
2. Choose at least four characteristics from the list. For each one, mske some rype of
comPadson.
3. rr(/rite a few details that explain each comparison.
4. rvrite one or two concluding seltences.

Sampb parusraph:
My Father .nd I

am different from my father in several ways. He is more hard'working

I
than I am. He is a conslruction worker and has to get up al 6:00 A.M. He oflen
doesn't get home until late in the evening. l'm a studenl, and I don't work as
hard. Another ditference is that I am lunnier than he is. I like to tell jokes and
make p€ople laugh. He is serious, but he laughs at my jokes. llly lather was
an athlete when ho was my age, and he is very competilive l don't like playing
competilive sports. but we watch lhem together on TV My tather and I are
ditterent, but we like to spend time with each othet Our dilferences make our
time logether inleresling.

256 CHAPTER 9
tr Exercis€ 47. Check your knowledge. (chopier 9)
Edit the sentences. Comect rhe erro$ in comparisoo structures.
the
l. Did you notice? My shoes and your shoes are/same.

2. Alask is largest state in the United States.

3. A pillow is soft, more than a rock.

4. lvho is most Senerous person in your family?

5. The herder you work, you v.ill be more successirl.

6. One of a biggest disappoinrment in my Iife was when my soccer ream losr the

championship.

7. My sister is very taller than me.

8. A firm mattress is so comfortable for many people than e soft fta$ress.

9. One ofthe most talkative student in the class is Frederick.

10. Professor Bennett's lectures were ihe confusi.ng I have ever heerd.

comporisons 257
 Exelcise I. Wolm-up. (chorh I0-l ond l0-2)
Choose rhe s€ntence in ea;h irem illat describes tIrc picture abo!€ it. More than one ansl*c' mey be

l a The worm is watching the 2 a The bird caught rhe 3 a The bird ate the worm.
bird. b The worm vras eaten.
b The bird is watching the b The worm was caught
by the bird.

Active Examples (a) and (b) have lhe same meaning

(a) The mouse

Passive
(b) Th6 cheese Lvas eaten by the mouse.

q卜 "→ ロ 臼→
_″ 現レ
Acdve tn (c): The object in an active seni€nce becomes the
S 0 subjecl in a passive sentence.
(") EA inaled

…
S by+0 ln (d)i The subjod in an actir€ sentence is th€ oblecl
,he packagd was ma ed by 80b ol byin a passive senlence.

258
 be- Pesi parliciple Form ol allpassive vebsl
qrcwn by farmers.
b + past patticiple
Sara surprised by lhe news. Eecan be n any ol its lorms] am, is, are, was, wee,
Thetepoi wittbe by lvlary has been, have been, will be, etc.

S MPLE PRESENT Farmers grow com. Corn is grown by farm€rs.

SIMPLE PAST Tho ne{,s suaplsed Sara. + Sara rrs surprised ty lhe news_

PRESEllT PROGRESSIVE Diana is copyirg the lett€rs. The teters ate being copie.t W Diana.
PAST PROGRESSIVE Diana was copying lhe letl6rs. + The lettors were tteing copiect by Oiana,
-
PRESENT PERFECT Jack I'as mairedthe letl€r. + The letter l,as Dee, .railed by Jack.
FUTURE Mr. L6e riilpiar the me6ling. fhe meeling will be planned by Mr Lee.
Suo ,s goirg lo Mile lhe repo( + fhe rcpo,t is going to be wride, by Sue.
-

-l Exercise 2. Looklng ot grommor. (chorts to-l ond r0-2)

Change rhe active verbs to passive by adding the correcr form
of6€. Include the subjecr of rhc
passive sentence,

l. SlM?Ir PRESEN"T

a. The teacher ,ilelA me. leh helped by the teacher.

b. The teacher ,e/pr E!"a. Eve i6 helped by the reacher.
c. The reacher l,rIA us. helped by rhe reacher.
つ
SLVPI-E PAST

a. The teacher lle&ed hirar. helped by rhe teacher.

b. The teacher l,e/,ed them. helped by dle teacher.

i. PRESENT PRocREssM

a. The teacher !i lre&irg us. helped by rhe teacher.

b. The teacher 6 ieDinA her- helpcd by the reacher.
4 PAsr PRo(;REsstlE
a. The teacher ?!6 relpin8 rne. helped by the teacher.
b. The teacher ,rar ,elp,'rg hhr. helped by the teacher.
) PR.ESENI PERFECT

a. The teecher ,tdr ,e/ped Yolo. helped by rhe reacher.

b. The teachet has helpedloe. helped by the teacher.

The Po3sive 259

 6. FLrnJRE

a. The teacher t t:4 fulP t[e. helped b), the teacher.

b. Tlte teacher i going to help rts. helped by the teacher-

コ′０一

Exelcise 3. Uslsning. (chqrh l0-l ond l0-2)

Listen to the sentences ind write the words and endings you hear' Listen to ttre sentences
¨

again as you check youJ answets.

An o6cc buildlnS at ntght

l. The ianitors c/edfl the building at night.
The building 15 cleanctL by rhe ianitoff at night'

2. Window washers eaesi the windows.

The windows wash by wifldow washers'

3. A window washer i rl)lu,[irg a -

window riSht now
wash bY a window washer right now.
-
4. -
The security srrard has cheched the otrrces.
The ofEces check- by the secu tY guard.

5. The security guard ditcroered an open wiodow'

An open window discover- by the security glard'

6. The security guard /orl d an unlocked door.

An ur ocked doff found by the security guard'

--
7 The owner cr,rl ut,? the building tomorrow'
The buildins visit- by the owncr rcmorrow.

8. The owner n 2'rt:ng ,, anlro!,,ce new parking fees'

New parking fees announce- by the owner.

250 cHAmR lo
J Exercise 4. tooking ql grcmmor. (chofs ro-r ond ro-2)
Check (/) the senrences r}|ar are passive.
At the detrtist
l. The dental assista[t cleaned your teeth.
2. _ Your teeth were cleaned by the dental assistant.
3. _ The dentist is checkjng your teeth.
4. Your teerh are being checked by rle dentisr.
5. You have a cavity.
6. _ You are gorng ro need a filling.
7. The filling will be done by the denrist.
8. _ You will need to schedule another appointment.

-l Exercise 5, Looking ol grommor. (Chorts tO-t ond lO-2)

Change the verbs from active to passive. Do not change the tenses.

be + psst participle
l. L,eo mailed t\e The pack.ge wao m.ailed by lJeo.
package.

2. That company Many people by that companv.

people.

3. That company Ellen by that company.

hdt hired El].en.

4. The secrcraly The leners by the secretary.

the letter.

5. A college My old ca, by a college student.

srudent ,or{,,/,r
my old car.

6- Mrs. Adems The {'ork by Mls. Adams.

will dn r]rc 'rrork.

7. The doctor rrar The patient

patienr.

Ihe Possive 26I

"-l Exercise 6. Looking ol grommor' (chorts l0-l ond l0-2)
Change dre senrence! from active to passive
Passive

l. a. The news surprised Carlo. Carlo wao surPriscd by rhe news'

b. Did the news surprise you? Werc lou sur7rieed by rhe news?

2. a. The news surprises Erin

b. Does the news surprise you? by the news?

3. a. The news will shock Greta. by the news.

b. Will the news shock Pat? by the news?

4. a. Liz is signing the birthday card- by Liz.

b. Is fucardo sigfling it? by Ricerdo?

5. a. Jill signed the card. by Jill.

b. Did Ryan sign it? by Ryan?

6. a. Sami was sigring it- by Sami.

b. IVas vicki signina it? byVicki?

7. a. Rob bas signed it. by Rob.

b. Has Kazu signed it yet? by Kazu yet?

8. a. Luis is going to sign it. by Luis.

b. Is Carole going to sign it? by Carole?

tr Exelcise 7. Looking ol grommoL (cho s I0-l ond l0-2)

Change these hotel questio[s ftom active to passive-

l. Has the maid cleaned our room Yet?

- Has our room been cleoned br the maid wt?
2. Does the hotel provide hah drvers?
3. Did housekeeping bring exua towels?
4. Has room seruce brought our meel?
5. ls the bellhopr bringing our luggage to our room?
6. ls maintenence going to fix the air-conditioning?
7. Will the ftont desk upgrade our room?

r!.!r@ = . D.fur Pno (5i6 lusss$ ftr hoEl arrds

ftrrrfu& = m!r. h.tt r; in rhis o.., p@idc . b.ttd md tho thc digi l on' UesE& it rq!']u rct6'
'

242 cH^mn lo
」 Exercise 8. Wolm-up. (chorr ro-3)
Check (/) rhe sentences that have obiects. Underline the objects.

l コ￢he trcc fcll over

2 Thc trcc hit the truck
3 The tree Fcu on dlc truck
4 Fortunatel"tlle drivcr didn't dlc
5 ■■e trec dldn't klll ule d● vcr

Transltl■ e A rRANsrTrvE verb is a verb lhal is lollowed by an

S V o object. An obiecl is a noun or a prcnoun.
(a)BOb na17ed
′
(b)Mtt Lee ,9"
(c)A cat ′″
““
lntransidve An NrFANsrrvE verb is a verb lhat is Nor followed by an
S V obiect.
(d)SOmeth ng ha● ●en配
(e)Kate came
(`)The birc djed

Common lntranalllv€ Verbs.

agree die happen sland
appear ex st laugh stay
arrive lall live sit talk
become llow wan
come go wak
Transitive V€rbs Only iransitive verbs can be used in the passive.
(g) acTlvE: Bob rral/edthe letter
(h) pAssrvE: Th€ lgtier was naitedbygob.
Intransitive Verbs An inlransitive velb is Nor used rn the passive.
(i) AcrvE: Somelhing happered.
(j) P ssrvE: lnot possiblel
lk) tNcoEAEcr: Soirething was happened.
rfo 6nd our if wrb is rmsitiE or htusjnw. bot in your dictimary. Th. usuat abbmiatioB ft qr, (frnsire)
(intusitiE).
a
and ri.
Som. vabs have borh tusitiv. and inrdsirjE uses. For.x.oplc:
tuidk: .stodz,a s,/.rr ddotj.
intNitive: SBd.,r r".d.r,.

Ihe Posrive 263

□ Exelcis€ 9. looking qt grommoL (chort l0-3)
IJldedlqe the verbs and identifu them as transitive (v.t.) or intransitive (v.i.). If possible,
chaoge the sentences to the passive-

l. Omar walked to school yesterday. (ro clrdngr)

vr.
2. Alexa broke the windour. , Ttu windost wa: bruken b) Abn'
3 The leaves fell to the Sroutrd.

4 I slept al my fricnd's house last night.

´
う

Many people fclt an earthqueke yesterday.

6 Dinosaurs existed millions ofyears ago.

7 I ususlly aglee with my sister.

8 Meny people die dudng a war.

9 Scientists will discover a cuie for cancer someday.

10 Did the Itelians invent spaghetti?

コ Exerciso 10. Gome: hivio. (chorts l0-l ' l0-3)

Work in teams. Make true statements by matching the information in Column A with the
informationinColumnB.SomesentencesareactiveandsomearepassiveAdd'r'as/'r'e?eas
necessary. The team with the most answers wins.r A sentence is correct when both
rhe facts
and the grammar ar€ correct.
Example: l. Alexander Eiffet designed the Eiffel Tower.
2. Anwar Sadat was shot in 1981.

Column A Coluru B
l. Alexander Eiffel L a. killed in a car crash in 1997.
2. Anwar Sadat - L b. died in 2009.
3. Princess Diana /c. shot in 1981.
4. Marie and Pierre Cu e d. painted be Mona Lia.
5. Oil _ e. elected preside[t of the United States in I 960.
-
6. Mahaima Gandhi and Martin f. discovered in Saudr Arebia in 1938.
peaceful prot€sts.
Luther Kiog Jr. c. arrested*r several times for
7. Michael Jacl.son /h. desigDed the Eiffel Tower.
-
8. konerdo davinci - - i. rcleased ftom Prison in 1990.
9. John F. Kennedy - t. discovered radium.
lo. Nelson Mandela
'Scc Loiα И′ ω″Ъ
p 421 -
“
・・ d‐ takcn to iJl
““ “

264 CHAPrP10
」 Exercise lI.
Wqrm-up, (Chort tO-4)
Complete rhe senrences with information from r}le ftonr ofthis book.

l. Thts book, Fu darnentak oI English cnnnat, was published by

2. It was wriiren by and

3. The illustations were drawn by

@l fhis Eseatet was nade by my aunt. The by'phrase is used in passive sentencos when lt is
imporianl to know who perlorms an action.
ln la): by ny auntis i.l].poltant intormaiion.
(b) My swealer was rrade in Kor6a. Usually there is no bfphrase in a passive s€ni€nce.
(c) Spanish ,s spoke, in Colombia. The pass,ve ,s Jsed when i(.s not known or no!
(d) Thal houss was buif in I 940- importanl to know exsctly who peform6 an aciton.
(e) Rice is grow, in manycounlrios ln (b): The exaci person (or people) who made the
sweater is nol known and is nol imporiant to know. so
there is no Dfphrase in lhe passive sentence.

My aunt is very skillful. She made this swoal€r Usuallylhe active is us6d when the sp€aker knows
A: I like your s/veat6rs, who performed lhe action, as in (0, where the tocus ot
B: Thants. Thls swealer rlas nade by my aunt attention is on my ,u',t
That sweater was made Oy my mother ln (g): Speaker B uses the passive wrH a byrhrase
because h6 wanls io locus attenlion ofl lhe subjocts ol
the sontences. Th6locus ol aienlion rs on the two
sw€alers. The byrhrases add important inlormalion.

」 Exercise 12. Looking ot grommor. (chorr to-4)

Change the sentences ftom active ro passive. Include the ,J',-phrase or y as necessary.

l. Bob Smith builr that house.

' That house uvt buih ht Bob Sm;th.

つ
Someone built this house in 1904.
i. People grow rice in India.

4 Do people speak Spalrish in Peru?

5. Alexaflder Graham Bell invenred the telephone.

6. When did someone invent r}le first compurer?

7. People seu hammers ar a hardware srore.

Ihe Possiv€ 265

 B Has anyone ever hlpnotized you?

9 Someone published fhe Oisin ol S?ecies in 1A59.

10 Charles Danvin wrore ?,ie Origin ol Speties.

I Exercise 13, looking ot grommor. (chorl l0-4)

questions'
Undedigg the passive ve;bs in aach pair ofsentences atrd rhen answer the
l. a. The meil is usually delivered to Hamid's apartment alound ten o'clock'
b. The mail &rrier usually delivers the mail to Hamid's apartment around ten o'clock'
QLEsTIoNs: Is it important ro know who delivers the mail? - No'
Strich sentence do you think is more common? + Sentence a'
, , Construction worke$ buih our school in the 1980s.
b. our school was built in the 1980s.

QlrEsrroNs: Is it important to know who built the school?

'Which sentence do you think is morc common?

3. a. That office building was designed in 1990.

b. That ofhce building was desiSned by an architect in 1990.
c. That office building was designed by my husband in 1990.
provide?
QuEsrIoNs: Vhat additional inlormation do the Dy-phfases
Vhich sentence has important informauon in the b),'-phrese?

4 a. mailond fieans "l^nd of the ftee."

b. The count y ofTheiland has neler been ruled by a foreiSn power.
QuEsrroN: \Uhat happens to the mearing ofthe second sentence if there is tlo
,l"phrase?

El Exorcise I/L Looking qt gl€mmor. (chorts l0l ' I0-4)

Make s€ntences with thJgiven words, either orally or in writing. Some sentences are acdve
and some are passive. Usi the past tense. Do not change rhe order of the words'

A trsfrc stoP
l. The police \ stoP \ a speeding car
, The Nlice stopPed a s?eed;nc cat
2. The driver \ tell \ to get out of th€ car \ by the police
3. The driver \ take out \ his license
4. The driver \ give \ his license \ to the police ofrce!
5. The Iicense \ check
6. The driver \ give \ a ticket
7. The driver \ tell \ to drive more carefully

266 cHAPTER 10
O Ex€rcise 15. listening. (chorts lo-l ' lO-4,
6 Complete the sentences with the words you hear. Before you begin, you may want to check
dl your understanding of these words: treated, bruises, reckbsi.
'*"' A bik
"""id"ot
A: Did you hear about the accidenr ourside the dorm entrance?

B: No. What

A: A guy on a bike by a raxi.

B: he

A: Yeah. Someone sn ambulance. He

6
City Hospital and ln the emergency rclom fOr cuts and

bruises.

B: Wh,t to fie raxi driicr?

A: Hc for reckless driving.

9
B:Heヽ luctt that the bic“ Lst
to

-l Exercise 15. Looking qt glommot (chqds lo-r , lo-4)

Complete the senten€es with the correcr form (active or passive) ofthe verb in parentheses.
l. Yesterday oul teachet (atioe) arrived five minutes late.

2. l-ast night my favoriteTv program (rr?rerlrr4

by breaking news.

3. That's nor my coat. Ir (6dlora) to I-ara.

4. OrrI rr.all (delh,et) before noon every day.

5. The "b" in.o,., (prorcu ce,not) . ft is silenr.

6, Uhat (hap?en) to John? Where is he?

7. When I (dmi.,s) at the airport yesteday, I (fiedr)

by my cousir and a couple ofher friends.

8. Yesterday Ile and I (liea,") ebout Scott's divorce. I (s r?*4 not)

by the news, but Le (shock)

9. A new house (rrild) ner.t to oum nexr year.

10. Roberto (conre) that composition last week. This one (on??)

-\,esterday.

lhe Possive 267

 ll At the soccer game yesterday, the winning goal (々 iC■) bv

Luigi. Over 100,000 p.ople (attend) the soccer game.

12. A: I think American football is too violenr.

b t (asree) with you. I (rrqfer) bascb311

I3. A: When (yoxl br&e, rreal)

B: Two days ago.

14 A:("ち ,の う your electric bill yet?

B: No,I haven't, but l'd better pay it today. IfI don't, my electriciry (rl,,r, qf)
by the power company.
コ ′に ■

Exercise 17.ustening.(cho子 ,10‐ 4) IS iO‐ 1

Lsten to thc passage、 Vith your book closcd Llsten again and complctc the sentences、 ndl dle
verbs you hear BcForc you begul,you may want to Check vour understanding of■ cse words:
α ″″らα ι ● ′●レ υι
αl=慰
"ε =晟 `4

Swlnming Pools
Swimming pools are very popular nowada,'s, but can you guess when swimming
I
pools firsl it 100 years ago? Five hundred

years ago? A thousand years ago? Actually, ancien! Romans and Greeks
5

the 6rst swirnming pools. Male athletes ard soldiers h dlcrn for tra赫 g

Believe it or no! as early as I 8.C., a heated swimming pool for

a wealthy Roman. But s$'imming pools popular urtil the

middlc of tl■ c1800s The citv oF London six indoor swimming pools.

Soon after, the modern Ol]'rnpic games ,and swimming races

ll

included in the events. After this, sii'imming pools even more popular,
12

all over the $'orld.

1う

268 cHAPIER 10
tr Exelclse 18. Wqrm.up. (chort l0-5)
Read the paragraph and then the sraremenrs. Circle "T" for tlue and "F" for false.
Gecing s Passport
Jerry is applying for a passpott. He needs to bring proof of citizenshipr rwo phorographs,
and the application to the passport omce. He also needs money for the fee. He will receive his
passport in the mail about thee weeks after he appli€s for ir.

Ｆ
l. The application process can be complered by mail.

Ｆ
2. Pronf of citizenship must be provided.

Ｆ
3. A fee has to be paid.

Ｆ
4. Photographs should be taken before Jerry goes to rhe passpoft omce.

Ｆ
5. The passport will be sent by mail.

Active Modal Passive Modal Auxiliaries Modai auriliaries are ollen used in ihe
Auxiliaries (modal + be + past part;ciple)

8oO wlrl′ηa″ 1 lt wlll be malled b/Bob

8ob caη ′ηa″ L can be malled b/BOb moclal+ b+ pasl parliciple
Bob s力 OJd′ η"all l n sゎ 。vld be malled by BOb (See Chapter 7 tor inlormalion aboul the
Bob Oυ gゎ ο′ ηθ″ L o"":わ be lη alled
by BOb meanings and uses oI modal auxillaries,)
Bob′ηtlsr`′ra″ “ ηafred by 8ob
●●′
Bobわ as′ 0′ηa〃" 1 " nys′
Bob″ a/ma″ 1 "i "as na/●
ro beenalled
nalled bybyOob
Bob
Bob″ 10ht,θ ″‖ ‖ ″lgh′ ●e malled by Bob
Bob cO′ d′ηa″ t n cο ld● e malled by BOb
“

」 Exercise I9. Looking ol g]qmmor, (chqd ro-5)

Complete the sentences by changing rhe active modals ro passive.
l. Someone must send this lerter immediarely.
Thi'slettet must be oen, irnmediarely.

2. People should plant tomatoes in rhe spring

in the spring.
3. People €annot control the wearher.
The wearher

4. Someon e had to flx our car before we left for Chicago.

Our car beforc we left for Chicago.

5. People can reach me on my cell at 555-3815

I on my cc1l at 555-3815

The Possive 269

 Someone ought to wash rhese dirtv dishes soon.
These dirty dishes S00n

1. People may cook carrots or eat them raw.

Carrots or ra、 ■

8. --- tffiat email file has a virus, it could destroy your reports.
Be careful!
Your reports if that email 6le has a virus.

9. You must keep medicine out ofthe reach ofchildren.

ヽledicine our of the reach ofchildrcn.

」 Exercise 20. neoding. (chorts lo'l , l0-5)

Parr l Read the questions and thefl the passage about ieans.

Are you weering jeans right now, or do you have a pair at home?
If so, who were they made by?

The Oriain ofJeans

Around the world, a very popular Pant for men, women, and childr€n is ieans. Did you
know that jeans were cregted more than lO0 years ago? They were invented by kvi Strauss
during the Califoroia Gold Rush.
In 1853, Irvi SEauss, a 24-year-old immi$ant from Germany' traveled ftom NewYork to
san Francisco. His brother was the owner of a store in NewYork and wanted to open another
one in San Francisco. When Streuss arrived, a gold miner* asked him what he had to sell. lJvi
said he had sEong canvas for tents and wagon covers. The miner told him he really needed
st ong pants because he couldn't 6lld any that lasted very long.
So l,evi Strsuss took the can€s and desrgned a Pair of overall pants. The miners liked
them except that they vr'ere rough on the skin. Strauss exchanged the canvas for a coiton cloth
fiom France called s?rg? d. Nrrnes. tlter, the fabric was cal€d "denim" afld the pants were
given the nickname "blue ieans."
Eventually, Irvi Stnuss & Company was formed. Strauss and tailor David Jecobs beSan
purting dvets** in pants to make them stronger. In 19f6, s red tsb was added to the rear
.I-hi"
pocket. was do". so "I-evis" could be more easily identified. Nolada,'s the company is
very well known, and for many people, all ieans are known as Irvis.

Pbrr IL Aftwer the questions in complete sentences.

l. Who was kvi Strauss?
2. luhy did Strauss go to California?
3. who were teans Erst created for?
4. What is denim?
5. rJ(rhat two changes were later made to ieans?
6. \Yy'hy were rivets put in ieans?
7. why was a red tab added to the rear pocket?
8. Many people have a different nam€ for blue jeans. What is it?

rsold dM = . D.6on rho dist fo. 3old

*nar = . ldy shng pin io hold thc Gms of crothing @a'ihd

270 cHAmn lo
コ Exercise 21. Worm-up: vio. (Chort tO-6) l
Do you know this trivia?r Complere rhe senrences with words from rhe list.

China monkers sand spiders

Mongolia Nepal small spaces whales
１   ＾

Glass is composed mainly of

Ｚ    ＾

Dolphins are related to

う

The Gobi Desert is located in two countries: and

4. People with claustrophobia are fiightened by

Secan be lollowed by an adjective, as in (a)-(c). The

(a) Paul is adjective describes orgivss inlormarion abour rhe
{b) Paul ,s subject ol the senlence.
(c) Paul is hungry. 8e can be tollowed by a pasl paniciple (lhe passive
lorm), as in (d){f). The past parliciple is olten like an
be
adjeclive. The past participlo describes or gives
(d) Paul ,s inlormation about the subj€cl ol lhe senlence, Past
(6) Paul ,s paniciples are used as adjectives in many common,
({) Paul is tlghtened. everyday exprossions.

(g) Paul ls marled lo Susan. Ollen lhe pasl participles in these expressions are
(h) Paul was excled ,torrt th6 gams. Jollowed by parlicular prcposilions r
an object.
lil Paul will be prepaed lotthe e\am.
ln (g): married is lollowed by to l+ an objectj
ln (h): excitedis lollowed by aboutl+ an objec!)
ln (i): ptepercd is lollowedby lor l+ an object)
Some Common ErprosBlona wlth 8e + Past Partlclpl6
be acquainred (u/th) be excited (aboul) be opposed (lo)
be bored (w,lh, by) be o(hausl€d (/rom) be ploased (w,th)
be finlsh6d ( w,itt) be preparcd (for)
be closed be frighlened (ol Oy, aOout) be qualili6d (for)
be gon6 (/rom) be rolated (to)
be crowded (tv,;lh) be hurt b6 satislied (flt|,)
be inlerosled (tn) be scargd (o[ Dy)
be disappointed (,n, Mth) be involved lin, wit ) b6 shut
be divorced (from) be localed in / soulh ofl elc. be spoiled
be tetilied lof, by)

be engaged (lo) be married (ro)

rl'n tltEd o/tn. @U EiiJi.t- = l'@ han tuuEh aA Mha t @ tr. @th- b @n.
Ed
l'n tltqlrim mrting brd all day- - t'n tiEd h@a@ I tut d tad at .1$L

'S..TtiaiaAnM,p.42l

The Possive 271

J Exercise 22. Looking ql grommor. (chort 10-6)
Choose all the correct completions.

l. Roger rs drsappointed wrth

OhlS,Ob b. in the morning @ his son's grades

2. Are you related to

a- th€ Bro$ns b. math and science c. me
-?
L Finally! We arc done with
a. finished b. our chores c. our errands
-.
4. My boss was pleased witn
a. my report b. thank you c. the new contact
-.
5. The baby birds are gone fiom
a. away b. their nest c. YesterdaY

6. Tata and JoAme are bored with -.

a. their work b. this movie c their merriage
-
?. Are you tired of
a. work b. asleeP c. the news
-?
O Erercise 23. looking ol grqmmor. (cho.t 10-6)
Complete eEch sentence with ajl aPpropriete preposition.
Nerυο r√たたお
“
1. worricd almost everything in life.

2. ftightened being around people.

3. also scared snakes, lizards, end dogs.

4. rerriied going outside and seeing a dog.

5. exhausred worrying so much.

6. exciied waking up cvcry mornu■ g

7. pleased his,Ob

f. interesred having a good time.

g. involved many corimunity activities.

10 satisrled jusr about ever]'thing in his life.

272 CHAPTER 10
コ Exercise 24. Looking ot grommor. (chod 10-6)
Complete the sentences \{ifi the presenr form ofthe given verbs. Note the boldface
preposirions rhat follow them.

1. Most children are b.arpd _ ofloud noises.

2. Jane in ecology.
1. Don't clear the table vet. I with my meal.
4. I wlth my progress in English.

5. Tony to Sonia. They have a happy marriagc.

6. Roberta's parents to her marriage. They don\ like

her fianc6.
７

The test is tomorrol!'. VOu for ltr

 

-
８

A digital picture ofthousands ofdnv dors

called piYels.

ロ Exercise 25. Looking ql grommor. (chort 10-6)

CompItc rach sentencc !Lirh an appropriat( Fr(pL,siuun.
l. Because ofthe sale, the mall was crowded
2. Do you think you are qualified tiat ,ob?

3. Mr. Ahmad loves his family very much. He is devoted them-

4. My sister is married a law student.

5 1'll bc Flnished mv work in another mi

6. The workers are opposed rhc new health-care plan.

7- Are you acquainted - rhis witer? I canl pur her bools downlr
8. Janet doesn't take good care ofherself. I'm worried her health.

'.an\ t a bool tld6 = (5'r.bp mdi.s a bet b.cau& it! so aciiins/inrGdns

The Possivo 273

tr Exercise 26. lFtening. (chq.t 10-6)

dA Listen to the sentences and write the prepositions you hear.

Exanpb: You will hear: Linda loves her glandchildren. She is devoted to rhem.
;.,,,
You will write: -lk-

５
l.

６
2.

７
1.

８
4.

tr Exercise 27. Looking dl glqmmor. (chorl 10-6)

present and add prepositions as
Complete the sentences with expressions in the list. Use the

be acquainted be exhausted be qualified

be composed be located be spoiled
be made /be worried
be disappointed

l. Dennis isnl doing well in school this semester. He -- jjLY9!!)9Z3bs)L hi,s grades.

2. My shirt COlt()n

3 1 live in a thrcc― roOm apartmcnt with six othcr pcoplc Our aparuncnt

Southeast Asia.

5. I'm going to go stmight to bed tonight. ICs been a hard day. I

6 Ъ c klds . I had promised to take them to the

beach today, bur now we can't go because it's raining.

7. This milk doesn't taste ght. I think it I'm not going to

drink it.

8. Water hydrogen and oxygen.

9. According to the job description, an applicant must have a master's degree and ar least five
years of ieaching experience. Unfo.runalely, I
rhet iob-

10. A: Have you ever met Mrs. Novinsky?

B: No,l hcr.

274 CHAPTER 10
J Exercise 28. Lislening. (chort to-6)
a Complete the sentences with the words you hear-
<a
,,,",.,, E*^ptr, You will hear: M-v earrings are made of gold.
You will write: are made of
l This fl uit I think I'd better rhrow it out.
2. \Yy'hen we got to the post office, it
3. Oxford University Oxford, England.
4. Hale]' doesn'r tike to ride in elevators. She's small spaces.

\llhaCs rhe marrer?

6. Excuse me. Could you please tell me how to get to the bus starion from here?

7. Your name is'linn I Ioodi you Mary Hood?

8. ffiere's mv wallet? k's I Did someone take it?
L Oh, no! I-ook at my sunglasses. I sat on them and now they

10. ICs srardng to rain. all of the windo\r's

J Exercise 29. Worm-up. (chort lO-7)

Match three of rhe sentences with the picrures. One sentence does not match either picture.

Picturc B

l. The shark is terrirying. _

2_ The sha* is rerrified. _
). The s\r.immer is terriS,ing.
.1. The silimmer is tcrrified. _
The Possive 275
 ArtlnteBt8 me The pasl padiciple ({d)' and lhe presenl pa ciple (-irg) can be

(a) 硫 ねd in arl
anわ rerest189わ ln (a): The past participle (rnteterted) describes how a person leels
ⅣCORRECr′ art
ln (b): The present pa iciple (inl€resritg) desc beslheceua€of
(b) Art s lllleres,′ n, ihe feeling. The cause ol the inlerost is arl.
lVCORRECIス ″お こ ln (c): surpriseddescibes how Kate lell. The past participle carries
"reres● a passive meaning: Kate was swprised by the news.
The news 3urpr:9ed Kate
ln {d): t 16 n€ws was ihe cause ol lhe surprise.
(C) Kate was surprlsed
(d) The news was stfrprlsfflg
Like oiher adjeclives, parlicipial adjoctives may lollow De. as in
(e) Did you hearthe surprls′ ng news2
examples (a) th rough (d), or lhey may come in lronl of nouns as in
(() Roberto fixOd theわ″ ″θ ndoly
"w′ (e) and (,).

'TIepa$pariicipleofrcsularrcItlsendsi!-€dForverbsfiathavciresularlbmqsectheinsidetrontondb3'k'ovcrs'

I 「i107)
Exelcise 30 L● ●king ol gromrnoL(cい 。
Or"71t r cο α∫
″r
Complete the scntcnccs with thc correct wordl g rl,lllα ,ら

l. The is ftightened.

2 ‐ e is frightening

3 nc is excited.

4 Ъ e is exciting.

5 ]「 hc is thrilling.

6 Ъ e is delighted.

コ Exerc:se 31.uslening.(cho"10‐ 7)

f,1葛 Iiltt11濯 I:諾亀

乱鳳ca frightened
will fiighten You choose: Qlgt ''19
l. bore boring bored
2. shock shocl'ing shocked

3. confuse confusing confused

4. embarrass embarrassing embarrassed

5. surprise suip.ising
6. scare scared

'Ъ e adiectiV● end● g isッ ,nol‐ g

'■

2フ 6 cHAPTER10
」 Exelcise 32. looking st grqmmol, (chort lO-7)
-r;g form of the verbs in ,ralts.
Complete the sentences vrith rhe -ed or
l. Talal's clesses ,rrelen him.
a. Talel's are ;nl?rc7Ling
classes
b. Talal is an intcrcstcd si)deDt.

2. Emily is going to AusEalia. The idea of going on this trip ?x.r'res her.
a Emilvis about going on this trip.
b. She thinks it is going ro be an trlp

3. I like to study sea life. The subject ofmarine biology/ascrnares me.

a. Marine biology is a subiect.
b. I'm by marhc bi01og"

4 Mike heard some bad news. The bad news derle$ed him.
a. Mike is very sad. In fact, he is
b. The news made Mike feel very sad. The news was

5. The exploration ofspace ,flreresrs me.

a l'm in the exploration of spacc
b. The exploration ofspace is _to me

θLS“ nt° each scmcncc al■ ddde■ Юrd pu hcan c

租ゝ潔踊冨:肥蹴 ご鵠 冊ittCtt°ldcnly fhCお untah outsldc hcr omce bШ dm,Shc

she lost hcr balancc and accidentauy fell lnt。
thc water

W儒
The Possive 277
 １

´
０   ︻
embarrassed embarrassing surprised surprlslng

′   ＾
embarrassed embarassing upset* upsctting
３

０
shocked shockins depressed deprcssing
４

shocked shocking 9 interested lntercstlng

５

surprised surprising 10 interested intercsting

」 Exercise 34.Worm‐ up (chort 10‐ 3)

Aご ea"of thesc statcmcnts truc For you' Circle yι s or lla

Right now . ..
l. I am getting tired.
"S nO
2. I aIn getting hungry. ycs nO
3. I am getting conirsed. rS nO

Gea + Adloctlvo ●●Ican be lolowed by an adiectiVe cet gives the ldea or

change――the idea of becoming,beOinning to be growing
ａ   ｂ

I am gettlng hungry- Lefs eal-

to be
Etic got netwus belorc lhe job inlerview.
in(a)′ η gettrng hung● =′ waSη i
'′ llJo夕 γ berOre bllt ηOly
,η OeOわ n"9t00θ わ
′ 」ng′ γ

●●f+Past Partlciple Sometimes get is tollowed by a pasl parlic ple The pasl
(c)rm gerlng“ red Letヽ stop wOrking paficiple atler getis lik€ an adjectiveiit d€scibes lhe subiecl
(d)Steve and Rna go′ narrled last month

Cel r adiective Cel PaSt Participle

get angry gel dry gel quiel get acquainted get drunk
get bald get lal gel rich get arrested get engaged get killed
get big gel lull gel serious get bored get exc ted get losl
get busy gel hol gel sick get conlusod getF nished get married
gel close gei hungry get sleepy get frightened
gel cold gel inlorosted getihirsty gel divorced get hurt gel sunburned
gel dark get lal€ get well gel done get nterested ger tned
get dirty get nervous gel dressed get lnvited

96t dizzy ger old

rThere is no +l cnding

278 CHAPTER lo
-J Exercise 35. Looking ol grcmmor. (cho l0-8)
Complete the sentences with the words in rhe list.

bald dfty hurt lost rich

busy ,/full late nervous serious

l. This food is delicious, but I can't eat any more. l'm getting flil
2. This work has to be done before we leave. We'd betrer ger and stop
wasting time.

3. I didn't unde$tand Mariam's directions very well, so on the way to her house last night I
. I couldnl find her housc.
4. lt's herd to work on a car and stay clean. Paul's clorhes always get
ftom all the grease arrd oil.

5. Tim doesn't like to fly. As soon as he sits down, his heart starts to beet quickly. He gets
reallv

6. !(re'd better go home. It's getting , and you have school tomorroi!-

7, Simon wants to get , but he doesn't want to work. That's fiot very
realistic.

8. Ifyou plan to go to medical school, you need to get about the time
and money involved and start planning now.

L Mr. Anderser is losing some ofhis hair. He's slowly getting

10. Was fie accident se ous? Did an],one get

J Exelcise 36. lefs lolk inlerview. (Chort ro-E)

Interview your classmates. Share some of their answers with the class.
l. Have you ever gotten hun? What happened?
2. Have you ever gotten lost? Whar happened?
3. \v'hen was the last time you got dizzy?
4. How long does it take you to get dressed in the morning?
5. In geneml, do you get sleepy du Dg the day? WheD?
6. Do you ever get hungry in the middle ofthe nighr? ri0har do you do?
7. Have you ever gotten involved with a chariry? Which one?

Ihe Possive 279

J Exercise 37. lBlening. (chqrr 10-6)
a. Listen to the sentences and complete them with any adiectives that make sense.
@
t|I,i Example: You will hear: This towel is sosking wet. Pleese hang it up so it witl get . . .
You will write: ---4]-

４     ´
１
 
２     ３

つ    ６
u Exercise 38. Looking ol glommor. (cho r0-8)
Complete the sentences with appropriare forms ofg€, and the words in the lisr.

aDgry dressed kill &ed

cold dry lost well
crowd h"lrgy marry worry
dark involve /sunbun

1. When I stayed out in the sun too long yeste .ay,l oat sunburned

2. Ifyou're sick, stay home and take care ofyourself. You won't
ifyou don't take care ofyouself.
3- Alima and Hesan are engaged. They are going to a year

fiom now

4. Sarah doesn't eat brealf,ast, so she alwa,s

ten-*rirty.

5. ln the winter, the sun sets early. It outside by six or

6. Put these towels back in the dryer. They didn'r the first time.

7. llt's stop working for a while. I'm .Ineedabreak.

8. Anastasia has to move out ofher apartment next week, and she hasn't found a new place
tolⅣc She's

9. Toshiro was in a terrible car wreck and almost . He's lucky to

be alive.

10. The temperature is dropping. Brrr! l'm Can I borrow

your sweater?

ll. Sory we're late. We took a wrong turn and

260 cHAmR ro
 12. Good rcstaumnts around dinner time. h's hard to frnd a seat
because there are so many people.

13. Calm down! Take it easy! You shouldr't

It's not
good for your blood pressure.

14. I left when Ellen afld Joe began to argue. I never

in other people's quarrels.

15. Sam is wearins one brown sock and one blue sock today.

He in a hurry this morning and

didn\ pay aftendon to the color ofhis socks.

O Exercise 39. Reoding. (cho ro-8)

Read the passage and the statements that follow it. Circle "T" for true and "F" for false.

A Blended Family
Lisa and Thomas live in a blended family. They are not related to each orher, but they are
brother and sister. A€tually, they are stepbrother and stepsister. This is how they came to be in
the same family.
Lisa's mother got divorced when Lisa was a baby. Thomas' father was a widower. His
wife had died seven yeals earlier. Lisa and Thomas' parcnts met five yeals ago at a going-away
party for a fiiend. After a year of dating, they got engaged and a year later, they got married.
Lisa andThomas are about the same age ard get along well. Theirs is a happy, blended family.

Lisa's mother got married. Then she sot divor€ed.

Then she got remarried. TF
2 Thomas' father got married, and then he got divorced.
Afler he got divorced, he got engaged, and then he got remarried TF
3 Lisa andThomas became stepsister and stepbrotler when
their parents got remarried. TF

コ Exercise 4{1. Worm-up, (cho t0-9)

Circle the words in ,'rdlraj that make these sentences true for you.
L la,jn uled to, not sed ro speakng English with native speakers.
2. 7 am accustoueel to, not accusromed to speaking English without translating from
my language.
3. la'Jf, gettinE used to, not geting used to Erylish slang.
4. lz,ln geting accustomed to, not get ing accltstome.l to rcadingBng)ish without a dicrjonary.

Ihe Possive 28I

 (a)am used fo hol weathen Examples (a) and (b) have lhe same meaning: "Living
in a hol climale is usual and normal lor mo, l'm
(b)l an accusloOed ro hot weathor
Iamiliar with what il is like to live in a hol climale. Hot
weaiher isn't slrange or different io me."

(C)lan υs“ fo llylngin a hot clmate Notice in (c) and (d): to (a preposilion) is lollowed by
(d)l arP accυ stonθ d ro″ vjng n a hot clmale
the -/r,9lom oJ a verb {a gerund).

(6) ljusl moved lrom Florida lo Alaska. I have never ln(e):

lived in a cold climate belote, bul l am getting ′
セη gerfng used lo accustomed fo‐ someth ng s
usec, to laccustomecl to) the cold wsather here. beOinning lo seem usualand normalto me

」 Exercに o41.L● ●klng ol grommo“ (cho"109)

ル 7`i Complctc dlc scntcnces with● 0ぃ oど e or negativc
`o,arlrmat市
l JuaniSfrOm Me対 co He あυ
うθ ο hOt weather He iう
ν↓ ν
"t uttθ " cOld
wcauler

2. Alice was bom and mised in Chicago. She living in a big ciry

3. My hometown is NewYork City, but this year I'm going to school in a town with a

population of 10,000 1 living in a small town. I

living in a big ciry

4. r0re do a lor of exercises in class. We doing exercises.

Pk r, IL Complete the sent€nces with 6e occrrstotned to' amlmative or negative.

5. Spiro recently moved to Hong Kong ftom Grcece. He i5 accuotomed ta eatl,].g

Greek food. He ien't accustomed to eating Chinese food.

6 1 always get up around 6:00 A.M. I getting up early.

I sleeping late.

7. Our teacher alwa]s gives us a lot ofhomework. we

having a lot ofhomework every day.

8. Young schoolchfldren rarely take multiple-choice tests. They

teking that kind of test.

□ Exerclse 42.ustening ond speoking (ch。 子

'10-9)
´ Pa7r i Completc ulc qucstions wiu■ tl.c words you hcar
C
IR:`EXα 771p″ :bu wtt hcar WЪ
at● me ar you accustomed to get● ng up,
ぉ uwm Ⅵ ic
l What doing in the evenings?

282 CHAPIER ]O
 2. What time going to bed?

3 WЪ at having for breakfast?

4 living in this area?

5. Do you live with someone or do you live alone? that?

6. speaking English every day?

7 WЪ at doing on q,eekends?

8. What do you think about the weather here? ir?

Ibr, II. rvork with a parmer. Take tums asking and answering the questions in Part I.

I Exercise r|3, L€l's tqlk inlerview. (chod 10.9)

Ask your classmates questions with be rased,olocct s,orrred to,
-Ara'rrl€r buy \ ftozen food
- Arc jou Lted to I accustoned ,o buying lrozen lood?
l. get up \ early 6.drink \ coffee in the morning
2. sleep \ late 7.have \ dessert at night
3. eat \ brealf,ast 8.live \ in a big city
4. skip \ Iunch 9.live \ in a small town
5. eat \ a late dinner 10. pay \ for all your expenses

f, Exercise 44. tefs tolk. (chort l0-9)

Work in small gxoups. Discuss one or more ofthe given topics. Make e list ofyour answels.
Share some of them with the class.

I-opies:
l. Junko is going to leave her perents' house next week. She is going to move in with two of
her cousins who work in the city. Junko will be away ftom her home for the first time in
her lif€. What is she going to have to get accustomed to?
2. Think ofa time you uaveled io or lived in a foreigD country. !(,hat weren't you used to?
What did you get used to? r,r(/hat didnl you ever ger used to?
3. Think of the fust day of a job you have had. !?hat weren't you used to? lvhat did you get
used to?

D Exercise 45. Worm-up. (Chort l0-r0)

Complete the sentences about food pleferences. Make statements thet are true for you.
l. There are some foods I liked when I wrs younger, but now I don't eet them. I used to eat
, but now I don't.

2. There are some foods I didn't like when I first tried them, but now they're okay. For
examplej the first time I ate ,I di.ln\ likc it. hut nos, I'm
used to eating them.

The Possive 283

 (a) I used to /iye in Chicago, but now I live in Tokyo- ln (a): Used loexpresses the habitualpast (see
N@RREcr: I used to living in Chicago- Chart 2-8, p.53). ll is lolowed by lhe slmple form ol
tNcoRRECf: I an used lo live in a bb city-

lb) | am used to living in a big city. ln (b): be used to s folowed by the -irg torm ol a

aNorEr In boL\ us?d ro (habiNalpar) and 6e aed ro, ihe lor pio.ounc.d.
"d" is

コ Exercise 16. Looking ql grommor. (cho to-to)

Complet rhe sentences with an appropriate form of 6e. If no form of 6e is necessary, use O.

1. I have lived in Malaysia for a long time. I aff used to warm weather.

2. I A ].rsed ro live in Portugal, but now I live in Spain.

3.r used to sitting at this desk. I sit here every day.

4. 1 used to sit in the back ofthe classroom, but now I prefer to sit in the

5. li7hen I was a child,I used to play games with my friends in a big field
near my house after school every day.

6. It's hard for my kids to stay inside on a cold, rainy day. They
playing outside in the big field near our house. They play there almosr every day.

used to arcwering questions. Students, especially good

students, alwa)s have a lot ofquestions.

8. People used to believe the world was flat.

J Exelcise 47. Looking ol grommoL (choli ro-10)

Complete tJre sentences ,Nith tsed to/be used ,o and rhe correct form of the verb in
parentheses.

1. Nick stays up later now than he did when he was in high s€hool. He (go) ubed to ao

to bed at ten, but now he rarely gets to bed before midnight.

2. I got used to going to bed late when I was in college, but now I have a job and I need my
sleep. These days [ (go\ am uoed to 49i!g to bed around ren-rhirry

3. I am a vegetarian. I (edr) meat, but now I eat only

meatless meals,

4. Ms.Wu has had a vegerable garden all her life. She (sror!)
her own vegetables.

284 CHAPIER ]O
 5. Oscar has lived in Brazil for ten years. He (eat)
Brazilian food. ICs his favorite.

6. Georgio moved to Germany Io open his own restaurant. He (id?e)

a small bakery in ltaly.

7. I have taken the bus to wo.k every day for the past five years. I (,4&e)

the bus.

8. Juanita travels by train on company business. She (go)

by plane, but now it's too expellsive.

J Exercise 48. Worm-up. (chod l0-ll)

Complete the sentences about airline passeogen.

1. Before gettlng on the plane, passengers are exPected to

2. After boarding the plane, passengers are supposed to

3. During landing, passengers are not supposed to

(a) Mike is supposecl lo call me tomorrow 8e supposea, to is used lo lalk about an aclivity or
(DEA: I expect Mike to call me tomorrow.) ev€ni that is expecled lo occur.
ln (a): The idea of is cupp@ad to is lhal l\,{ike is
(b) We are supposed lo wtite a composilion.
expecied (by me) to call me. lasked him lo cail
(oEA: The teach€r erpects us io write a composiiion.)
me. He promised to call me. I exp€cl him to

Alice was supposed lo be home ai ten, but she ln the past lorm, De sarptr oaad lo otten o9resses
didn'l get in uniil midnighl. lh€ id€a ihat an expecled 6v6nt did not occur, as
(rocA: Someone €xp€cted Alico to be hom€ al len.) in (c).

」 Exerciss 49. Looking ol grcmmot (chort to-l l)

Make a sentence with a similar meaning to the given sentence. Use be sultltosed ao.

l- Th€ teacher expects us to be on time for class,

- We are surposed to be on time lor closs.

2. People exp€ct the weather to be cold tooorcw.

3. People expect the plane to arrive at 6:00.

4. My boss expects me to work lete todght.

5. I expected the mail to come an hour agor but it didn't.

rhe Poisive 285

o Exercise 50. Lel's iolk, (chodro-lI,
Summarize each conversatiofl with a statement, Use be sultrtosed to, Work in pai$, in small
gloups, or as a class.

l. ToM's Boss: Mail this package.

ToM: Yes, sir.
, Tom i sup?osed to mail a ga.hage.

2. I-ENAi Call me at nioe.

ANl,r: Okay.
3. Ms. MArrtr\Ez: Please make your bed before you go to school.
Jor NY: Okay, Mom.
4. PRoF.THoMlsoN: Read the test directions carefully and raise your hend ifyou have any
questions.
STIJDENTS: (ro rerpors?)

5. DR. K.EMPER: You should take one pill every eighr hours.
PATTENT: Right. Anything else?
DR. KEMTER: Drink plenty offluids.

I Exercise 51. Uslening. (chod ro-ll)

.4 Listen to the statemenrs wirh b? suplrosed to. Choose 'T" lor true and 'F" for false. Norice
g, that ,o in 6€ r&rtltor€d to sounds like 'ta."
*' t pt", You v,rill hear: Visitors
at a museum are not supposed to touch the art.
"
You will choose: 6 F
l T F 5 T F
2 T F 6 T F
3 T F 7 T F
4 T F 8 T F

口 Exercise 52.R● ●dlngi grommol ond‖ sloning.(chopl● :lo)

Pa"′ An,wcr dlc questlons and then read thc Passage on zoos
Havc you v■ sitcd a zoo rcccntly,
What was your ophiOn ofit,
Wcrc thc arulnals wcll taken care op
Did thcy l"℃ u■ natur21 SCtthgs or● cages,

Z003
Z00s arc cOmlnon around ulc world The rlrst z00、 VaS eStablished around 3,500 years ago
byan E型 ,tian queen for her en,0,■ ent Fl■ c hundrcdッ cars latcr,a Chincsc cmpcrOr
established a huge 200 10 ShOW his pぴ ver and、vealぬ hter,zoos wCrc cstablishcd for■ c
purpOsc OfstudIIng animals
Zoos wcrc suppOscd to takc good carc ofanimals,but some oFthe eany ones、 vere dark
h01cs Or dt,cagcs At that timc,pcOplc bccamc disgusted widl the poor care the animals、 vcrc

286 CHAPTER 10
given. hter, these early zoos were replaced by scientific institutioos. Animels were studied and
kept in better conditions there. These r€search centers became the first moder[ zoos.
Because zoos want to treat animals well and encourage breeding, animals today are put in
large, mtual settings instead of small cages. They are fed a healthy diet and are watched
cerefirlly for any signs of disease. Most zoos have specially Eained veterinarians and a hosPital
for their animals. Today, atimals in these zoos are treated well, and zoo breeding programs have
saved mally different gpes of arimals.

&'. rL Circle all the grammatically corrcct statements.

l. a. The first zoo was established around 3,500 yea$ ago.
b. The first zoo established around 3,500 years ago.
c. An Eglptian queen established the first zoo.
2. a. Zoos supposed to take good cale of animals.
b. Zoos were supposed to take good care ofanimals.
c. Zoos were suppose to take Sood care of animals

3. a. The animals was poor\ cared for in some ofthe early zoos.
b. Tlle animals were Poorly cared for in some of the early zoos.
c. The eally zoos didD't take good care ofthe animals.
4. a. Today, snimals are kept in more flatuml settings.
b. Today, zoos keep animals in more netural settings.
c. 'Ibday, more natural seftings are Provided for enimals.
5. a. Nowadays, animals are treated befter in zoos than before.
b. Nowadals, animals are taken befter care of in zoos than before.
c. Nowadays, anim.ls take care of in zoos than before.

P4rr IIt Listen to the passage. Complete dle sentences with the verbs you heal and tien
answer the questions.

Zoos

Zoos are com]non arourid the world. The first zoo w45 established around 3.500

years ago by an Esptian queen for her enjoyment. Five hundred yeats later, a Chinese

cmpcrOr a huge zoo to show his power and wealth. kteri zoos

for rhe purpose ofstudying animals.

Zoos take good care ofanimals, but some of

4
[hc carly oncs、verc dark holcs or diriy cagcs At that time,peoplc
5

disgusted with the poor care the animals lnteも thesc carly

replaced by scientific institutions. Animals

ド

and in better conditions thcre. These rescarch centers became the first

Th€ Possive 287

 Because zoos want to teat animels well and encourage breedingr enimals today

in large, natural settings instead ofsmall cages. They

a hcalthv diet and carefully for any sigf$ of

11 12
discasc Mosi zoos spcciany traincd vctcrinarians and a hospital fOr their
13
animals Todavj animals in these zoos wcll, and zoo breeding
14
prcgrams many dintrcnt,pcS Of animals
I'

l. Why was the first zoo established?

2. Vhat were some of the early zoos like?
3. What wes the purpose ofthe fust modern zoos?
4. What are zoos doing to encouage breeding?
5. Why do zoos wan! to encouage breeding?

J Erercise 53. Check your knowlodgo. (chopter ro)

Edit the sentences.

l. I o€ agree with him.

2. Somethiflg was happened.

3. This pen is belong to me.

4. I'm ifltelestiog in that subiect.

5. He is marry with my cousin.

6. Mary's dog was died last week.

7. Were you surprise when you heard the news?

8. When I went downtown, I am get lost.

9. The bus was arrived ten minutes late.

10. We're not suppose to have pets in our apartmenr.

288 CHAPTER ro
I ExerGBo 54. Peoding ond wfing. (chopter I0)
fbrr L Reed the passage aod utdc4ile the passive verbs.
MY Favorite Hotdey
(1) NewYear's is tle most important holiday ofthe year in my country. NewYear's !!
celebrated ior fifleen days, but my favorite day is the fust day.
(2) The celebration actually begiDs at midnight. Fircwory.s are set ofr, and the streets are
fitled with people. Neighbors and fiiends greet each other and wish one another good luck for
the year. The next morning, gifts are exchanged. Children are given money. It is wrapped in
red envelop€s because red is the color for good luck- When I was younger, this was always my
favorite part of the holiday.
(3) On NewYear's Day, everyone wears new clothes. These clothes are bou8ht especia y for
the holiday. People are very polite to each other. [t is considered wrong to yell, lie, or use bad
language on the first day of the year. It is a custom for younger generations to visit their elders.
They wish them good health and a long life.

Ir. Choose a holiday you like. Describe the activities on this day- what do you do in the
,Pbrr
morning? afternoon? eveniog? Which activities do you enjoy the most? Make some of your
sentences passive.

Ihe Possive 289

」 Exercise I. Worm-up, (cho l t -l)
Check (/) all the items you have with you riSht no\r. Do you know why some nouns have a
before them and others have ar2
1 a pen
2 an ereset
3 a notebook
4 an umbrella
5 a.D intercsting book
6 a university map

(a)l have a paflcl

A and us6d in ironl ol a singular noun (e.g-, pencil, apatunenl). fhey
',,are
(b)1lVein ar apa""θ η
`
lC)lhave a sma″ aparlrleni ll a singular noun is modili€d by an adi€clive (e.9., srnal/, o/d). ror comes
ld)IIVein an O″ bυ ld l19 in lront ol th€ adi€clive, as in (c) and (d). ',
A is us€d in lronl ol words lhal b€gin wilh a consonanl lb, c, d, t, g, etc.): a
boy, a bed day, a cat, a cute baby.

A, is us€d in lront ol words that begin wilh the vowels a, a, I, and o: an

apadmenl, an anqry nen, an elephant, an empty room, etc-

(。 )lhave an′ ηb“ ぬ For words lhat bogin wath th6 l6ler ol
(f)lSaw an u9″ ρι″fa (1) A,' is us€d il the u is a vow€l sound, as in an umDrclla, an uncle,
(9)l attend a u″ Ю rs″ an unusuel day,
(h)lhad a υη9υ θexpθ 子 lence (2) A is us€d af lh€ u is a consonant sound, as in a uriwrsily, a unil,
a usual ewnt.

He will arrive in ,n hour For words that beO n wth the eltei力 :

New Yea/s Day is , l,o/,day. (1)ハ Oυ r anわ o00r aη わOnes′ ρθrson

"iS usod if the"is sllent anわ
(2)ハ is uSed rtheゎ s pronounced: a"llda/aわ Orat a,、 0ゎ grade

2'0
f, Exorcise 2. looking ot grommor. (chod I|-I)
Add a or aa to these words.
l. ---L mistake 10. ulgent message

2. abbreviation ll. - universal problem

- dream
3, _ 12. - unhappy child

4. interesting &eam 13. - houror two

5. - empty box 14. - hole in the ground

6. - box 15. - hill

7. - uniform 16. - handsome man

8. - email 17. - hooest men

9. untrue story 18. - honor

- -
tr Exercise 3. Uslening, (chort I I-I )
A
c{l
Listen to the sentences. Decide if you hear or 4',, or O (no article)
6' Exonbl2: You [,ill hear: I have a bad toothache.
You will choose: @ an @

l,a an @ 6.4 en A
2.a afl O 7.^ an A
3.a an O 8 ^ an O
4.A arr A 9.a en @

5.^ alr O lo. a aD O

f, Exel€ise 4[ Worm-up. (chort ll-2)

Circle all the correct completions.
l. I need one
a. chsir b. chairs
-.
2. Therc are two in the room.
a. chairs b. furniture
-
3. I found some in the storage room,
a. chairs b. furDiture
-
4. I found _ in the stor.ge room.
a. chairs b. furniture

Counl/Noncounl Nouns ond Adlclos 291

 I l-2 Count and Noncount Nouns
Siagular Plural
OOuNT a chair o chlim
NOuN one chair tu€ chlis (1) can be counied with nomberc: one chaia two chairs.
some chaic ten chais, etc.
(2) can be preceded by rlanin!.he singular a chair.
(3) has a plural,om ending in -sor -€sr chans.*
NONCOUNT S tumitu€ s
NOUN soms fiiEitu€ g (1) cannot be counlod wilh numbsrs-
tNcoRRECr: One luniturc
(2) is Nor immediately preceded by r/rr.
NCORRECI: A lvmiturc
(3) does rcr hav6 a plulaliorm (no tinal -s)-
tNcoRRECf: l1rnilrres
rS.. Ch.rt l-5,p.14,rd Ctrt6-r,p. r47, foi rh. spcllins md pronuciarion of-./-.r.

J Exercise 5. Looking ol grommoL (cho* I I -2)

Check (/) the correct sentences. Corect the sent€nces wir}l errors. Use sozrz with rhe
noncount nouns.
1. --L I bought one chair for my aparunent.
50mc
2 I bought sse furniture for my aparEnent.r
3 _ I bought four chairs for my aparrlrrem.
4 _ I bought four furnitures for my aparrment.
5 I bought a chair for my apafirnent. one cho「
6 _ I bought a furoiture for my apartmenr.
- ヽ″o cho「 s
7 _ I bought some chair for my aparrnent.
8 _ I bought some fu.nitures fot my apartmenr.

」 Exercise 5. Worm.up. (chod r r-3)

Write the words under the correct categories.

ideas letters postcards rings sugSesEons

Advicc ヽlail le\\'elry

rcoNd: I rols}ll li're/unitan 16 t atanaL op I boahfuni&n fu ht a?zna. Se Cbd Il afo.hoG

infolrurion lbou rhc us of O sd toa.

29:l cHAmR r r
 lndividual Parts→ The Whole Noncounl nouns usually refer lo a whole group ofihings
(Count Nouns) (Noncount Nouns) ihal rs made up ol many irdivrdualparls. a whole
calegory mado ol dillercnl varielies.
Fot e\ample, luniturc is a noncounl nouniit describ€s a
whole caiegory ol things: chais, tables, beds, etc-

,″
"″
Mail, huit, a1d jewety arc other examples oI noncount
nouns lhal re{er lo a whole calegory made up ol

Some Common Noncount Nouns: whole Groups Made up oi lndividual

A. clothing B, homework E. grammar G. corn
equipmenl slang dirl
lood llour
lruil hair
C. advice
turnilure pepper
Chinese
English
mail D. hislory sall
literature German
sand
lndonesian
Spanish
sugar
sruff Etc.
tratfic

」 Exelcise 7. Looking ol grommor. (chorts I l-2 ond I l -3)

Complete rhe sentences with alan or some. Decide ifthe boldface nouns are count or noncount.
１

I often have sorn, fruit for dessert. count(垂

≡ )
２

I had ′ banana for dessen. count noncount

３

I got letter today. count noncount

４

I got meil today. count noncount

５   ６   ７

ring on her left hand. count nOncOunt

count noncount
I have homework ro finish. count noncoun:
８   ９   ０

I have assignment to finish. count nOncount

I needed information- count noncount
I asked count noncount

Counl/Noncounl Nouns ond Articles 293

J Exercise E. GrommOr Ond Speqking. (Chorts I r -2 ond r I-3)
Add 6nal -s/-€s ifpossible. Otierwise, write O. Then decide if you agree or disagree with rhe
statement. Discuss yo

Ｆ   ″
l.

ｎ     ｎ
０     ０
I'm leaming a lo! of grammarr.__ll this term.
2. Count and noncount uoung- are easy,

3. A good way to control trafEc is to charge people money

to drive in the city. - ツ℃S nO

4. Electric cer will replace gas car . ves no

5. Infor'ftedon - - usually reliable.

from the Intemet is ツeS nO

6. Fact -
are always true. yes nO

7. Many word- in English are similar to those in my language. rS nO

8. The best way to leern new vocabulzuy ts to memorize it. ■es no

9. I enjoy singing karaoke song_. - yes nO

10. I enjoy listening to classical music _. ycs nO

I l. I like to read good literaturte rS nO

12. I like to read mysrery novel い nO
13. Beach are r€laxing places to visrr. vcs no
14.'W'alkiog on send- is good exercise for your legs. ycs ■0

15. Parents usually have helpfirl suggcstion for then kids. ves nO

16. Sometimes kids have helpful advice - for thek parents. ycs nO

-
J Exelcise 9. Wolm-up. (cho r r-4)
Complete the sentences with words fiom the list. Make semences rhar are true for you.

beaut-v health milk pollution traffic

cotree honesr! money smog
happiness juice nolse tee
︱     ＾

During fie d.ry, I drink

Ｚ

Two things I don't like abour big cities are and

3 is more importani than

294 CHAPTER r l
 (a)Liquids Sol ds and Semi‐ So‖ ds

co“ oe soup bread meal chalk paper air

mlk tea butter beel glass soap pollulion
01 water cheeso chicken gold loolhpaste smog
ice lish iron wood

(b) ThingsTh8t Occur in Nalure

weather darkness thunder
ra n 19ht ighining
snow sunshine

Abslractlona*
beauty tun health ignorance luck selfishness
courage generosity help kindness patience time
experiencg happiness honesty knowledge progr€ss violence
rAn dbsM.tion is dn ide.. It has no physicll form A person c,mot touch n

-l Exerciso I0. Looking ot grommoL (chods I l-2 ' 1l-4)

Add 6nal -s/-€s ifpossible. Otherwise, write O. Choose verbs in parentheses as necessary.

l. I made some lnistakel on my algebm test,

2. In winter in Siberia, there (tD, dr, snow A on the ground.

3. Siberia has very cold weather

4. Be sure to give the new couple my best wish

5. I want ro wrsh them good luck-. -.

6. Silver (,J, r/e) expensive. Diamoad (iE ar.) expensive too.

7. I admire ProfessorYoo for her extensive knowledae oforganic farming methods.

8. ProfessorYoo has a lot of good idea- and strong opinion-.

9. Teaching children ro read requires patience

10. Doctors take care ofpatient -.

ll. Mr. Fernandez's English is irnproving. He's making progress

12. Wood stove\ are a source ofpollutioa in many ciries. -.

Counl/Noncount Nouns ond Arlicbs 295

 me sentence,Add― sr● cま
θ L“α :祝 en t° cn nOuns havc phd endhぃ Othepお らwHte 0
fM2晨 ″ dЪ 。ご
S tCon■ e Sdew』 k
l淵 1裾[:遊 ツ
l chalk 6. storm-
2 soap_ 7. storm

3. suggestion- 8. toothpaste-
4. suggesrion_ s. stufr_
5. gol.l 10. equipment

O Exo.cise 12. lofs tolk. (cho.t Ir-4)

Work in small groups, These common sayings use abstract noutrs. Choose two sayings to
explain to the class.
Exdn /er Ignorance is bliss.
' Ianotutue means )n dot't knou) aboltt sornething. Eri.. nea s hapPbe s.
Thi saying means that tou arc happier;fjou don\ knou about o qroblcm,
l. Honesty is the best policy. 4. Knowledge is power.
2. Time is money. 5. Experience is the best teacher.
3. bughter is the best medicine.

f Exerclsa 13. 16f's tolk, (chorr lI-4)

Complete the sentences. Give two to four answers for each item. Share your enswers with a
partner, See how many of your answers are ihe same. Norr.' Abstrect nouns ere usuelly
noncount. To find out if a noun is count or noncountr check your dictronary or ask your
teacher.

l. Qualities I admire in e persor ar€ . . . .

2. Bad qualities people can have are . . . .
3. Some of th€ most important things in life ar€ . . . .
4. CertaiD bad conditions exisr in the world. Some of them are . . . .

tr Exerciso 14. Oome, (chods -l ' ll-4)

'Work io small teams. Imagine your team is et one of the given places. Mske a list of the
things you see. Share your team's list with the class. The team with the most complete and
grammatically correct list wins.

Exanpla: a teacher's ofice

I w,9 @indov,,s
I a lot of grarnmar books
ofltce ecuiqnent 4 comgner, a Ptin et, a ?ho'ocorv machine
', ollbe supplbs a staple\ papet ctips, ?ets, ?e cih, a rubr
> some Pitutes
eta.

296 CHAPTER r r
 Places:
a restaurant an island
a museum a hotel
a popular deparEnent store an airport

」 Exorciso I5. Worm-up. (chort |l-s)

Complete the sentences with arltl€r
l. I bought several rSterday
2. Do you eat a lot of )

3. Do you eat many

4. Do vou eat much

5. Ieatafew
6. Icatalirde . for breakfast.

Count
Seversl s used on y wlh counl nolns.

(b) A ,ot of is used wilh both count and noncounl nouns.

f,t ryis used wilh count nouns.

Muct is used wilh noncount no!ns.
a lew s used wilh couni nouns.
A liifle is us€d with noncounl nouns

」 Exelcis6 I 5. looking ql grqmmor. (chorti I I -2 ond r I - 5)

Check (/) the correct sentences. Corect lhe sentences that have mistakes. One sentence has
a spelling error.

some / O
l. Jakob learned s€ve$l new vocsbulary.

2. He leamed several new words.

3. Takashi learned a lot ofnew words.

4. Sonia learned a lot ofnew vocabulary too.

5. Lydia doesn't like learning too much new vocabulary in one day

6. She can't remember too much new wo.ds.

Counl/Noncounl Nouns ond Arlicbs 297

 7. Mr. Ile assig[ed a few vocabulary ro his class.

8. He assigned a few new words.

9. _ He explained several new vocabulary.

10. There is alot of new word at this level.

ll. _ There are a lot of new vocabulary at this level.

tr Exercise I7. Looking st grommdr: pqiawork. (chorts ,ll-5) ll-l

lrork v.ith a partner. Take turns completing the questions with ,rou, ,nan! or hott rrutch.a
Make nouns plural as necessary-
I . How does Mr. Miller have?
solr + many sons d. car
^. -c}]nd
b. childre, e. stuff
- maryr
c. work - nrch u,ork f. experience

2. How did you buy?

a. fiuit d. tomato
b. -vegetable e. orange
c. banana f. food

3 Hov_did yOu have,

a n.n d. information
b help e, fact
c time f, money

o Exelcise 18. Let's tolk inte.view. (chort I I-s)

Interview your classmates. Begin your questions vtirll Hou rnuch or Hoa ,norql Share
some ofyour answers with the class.

Ho r luhlHou many .. .
1 pages does this book have?
2. coffee do you drink every day?
3. cups oftea do you drink every day?
4. homework do you have to do tonight?
5. assignments have you had this week?
6. provinces does Canada have?
7. count es does Aftica have?
8. snow does this area get in the winter?

■1イ oみ and"● ‐ auNe statemen`

ッ are mote common]y used ul qucsdons than in a■
“ “

290 cHAPIERll
tr Exerciso 19. tooklng ot gEmmqr. (chorts II-r ' It-s)
Complete the sentences wirh a leut ot a littlc and the given rloun. Use the plural form of the
noun as necessary.
l. music to a litl:lc music
I feel like listening tor.ight.

2. song We sang a few eonle at the party.

3- hclp Do you need with that,

'1. pepper M,v grandfarher doesn't usc salt, but he al$ays puts

on his eggs.

5. thing I need ro pick up at the store on my way

home from work tonight.

6. apple I bou8ht

7. ftuit I bought at the store.

8. advice I need

9. money IfI accepr thar iob,I'll make

10 Friend came by last night to visit us

ll. rain Ir looks like we might gei todaェ I

rhink I'll rake mv umbrella wirh me-

12. French I can speak , but I donl know any

Italian at all.

13. hour Ron's plane will arrive in morc

u Exercise 20. wolm-up. (chod ll-6)

Match the sentences to the pictures.

Picture A Picture C

l. Do you need one glass or two?

2. Your glasses fit nicely.
3. A: Vhat happened?
B: Some neighborhood kids were playing baseball, and dEir ball went thmueh the glass.

'I btushr a le@ opda. = I bought. smsl trEb.r of appl6.

I boqht d EdL a?pL, = I boushr one applc, .nd n wa! sm.ll, nor l.rgc,

Counl/Noncounl Nouns ond futicles 299

Quite a lew nouns can be used as either count or noncounl nouns. Examples ol bolh count and noncount
usages lorsome common nouns lollow.

Used as a Noncount Noun Used as a Count Noun

glass (a) Windows are made ol g/ass. (b) I drank a graes ofwaler.
(c) Janetwears g/asses when she reads.
ha r (d)Rta has brown ha′ た (e) rhere s , ,r,r on my jacket.

子On (l) ,ro,ls a melal. (g) lpressed my shin wilh all i/or.
●︾

(h) I opened lhe curtain lo let in (1)P Oase turn offめ e llgわ 0(lamp●

paper (j) I need some paperto wile a nole. (k ) I wrote a paper for Prolessor Lee-
( l) I bouqhl a paper(a nelYspaper).

(m) How mlch rmedo you need lo (n) How many t mes have you b6€n to Mexico?
finish your work?

(o) lhave some wolk lo do tonight. (p) Thal painling is a work of arl.

(q) lhad some co,tee aller dinner. lt) Two colfees, please.

chickenllish ls) I ale some chicken/some tish. εken,a″ sカ

(t)She dret a picture of a cわ ′

exper ence lu) I haver\'t had much experience (v) I had maryinleresting expetiences on my ttip.
with compllers. (ldon't have (L4any inteGsling evenls happened 10 me on my
much knowledge or skillin using vip.)
compulers.)

J Exercise 2L Looking ol grommor. (chort ll-6)

Match rhe correct picture to cach sentence on page 3ol. Discuss the differences in merning.

げ 【111f』
… Picture B Picture C

Picture D Picture E Picture F

300 CHAPT[R ll
 1. That was a great meal. I ate a lot of chicken. Now I'm stufied.i
2. Are you hungry? How abour a lirrle chicken for lunch?
3. Vtlen I was a child, we raised a lot ofchickens.
4. I bought a few chickens so I can have fresh eggs.
-
5. There s a litrle chicken in your yard. _
-
6. That's a big chicken over there. Nly'ho does it belong to?

.l Exercise 22, tooking ol grommor. (Chort I r-6)

Complete the sentences with the given words. Make words plural as necessary. Choose words
in parentheses as ne€essary. Discuss the differences in meaning.
l. rime Irlookalorof IJd- lo wrire my composition.

2. time I realy like that movie. I saw it tlEee ---rr.4€L.

3. paper Students in Professor Young's litcrature class have to wdte a lot of

4. paper Students who take careful lecture notes can use a lot of
5. paper The .\'e?, yor& fr,.s is (a, sorne) famous

6. \rork Van Gogi's painring 1rr1es is one ofmy favorite ofart.

7. work I have a lot of t(l do tomorrow at mv ofiice.

8. hair Erin has stmight , and Mariam has curly

9. hair Brian has a white cat. Vtlen I stood up from B an's sofa, my black slacks
were covered with short white

10. glass I wear for reading.

ll. glass Io some countries, people use for their tea; in other
countries, the) usc cups.

12. glass Many famous parntings are covered u idr

13. iron (,s, dre) necessary to animal and plant life.

14. iron (,s, a,"e) used to make clothes look near.

Couni/Noncounl Nouns ond Articlos 30I

 15. expeience My grandfather had a lot ofinteresting in his lons
caaeer as a diPlomat.

16. experience You should apply for the job at the elecEonics compeny because you have a
lot of h● at rleld
17 chicken Joe, would you like (lz, ro"t?)

18 chickcn My grandmother raises in her yard.

19 1ight ■■ere(`α ″)a10t Of on the ceilings of the school

buildm8

20 1'ght A: IF you wanttO takc a picture outside no% you'll need e flash. The
(!s,l drd,,l) good here.
B: Or, we could wait an hour. (It, maJ) will be brighter then.

u Exorcis€ 23. Worm-up. (chort I I-7)

Which ofthe followi[g do you have in your kitchen? Check (/) the itemr.
l. _ a csni of tuna
2. abagofflour
3. - a iar ofolive oil
4. a bottle ofsoda pop
5. _
- a box oftea bags
6. _ abowl ofsugar

To menlion a specilicquanlity ol a noncounl noun, speakers

I had two cups ol tea. use units ol measure such as two cups ol ot one piece of.

A unit ol measure Lrsually describes the contalner (a cup of

(c) I ate some loasl. a bol of), the amouni (a pound ol, a quatt ofl,t ot lhe
ldl l ale one plece ol toast- ahape la bat ol soap, a sheet ol papea-

mesure: ,,e ,,!d = 0,4t kilo8mms&ilos.

'liiTeichi
Liquid messurc d,e {d, = 0,s5 hrcs/kers; aour ques = onesallon = 3.3liu*/ln$s.

・′ ulハ Л ￨`i口 BH● 血 EndiS

can Englsh‐ ●′
`0″ `■

302 cHAmに R ll
」 Exercise 24. Looking ql glommor. (chod r r-7)
What units of measlrre are usually used with the given nouns? More than one unrt ofmeasure
can be used with some ofthe nouns.

Par,l At the store

bag boftle ,ar

1. , can/izr ofolives

2. a ,ox ofcrackers
ａ

3. of mineral water
ａ

4. ofjam or ielly
ｎ

5. of tuna
ａ

6. of soup
ａ

1. of sugar
ａ

8.
ａ

9. of soda
ａ

10. of flour
ａ

. of paint
ａ

12. of breeKest cereal

Parι ff ln thc kitchen

bo、 vl cup glass plece slice

13. a cuP/ela66 of green tea

14. a bowl of cereal

15. a of caldy
16. a of bread

t7. a of cake

18. a of orange iuice

19. a ofsoup
20. a of pbza

Counl/Noncounl Nouns ond Artlcles 303

 Part II. (-) ti r./l)

cup glass piece slice

21. e

22. e ofnoodles

23. e

24. a

25. a

26. a ofrice
27. a

28. a ofwatermelon

I Exercise 25. l.3l's tolk. (chort r I-7)

You and your partner are planning a party for the class. You have already prepared most of the
food, but you still need to buy a few things at the store. Decide what you'd like to get using
the sentences below 9s your guide. You can be serious or silly. Perform your conversation for
the class. Then your classsmstes will tell you if they want to come to your party or not.
NorE You can look ar your conversation before ,ou speal. When you speal! look at pur parrner.
Shoppha lbt
A: So what else do we need ftom the store?

B: Leis see. We need a few jars of we should also get a box of

Oh, and a couple ofbass of
Ａ  Ｂ

Is that it? Anything else?

I Suess a few cans of would be good.
I almost foryot. \ghat should we do about drinks?
Ａ Ｂ   Ａ

How about some bottles (or cans) of

Good idee.
By the way, I thouSht we could serve slices of How does that
sound?
B: Sure,

304 CHAPTER r l
Exercise 26. Wolm-up. (chqd I l-8)
Read the conversations. \Vhy does Speaker A lse a or ,he? Discuss what botl Speaker A and
Speaker B are thinking about.

Conversation I

A: A do8 mskes a good pet. B: I agree.

Convercstion 2

A: I saw a dry in my yard

B:Oh,

ConversatiOn 3

A: Did you feed ,r', da82 B:Yes

Counl/Noncounl Nouns ond Adicles 305

 TO MAК E A GENERALZAT ON

sirgular Count Nouns: ,,{ ,4,

a) A dog makes a good pot. ln (a): The speaker is lalking about any dog, all dogs,
dogs in goneral.
c) A pencl contains lead.

Plural Count Nouns: O

(d)● Dο gs nake goOd pels ln (d): The speaker is talking aboul any dog, alldogs,
(0)● スρ′es arO red dogs in genoral.
(i)● &η ο″S Contain lead NorF: Examples (a) 8nd (d)hav€ lhe same meaning.

Noncount Nouns: o
(9)●
(h)●
rfU″ S g00d 10r yOu

Cο た e cOntains caffe ne 1脂 ￨」 :ifr陥

・ S uttng a∞ u any"m,副 lru t

()lke 0 0“ た

ro raLK ABour NoN-spEcrF c PEFSoN(S) oB TH|NG(S)

singular Count Nouns: ,4,r4r,

1)lSaW a dogin my yard ln (j): The speaker is saying. "l saw one dog (not two
k)Mary ate an apple dogs, som€ dogs, many dogs). lt wasn t a specific dog
l)lneed a ρθnc″ (e.9., yourdog,lhe neighbor's dog,lhal dog). ltwas
only ono dog oul ol lhe whole group ol animals called
dogs."

Plural Count Nouns: .Son e

(m) lsaw some dogs in my yard. ln (m): The speaker is saying, "l saw more lhan one
(n) Mary bought som€ apples. dog. They weren l specific dogs (e.9.. yourdogs,lhe
(o) Bob has sol',e peDc,/s in his pockel. neighbor's dogs, those dogs). The exacl number oi
dogs isn't impo(ant (two dogs, fiv6 dogs);l'm simply
saying thal lsaw an indefinits numbsroJ dogsl

See Chart 11-5 lor other words lhat can be used witl
plural counl nouns, such as *lefel a la*, a d a lot of-

Noncount Nouns: Sozne

ｐ

l bOught sOme″ υ′ ln(p): The speakeris saying,・ l bought an indelin te

ｑ

8ob drank 30me ctlFFee amount olfrut The exact amount(o9 ヽ″O pounds of
ｒ

Wou d you lke to lsten to so"e mL_・ ″2 fruit iour bananas and卜 ″o applos)iSn timportant
And rm nOtta k ng about specr c`run(e g thatiru“
the iru“ n that bowl)'

See Cha"11 5 for other wordsthat ean be used w th

noncouni nouns such as a″ rle and a rOt。 1

306 cHAPT=良 li
 iir,ued\
THE SPEAKER AND THE L]STENEB ABE THINKING ABOIJT THE SAME SPEC FIC PERSON(S) OB THINGS,

Sihgular Count Nouns: Trre

(s) Oid you leed the dog? ln (s): The speaksrand lhe listen€rare thinking about
(t) Kay is in fl,e lilchen. the same specilic dog. The listener knows which dog
(u) Ine srn is shining. lh€ sp€aker is ralking aboul: rhe dog that lhey own,
(v) Pleas€ close tne dooi lhe dog thal they leed wery day. There is only one
(w) flre preslderl i5 speaking on TV tonighl. dog lhal the speaker could possibly b€ lalking about.

(x) I had a banana and an apple. I gave ln (x): A speaker us6s ihewhen she/he menlions a
lhe bananalo Mary, noun the second iime.
Firsl menlion: I had a banane.. -
Second menlion: I gave the btnena . - -

ln lhe second menlion,lhe lisl€nor now knows which

banana lhe speaker is lalking about: the banana lhe
speaker had (nor the banana John had, nol the
banana in that bowl).

Plural Count Nouns: Ihe

(y) Did you tued /re dogs? ln (y)r The speaker and lhe lislenerare lhinking about
lz) The pencils on thal desk are Jims. morc lhan one dog, and they ar€ lhinking aboul the
(aa) Ploase turn of, the rghis. sam€ sp€cific dogs.

(bb) I had some bananas and appl€s. I gave ln (bb) lrre is used lor s€cond m6nlion.
the bananas lo Mary.

Noncount Nouns: Trre

(cc) rhe frul in this bowl is ripe. When t,e is used wiih noncouni nouns, the speaker
(dd) I can't hear you. fhe muslc is too loud. knows or can assume ihe Iislener is lamiliar wilh and
(€€) Ilre a/rsmells fresh today. lhinking aboul lhe same speciJic lhin9.
(tl) I drank some cotlee and soms milk. fhe coll€e ln (JJ): tlre is used lor second menlion.

r\orE: ,. ,D. a4d O are

not possiblo for lhe s ualions
described in (s) lhrough (tf).

Count/Noncount Nouns ond A.ticbs 307

I Exercise 27. looking ot grsmmor. (chorr I r-8)
Read the following conversations and answer the questions that follow.

Conv€rsation I

%○

Dogs make good pers. B:I agree.

Conve$ation 2

A: I saw mru dorr in my yard. B10h'

Conversation

A: Did you feed ,rt, dosr2

l ln wblch conversation are dlc spcakcrs rhinking abour all dogs?

2 1n wluch conversation are thc spcakcrs ralking about the same dogs?
3 1n■ lch convcrsation arc the spcakers
l■ .alking abour ar indefinitc number ofdogs?

300 CHAPTER ll
 ︲
４
ｏ
・③
“
Ｃ

︵︻ ］ ︶ 。 。 。 。
Ｏ
ｎ

︱′
，
ヽ ‘・
。
A.: I ate torne fru;a. B:Oh,
∽ llversation 5

FH"is good for you B:I agrec

Conversation 6

A: Tfu bOWl is rlpe B:Good

"ln d“
4. In which conversation are r}|e speakers tslking about all fiuit?
5- In which conve.sation are the speakers talking about an indefinite amount of fruit?
6. In which conversation are the speakers thinki[g about the same ftuit?

counl/Noncouni Nouns ond Artlcles 309

O Uorcbe 28, Looklng ol grommor. (chort l r- 8)
Read the conversatioos and decide whether the speakers would probzbly ,rse rte or olan.
l. A: lohat did you do last nighi?
B: I went to , perty.
A: Oh? Where wes ir?
2. A: Did you have a good time at ,h, F,erty lest night?
B: Yes.

A: So didL I'm glad that you decided to go with me.

3. A: Do you have cer?

B: No. But I have motorcJcle.

4, A: Do you need - car today, honey?

B: Yes. I have e lot -oferrands to do. \vhy don't I drive you to work today?
A: Okay. But be sure to 6ll car up with gss sometime today.
-
5. A: Have you seen my keys?
B: Yes. They're on - table next to ftont door.
6. A: lrhere's plofessor?
B: She\ absent today.
- -
7. Ai Is Mr. Jones
- gEaduate student?

B: No. He's professor.

8. A: Would you like to go

- to zoo rhis eftemooo?
B: Sue. Vhy-not?
9. A: Does Sao Diego have
- zoo?
B: Yes. It's world famous.

ro. A: Where's Dennis? -

B: He's in kitchen.

ll. A: Do ,ou like your new apartnent?

B: Yes. It has
- big kitchen.

12. A: Did you lock door?

B: Yes. -
A: Did you check $o!'e?
B: Yes.
-
A: Did you close all windows dowrlstails?
-

310 cHAmR -
 B: Yes.
A: Did you set alalm clock?
B: Yes.
A: Then let's turn out _ lights.
-
B: Goodnight, dear.
A: Oh, don't forget your appointment with doctor tomorrow.
B: Yes, dear. Goodnight.

」 - I l-8)
Exercise 29. looking ot grommor. (chod
Decide if the boldface noun is singular, plural, or noncount. Then decide if it has a general or
specific meatring.

Specific
l. Birds have fealhcrs.

2 A bird has fcathers

3- A bird cars worms.
4. A worm lives undcr the ground-
5. Birds and worms need water.
6. The bird is drinking \r'aler.
7. The birds are drinking water.
8. The water is on the ground.

tr Ex€rcisa 30. looking dl glommoL (chort I l-8)

Complete the sentences with the Siven nouns, Use ,rr€ for specific statements. Do not use ,rre
for geneml stetements.
l. flowers Theflowere tn *rat vase are beautiful.
b. Flawers zre beautiful.

2. mountains are beautitul.

b. in Switzerland are beautiful.

3. water I don't want to go swimming today. lS t00

cold.
じ   ａ  ｂ   ＆ 

consists of hydrogen and oxx,gen.

4. information in rhis magazine article is upsetting.

The Inrerncr is a $'idcly used source of

5. health is more important than money.

，

Docto$ are concerned wirh of their patients.

counl/Noncounl Nouns ond Articles 3I I

 6 men a generally have stronger muscles than
ЧttЭ men

b. At the paffy lasr nighr, sat on one side of re

sat on the otier.

7. problems a. Everyone has

b. Irene told me about she had with her car

yesrerday.

8. vegetables e. we had for dinner last night

い are good for you.

tr Exercise 31. Reoding. (cho I-8)

Read the passsge. Then cover ir with a piece ofpaper and complete the sentences.

Money
In ancient rimes, people did not use coins for money. Instead, shellsj beads, or sah were
used. Around 2,600 years ago, the Iirst meral coins were made. Today most money is made
fiom paper. Ofcourse, many people use plastic credit or debir cards to pey for goods. In the
future, haybe we'll use only cards, and paper money won't exist,

1. In ancient times, two forms of money were

2. People first made 2,600 years ago.

3. Nowadals, paper is used for

4. Today people can pay for goods with Or

5. In the future, may replace

f, Exerclse 32. Looking dl gEmmor. (chod I r -o)

,re or O. Capiralize the beginDing ofsentences
Complete the sentences with es necessary.

o
l. _-L Vttet is a deiry producr.

2, Please pass me buner.

3. air is humid todey.

4. When I was in Memoriel

- Hospital, nu$es were wonderfi .
5. I'm
- studying gnmmar. I'm also studying vocabulary

6. tlees reduce -
pollution by cleaniog the air.

7. -
Eees in my yard are 200 years old. -
3I2 -
cxamP -
-
コ Exercise 33. Looking of grommor, (Chort I r-8)
Complete the sentences with alan, lhe, or sorna.
1- I had a banana and ,n apple. I gave _ lil banana to Mary. I ate ,h,
apple.

2. I had apples. I gave

bananas ro Mary. I ate apples.

). I forgot ro bring my things with me to class yesterday, so I borrowed

and paper from Joe. I rcturned pen, bur I used
paper for my homework.

l. A: V/hat did you do last weekend?

B: I went on picnic Saturday and saw

Did you have fun?
B: picnic was tun, but movie was boring.

5. I bought bag of flour and sugar to make

cookies. sugar was okay, but I had ro retum flour. When

I opened it, I found litrle bugs in it. I took it back to the people at the

store and showed them liftle bugs. They gave me nc、

bag of flour. new bag didn't have any bugs in ir.

コ′

Exerciso 34. Listening. (chod I l-E)

一Ｃ¨

Lisren to the passage. Then lisren again and write alon, the, or O. Before you b€gin, you
want to check your understanding of these words: roof (of yow mourh), netres, blood Lessels,
¨

Icc-Cream Hcsd.chca
Have you ever eaten something really cold like ice cresm alrd suddenly gonen __,L
headache? This is known as "ice-cream headeche." About 30 percent ofthe
2
population gets this rrpe of headache. Here is one theory about why
,4
-
- counl/Noncounl Nouns ond- Articles 3I3
 ice-cream headaches occur. roof of your mouth has a lot of nerves. When
5

something cold touches these nerves, rhey want to warm up _ your brain. They

make
78
-
your blood vessels swell up (get bigger), and this causes lot ofpain.

ice-cream headaches geflerslly go away after about 30-60 seconds. best

9 l0
-
way to avoid these headaches is to keep cold food ofr -
roof of your mouth-

- -
tr Exercise 35, Looking ot gl€mmqL (chopier -I I - 8)
alan, ,[e, or O in the blanl<s-
Wri.te

l. I have , window in my bedroom. I keep it open ar night because I like fiesh air.
Ih, window is above my bed.
2. Kathy likes to listen ro _ music when she srudies.

3. Would you please turn radio down? _ music is too loud.

4. l-ast week I read book about _ life of Indka candhi, India's only
female prime minister, who
- was assessinated in 1984.

5. Irt's go swimming iD
- lake today.

6. _ warer is essential ro human life, but don'r driok _ water in the Flat
River. lt'll kill you! - Dollution in tha! river is rerrible.

7. People can drink ftesh wster. They canl drink _ seawater becsuse it
contains _ -
salt.

8, Ted, pass - salt, please. And pepper. Thank.

9. A: How did you get here? Did you walk?

B: No,I took
- taxi. -
1 0. A: Wow! lYy'hat a great meal!
B: I agree. - food was excelletrt
- especially _ fish. And
service was exceptionally good. I-et's leave _ wairess a good tip.

I l. A: Kids, get -ir carj please.

B: We ca['t. doon ere locked.

-
-

314 CHAPIER ] I
コ Exercise 35. Worm - up. (chori I I - 9)
Complete the questions with ,rre or O.
lvoud nolt tihe to see . . .
1 iha Amazon River? 6 Australia?
つ
O Korea? 7 Mississippi River?

3 Mexico City? 8 Red Sea?

4 Indian Ocean? 9 hke Michigafl?

) UIaI Mountains? 10 Mount Fuii?

(a) We melo Mr. Wang. rheis Nor lsed with tiled names.
Iknod g Docrot smith- NcaRREcr: We met lhe Mr- Wang.
O tuesident Rice has bten in lhe nows

(b) He lives in O Eutupe. Ire is Nor used with lhe names oJ coniinents.
O ,4s/:r islh€ largesl contin6nl. tNcoRREcr: He lives in lhe Europe.
Have you €v€r been to O Afrca2

(C) He lives in et France. ,,'eis Nor used wiih lhe names of mosl counlries
O Brazlis alatge county, tNcoRREcr: He lives in lhe France,
Haue Wu evet been \o O fhailand?
Theis used in lhe nam€s ol only a lew counlries, as
(0) H6 lives in the uflled Srales. in (d). Olhers: lhe Czech Republb. the United Anb
,he Nelherlards is in Europe. Emintes, lhe Dominican Repuuic.
Aave you o\et been lo the Philippines?

(e) He ivesin o Parls meis Nor used wilh the names ol cilies.
● ″θ″ ヽ0′ kis the largest c tyin the un10d states tNcoRREcr: He lives in lhe Paris.
Have you everbeento 0 0ね nbυ ′ ?

fhe Nile Biver is long. Il,e is used wilh lhe names of rivers, oceans, and
they ctossed the Pacific Ocean-
Ir,e Yel/ow Sea is in Asia. Dre is Nor used with the names ol lakes.
(9) Chicago is oi O Lake Mbhtgan.
O Lake Titicaca lies on lhe border belwesn Peru
and Bolivia.

(h) We hiked inめ eス lp・ Iheis used wilh the namss of mounlain ranges.
■lθ ハndesare in SOuth Amelca Iheis Nor used wilh lh€ names of individual
(1) Ho clmbed O Moυ η′[νeFS′
● Oυ 月′晨″′Is n Japan
^″

counl/Noncounl Nouns ond Arlicbs 315

:l Exercise 37. Oome: lrivio. (chod I t-9)
Work in teams. Complete the sentences wirh ,re or O. Then decide ifrhe statements are true
or false- Circle "T" for tlue and "F" for false. The team with the most correct answers wins.i

Ｔ Ｔ Ｔ

Ｆ Ｆ Ｆ
l. Moscow is the biggest city Russia.
2. Riine River flows rhrough Germany.
1. Vienna is in Austrslia.
-

Ｔ Ｔ

Ｆ  Ｆ
Yangze ir the longest river in A\ia.
-
5. Adsntic Ocean is bigger than Pa€ific.
6. Rocky Mountains are located in Canada

Ｆ
and United States.

Ｆ
7. Dr. Sigmund Freud is famous for his srudies ofas$onomv.
-

Ｆ
8. I-akeVrctona is located ir Tanzania.
-

Ｆ
9. Another name for Holland is Netherlands.

Ｆ
10. Swiss Alps are the tallest mountains ln the world.
-
」 Exercise 38. Oome.- (chod I t-9) -
Work -in Foups. Choose a place in the world. It can be a continent, country, city, sea) river,
mountain, etc. Your classmares will try to guess where it is by askingyas/zo questions. Limit
the numbe, of questions ro teo for esch place.

Exarnple:
SPEAK.ER A: (thinking of the Medierranean Sea)
SPTIAKER B: Is it a continent?
SPETaKER A: No.
SPE x-ER C: Is it hor?
SPEaT.ER A: No-
SPEA(ER D: Is it big?
SPEAT.ER A: Yes.
Etc.

コ Exercise 39. Worm-up. (chort I t-to)

Complete the sentences with informarion about yourself.
l t was born in
(continc.O
2. I have lived most of my life in

3. This term I am studying

4. Two ofmy favorite movies are and

rs.c Inrrn /,ffi, p. ,12 I

316 cHAmR rr
C.pitallze
l. The tirst word ol a senlence we saw a movie lasl nighl. Capilar2e = use a big letter, nol a
small letler

2. The names of people I m€t Georcg Adams yesteday.

3. Titles used wilh the names ol lsaw D∝ to子 (D子 )Smlh

Thefe s Prolosso「 (Prol)Lee

4. Months, days, holidays NorE: Seasons are nol capita ized:

Bob arrived lasl Monday. spnng, sunmer, lall/aulumn, winter
ll snowed on New Year's Day.

5 The names ol places:

cily He lves in ChicagO She tvesin a city BuT
She was born in Callornia She tvesin New York City
They are irOm mex co
Tibetis in As a

They crossed the At ant e OCean They crossed a rlve[

lak6 Chicago is on Lake MIch19an Tい 。y crc ssed the Velow Rivei
The Nlle River lows north
The Sahara Desertts in Allca
We v sted the nOCky MOunta ns

school l go to the univesity ol Flo● da lgolo a university. BUr

l work10rthe Boeing Company I go to lhe univorsily ol Texas.

He ives on Crand Avenue We went lo a park. BUr

building VVe have class in Ritter Hal We wenl to Central Park.
l went,o99 ng n Forest Park

6. The names oi co'rrses rm tak ng Chemistry 101 Here's your history b00k BuT
Im takin9 H stO"101

7 The iteS Ol books artcles, Capitalize the firsl word ol a tille.

movles The Sound ol the Mounlain Capiialize alloiher words excepl
articles (lhe a/an). coordrnating
conjunclions (and ,'ut 04, and
sho preposilions (rif,, ir,, al ele).
3 The names oi anguages and She spealG Spanish. Words lhal relerto the names ot
We discussed Japanese customs. languages and nalionalili€s are

g. The names ot roligions BLrddhism, Chrislianity, Hinduism, Words thal leler lo lhe names ot
lslam, and Judaism are major re igions are always capitalized.
religions in the world.

counl/Noncounl Nouns ond A lcles 3I7

I Exercise r(t. Looking ot grommot (chort I l -l o)
Add capital lecers whene Decessary Some sentences rreed no changes.
f
I . lre're goilg to have a test next fuesday.

2. Do you know richard smith? he is a professor at this universiry

3. I know thet professor smith teeches at the university of arizona.

4. W'here was your mother born?

5. John is a ca6olic. ali is a muslem.

6. Anita speaks french. she studied in ftance for rwo yenrs.

7. I'm taking a history course lhis semester.

8. ['m tal'ing modern european history l0l this semester.

9. We went to vancouver, british columbia, for ou.r vacation last summer.

10. Veflezuela is a spanish-speaking country.

I l. Canada is in north america.r

12. Canada is north ofthe unit€d states.

13. The surl rises in the east.

14. The mississippi rivei flows south.

15. The amazon is a river in sourh ame ca.

16. We went to e zoo. We went to broomeld zoo in chicago.

17. The tid€ ofthis bookisf ndomentals oI engl;sh grar mat

18. I enioy studying €nglish grammer.

19. On l€lentine's day (february l4th), sweethearts give each other presents.

20. I read e book called, the ca, and the , oute in tN aunt\ ho6e-

18hcn,.eltt, wtt,.or, sd B, Gfcr !o th. dirtion or . comp.$, rh.y arc nor epltali,ra: .r4pea n w. oJ Chiaa.
Vb.n th.y c pd of . asamphi.rl ,r@., dry ae epir.liza: laraan in u FatE6t-

318 CHAPTER rr
J Exercise 4I. Grommor, reoding, ond wliling. (chopter I l)
P@r,l Read the passage- Add capital letters as necessar!.

fane Goodall
J
(1) Do you recognize the namefhne goodalt? Perhaps vou know her for her studies of

chimpanzees. She became very famous ftom her work in tanzania.

(2) Jane goodall was born in england, and as a child, was fascinated by animals Her

favorite books were rle jungb book, by rudyatd kipling, and book about tarzan, a fictional

character who was mised by apes.

(3) Her childhood dream was to go to afiica. AIler high school, she worked as a secretaly

and a wartress to earn enough rDoney to go there. During that time, she took evening courses in

journalism and english literature. She saved every penny until she had enough money for a trip

to africa.

(4) In the spring of 1957, she sailed through the red sea and southward down the african

coast to mombasa in kenya. Her uncle had arranged a job for her in nairobi wirh a british

compaoy. When she was th€re, she met dr. louis leakey, a famous anthropologist. Under his

guidance, she began her lifelong study of chimpanzees on the eastern shore of lake tanganyka'

(5) Jane goodall lived alone in a tent near the lake. Through months and years of patience,

she won the trust of the chimps and was able to watch them closely. Her observatrons chafiged

forever how we view chimpaflzees and all other animals we share the world with
-

counl/Noncounl Nouns ond A icles 319

 nar', /L Read dre passage again and then read these starements. Circle "T" for true and "F"
for false.

Ｆ
l. Jane Goodall was interested io animals ftom an early age.

Ｆ
2. Her pareflts paid for her trip to Africa.

Ｆ
3. She studied animals in zoos as w€ll as chimpanzees in rhe wild.

Ｆ
4. Dr. Leakey was helptul ro Jane Goodall.

Ｆ
5. Jane studied chimpanzees with many other people.

Ｆ
6. Goodall's work changed how chimpanzees look at the world.

Parr rrl Read the sample paragaph about the organization called Roots afld Shoors. Then
write your own paragraph about an organization that is doing somerhing to help people or
arimals. Focus on correct article usage and capitalization. Note rhe articles in green in the
passage. Follow these steps:
(l) Choose an organizarion you are interested irl.
(2) Research the organizarion. Find the organization's website ifpossible. Thke notes on
the informarion you find. Include information about its history, why it was formed,
the person or people who formed ir, and its goals.
(3) Review Chart I l-10 and check your paragraph for proper cepital;arion.
(4) Edit your paragraph for article use. You may also want to ask anorher srudent ro

Exanple:

Roots and Shoots

Jane Goodall went to Africa to study animals. She spent 40 years observing and
sludying chimpanzees in Tanzania. As a resull oj Dr Goodalls work, an organizalion
called Boots and Shoots was formed- This organization focuses on work children and
teenagers can do to help lhe local and global community. The idea began in 1991. A
group of 16 teenagers mel with Dr. Goodallat her home in Dar Es Salaam. Tanzania.
They wanted to discuss how io help with a variely of problems, such as pollulion,
derorestation, the treatmenl of animals. and the future of wildlile. like Dr. Goodall,s
chimpanzees. Dr. Goodallwas involved in lhe meetings, but lhe leenagers chose lhe
service projecls and did the work lhemselves. The lirst Rools and Shoots community
project was a local one. The group educated villagers about better treaimenl ot chickens
al home and in lhe marketplace. Today, thore are lens ol thousands of members in
almost 100 countries. They work lo make lheir environmenl and the world a better place
through community-service projecls.

320 CHAPTER rl
コ Exercise l. Worm-up. (Chort l2-l )
Check (/) the completions that are true for you.

I haoe a lriend who . . .

1. lives near me. 3._ likes to do exciting things.
2. is interested in soccer, 4._ is studying to be an astronaut.

Adiectives Adiective Clauses

An adlectlve modilies a noun. Modi, means to An adiectlve cleuser modilies a noun. lt describes or
change a little. An adiecliv€ describes or gi!€s gives iniormation aboul a noun.
inlormation aboul the noun. (See Chart 6-8, p.160.)

An adlective usually comes in fronl ol a noun An adjeclive clause lollows a noun.

adj@liv€ + noun
(a) rmetam 6t I met a EEi who k klncl to everyboclY.
adiecliw + noun
(b) r mer a h667J tn=di'. (d) I mel a F;;1 who is a lamous poet.

(e) I met a 6;n' Fn; na;AZnA;A;

(1) I meta dan anindepeftenl clausei lisa A claus€ is a slrucllre ihat has a subiectand a vsrb
There are rwo kinds oi clauses: lndependent and
(2) He tives in chlcago = anindep€ndenl clausei
n is a complete sgnlence. ' An ind€pndent clause is a ma n clause and can
who ves ln Chlc.gp - a dependent clause, sland alone as a sentence. as in (l) and (2)
t is Nor acompl€ie senlence. . A depsndont clause, as in (3), cannol stand alone
I nela man who ves h chlcago - an as a senrence. ll musl be connecied io an
independenl clause I a dependsnt clause; independenl clause as in (4).
a complete sefitenco

321
」 Exercise 2. looking ol grommor. (chod r2-r)
Check (/) the items that have complete sentences,
1._ I know a teenager. She flies airplanes.
2._ I know a teenager who flies airplancs.
3. A teenager who flies airplanes.
4. Who flies airplanes.
5. Who flies airplanes?
6. I know a teenager flies airplenes.

」 Exercise 3, Wolm.up. (chort I2-2)

Complete the sentences with the correct words f.om the list. Underline the word thar follows
docror in each sentence.

A dermarologist An orrhopedisr A pediatrician A surgeon

l. is a doctor who performs operarions.

2. is a doctor that Eeats skin problems.
3. is a doctor who treats booe iniuries.
4. is a doctor that treats children.

ln adieclive clauses, wrro and lhrt are used as subject

(a) The man s Inendly. Pronouns to describe peopls.
ln (a): Heis a subject pronoun. lle rclers to "the manl'
To make an adjeclive clause, change relo lr/ho.
J Wnois a subjecl pronoun. Wro i6l6rs lo "the man]

wlro livss next io me

lbl fhe man who lives nexl lo me is friendly.

Ihrt is also a subiecl pronoun and can reolace l,yro, as

(c) The woman in (d).
is talkaiive. Ste lives nen to me.
{ Th€ sublecl pronouns wno and lrrrt cannot be omined
irom an adiective clause.
I tNcoRREcr: The woman lites nexl lo me is talkalive-

As subjecl pronouns. both rho and llrrtare common In

&at lives nexi to me convorsation, bui eyl,o is mo.s common in wriring.

(d) The woman thal rves nexr ro me is talkative. tn (b)and (d): The adieciive clause immediately lollows
ihe noun it modities.
tNcoRREcr: The wonan is talkalite that lives nert

322 CHAPTER I2
D Exercisg 4. looking ql gr€mmoL (chorl I2-2)
Circle the iEe sentences that express the ideas in the given sentence.
t. The librarian who helped me with my research lives near my parents.
a. The libmrian lives near my parents.
b. I live near my parents.
c. The librarian helped my palents.
d. The librarian helped me.
2. The veterharian that took care ofmy daughter's goet was very geDtle.
a. The veterinarian took care ofmy goat.
b. The goat wBs gende.
c. The veterinarian treated my daughter's goat.
d. The veterinarian was gende.

tr Exerciso 5. Looking dl Erommor. (Chorts l2-l ond I2-2)

Undcdille each adiective clause. Draw an arrow to the noun it modi6es.

1. The hotel clerk who gave us our rcom kevs speak several languages.

2. The menager that hiied me has less experience than I do.

3. I tike the manager that works iD the office next to mine.

4- My mother is a person who wakes up every morning with a positive aftitude-

5. A person who wakes up with a positive attitude every day is lucky.

I Exercho 6. looklng qt gl€mmo?' (chorts l2-l ond I2-2)

Chenge the b. sentencei to adjective clauses. Combine each pair of s€ntences with u,,,o
or th@t.
Erumple: a. Do you know the people? b. They live in the house on the come!.
Do you ktuno the PAoPlt Ttho (ot ahat) lile i the whiu house?
'
1. a. The police ofticer was ftiendly. b. She gave me directions.

2. a. The waiter was slow. b. He served us dillJler.

3. a. I talked to the womefl. b. They walked into my office.

4. a. The man talked a lot. b. He sat next to me on the plane.

5. a. The people have three cars. b. They live next to me.

I Exelcha 7. looking ol glEmmol. (chods t2-l ond l2-2)

Add urrro or ,rra, as necessary.
who
l I liked the people sat next to us at the soccer game.
^
2. The man answered the phone was polite.

Adjecllve Clouses 323

 3. People paint houses for a living are called house painrers.

4. I'm uncomfortable around maried couples argue all the time.

5. lvhile I was waiting at the bus stop, I srood next to an elderly men stalted a converssrion

with me about my school.

f, Exercise 8,
'Work
bl's tolk. (chorb I2-t ond l2-2)
in pairs or small groups. Complete the sentences. Make Eue statements. Share some of
vour scntenccs vndl dlc class

l l knclw a man/1oman wllo 4. \gorkeIs who . . . are bmve.

2 1 havc a fricnd who 5. People who . . . make me leugh.
3 1 1ike atllletes whO 6. Doctors who . . . are admirable.
コ Exercise 9. Worm-up. (cho t2-3)
Complete the sentences with your own words.

.
I The reacher that I had for first grade was

2. The first EDglish teacher I had was

3. The frrst English teacher who I had wasn\

ln adjective clauses, pronouns are used as the obi€ct ol a

(a) The man was iriendly verb lo desc be p6ople.
ln (a): hrm is an object pronoun. ,rinr rerers to'the man."
Ons way to make an adjective clause is to change hrm to
lrri Trrtis the objecl pronoun. Trrri relers to'lhe man."
り ｃ，

The man tiat / mel Trrrl comes atlhe beginning of an adjective ctause.
the man g lmet An objecl prcnoun can be omitted lrom an adjeciive ctause,
as in (c).

Hrrt can also be changed lo who ot whom, asin

(e)and (r).
As an objecl pronoun, ,rrrris more common lhan wr,o in
speaking. O is lhe mostcommon choice ror bolh spoaking
and wriling.
Whorn is generally us€d only in very lormat writing.
o sv
ｅ

The man wio / l')er was iiiendly.

ｆ

Ihe ma whofi /fl€l was friendly.

324 CHAPTER r2
tr Exercise I0. looking ot gEmmol, (chorts l2-2 ond l2-3)
Check (/) rhe sentences thal have obiect pronouns

1. --L The children who we invited to the party are ftom the neighborhood.
2. The children that we invited to the party were excited to come.
3. The children whom we invited to the party had a good time.
-
4. - The children who live next door are a lot offun.
5. - Marie and Luis Escobar still keep in touch with many of the students that they met
in their English class five yeals ago.
-
6. People who listen to loud music on earphones can suffer gradual hearing loss.
7. I know a couple who sailed around the world.
-
8. - The couple whom we had over for dinner sailed around the world.

O -
Exercise I l. Looking (tl grqmmoL (chorb l2-2 ond l2-3)
Circle all the coffect completions.
]. The woman was interesting
a. that I met last night c. who I met last night
- night
b. I met last d. whom I met last niSht
2. The man was fast.
a. that paiflted our house c. who painted our house
- our house
b. painted d. whom painted
3. The people live on Elm Street.
a. that Nadia is visiting c. who N8dia is visiting
b. Nadia -is visiting d. whom Nadia is visitiflg
4. The students missed lhe quiz
a. that came to class late
- c who came to class late
b. came to class lete d. 'rhom came to class lete

f Exercise 12. Iooking ot gl€mmol. (chort l2-3)

Combine each pair ofseotences with ,rrar, tr,rro, ot lrhom. Uflderline the obiect pronouns in
the b. sentences and cha[ge the sentences to adjective clauses.
Example: t. Awoman asked me for my phone number b. I didn'tknow b9!.
A iMman thatluhon I didn\ kru;u asked ne lor iry ?hone numbet
'
L a. The couple was two hours late. b. I invited them for dinner.

2. a. The man snorcd thc entirc flight. b. I sar n€xr to him on the plane.

3. a. The man tried to shoplift some goceries. b. The police arrested him.

4. a. The chefis very experienced. b. The company hired her.

Adjeclive clouses 325

I Exercise 13. Lefs lrolk poatryo*. (Chort! I2-2 ond l2-3)
'Work
with a pertner. Take rurns making adiective clauses by combining the given senrences
with the main sentence.
Main senUnce: The man was helpfid.
l. He gave me dircctions. , The man whohhat gaee fie directions uos help@.
2. He answered my question.
3. I called him.
4. You recommended him.
5- He is the owner.
6. You invired him ro the parry
7. He was walking with his kids.
8. I saw him in the waitiog room.
9. He sold us our museum tickets.
10. He gave us a discount.

Ll Exercise 14. fooking dt grcmmor. (Chorh l2-2 ond I2.3)

Complete the sentences with thaa, O,.Dho, or urrron. Write all the possible completions.
1. The man married my morher is now my srepfather.

2. The man my mother married is now my stepfadrer,

3. Do you know the boy is talking to Anita?

4. I've become good fiends wirh several ofthe people

I mer in my English class lasr year.

I saw in the park was holding several balloons.

6. The woman was holding several balloons was
enrerraining some children.

tr Exercise 15. Wolm-up. (chod r2-4)

Read the parag.aph about James and then check (/) the senrences rhar you agree with. Vhat
do you notice about the adjecrive clauses in green?

James is looking for a pet. He is single and a little lonely. He isnt sure what kind ofpet
would be best for him. He lives on a large piece of properry in the counry. He is gone during
the day from 8:00 A.M. ro 5:00 PM. but is home on weekends. He travels abour two months a
]'ear bur has neighbors thar can rake care ofa pet, as Iong as it isn't roo big. Whar kind ofper
should he get?

1. _ He should get a pet thar likes io run and be outside,like a dog.

2. He needs to get a per w.hich is easy kr rake care of, like a fish or rurtle.
3. _ He should ger an anihal rhar he can leave alone for a few. davs, like a horse.
4. He needs to get ao animal his neighbors will like.

326 CHAPTEP r2
 Who and whom rcfer io people.
V
(a) The river is polluled. ,c ws through the town
frich relers lo th ngs.
Dal can reler to either people or lhings
ln (a): To make an adjeclive clause, change ,rto
that ot whlch. lt, that, and which all telet 10 a
thing (lhe ver).
sv (b) and (c) have the same meaning, bul (b) s
The iver lhrt lows through lhe lown iswlluled.
The iw whlch llovts through,he town is pollulod. more common than (c) in speaking and w ling

When tlral and wt rch are used as the subiecl ol

an adjeclive claLrse,lhey caNNor be omilled.
tNcoBRECr: The river flows tlrrough the lown is
polluted.

sv 0 Ihat or rvlrrch can be usod as an obiecl in an

(d) The books were epensive. I bought adieclive clause, as in (e) and (J).

An object pronoun can be omitted lrom an

adjeciive clause, as in (g).
(e), (J), and (g) have lhe same meaning. ln
osv speaking. tlrrt and O ate more common than
fiaf / bo'lgrr
ｅ  ｒ   ９

The books whicr, ln writing, lhtlis lhe mosl common, and

The books whicr, / bougrt O is larc.
The books g lbought

」 Exerciso 16. Looking ol grommor. (chorl l2-,1)

Undertine each adiective clause. Draw an arrow to the floun it modi6es.
--'-'''-.-
1. I lost the sca'rf that I borrowed from mv roommate.

2. The food we ate at the sidewalk caf6 was delicious.

3. The bus that I take to school every morning is usually very caowded.

4. Pizza which is sold bv the slice is a popular lunch in manv cities throughout the world'

5. Pirenhas are dengerous fish that can tear the flesh ofr an animal as large as a horse in a few

minutes.

Adiectiva clouses 327

f, Exercise 17. tooking ot glommor. (chorr l2-4)
Combine each pair of sentences into one sentence. Give all possible forms.
l. a. The pill made me sleepy. b. I took it.
+ Ttu iil that I ,!nh made me sbeb).
+ The ?A O I bok mode me sbelry.
- The pill whbh I toh made me sleeb),
2. e. The soup wss too salry. b. Ihad it for lunch.
3. a. I have a clsss. b. It begins et 8:OO A.M.
4. a. The information helped me a lot. b. I found it oo the Internet.
5. a. My daughter asked me a question. b. I couldnt answer it.

6. a. Where can I catch the bus? b. It goes dowdtorrar.

u Exerciso 18. lookng ol grqmmol, (chqds I2-3 ond t2-4)

Cross out the incorrect pmnouns in the adjective clauses.

l. The book I bought Sea at rhe booktore were expensive.

2. I like the shirt you wore it to class yesterday.
3. Amanda Jones is a person I would like you to meet her.
4, The apaturent we wanted to rent it had two bedrooms.
5. My wife and I are really enioying dre TV set that we bought it for our anniversary.
6. The woman you met her at Aunt Barbara,s house is en Olympic athlete.
7. Ayako has a cat dlar it likes to csrch mice.
8. The mice thar Ayako's cat catches them live in the basement.

tr Ex€rcise 19. looklng ot gtomnror. (Cho,ts t2-2 ) l2-4)

lvrite all the pronouns that can be used to connect the adjective clauses !o the main cl6uses:
that, @ho, athi.h, or tt horrr. If rhe pronoun can be omitted. use O.

Exanple: Tlte manager fired Tom is a dimculr person ro work for.

l lhc box I mailcd to my sistcr was hea\.ry.

2. The people sat in the stadium cheered for the home ream-

328 CHAPTER 12
 3. The calendar hangs in Paul's office has pictures ofhis kids.

4. The teenagers returned the wallet tllev found on thc side、 valk

5. The people my brother called didn't answer their phone.

6. The rrce branch was lying in the street caused problems for drivers.

コ Exercise 20.usten:ng。 (chortS 1 2‐ 2 ,12‐ 4)

c ad,cCtl■ e clauscs CIIcle dle words yo■ l hear IFtllere ls no
^ Lstcn to Or。
SubeCt ulc scntences ncy an l.a.・
,ect prOnOlln,choose O ND硬 :in spokcn EnJ`h,″ α OtCn sounds hke“ ■ 面 ′'
鷺
1l My mOthert hospital stay
",よ

滋 ″ dI∫ geabla
鴬 酬 鳳 s.δ “ “蹴 ■ "咄 IWお ,y nOm“
that which ②

2. who that vhich

、 0
3. who that which whom 0
that which 0
5. who that which 0
6. who ihat which 0
that which whom 0
8. who that which 0

」 Exercise 2I.Let's tolk. (choft I2-I' I2-,1)

Aflswer the questions in cornplete sentences. Use any appropriate Paftem of adiective clause.
Use ,re wirh the noun that is modified by the adiecti!'e clause.

1. . One phone wasn't ringing.

. The other phone was ringing.
QuEsrroNs: Which phone did Hasan answer? Which phone didn't he answer?
' Hasan a^xtered .he phonz that tuws ing;ng.
He didn\ otsltet the phone that wasn't i ging.
'
2. . One student raised h€r hand in class.
. Another student sat quietly in his seat.
QuEsrIoNs: which student asked the teacher a question? V/hich one didn\?

Adieclive Clouses 329

 3. . One girl won the bike race.
. The other girl lost the bike rsce.
QLEsnoNs: Which girl is happy? Which girl isn't happy?
4, . We ate some food from our garden.
. We ate some food at a restaurant.
QrrEsTIoNs: Which food was expensive? VThich food wasn't expensive?
5. ' One man was sleeping.
' Another man was listening to the radio.
Qt EsrroNs: Which man heard the special reporr about the earthquake in China? Which
one didn\?

6. . One person bought a small car.

. Another pe.son bought a large car.
QuEsnoNs: tx/hich person probably spent more money rhan the other?

O Exercise 22. Gome. (Chorh l2-3 ond t2-4)

Work in teams. Complete each phrase in Column A with the correct phrase in Column B by
$ing ahat or urho. Check your dictionary if necessary. The teem that finishes first and has
the mosr grammatically correct sentences sins.

CorulDnA Coturna B
l. A harnmer is a rool . . . . that it used a. She/He leaves society and lives complerely
to Pound ruik. alone.
2. A comedian is someone . . . . b. He/She tells jokes.
3. An obsretrician is a docror.... c. It forms when water boils.
4. Plastic is a chemical maierial .... d. ft is square at the bottom and has four sides
5. Afl architect is someone , . , . that come together in a poinr at the top.
6. A puzzle is a problem . . . . e. She/He designs buildings.
7. A carnivore is an animal . . . . f. He/She delivers babies.
8. Steam is a gas . . . . /g. It is used to pound nails.
9. A tunle is an arrimal . . . . h. It can be shaped and hardened to form
10. A herrnit is apetson.... many useful things'
ll. A plramid is a sEucture . . . . i It can be dimcuh to solve.
i. It eats meat.
k. It has a hard shell and can live in warer or
on land.

Ll Exerciso 23. Worm-up. (chqd r2-s)

Read the sentences. \X/hat do you notice about the vetbs in green and the nouns thsr precede
them?

l. I have a friend who is vegetarian. He doesn't ear any meat.

2. I have foiends who are vegetarien. They don't eat aoy meet.

330 CHAPTER r2
(a) I know lhe man rho is siting ovet there. ln (a): The velb in lhe adjective clause (rs) is singular
because who refers lo a singular noLrn, ,rar.

(b) Ikno lhe people wro erc sltting ovet therc ln (b): The verb in lhe adiective clause (rte) is plural
because vlro relers lo a plural noun, paopr6.

コ Exercise 24. Looking ol glommor. (chqd l2-5)

Circle rhe correct word in parentheses. Underline Ihe noun that determines whether the verb
should be singular or plural.

l. A saw is a !9q!that (@ drr) used to cut wood.

2. Shovels ale tools that (r-r, dte) used to dig holes.

3. I recently met a woman that (/r'?e,lr'?ss) in Montresl.

4. Most people thet (lrire, lrbeJ) in MonBeal speak French as their first language.

5. I have a cousin who (,rror,tr, !rlrr[) as a coal miner.

6. Some coal miners that (&gtfrr, roti) underground suffer from lung disease.

7. A professional athlete who (play, plr),tr) tennis is called a tennis Pm.

8. Professional athletes who ( r/af, p/a], tennis for a living can make a lot of rnoney.

9. Biographies are books which (t IIr,,€/) the stories ofpeople's lives.

10. A book that (tl&, &/) the story of a petson's life is called a biogrephy

I L I talked to the men who (t ds, t €re) sirting near me.

12. The woman that (ous, osrs) sitting next to me at the movie was texEng on her cell Phone.

Adiecllve Clouses 331

」 Exercise 25. Wolm-up. (chort 12-6)
Complete the sentences u'ith your own words

l. A person that I recently spoke to was

2. A person whom I recently spoke to wasn't

3. The room which we are sitring in is

4. The room we are shting in has

5. The room in whi€h we are sitting docsnl have

PEEP OBJ That, whom, a1d whlch can be used as lhe objecl
(a) The man was nice. I talked to him. (oBJ)ol a preposiiion (pREp) in an adjective clause.

OBJ PFEP
REMTNDEUT An object pronoun can be omifled irom an
adjective clause, as in (c)and (h).
(b) Th€ man lhat llalked to was nlce
(c) Th€ man O llalked to was nlce ln very lomal English, a preposition comes at the
(d) The man whom I talked lo was nlce beginning of an adjeclive clause, rollowed by either
PREP OBJ whom ot which, as in (e) and (j). This is nol common
(6) Ths man was nlce in spoken English.

NorEr ln (e)and (l), !t,a! or wrro cannol be used, and

lhe pronoun caNNor be omilted.
PREP OB」 (b), (c), (d), and (e)have the same meaning.
The cha ris hard l am sitting n
′ ′
ι
(g), (h), (i), and (l) have lhe same meaning.
OBJ PREP
(9)The chair thal ′am s″ ′
′ro ● Is hard
(h)The chair ● ′an s,"η O lr ls hard
( )The Cha,「 wh ch′ an s′ is hard
"ng ln
PREP OB」
ln ″わlch′ an sining is hard

」 Exercise 26. Looking ql grommoL (chori 12-6)

Change the b. sentences to adjecrive clauses. Combine each pair ofsenrences. cive all rhc
possible forms ofthese clauses and underline rhem.

l. a. The movie was funny. b. \ve went to it.

The mdl,b that Lp Lpnt to uos funny
', The mal)b O u,v went to uas funny.
.lhe noDie which we uEnt ,o uas
' lunny.
' The mallb .o whih uP went uar funry.

2. a. The man is over there. b. I rold vou about him.

332 CHAPTER r2
 3. a. The woman pays me e fair salary. b. I work for her-

4. a. A.licia likes the family. b. She is living lvitl| them.

5. a. The pictuie is beautiful. b. Tom is looking at iL

6. a. I enjoyed the music. b. V'e listened to it after dinner.

a Exerciso 27. Looking ol 9lommoL (cho.t 12-6)

Complete the sentences with appropriate prepositions.r Draw brackets around the adjecrive

1. I spoke ,o a person. The person [I spoke to ] was ftiendly.

2. We went a movie. The movie we went was very good.

3. we stayed a motel. The motel w€ stayed was clean and

comforteble. -
-
4. Ve listened- a new CD I erioyed the new-CD we listened
5. Sally was waiting a persoo- The person Sally was waiting
never came. - -'
6. I talked - a man. The man whom I talked was helpful'
-
7. I never found the book that I was looking

8. -
The interyiewer - of the college I had graduated
wanted to know the name

9. Oscar likes the Canadian family -.whom he is smying.

10. The man who is staring us looks unfriendly. -'
I l. - about almost everlthing She is the one person
My sister and I have tie same ideas
whom I almost
- always agree.

12. What's the name of the person you ioEoduced me at the restaurant last night?

I've already forgotten.

-
13. My father is someone l've always been eble to dePend when I need advice
-
or help.

14. The person you waved is waving back at you. -

15. Your building supervisor is the p€Bon whom you should complain if you have
any problems with your apartment.
-
-
'See Appcndii Chan C-2 io! . Ii$ of prcposition combinations.

Adi€cliv€ clouses 333

 α・
Cn° CSm“ nces andぬ oose m● c tue ttatemem,
θLЫ
晟
報を ″鴬i淵 1鳳 sa8:I群rllざ :¥隠 響ヽ
h Newb薇
b I Htt III NcwYork
O nCun“ r,w s h NcwYoよ

l a The plane isicavng Dcnver

b l'm taklng a planc
c The planelcavcs at 7:00A M
2 a Storcs arc cxpensl■ e
b Good vcgctables are a小 ″ays expensive
c ]口he bcst vegetables arc at an expensive stOre

3 a ″,huSband madc c鍵 、
b My husband madc brcakFast
C Tl■ C C88S｀ Vere cold

4 a l scnt an cmail
b Someone vvanted my bank account numbcL
c Ancman had"bank accOunt numbcr
5 a The hotel clerk called my wife
b Thc spcakerspokc、 vith ule hotcl clcrk
c Thc hOtclroom is gomg to havc a宙 c‐

EI Ex● Icise".R● ●ding ond grOmmor(ch。 由 12‐ 1,12‐ 6)

P"r`ユ ハnswer thc questlons and then rcad thc passagc Write轟 e nouns dlat tllc pЮ nouns
rcFcr tO

Havc yOu cvcr宙 sitcd Or lived in anothcr counw,

WЪ at direrenccs did pu noticc,
What customs did vou lよ e,WЪ at customs scemed strange tO pu'

An Exchttge Studellt h Ecuador

HIIoklヽ お m ppan wncn he wassinccn,he spentfour mOnths h SOuth Anlerica Hc

aLmnywI。 ll・ ed ncar Q“ tO,EcuadoL Tlldr way ofHt was“ ry“ fFcrcnt■ om
"ard m血
hls At flrst,manv● Ings that thcy did and said seemed strangc tO Hirokl:thcir catulg custOms,
2
political宙 Qvs,ways OF sllclwlng Fcclings,work habits,scnsc oF humOら and morc Hc fclt

homesick for pcople w,o Were mOrc similar to him in dlclr customs and habits

As ilnle went on,Htok be8an to apprcciate☆ ulc■ ay oflife dlat hls hOst Family had
4
宙
Many ac● dcs w、 ch hC did with ulcm began to fcd nanlra,and hc dcК 10ped a stOng

r4relnz = b md.6b.d . 3iution morc omDlci€ty

33a cHAmR 12
 friendship with them. At the beginning of his stay in Ecuador, he had noticed only the customs

arld habits rhat were different between his host family and himself. At the end, he appreciated

the many things *hich they also had in comrnon.

7

l who

2 that

3 vho
、

4 that

5 which
6 u.at

7 vhich
、

Par, II. Complete the sentences with information from the passage.
l. One rhing fiat Hiroki found strange

2. At fiIst. he wanted to be with people

l. After a \vhile, he began to better understand

4. At the end of his stay, he saw msny things

I Exercise 30. Wqrm-up, (chort l2-7)

Check (/) all rhe sentences that are true about the given statement.
1Ve spoke with someone whose house burned down
l. Our house burned down.
2, Another person's house burned down.
3. Someone told us our house burned down
-
4. Someone told us their house burned down.
-
5. Someone burned doi*n their house.

Adiective Clousss 335

 flro3ei shows possession.
(a) The man called the police
ln (a): His cal can b6 changed lo whose c?r lo
make an adjective claus6,
ln (b): |vhose car was slo/6, an adiective
(b) The man wr,ose crr was s/o/ercalled the police.

ln lcl-. Het brolhet can be changed to lyhose

(c) lknowag .
b.other lo make an adieclive clause.

(d) I know a gid wnose brother E a move slar.

ln (e): fte,rrouse can be changed to wrose
(e) The people were lriendly. We boughl
f,ouse to make an adjeclive clause.

(J) The people wl,ose l,ouse we bought vlete ltiendly.

'll1i6. ed (ro! havc thc sn. pmnmcinion but Nd .h. ss€ m.eiq.
Wb't = uio n: Wo', (Vt@ O )ou uehe?

U Exelcise 3I. Looking ol gtommor. (cho r2-7)

Combine each pair ofsentences. Follow these steps:
(1) Underline the possessive adjective in senrence b.
(2) Dmw an arrow to the noun it refers to in sefltence a.
(3) Replace the possessive adjecrive with qrrrose.
(4) Place uh$e + the noun (that follows) after th€ noun you drcw an arrow to (in Step 2).
(5) Complete the .{rrrose phrase by using rhe rest of the words fiom s€nience b., and make
one senteDce.

t/ho5a
Eiamples: a. The women is taking some time off ftorD work. b. Her baby is sick.
' The woman whose bab) is sick i tahing sone tine olf lron wo*.

a. The man said there isn't a lot ofdamage. b. You hit his car
, The nan whose cor snu hi sad th?rc $n\ a tot oJ danoge.
l. a. The C.E.O.r is resigning. b. His company lost money.
2. a. kt me inrroduce you to the woman. b. Her company is hiring right now.
1. a I talked to the couple. b. Their house was burglarized

4. a The child is fine. b. You stepped on her foot.

5. a The man is on the phone. b. You found his cell phone.

'c, E o = chi€i *.uriv€ oftic.i or hcad of a compury

336 CHAPTER 12
コ Exelcis€ 32. Lel's lolk: poilwork. (chort l2-7)
Work with a partner. Thke turns changiflg the b. sentences to adiective clauses by combining
each pair of sentences with .!rros€.

SITUATIoN: You and your ftiend are at a party. You are telling your fiiend about the people at
the parry

l. a. There is the man. b. His car was stolen.

' Theft is the a uhose car was stobn.

2 a 「
句hcrc is ule、 vOman b. Her husband writes movie scripts

3 a Ovcr thcreis uhc man b. His daughter is in my English class.

4 a Ovcrthcre is ule wOman b. You met her sister yesterday.

5 a n「 hcrc ls Jhe professor b. I'm takjng her cource.

6 a Thatis ule man b. His daughter is a newscaster.

7 a Thatis the girl b. I taught her brother.

8 a ncrcis● eb∝ b. His mother is a famous musician.

コ＾

Exerclse 33. U3lening. (cho.t I2-7)

一Ｃ脱

Listefl to the sentences and choose the words you hear: urrro's or urrro.te.
¨

hear: Eneighborwhos sellins herhouse is movins

Examplei Yor wlll overseas.
(who's) whose
You will choose:

l. who's whose -n. o,noa whose

2. who's whose 5. who's whose
3. who's whose 6. who's whose

Adiecliv€ Clouses 33?

」 Exercise 34. Looking qt grommoL (chopter 12)
Work in small groups. Change a. through i to adjective clauses. Thke turns completing each

l. The man is an undercover police officer.

a. His car was stolen. c. His son broke our car window.
, The man uhose car was stolen d. His dog bark all night.
an urulerancr polie offtcu.
is e. He is standing out in rhe rain.
b. He invited us to his perty. f. His wife is an actress.
2. The nursc is leaving for a trip across the Sahara Desert.
a. Her picture was in the paper. d. She works for Dr. Ilng.
b. Her father climbed Mount Everest. e. I fouod her purse.
c. She helped me when I cut myself. f. I worked with her father.
3 ■■e boOk is very valuable
a. Its pages are torn- d. Its cover is missing.
b. It's on fie table. e. I gave it to you.
c. Sam lost it. f. I found.

」 Exercise 35. Looking ot grcmmor. (chqpte. t2)

Complete the sentences wirh all the correct answers. Use uho, ahat, O, rDhich, lDhose, ot

l. The people that moved inro rown are Italian.

who /
2. The lAmp that. / O / which I boughr downtown is beauritut but quire expensive.

3. Everyone came to the audition got a part in the plar

4. Ms. Rice is the teacher cless I enjoy most.
5. The man I found in the doorway had collapsed from heat
exlaustion.

6. I like the people with I work.

7. I have a fiiend father is a famous artisr.

8. The camera I bought takes vcry sharp picturcs.

9. Studcnis have part-time iobs have to budget rheir rime

very carefully.

10. Flying squirrels live in trcpical rain forests

stay in the tlees their entire lives without ever touching the gmund.

ll. The people car I dented

were a litde upset.

12. The person to you should

send your application is the Director ofAdmissions.

13. Monkeys will eat almost anything the,v can find.

338 cHAmR 12
」 Exettise 36.ustenlng。 (chapler 12)
´ IIsten to the convcrsation Complctc thc scntcnccs witll`"α ら ぃた,cら ,wJlosら or 0
●
∴lli nendly aduce
A: A magazine I saw at the do€tor's oflice had an article

lrou oughr ro read. Ias about the importance ofexercise in

2

dealing with stre$.

B: Why do you think I should read an article deals with exercise

3
and stress?

A: If you stop and thinl for a minute, you can answer that question youlself- You're under a

lot ofsress. and you don\ get any exercrse.

B: The stress I have ar work doesn't bother me. Iis just a normal

paft ofmy iob. And I don\ have time to exercise.

A: Well, you should make timc. An],one job is as stresstul as

yours should make physical exercise part oftheir daily routrne.

U Exercise 37. Looking oi glommol, (choptor 12)

Complete the sentences by making adjective clauses ftom the statements in the list. Omit the
obiect pronoun from the adjective clauses ifpossible.

Their speciatry is heart surgery.

/James chose rhe color ofpaint for his bedroom walls.
Its mouth was big enough Io $r'allow a whole co* in one gulp.
It eruptcd in lndonesia.
His son was in an accident.
They Iivcd in fie jungles of Southea.r Asia.
I slept on ir in a hotel lasr night.

l. The color of paint James chase far hi5 bedroom wall. was an unusual shade of blue.

2. The man
called an ambulance.

3. My back hurts today. The matuess

killed six pcople

and damaged large areas ofcrops.

5. Doctors and nu^es

are somc of the besFtrained medical personnel in thc *orld-

Adleclive Clous€s 339

 6. Originally, chickens were wild birds
At some point in time, humans learned how to mise them for food.

7. In prehistoric times, there was a dinosaur

J Exercis6 38. !et's l,olk: inleryiew. (chopter 12)

Interview your classmates. Ask two classmates each question. Share their responses with the
class and see which answers are the most popular.

l. What is a dessert that you like? i A destert that I lik. is ie cftam.

2. What are some of the ciues in the world you would like to visit?
3. What is one ofthe programs which you like to watch onTV?
4. Vhat is one subiect that you would like to know more about?
5. w'hat are some sports you enjoy playing? watching onTV?
6. What is one of the best movies thar you've ever seen?
7. What is one ofthe hardest classes you've ever taken?
8. \vy'ho is one ofthe people that you admire most in the woild?

O Exorcis€ 39. @me. (Chopior 12)

Work in teams. Answer each question with sefltences that have adlective clauses. The team
t}|at has the most grammatically correct anssers wins.
E amqb Whet are the qualities ofa good fiiend?
' A good i
Aiend ameone who you can depend on in tines ol trouble.
' A good lrbnd n a penon who arcepts lm as are. yr
' A good tieftd is somnw )nu can trLtt wih secrcts.
' Etc,

l. Vhet is your idea of the ideal roommate?

2. Whet are the qualiries ofa good neighbor?
3. What kind ofpeople make good parents?
4. What are the qualities ofa good boss and a bad boss?
5. What is your idea ofthe ideal school?

O Exerciso rO. Ch€ck your knowledge. (chopter 12)

Edit the sentences. Corect the mistakes in adjective clauses.
L The book rhar I boughr ir ar fie booksrore was very expensive.

2. The woman wss nice that I met yesterday.

3. I met a woman who her husband is a famous lawver.

4. Do you know the people {'ho lives in that house?

34O CHAPTER r2
 5. The professor teaches Chemistry l0l is !,ery good.

6. The people who I painted their house want me to do other work for them.

7. The people who I met them at the party last night were interesting.

8. I enioyed the music that we listened to it.

9. The epple tree is producing fiuit rhat we planted it last year.

10. Before I came here,I didn't have the opportunity to speak to people who their native

language is English.

I l. One thing I need to get a new alarm clock.

12. The people who was waiting to buy tickets for the game they were heppy because their

team hed made it to the champiooship.

Q Exercis€ 41. Reoding ond wriling. (chopter 12,

Ihr, L R€ad the passage and qodedios the adiectiv€ clauses.

My Frletrd's vegen Diet

I hsve a fiiend yhg-il3f9g!!. As you may know, a vegan is a pe$on who eats no animal
products. When I first met him,l didn't understand the vegan diet. I thought oega, was
another name for zrrg€rdrrdr, €xcept that vegans didn't eat egigs. I soon foufld out I was wrong,
The 6rst time I cooked dinner for him, I made a vegetable dish which had a lot of cheese. Since
cheese comes ftom cows, it's not vegan, so he had to scrape it of. I also sewed him bread that
had milk in it and a dessert that was made with ice cream. Unfortunately, there wasn't much
that he could eat that night. In the beginning, I had trouble thinking of meals which we could
both enioy. But he is a wonderful cook and showed me how to create delicious vegan meals. I
don't know ifl'll ever become a complete vegan, but I've leamed a lot about the vegan diet afld
the delicious possibilities it has.
kr. rr. Vrite a paraSraph about someone you know and something interesting or unusual
about his/her life. Try to use a few adiecEve clauses in your paragaph.
Sarn b besinninss:
Ihaveafiierdwho....
Iknowapelsonwho....
I've heard of a movie srar who . . . .

Adjeclive Clouses 341

」 LxeFCiSe I.
Worm-up. (Chort l3-t)
Check(′ ) all the completions that are true for you.
′′7171ッ
1 Eaveling. 4. watching TV commercials.
2 shopping for clothes. 5. _ surfing the Internet.
3 playing sports. 6. _ learniog about ancient history.

VERB GERUND A Oerund Sthe r● ●lorm Ofa verb n s used as a

(a)l er7● /warklng in the pa礁 noun
ln(a) lya″ ″
"gis
oflhe verb an/●y a gerund t s used asthe ouect

Common Verbs Followed by Gerunda The verbs n the ist are lollowed by gerunds The
enjoy lbl enioy working n my gaoon.
I ist also contains phrasal verbs(e OⅢ ρυ′ο″)'hat
linish (c) Ann tirrsned srudylhq al midnight. are lolowed by gerunds
quit ld, David quit sll],oking. The ve● s n the lst are NOT i011owed by tO+the
mind (e) Would you mlrd operirg lhe window? s mp e lorm oi a verb(an nlntVe)
poslpone (l) lposlponed doing my homewo*. ″COPREC■ ′θn7o/1o)ya′ わ めe ρarた
put oll (g) | put otl doing ny homewotk- ′″cOnPEcI Bob rlalsヵ edわ s″ψ
keep (on) (h) Keep (or) wor*irg. Don'l slop. ′00nTc■ ′m力 IRking o gO ro′イalγall
consder (tl l n considering goingto Hawan- ∼

lhink about (i) I m thinking about going to Hawaii- See Chart2 2 p 29 1orthe spelno Of lng velb
lorms
discuss (k) They discussed geal,ng a n€w car.
talkaboul ll) they talke<l about getting a nq car

(m) I consde.ed not goirg to class. Negafive form: not + getund

」 Exelcise 2. Looking ol grommoL (chod l3-l)

Complete each senten€e with the correct form ofa verb from the list.
︲ ︲
ｃ ｃ

ａ ｓ
ｃ 。
ｎ ｅ

hand in sleep
hre
ｔ
ｅ
ａ

pay

342
 l The Boyds own a bakery. They {,ork seven days a week and they are very tired. They are
fiinkingabout...
fewer hours a day.
b. their shop for e few week and going on vacation.
more worke^ for their shop.

2. Joseph wants to live a healthier life. He made seveBl NewYear's resolutions. For example,
he has quit . . .
cigars
b. high-fat foods.
until noorl on weekends,
3. Martina is a procmsdnetor.r She puts off. . .
her bills.
b. her assignments to her teacher.
her apartment.

I Exercise 3, Looking qt grommor. (chorl l3-l)

Complete each sentence with a gerund.
L 'we discussed 4ajlgJhi!fi4 to the ocean for our vacauon.

2. The Porrers' car is too small for their growing family. They're considering
a bigger one.

3 NX hcn Mara■ a rlnishcd the floor, she dusted the furniture.

4. Beth doesn't like her iob. She's ralking about a ditrerenl job.
5. A: Are you listening to me?
B: Yes. Keep . I'm listening.
6. A: Do you want to take a break?
B: No. I'm not tired yet. kt's keep on for another hour or so.
7. A: Would you mind
B: No problem. I'm too hot too.

O Uerciso 4. Ustening. (chorl l3-l)

A Complete each conversation with the words you hear. No.rE: There is a gerund in each
@ comoletion-
'*'u E o pt", You will hear: A: I enjoy watching sports onTV, especielly soccer.
B: Me too.
You will write: eniav wat hinl

l. A: Vhen you your homework, could you help me in the kitchen?

Br Sure.

'r6u h@ = som@le who pctpone or delz]r doins thitrss

cerunds ond lnfinitives 343

 2 A: Do you have any plans for this weekend?
B: Henry ard I rhe dinosaur exhibit at thc museum.

3 A: I didn\ understand the answcr. it'

B: I'd be happy to.

4 A: I'm the meerilg tomorrow.
B: Really? Vrhy? I hope you go. l,(/e need your input.

5 A: I've been working on rhis math problem for the last halfhour, and I still don't
understand it.
B: rvell, don't give up.

コ Exoに ise 5.Worm‐ up.(chof1 13‐ 2)

Complctc tlle sentence using thc actlⅥ tleS in the pictures Sharc your ansters with a
dassmatc Your classmatc w11l rcPort a Fe■ of your ans″ crs to thc class

whcn l'm on vacatlon,I likc′ don'tlike to go_lng

la) Didyou go shopping yesleday'? 60is lollowed by a gorund in cerlain idiomalic

(b) I wert swimm,ng lasl week. expr€ssions aboui activiiies.

\c) Bob hasn't gone lishinginyearc. NorE: Ther6 is no lo belween goand lhe gerund.
tNcoRREcr: Did you 9o to showing?

Common Expr6sions wilh go ' ‐

lng
go boaiing go dancing go lo991n9 go (wi.dow) shopping go (wat6r) skiing
go bowling 9o fishing 90 runnlng go sightsgeing go skydiving
go camping go hrking 90 Saling 9o (ice)skaling go swimming

344 cHAPIER 13
I Exercise 6, l€l's lolk poinirolk. (cho l3-2)
rJ?orkwith a partner. Take tums asking and adswering questions. Use the expressions with
8,o + -rzg listed in Chart l3-2.

l. Patnoa often goes to rhe beach. She spends hours in the water. lFhat does she like to do?
, She lihes b co tu;mminc.
2. Nancy and Frank like to spend the whole day on a lake with poles in their hands. what do
they like to do?
3. llst surnmer Adam went to a naEonal park. He slept in e teflt and cooked his food over a
fue. what did Adam do last summer?
4. Tim likes to go to storcs and buy things. Vhat does he like to do?
5. hura takes good care of he! health. She runs a couple of miles every day. What does
Irura do every day? (There arc two poss;ble res?onses.)
6. On weekends in the winter, Fred and Jean sometimes drive to a resort in the mountalrs.
They like to race down rhe side ofa mountain in the sDow. what do they like to do?
7. lvan likes to take long walks in the woods. w'hat does Ivan like to do?
8. Sonia prefers indoor sports. She goes to a place where she rolls a l3-pound ball at some
wooden pins. Vhat does Sonia often do?
9. Liz and Greg know all the latest dances. What do they probably do a lot?
10. TheThylors are going to go to a litde lake near thei house tomorrow. The lake is
completely frozen now that it's winter. The ice is smooth. What are the Taylors going to
do tomorrow?
I I . Mariko and Taka live near the ocean. rt(/hen tiere's a stong wind, they like to spend the
whole day in thei sailboat. What do they like to do?
12. Tourists often get on tour buses that take ihem to see interesting places ir an area. What
do tourists do on these buses?
13, Colefte afld Ben like to jump out of airylsnes. They don't open their parachutes until the
last miflute. ! hat do they like to do?
14. What do you like to do for exetcise and furp

I Exercise 7. l,6fs tolk: inlelvi€w. (chod l3-2)

Interview your classmates. Try to 6nd someone who has done each activity. Make a question
for each item before you begin rhe interview. Share some of your answers with the cless.
Find somnne who . . .
L has gone skydiving before. ' Haae yo'u gone sbdiaing belore?
2. likes to go waterskiing. - Do you like n eo uaterckiins?
3. likes to go bowling.
4. goes dancing on weekends.
5. goes jogging for exercise.
6. goes fishing in the winter.
7. goes camping in the summer.
8. likes to go snow skiing.

cerunds ond lnrinitives 34-5

」 Exmise E, Worm-up. (chq r3-3)
Chcck(′ ) the sentences that are tlue for you.
1 _ I hope to move to another town soon.
2 I would like to get married in e few years.
3 I intend to visit another country next year.
4 ____ I'm planning to become an English teacher.

@l fom offe.ed to lencl me some money. Some verbs are lolov.ed by an ini ntive

lb) l'vo declclecl to buy a new car lninlve=to+ll・ es″ ηρわ わ″η Ora t7eめ

(C)'Ve declded,o17o teep my O10 car Neqative lorrn: not + inlinitive

Common Verbs Followed by lnfinitives
wanr hope decde seem eam(hO″ )

need expect promrse appear try

plan pretend
intend agree (Can'O allord
lCan'tl Wat

」 Exercise 9. Looking ol glommor. (cho r3-3)

Complete each sentence with the correct form of a word from rhe list.
ｈ
ｅ
ａ
ｒｔ

﹄ 躍ｌ
ｈ
ｒ
ｕ
ｂ ｂ

ｄ
ｃ ｕ

ny t。 visit
﹄
ｙ

gct to
ｔ
ｅ
ｔ
ｅ
ａ

gO tO

l I'm planning lto fly A) / to 0a to Chicago nexr week.

2 Hasan promised not late for tllc■ cddu■ g

3 ヽlv husband and l would lovc Fi,i

4 V'har time do you expect Chicago?

5 in a good mood today

6 Nadia appeared asleep! but she wasn't. She was only

pretending.

7 Nadia pretended asleep. She pretended not

me when I spoke to her.

8. The Millers can't afford

345 cH^mn 13
 ９
My fiiend offered

 
０
Tommy doesn'r like broccoli. He refuses it.
 
１
My wife and I wanred to do different things this weekend. Finalln I agreed
e movie with her Seturday, and she egreed
the football game with me on Sunday.

12. I trv class on time every day.

t). I can't wait my family againl It's been a long time.

14. I'm sorry. I didn'r mean VOu

15. time whcn I was six.

J Exelcise I0. Wolm-up. (chort l3-,1)

Check (/) the completions tlat are grammatically corect.

Ma4) chidren Lne . . .

1. _ to eat ice cream,
2. _ eating ice cream.
3. _ eat ice cream.
ａ ｂ

lt began nining. Some velbs are lollow6d by eiiher a gerund, as in (a),

ll bogan lo ruin- or an inlinitive, as in (b). Usually there is no ditference
in maani69.
Examples (a) and (b) have lhe same meaning.

CommonVerbs Followed by Eilhera Gerund or an lnlinitlve

begin Iket hate
starl

rCoMp^E: Lit rd dE 6 b. follwed by eirhd . g.tud o. 6 infnniE:

goins I b so b @ia. I lln dayfu t b ddr .hat.
I li}.
l&nu ir. id @uU ,\E ae loll@.d by in6niti6:
I @/ld ,t L so b a mi. dkh,. I'd lo& to Dla' a sM ol .h.s nttu @

I Exercise lI. Looking ol grommor. (chod l3-4)

Choose the correct vcrbs.
l. k started around midnighr.
@ snowing @ to snow
2. I continued eeen though everyone else stopped.
b. working

Gonrnds ond lnlinilives 347

 3 1 1ikc cmails from mv fricnds
a. ger b. gefting c. to get

4 1 would likc an email ftom my son who's away at college.

a. ger b. gerring c. ro ger

5 1 lovc to baseball games.

a. go b. going c. to go
6 1、、uld lovc to the baseball game tomolrow.
a. co b. going c. to go
7 1 hatc to pushy salespeople.
a. talk b. talking c. to talk
8. I can't srand in long lines.
a. wait b. waiting c. to wait

-l Exercise 12. Let's tqlk: poiftirork. (chods r3-r ' r3-4)

Work with a partner. Take turns combining rhe words in rhe list with the given ideas ro make
scntences about what you like and don't like ro do.

I like I enioy I hate I don't mind

I love I do!'t like I can't stand

' I like ro cook. I I lik. tookt,lc. tlhateto ok. tl hdt coohinc. tIdon'tmid ohits- i
I don\ enjor.ook;ry. t Etc.
2. live in this city
3. wash dishes
4. wait in airports
5. fly
f,. cat food s1o$4,Y
7. spcak in front of a laryc group
8. drilc in the cir-v du ng rush hour
g. go to parties qhere I don't knos anvone
10. Iisten to music whilc I'm rrying Io fall asleep
I l. ger in bet$'een t$o liiends lvho are haling an argumcnr
12. travcl to unusual places

-l Exercise 13. Grommor ond speoking, (Cho s l3-I ' l3-4)

Complete cach sentence with the infinitive or gerund form ofthe verb in parentheses.
Then agree or disagree with thc statement. Discuss lrour ans$ers.
War do 1ou do uhen vu tun't unLhrsrand u ruth1e Enghsh sqcaktr?
l. I pretend (undetstand) yes no
2. I keep on (L'rs") politel!:

348 CHAPIEP ]3
 3. I think, "l canl wait (aer) out ofhere!" oR yes no
"I can't wait for this person (sro, talking." yes

4. I say, "Would you mind (rrrear) tllat,'' yes

5. I begin (rod) my head so I look like I understand. yes

6. I start (looA) ar my watch, so it appears I'm in a hurry. ves

7. As soon as the person firishes (Qeak) yes

I say I have to leave.

J Exelcise 14, looking ql glgmmoL (chorts I3-l - l3-4)

Complete the sentences with the infinitive o, gerund form ofthe verbs in parentheses

l. we finished (ear)

2. My roommate offered (r?lP) me with my English.

3. I'm considering (fl.pr) to a new apartment,

4. Some children hate (go)

5. What seems (r.) the problem?

6. I dont mind (1,'0e) wirh fonr roommates.

7. My boss rctused kr'x,c) me a raise, so I quit.

8. Thals not what I meant! I meanr (sdJ) just rhe opposite.

9. Julia can'r srand (rlcdr) in a room with all ofthe windows

closed.

10. Max seemed (,r,ar, (baDe) the

parr_v, but he kep! (izl&) an]'wa-v.

I l. Sam's tomato crop always failed. Finelly he quit (try)

tomatoes in his garden.

.aryr

cerunds ond lnlinillves 349

4. is er6r'ted about becoming a parent. VCS

cerunds ond lnlinilives 35I

J ExeEis€ 15. Let's tolk: poirwork. (chorrs
'Work with a partner. Take tums completing the sentences with
l3-l ' r3-4)
,ogolgoing + a place.

Erdn lc: Iwould like....

PART\ER A: I would lite to go to the Beach Caf6 for dinner tonight.
PARTT.iER B: I would like to go to the movies later today.

l l like ll. I can't afford

０ り ０

Kate′nsお ねd on ca,"g wth us A preposilion is Jollowed by a gerund, nol an inlinilive.

Were θχε ●tl:ク ●rng tO Tah面 ln ia): The preposilion (or) is lollowed by a gerund
"da●
l apO o9 zed rOr● erng ate (comingl-

Common Expresslons wllh Prepositions Followed by Gen/nds

be alraid ot ldoing something) be good at
apologize ior insisl on slop (someone)lrom
believe ln thank (someone)lor
dream abouvot
worry about/be wo(ied aboul
feel like
forgive (someone)tor

」 Exercise 19. Looking ol glommoL (chods I3-5 ond c-2)

Complete the sentences wildr a preposition + gelrrd and the given words.

l. I'm looking for*ard + go away for the weekend

' I'n boking loruanl a goins away Jot the uvekend,

2. Thank lou 十 hold the door open

3. l'm worried ■ be lat€ for my appoindr€nt
4. Are you interested + go to the beach witi us
5. I apologized + be late
6. Are you afraid 十 fly in small planes
7. Are you nervous ■ take your driver's test
8. We're excited + see the soccer game
9. Tariq insisred + pay the rcstaurant bill
10. Eva dreams + become a vete narian someday
l l. I don't feel + eat right now
12. Please forgive me 十

13. I'm tired ■ live with five roommates

14. I believe + be honest at all times
15. Irr's plan + meet at the restaurent at six
16. Who's r€sponsible + clean the classroom
17. The police sropped us + enter the building
18. Jake's not very good + cut his own hair

」 Exelcise 2(t, [et's iolk: poinrc]k. (chorh l3-5 ond c-2)

work with a partner. Take tuins asking and answering questions using the following pattern:
Whot I the gioen w)rd prepotiuon . doing.
Er.drrr&. be looking forward
PArarN'ER A: What are you looking forward to doing?
PARTN.ER B: I'm looking forward to going to a movie tonight.

352 cHAPTER13
 l. be interested 6. be nervous
2. be worried 7. be excited
3. thank your fiiend 8. feel
4. apologize S. plan
5. be afraid 10. be tired

J ExerEise 2I. looking ql grommor. (chorts I3-5 ond c-2)

Complete each sentence with the correct preposition and the gerund form of the verb in
parentheses.

l. Carlos is nervous abaut (meet) mee'ina his girlfiiend's parents for

the first time.

2. I believe (tuq) the tuth no mrtter \r'hat.

3, I don't go swimming in deep water because I'm afnid (dnrun)

4. Every summer,I look forward Qa&e) - a vacatlon

with my family.

5. Do you feel (ell) - me why you're so sad?

6. My father-in-law always insists (r@y) for ever)'thing

when we go out for dinner.

7. I want you to know that I'm sorry.

- I dont know if you can ever forgive me
(caus€) ]ou so much trouble.

8. I'm not very good (t.member) people's names.

9. How do you stop someone (do) something you

know is wrong?
-
10. The kids are responsible (ra&e) oul the garbage.

11. Monique lost her iob. That's why she is atuaid (haoe, not)

enough mooey to pay her rent.

-
12. Sheila is pregnant. She's looki[g forward
- (ha.E)
another child.
13. A: I'm not happy in ry work. I often dream (quir)
-
my iob.
B: Instead @un) your job, why don't you see ifyou
-
can transfer to anoiier dcparrmem?

Gerunds ond lnfinitives 353

I Exercise 22. Listening. (cho s l3-l r I3-5)
n Listen to the conve$ation. Then listen again and complete the sentences with the words you
cd r."-.
A: Have you made any vacation plans?

B: Irell,I homc bccuuse I don\ like

2

I hate and suitcases. But my wife

and a boat tdp somewhere.

5

A: So, what are you going to do?

B: Well, we couldn't agrec, so we
tourists in our o、 vn lo、 vn
S

A: Intcrcsting ヽ
PЪ at are you planning
0
B: ヽ、H,we haven'tseen thc new Musculn of Spacc rt ThCrc's also a new art etthibit

downtown. And my wife a boat trip in

the harbor. Aclually, wher \r'e

]l

discovered there were lots ofthings to do.

A: Sounds like a great solution!

B: Yeah, we're both really

il Exercise 23. Worm-up. (chori 13-6)

Circle l}le completions drar are true for you.
I. I sometimes pay for things
a. by credit card b. by check c. in cash
-.
2. I usually come to school
a. bybus b. by car c. on foot
'i. My favorite way ro Lravel long distances ts
a. by plane b. byboat c. by tmin
4. I like to communicate with my family
a. by email b. by phone c. in pe6on
-.

354 CHAPTER 13
 (a)Patturned o“ the TV by ρusわ ′
ηg the・ 0"・ button By + a gerund is used lo express how somelhing is

(b) Mary go€s to work by Dus. Ayor rfth lollowed by a noun is also used to express
(c) Andrea stirred h€r cotlee with a spoon- how somelhing is done.

8γ lS uSED FOR MEANS OF TRANSPORTAT ON AND COM“ uNlcAl10N

by (an)plane by m」 Vema
by boal by laxi by ltel。 )phOne

by rrain by lax
by lool (or on fool) (bU″ in person)

by check(bat in cash)
by credn card

l,vlTrl lS US€DFOi II{STRUIEI{TS OR P trs OF'IHE BOoY

I cut down the lree a,rn rn r, (by usrng an ax).
I swepl lhs floor Mil a broom.
She poinled to a spol on lhe map wnh her t'inqel

'″ `“¨ η ‐ Amchcan

Englヽ h;″ ,」電 塑 ′4■ ″ B■ L●LE● g ish
‐ ‐ ●_“ _“ on"""d iS usuaby、“ "‐
ed to mean● tt,me● ■ was mme bya pc・ on,noi by a madlhe:ル ヽ 四 g″
“ "曇
力●
"こ
O pc― ●,note machnc,mdc hsru8) "
CtlmARC,fめ ル ′力を ,あ あ ‐ ● ″リ カ●
“ "`

U Exelcise 24. Looking ol glommor. (chorr 13-6)

Complete the sentences by using 6, + a gerurrd Use the words in the list or your olr,rl words.

cat smile wag wavc

drhk stay wash /w■ te
g■ lcss

1 Students practi€e writren English W writlnl compositions.

つ
We clean our clothes them in soap and water.

3 Khalid improvcd his English a lot of TV.

4 ヽ、 shclw other pcoplc、 ve are happy
５    ６

'We satisry our hunger something.

We quench our thirst something.

7 I figured out what 4,.l?r,., means

8 Alex caught my attention his arms in the air.

Gerunds ond lnrinitiv€s 355

 9. My dog shows me she is happ-v her tail.

10. Carmen recovercd ftom her cold ln bed and

care ofherself.

I Exelcise 25. Looking ol grommoL (chod 13-6)

Complete thc sentences. Usc arr'r, ard words in the list.

/a broom a pair ofscissors a sPoon

a hammer a tlermometer
thread
a needle and a shovel

l. I swept the floor with a braam

2. I sewed a button on my shirr
3. I cut the wood

4. I took my temperature
5. I sdrred cream in my coffee

6. I dug a hole in thc garden

7. I nailed two picces ofwood together

8. I cut the paper

J Exercise 26. looking ol gtommor. (chort 13-6)

Complete the sentences with 6, or .rrr'trr.
1. I opened thc door a key.
--!arl
2. I went downtown by bus.
3. I dried the dishes a dishtowel.

4. I went from Frarkfurt tovienna traln

5. Tcd drcw s straight line

6. Rebecca tightened -the screw in the corner ofher eyeglasses her fingcrnail.

7 1 called Bill``Paul''

8. I senr a copy ofthe contact

9. Taiya protected her eyes from the sun her hand.

10. My grandmother makes tableclofis hand.

356 CHAPTER ]3
J Exercise 27. Worm.up. (chq t3-7)
Read the passage and then agree or disagree with the srarements.

Awhite Lie
Jane gave her ftiend Lisa a book for her birthday. \X/hen Lisa opened ir, she tried to look
excited, but her husband had aheady given he, the same book. Lisa had iust fmished reading it,
but she thanked Jane and said she was lool.jng forward to reading ir- Lisa rold a "whire lie."
White lies are minor ff unimportant lies that a person often tells ro avoid hurring someone
else's feelings.

l. Telling white lies is common. yes no

2. It is sometimes ac€eptable to tell a white lie. yes no
3. I sometimes tell white lies.

Rkting horces is lun- Examples (a)and (b) have lhe same msaning.
Itis lun lo ride horses. ln (a): A gerund (rrdino is the subject ol th€ senlence.
Nolice: The verb (ri is singularbecause a gerund is singular.r
lc) Comlng to class on time is imporlanl.
(d) ,t is imporl]anl to come ta class on ljme. ln (b): lt is used as ihe subieci ol the senlence. ,t has the same
meaning as ihe inlinnive phrase at lhe end ol ihe sentence: it
means to ficle horl'c3.

'h is also corEct (but lcss conmon) io use an infinnive as tl'e subject of a scntence: T. rrL hoy. n J,n,

J Exercise 28. Grommor ond speoking: poirwork. (chod r3-7)

Make sentences with the same meaning as tie given sentences, and then decide if you agree
with them. Circleyer or ro. Share your answers with a partner.
Livi{g in this town
Pdrr L Use a gerund as the subiect.

L It's hard to meet people here.

いいいい

ｎ ｍ ｍ ｎ
。

Meetinc Peopb here is hard.

'
2. It takes time to make friends here.
3. It is easy to get around the town.
。

4. Is it expensive to live here?

Pad II. Use it + an hfmniue.

５       ６   ７   ８

Finding thi[gs to do on weekends is hard.

ｎ
０

- h\ had b rtnd thincs ro do on ueeke yes

^.
ｎ
０

\tfalking alone at night is dangerous. yes

ｎ
０

Exploring this town is tun. yes

ｎ
０

Is finding atrordable housing difiicult? yes

cerunds ond lnnnifves 35,

」 Exercise 29. Lel's lolk: inlerview. (chq.t l3-7)
lnterview your classmates. Ask a question and then agxe€ or disagree with your classmate's
answer. Practrce using both gerunds and infinitives in your answers.
Exomple:
SPEAKTR orrr): lghich is easier: to make money or to spend money?
A (600[
SpEA(rR B (600A clored): It's easier to spend money than (it is) to make money.
SPEAKERA (roo& orer): I agree. Spending money is easier than making money. oR
I don't agree. I think that makiDg money is easier than
spending money.

1. Which fun: to visit a big city or ro spend time in the countryside?

is more
2. which is more difficuh: to write English or to read English?
3. Which is easier: io understand spoken English or to speak it?
4. Vhich is more expensive: to go to a movie or to go to a concert?
5. Vhich is more comfortable: to wear shoes or to go barefoot?
6. Vhich is more satisrying: to give gifts or to receive them?
?. which is more dangerous: to ride in a car or to ride itr arl airplane?
8. Which is more important: to come to class on time orto get an extra hour ofsleep in the
morning?

J Exelcise 30. Worm-up. (chod I3-g)

Agree or disagree with these statements.
In ,rry cuiure . . .
l. it is common for people to shake hands when they meet. yes

2. it is important for people to look one another in the eye when

they are introduced. ,€s
3. it is sEange for people to kiss one another on the cheek when they meet. yes

(a) You should study had. Exampl6s (a) and (b) have a similar m6aning.
(b) ll is amporiant for yo! to study hard. Nolico the pa(ern in (b):
(c) Mary should study had. tlla+ aclj*tive + ,or lsomeoael + kfrnitive phase
(d) ll is important for ,rary to study hard.
(e) We don'l have io go lo the meeling.
(r) ll isn t necessary for !s to go lo lhe meeting.
(g) A dog can t ralk.
{h) lt is impossible ,o, a dog lo lalk.

358 CHAPIER I3
-l Exercise 31. Loking ol gJommor. (chort l3-8)
Complete the sentences with the given information. Use./or (someone) end an infnitive
phrase in each completion.
1. Students should do their homework.
It's really important for students to da their homework

2. Teachers should speak clea.ly.

It's very important

3. We don\ have to hury. There's plenty of time.

It isn't necessary

4. A fish car't live out ofwaier for more than a few minutes.
It's impossible

5. working parents have to budget their time carefully.

6. A young child usually can\ sit still for a long timc.

It's difflculi

7. My family spends birthdals together.

It's tradrtional
8. My brothcr $ould love to travcl to Mars someday.
r0(/ill it be possible to Mars someday?

9. I usually can\ undertand Mr. Alvarez. He talks too fast. How abour you?
Is it easy

U Exercise 32. let's tolk. (chorts l3-7 ond r3-8)

riTork in small groups. Make sentences by combining the given ideas with the words in the list.
Use gerunds as subjects ot it + an infinitiu. Share some of your sentences for other groups to
agree or disagree with.

boring embarrassing hsrd impossible scsry

dangerous exciting illegal interesting waste oftime
educationsl fun important relaxing

Er.drrrlrr ride a bicycle

' Rtli sabicydNnfu. oP h\fun ro ti.]. a bicrcl..
l. de s rollcr €oaster 6- kno\r' the meaning of $erv word
2. read ne\aspapers in a dictionarv
3- study economics T never tell a lie
4. drive fivc miles over the spccd limit 8. visit museums
5. walk in a ccmctery at night

Gerunds ond lnfnilives 359

コ Exercise 33. Reoding ond grommor. (chods I3-7 ond l3-8)
Parr L Read the passage.

Body Language

Difierent cultures use difierent body language. In some countries, when people meet one
anotherJ rhey offer a strong handshake and look the other person straight in the eye. In other
countries, however, it is impolite to shake hands 6rmly, and it is equally rude to look a person in
the eye.
How close do people stard to another pe$on when rhey are speaking to each other? This
varies ftom counuy to country. In the United States and Canada, people prefer standing iust a
little less than an armt lengrh from someone. But many people in the Middle East and lttin
America like moving tn clo.er durmC a conversarion.
Smiling at another person is a universal, cross-cultural gesture. A)though people may
smile more frequently in some countries i}Ian in others, people arouod the lvorld understand
the meaning ofa smile.
Par, II. Complete the sentences with information about body larguage.
l. In some countriesJ ir is important

2. In some countries, is impolite.

3. In my country, ls lmportant

4. In my country, it is impolire

J Exercise 34. worm-up. (cho l3-9)

Check (/) all the sentences that are gnmmatically correct.
1. I went to t}le srore because I wanted to buy groceries.
2. I wenr lo r}le store rn order Io buy grocerics.
-
). _ I wenr ro the slore to buy grocerie\.
-
4. _ I went to r}le srore for grocenes.
5. _ I wenr ro rhe srore for to buy grocerier.

360 CHAP.IER I3
 -Why
did you go to ihe post offbe? ,, ordar ,o oxpresses purpose.
ａ  ｂ   ｃ

I w€nt lo lhe post otlice because t wanted to mail a lefter.

I w€nt lo lhs posl ollice ,, olaler to mait a lefter.
ln (c): in orderis lrequently omitled. Examples
I wenl to the posl ofrice to .rai, a /eiter,
(a), (b), and (c)have lhe sanre meaning.

lw€nl to the post office ,orsome sramps. Foris also us€d lo express purpose, bul il is
I wenl to lhe post otfice to buy sone stamps- a pr€posilion and is followed by a noun
titcoBqEcf: I went to the post offic? lot lo buy some stamps. phrase, as in (d).
tNcoRREcr: I wenl to the post office lot buying some slamps.

J Exelcise 35. Looking ql glummor. (chori r3-9)

Make sentences by combining the phrases in Column A with rhose in Column B. Connecr rhe
ideas with (ra ord€r) ,o.

Exotfiple: I called the hotel desk . . .

- I called the hotel desk (in order) a ask for an extra pillaut.

Column A Column B
1. I call€d the hotel desk lL. a. keep their feet warm aod dry
2. I turned on the radio b. reach the top shelf
3. Andy went to Eg]?t _ . c. listen to a ball game
4_ People wear boots _. -. d. find rhe population of Malaysia
5. I looked on rhe Intemet /e. ask for an extia pillow
6. Ms. Ilrle stood on her tiptoes f. chase a mean dog away
7. The dentist moved the light closer to my face g. help her pay the rent
8. I clapped my hands and yelled h. get some flesh air and exercise
q. Maria took a walk in the park i. see the ancient pyamids
10. I offered my cousin sorne money -. i. look inro my mouth

J Ex€rcise 36. looking ol grommor. (chorr r3-9)

-
Add i2 ordgr to the sentences whenever possible.
L I went to the bank to cash a check- - I ?tent.o the banh in ordet to ca:h a chech.
2. I'd like ro see thar movie. ' (No change. The inlinitiae does ot erprcss purpose.)
3. Steve went to the hospital to visit a fiiend.
4. I need ro go ro rhe bank roday.
5. I need to go to the bank today to deposit my paycheck.
6. On my way home, I stopped at the store to buy some shampoo.
7. Masako went to the cafeteria to eat lurch.
8. Jack and Karya have decided to get married.
9. Pedro watchesTv to improve his English.
10. I didn't forget to pay my rent.
1 l Donna expects to graduate next spring.
12. Jerry needs to go to the boolstore to buy school supplies-

Gerunds ond lnriniiives 361

tr Exelcise 37. Looking ql grommol. (chort l3-9)
Complere the sentences witl ,o orlor.

L I went ro Chicago fo' a \i\il.

-
2. I went to Chicago ,a visit my aunt and uncle.

3. I take long walks

4. I take long walks relaxation.

5. I'm going to school a good education-

6. I'm going to school ger a good education.

7. I sent a card to Carol \,!ish her a happy birthday.

8. Two police officers came to my apartment ask me about a neighbor.

9. I looked on rhe Internet inform,rion ahour Ecuador.

10. My three brothe^, two sisters, and parents all came to town mv

graduation.

D Exercise 38. Reoding ond grommor. (chorls l3-l ' l3-9)

PoTt /. Read the passage.

Car Sharing
In hundreds ofcities around the world, people can use a car without actually owning one.
It's known as car sharing.
Car sharirg works like this: people pay a fee to ioin a car-sharc organization. These
organizations have cars available in dillerent parts ofa city 24 hours a day. Members make
rcsenations for a car, and then go to one ofseveral parking lots in the city to pick up the car.
Thcy pay an hourly or daily rate for driving it- They may also pay a charge for every
mile/kilomcter they drive. Vhen they are finished, they return the car to a parking area for
someone else to use.
Car shadng works well for several reasons. Some people only need to drive occasionally.
Oftentimes, people only need a car for special occasions like moving items or taking long trips
Many people dont want the costs or responsibilities of owning a car. The car-share
organization pays for gas, insurance! cleaning, and maintenance costs. Members also don't have
to wait in line or fill out forms in order to get 3 car. They know a variery of cars will be available
when they need one.
Car sharing also benefits the enyircnment. People drive only when they need to, and fewer
cars on the road means less tEf6c and air pollution. As more and more cities become
interested in reducing traffic, car-share programs are becoming ar etrective alternative.

362 CHAPIER ]3
 Par,Ir. Complete tl)e sentences with information from Part I. Use gerunds or infnirives.
l. is helpful to people who don't own a car.

2. People pay a fee in order a car-sharing organization.

3. Car-sharing members pay an hourly or daily rate for a car

4. Sometimes peoplc need a car

tdp.

5. Many people don't want the costs of a car

?hr.Ilr. Answer the questions.

l- What are three reasons fiat people car share?
2. \Yy'hat are two beneits ofcar sharing?
3. Does the city you live in have a form ofcar sharing? Ifyes, has it been successful? Ifnot,
why do you think there is no car-sharing program?

I Exercise 39. worm-up: poinvork. (chod t3-t0)

Work with a partner. Read the conversation aloud and complete the sentences with the correct
words in the list.

strong hearry streryth

PART\ER A: Can you pick up a piano?

PARTNER B: No. ICs too for me to pick up. How about you?
]

Can"u pick up a pianO,

PAR恥 こRA: No, ['m not enough to pick one up. What about the

class? Can we pick up a piano together?

PARI^-ER B: Maybe. We mighr have enough to do that as a class,

Gerunds ond lnlinitives 363

 roo十 adleCtiVe+ (ror sOmeOnel+ infinitive lnlinitives olten lollow expressions wilh too.
Ioo comes in lrcnl oJ an adlecllve. ln the
ａ ｂ  ｃ

That box,s roο ゎθavン ro li資

speaker's mind,lhe use ol roo implies a
A plano is rooヵ eall ror′ ηθ rO ll「

That box is roο ヵθθ′/ for θοb rO m

enough+noun+iniinitive fhe box is too heavy- lcantliflit-

ｄ   ｅ

l dont have enou● 力′

ηOη θ/ fO bU/that can The box is very heavy, but I can lift it-
Did you have eno」 9● ηe ro mlsゎ the test?
“
adiective + erough + inflnltlve lnlinitives often follow exprcssions with
ｌ   ｇ

Jimmy isn'l old enough enough.

lo eallhree sandwiches? E rough comes in lronl ol a noun.r
E oug, follows an adjective.

*Eno!s, can also forrw a non: I don\ ha@ tuney 6NEh @ t 1 thnt ear In .vcryday En8lish. !@ever, a@ar' auallv comcs

.l Exercise rlo. Looking ol grommor. (chorl l3-10)

Complete the sentences with the given words. Use too ot enoueh + an infiniaue
1. strong/lift l'r nor
---91!p!g,s!p!ghlolift a refrigemtor.

2 weaklHi Most people are taa weak ta lift a rehigerator without help.

3. busv/answer I was the phone. I let the call go

to voice mail.

4 carlylgct I got to the concert good seats.

5 6■ 11/h01d

6 1argc/hold My suitcase isn't

all the clothes I wart to take on my trip.

7 big/gct Rcx is

into the doghouse.

8 biυ ■old Julie's purse is

her dog Pepper.

364 cHAPIER 13
J Exelcise 4I. Looking ol glommoL (Chort I3-10)
Combine each pair of sentences.
Part I. Use ,oo.
l. We can't go swimming today. [t's very cold.

' h\ loo.oA Uot s) lo go $,rimming todq).

2. I couldn't finish my homework last night. I was very sleepy.
3. Mike couldn't go to his aunt! housewarming parry He was very busy.
4. This iacker is very small. I can\ wear ir.
5. I live far fiom school. I can\ walk there.
Poit II. Use enough.
6. I can't reach the top shelf. I'm not that taI.
+ I'm not bA enough to reoch tho rop shelf.
7. I can't move this furniture. I'm not that sEong.
8. It's not warm today. You canl go outside without a coat.
9. I didn't stay home and miss work. I wasn't really sick, but I didn't feel good all day.

D lxercise 4il. l€fs lolk poinvork. (chort !3-10)

Work with a partn€r. Take tums completing the sentences with infnitives.

l I'm too short . . . .

2. I'm not tall enough . . . .
3. I'm not stroog enough - . , .
4. hst night I was too tired . . . .

5. Yesterday I was too busy . . . .

6. A Mercedes-Benz is roo expensive . . . .
7. I dont have enough money . . . .
8. Yesrerday I didn\ have enough dme . . . .
9. A teenager is old enough . . . but too young . . . .
10. I know enough English . . . but not enough . . . .

O Exercise rl3. Looking ol gl€mmor. (chopter 13)

Complete each sentence with the gerund or infinitive forrn of the word io parentheses.
l. It's difficult for me (renembet) to remembcr phone numbers.

2. My cat is good at (cat h) --9zl4h!g- /nlce.

3. I called my friend (ir?iite) her for dinner.

4. Fatima talked about (f,o) n) graduaie school.

5. Sarosh found out what was happening by (lirrer) caretully to

everlthing that was said.

G€runds ond lnlinitives 365

 6. Michelle works 16 hours a day in order (sarn) enough money

(れ た
の care ofhcr cldcrly parents and her three childrcn.

7. No matter how wordertul a trip is, it's always good (ge,

and (sbep)

8 1 kcep(力 4rの to call my friend Jae. I'd better write myselfa

note

9. Exercise is good for you. \(rhy don'r you rvalk up the stairs instead of (rse)
t}Ie elevator?

c Llew∫ lふ「
鍵ξ どi:11艇 鷲 t:li:illCI∬ 鳳IFi:°
uh“・
him. He needs
us time to understand the key points.

2 orhers about rhemselves and their lives is ore of the secrets of

along with other people. If you want to make and
friends, it is impormnt sincerely
interested in other people's lives.

3. I arge bee colonies have 80J000 workels. These worker bees must visit 50 million flowers
one kilogramj or 2.2 pounds, ofhoney. It's easy
why "busy as a bee" is a common expression.

I Exelcise 45. Reoding ond glommoL (chopl6r 13)

Parr L Read the passage.

Uncle Ernesto

Have you ever had an embarrassing experience? My Uncle Ernesto did a few years ago
while on a business tdp in Norway.
Uncle Ernesto is a businessman from Buenos Aires, Argenti[a. He manufacturcs
equipment for ships and needs to tavel around the world ro sell his products. Ilst year, he
went to Norway ro meer \l.irh a shippirg company. Wlile he was there, he found himsetf in an
uncomfortable situation.
Ijncle Ernesto was staying ar a small hotel in Oslo. One moming, as he was gefting ready
to take a shower, he heard a knock at the door. He opened it, but no one was therc. He
stepped into the hallway. He still didn't see anyone, so he turned to go back to his room.
Unforrunately, the door was locked. This was a big problem because he didnl have his key and
he was wearing only a towel.

366 cHAPIER 13
 Instead ofstanding in the hallway like this, he decided to get help at the ftont desk end
srarted walking toward the elevator. He hoped it would be empty, but it wasn't. He took a deep
breath and got in. The other people in the elevator were surprised when they saw a mao who
was wrapped in a towel.
Uncle Ernesto thought about trying to explain his problem, but uoforturEtely he didn't
know Norwegian. He knew a linle English, so he said, "Door. lrcked. No key."
A businessman in the elevator nodded, but he wasn't smiling. Another man looked at
Uncle Ernesto and smiled broadly.
The elevator seemed to move very slowly for Uncle Emesto, but it finally reached the
ground floor. He walked straight to the front desk and looked at the hotel maflager helplessly.
The hotel manager didn't heve to tmderstand any laflguage to figue out the problem He
$abbed a key and led my uncle to the nearest elevator.
My uncle is still embarrassed about this incident. But h€ laughs a lot whm he tells the story

Part II. Check (/) al n\e sentences that are grammatically correct.
l. a. Uncle Ernesto went to Norway for a business meeting.
b. Uncle Ernesto went to Norway to have a business meeting.
- Uncle Ernesto went to Norway for having a business meeting.
c.
-
2. a. - Is necessary for him to travel in order to sell his products.
b. To sell his products, he needs to travel.
- In order to sell his products, he needs to travel.
c.
-
3. a. - lnstead staying in the hall, he decided to get help.
b. Instead ofstaying in the hall, he decided to get help.
-
c. Instead to stay in th€ hall, he decided to get help.
-
4. a. - Uncle Ernesto thought about trying to explain his problem.
b. Uncle Ernesto considered about tryirg to explain his problem.
-
c. Uncle Emesto decided not to explain his problem.
-
5. a. - lt wasn't diflicult for the hotel manager figuring out the problem.
b. It wasn't difiicult for the hotel manager figure out the problem.
c.
- It wasn\ difficult for the hotel manager to figure out t}Ie problem.
-
-

Gerunds ond lnfinitives 357

! Exercise 45. Lel's vvrile. (chopler 13)
Read the samplc paragmph. Then w te a paragraph about one of the most embarmssing
experiences you have had in your life. Include somc gerunds and infinitives in your writing.

Example:

My Most Embarrassing Experience

My most embarrassing experience happened at work. One morning, I was in a

hurry 10 get to my office, so I quickly said good-bye to my wife. She knew I was planning
to give an important presenlation al my firm, so she wished me good luck and kissed me
on the cheek. Because lratfic was heavy, I got lo work a lew minutes atter the meeting
had begun. I quietly walked in and sat down. A lew people looked al me strangely, bul I
thoughl it was because I was late. During my presentalion, I got more stares. I began to
think my presentalion wasn't very good, but I coniinued speaking. As soon as my talk
was over, I went io lhe restroom. When I looked in the mirror, il wasn't hard io see the
problem. There was smudge of red lipstick on my cheek. I fell pretty embarrassed, bul
later in the day I sla ed laughing about it and tried nol to take myself so seriously.

l-l Exelcise 47. Check your knowledge. (Chopter 13)

Edit the sentences. Conect the errors iD the use of infinitives, gerunds, prepositions, and word

tto qet
l. Ir is importanr getdeg an educalion.

2. I went to the banl for cashing a check.

3. Did you go to shopping yesterday?

4. I cut the rope by a loife.

5. I thanked my fiiend for drive me to the airport.

6. Is diflicult to learn another lafiguage.

7. Timmy isn't enough old to get married.

8. Is easy tlis exercise to do.

9. Ilst night too tired no do my homework.

10. I've never gone to sailing, but I would like to.

11. Reading it is one ofmy hobbies.

12. The teenagers began to built a campfire to keep themselves warm.

13. Instead ofsetde down in one place,I'd like to travel around the world.

368 CHAPTEP 13
14 1 cn,oy tO traК l bccausc you lcarn so much abOut other countrics and cultures

15 My grandmOthcr nkcs tO nshIIlg

16 Martna、 vould Hkc to has a big fam」 y

Geflrnds ond lnlinitivos 369

」 ExoЮ Ise l.
Worm-up. (chq l4-t )
Check(′ ) all the sentences that are grammatically correct.
1 _ How much does this book cost?
2 _ I don\ know.
3 _ How much this bools costs?
4 ____ I don't know how much this book costs.

sv o Verbs are ollen lollowed by objecls. The object ls usually a noun

(a) t t<now Eis aaaresd
ln (a): l,rs rdd.ess is a noun phrase;
sv o hrs addrass is the objeci ol lhe ve'b know-
(b) tknow iiire he tivei'_.
(nounclause) Some verbs can bs lollowed by noun clauses.r
ln (b): wher€ 16 rlv$ is a noun clause;
whor€ rr€ rrvaa is the object ol the verb know
Ｖ岬

0 A noun clause has ils own subiecl and ve[b.

' S V' ln (c)i ,rd is lhe subjeci o,lhe noun clausei
″here he″ yes
,ryoe is lhe verb ol lhe noun clause.

(d)l kn。 ″ w"θ re n/● ●●k ls A noun clause can begin with a question wod. (S€e Chad 14-2.)
(noun Cht策 )

lel I don'lkncl,, il i5 fiaried-

Ect A noun crause can beqn win il ot whether- (See Chad 14-3.)
(@. cla@)
I know lhal the wo d is rcund. A noun clause can begrn with rhat (See Charl l4-4.)
(mun clau*)

'A?rB. is.8rcup of..lated words. Ii does Nor conbin , subi.a and 6 !.rb.
A rlalJd is a 8rclp ofr.l.tcd words, It conbins a subj€cr md a trb.

J Exercise 2. Looking ot grommqL (cho[ l4-l)

Und$linc thc noun clauses. Some sentences hivc no noun clauses.

l. Where are the Smiths living? 4. We know fiar $e! moved a month ago.
2. I don't know vrhere the Smiths are living. 5. Are thcy coming back?
3. rr(/e don'r know what city they moved to. 6. I don'r know ifthey are coming back.

370
」 Exelcise 3. Wolm-up: poirvyork. (chort l4-2)
Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions. Makc true statements.

l. PARTNER A: Where do I live?

PAKTNER B: I knor" ldon\ knou where you live.
0
PAFrN'ER B: Where does our teacher live?
PAR:rN'ER A: I knou l do 't h !fl) where our teacher lives.

〕 PArcNriR B: In your last sentence, why is "does" missing?

4 PARTN'ER A: ln the same sentence, why does "lives" have an "s"?

PARTiIIR B: I hnou / don't knout why "lives" has an "s."

These question words can be used to iniroduce a noun clause: when, where, why, how who.lwhom) what

Inforrnation Noiice in the examples:

Qucstion Noun Clausc Usualqu€slion word order is Nor used

S V
tNcoFREcr: I know where does he live.
Where does he″ ve? (a)l dOnt knc w● lle′ θわe″ ves
coFPFcr: I know wherc he lives.
S V
When dld iわ ey leave? (b)Do yOu know l″ ●θn they re“ 2'
S V
What dFd s"e sa/? (C)P ease tel me,y々 ∂,She sald
S V
why ls ro,η absent? (d)I WOnder″ ″ 7om ls absθ 凛

VS S V A noLrn or pronoun lhat lollows main

who6,'iha,/5;i? 0)Tel me wわ οthatわ ″ 電 velb be in a queslion comes in lronl ol
ＶＴ

S be in a noun clause, as n (e) and (l).

whos€ penB fr7d2 (f)Do yOu kno″ wわ Osθ ρen5F

S V S V A prepositional ph€se (e.9., in r,e

'Nヽo. Tin the Office? (g) I don t knowE;' Eir, lhe otrrce. or,be) does nol come in lronl ol be in
a noun clause, as n (g) and (h).
S V sv
--yJ
@*eilEEon th) I wonderffiose 5rc- on ke counter.

S V ln (i)and (j): Oueslion word oderand

Wro came lo class? O)ldOnt know lめ O canero ε
bss noun clause word orderare the same
S V when the queslion word is used as a
0)Tel me wゎ atわ appened
rA que$'on mark is uscd ai rhe end of thG s.nrcncc bc.rusc Do u, Ar,E ask 1q!.stio..
)i,xampl{ Do }ou hnn] ahL th.r bll?
Ddro,ldolsLsr questn,ni &r.,Ir., /.1is i n.u. clause

Noun clouses 37I

J Exercise 4, Looking ol gr€mmoL (Chorts 5-2 ond rit-2)
Decide if the given words are a noun clause or an information question. If a noun clause, add
I don't hn >zD. lf an information question, add a capital letter and a question mark.
NOul● nJom■ 、TIoN
CLAuSE QUES■ ON
l a ′νο4し kη οレ why he left. 国 □
b lV *hy did he leave? □ 図

□ □
2 8 where she is living □
b where is she living □

□ □ □ □

□ □ □ □ □ □
3 a wher€ did Nick go
b where Nick went

4 a what time the movie begins

b what time does the movie begin

□ □
5 a why isYoko angry
b whyYoko is angry

u Exercise 5. Looking ql grqmmot (chorts 5-2 ond t4-2)

Underlioe and identit, the subiect (S) and verb 0D of Speaker A's question. Complete
Speaker B's response with a noun clause.

V9
l. A: Why is tue hot?
B: I don't know wh:t frre i5 hot.
2 A: Wlere docs F'rank go to school?
B: I dor't know to school.

3 A: 'Where did Narasha go ycsterday?

B: I don't kno‐ Do vou know yesrerday?

4 A: WIy is Maria laughirg?

BI I don't knor{ Does anvbody knorv

5 A: How much docs an electdc car cost?

BI Peter can tell you

6 A: How long do elephanrs live?

B: I don'r knoB

372 cHAPIER 14
 7. A: Wh€n was the first wheel invented?
B: I don't know.

8 A: How many hours does a light bulb burn?

B: I donl know exacdy

9 A: where did Emily bu,v her computer?

B: I donl kno*

10 A: Who lives next door to Kate?

B: I don't know next door to Kate.

1l A: ヽ
PЪ o did JuliC talk to'
B:

12 A: Whv is Mike alwals late?

B: You tell me! I don't rrnderstand

」 Exercise 6. l€t's lolk: poirwolk. (cho*s l4-l ond I4-2)

tuns asking questions. Begin with Coz you lell nte.
'Work with a partner. Thke

Questions to a teacher
l. How do I pronounce this word? , Can you tell me hott I prcnounce this ztord?
2. what does this mean?
3- When will I get my glades?
4. What is our next assig2ment?
5. How soon is the next assignment due?
6. Why is this incorrect?
7. When is a good time to meet?
8. What day does the term end?
9. Why did I fail?
10. Who \{ill reach this class next ume?

Noun clouses 373

コ Exelcise 7. Looking ol glommqL (cho r4-2)
Complere fie respon\e\ wi$ noun clauses.

l. A: Who is rhat woman?

B: I don't how wha thatwoman i.
2. A: Who is on the phone?
B: I donl know wha i. ot Lh? ohone

3. Al ヽ
PЪ at is a lizard,
B: I donl know

4 VIat is in that bag?

B:

5 Wltosc ca. is thar?

B: I donl knorv

6 Wlose car is in the driveq,ay?

B:

7 Who is Bob's doctor?

B:
8. やOЪ ose ladder is u.is,
B: Hey, Hank, do you know

C: It's Hiro's.

9. A: ofa fainbow?
\Yy'hat's at rhe end
B: What did you say, Susie?

J Exercise 8. tel's lqlk pqirwork. (Chods r4-r ond I4-2)

Work with a partner. Take turns asking questions. Begin with Do yor, &aoai.

Questions at home
r. !0here is the phone?
2. Why is the frort door open?
3. Who just called?
,r. Whose socks are on *le floor?

374 CHAPIER ]4
 5. why are all the lights on?
6. There's water all over rhe floor. Whar happened?
7. What did the plumber say about the broken pipe?
8. What is the repair going to cost?

f Erercis€ 9. looking qt grqmmor. (chqds 5-2 ond I4-2)

Complete the sentences with the corrcct form of the words in parentheses.

l. A: Where (Sopiia, eat) eat lunch yesterday?

dia qophia
B: I don't know where (shc, eat) ehe axe lunch yesterday.

2. A: Do you know where (Jaso,t, twrh)

B: Who?
A: Jason. vtere (re, z,ore)
B: I don\ know.

3. A: rwhere (J',ou, Je?) the ad for rhe computer sale

last week?
B: I don't remember where (1, ree) ir- In one of the local papers,

I thir*.

4. A: How can I help you?

Br How much G,,,dr.drrera, coi,
A: You wam to know how much (rri cdrn.rd, .ort) , is rhat right?
B: No, not that one. The one next to it.
5. At Hovt fat (you, can /un) wifiout stopping?

B: I have no idea. I don't know how fer (r, ca, rur)

wirhout stopping. I've never tried.

6. A: Ann was out lete last night, wasn\ she? Ntfhen G,,,r, ge, in'

B: Why do you want to know when (rr?, s€,

A: Just curious.
7. A: Whar time (,i, rr)
B: I don't k[ow. I'll ask Sara. Sara, do you know what time (4n)
C: Almost four-thifty.
A. A: Morn, 'nhy (some Peo,le, be)

people?
B: Honey, I dor't really understand why Gone people, 6€)
mean ro orhers. Ias difiicLrlt ro explain.

Noun clous€s 375

U Exer€ise 10. Worm-up. (chort l4-3)
Check (/) all the sentences that are grarnmaticaly correct.

1. _ I don't know if Sam is et work.

2_ _ I don\ know Sam is at work.
). I don'r know ifSam is at work or not.
4. I doni know whe$er Sam is ar work.

l4-3 Noun Clauses That

Yes,No Question When a yss/no queslion is changed lo a
noun clause, ,,is usually used to
ls Eic al home? (a) I don't know ,' Errc is rl homa inlroduce the clause.'l
Does lhe bus stop here? (b) Oo you know it the nus stops here?
Did Alice go lo Chicago? lc) Iwonder it A ce went to Chicago.
(d) I don'f know L Er,c is at hone ot not- When ifinlroduces a noun clause, the expression orrot
somelirnes comes at lhe end of lhe claLrse, as in (d).

(e) I don'l know |rnerner Era E at hane lot not)- ln (e): rvterrerhas lhe same meaning as /l
'See Chai 14-l0 io! (hc us. ol,l with ar& in r€po ed speech.

」 Exer€ise I l. Looking ql glgmmqr. (Chort l4-3)

Change the yetno questions to noun clauses.
1 Yrrsi/No QuEsTtoN: Is Carl here today?
NouN Cr,\usE: Can you tell me if / whether Carl i6 here toda! ?

つ
YEs/No QUE-rnoN: rvill Mr. Piper be at the meeting?
NouN CLAUSE: Do you know

l. YEs/No QuEsfloN: Did Niko go ro work yesterday?

NouN CTAUSE: I wondcr

1. YEs/No QuBsrroN: Is there going to be a windstorm tonight?

Nor,N CuusE:

5 YEs/No QuEsrroN: Do _\7ou haveYung Soo's email address?

NoUN CLAUSE:

376 CHAPTER ]d
」 Ex€rcise 12. Looking ot glommor. (cho l4-3)
Complete the noun clause in each conveftation. Use t/to intrcduce the noun clausc.

]. A: Arc you tired?

B: Why do you want ro know
--flzm tired?
A: You look rired. I'm worried about you.

2. A: A.re you going ro be in your office later today?

B: What? Sorry. I didnt hear you.
A: I need to know in vour offce lat€r todav.

3. A: DidTim borro\r mli cell phone?

B: !0ho?
A: Tim. I want to know my cell phone.

4. A: Can Pete warch the kids tonight?

B: Sorry. I wasnt listening. I was thinking about something else.

A: Have you talked to your brother Pete? We need to know

the kids tonight.

5. A: Are my car keys in here?

B: \vhy are you asking me? How am I supposed to

A: You're sure in a bad mood, aren't you?

6. A: Does your car have a CD player?

B: \X/hat was that?
A: I wanr to know

Noun clouses 377

-l Exercise 13. tet's iolk: inleruiew. (choris I4-2 ond I4-3)
lnterview your classmates. Begin your questioN with Do Jrol hrour. Try to find people who
can answer your questions.

l. What does it cost to fly from I-ondon to Paris?

2. When was this buildins built?
3. How far is ir fiomvancouver, Canada, to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia?
4. Is Ausnalia the smallesr continent?
5. How many eyes does a bat have?
6. Vrhat is one of the longest words in English?
7. Does a chimpanzee have a good memory?
8. How old is the Great Wall of China?
9. Do allbtuds fly?
10. Did birds come from dinosaurs?

LJ Exercis€ 14. tel's tolk. (choris l4-2 ond r4-3)

Work in small groups. Choose a femous movie star or celebrity. Meke complete statements
using noun clauses and tie given words. Share some of your sentences with the class. See if
anyone knows the information.

l. Vhat do you wonder about hinD/her?

A. where - I zwn&r where she lh,vs.
b. what
c. if
d. who

f. why

2. What do you want to ask him/her?

,ntho I hin hi friend:
^. when -
toant to ask who are.
b.
c. what
d. whether
e. why
f. where

D Exercise 15. Worm-up. (chod I4-4)

Check (r') the sentences that are grammatically correct. ! hich checked sentences do you
aSree with?

1. _ I thinl that noun clauses are hard.

2. I suppose that this chapter is useful.
l. I think that some of fie exercises are easy.
4. Is interesting this chapter I think.

378 CHAPTER r4
 sv A noun clause can be introduced bythe word ,hat
(a) I lhink that Mr Janes is a gaod teacher. ln (a): that Mr Jones is a good teachel is a noun clause.
(b) I hoDF- that you can come to the gane- ll is lhe objecl of lhe verb rnrnk
ic) Mary tealizes that she should study hardeL Ihalclauses are lrequently used as the obiects ofverbs
(d) I dteamed that I was on the top of a nountain. lhat express mental aclivily.

(e) | lhink that Mr. Jones is a gaod teacher. The word &atis oilen omitted, especially in speaking.
(1) | lhink g Mr. Janes is a good teachel Examples (e)and (f)have the same mean ng.

Common Verbs Followed by ll,rt-clausesr

agree that

believe that Iorgel that notice that say lhal

decide thal guess lhal predicl that
hearthat think lhat
doubl that hope that read lhal
*See Appeodi! Chri A-,1 for moE vdbs th.i cm be Iollowed by ,,!claDse6.

Ll Exelcise 16. Looking ol glommor. (cho* l4-4)

Add the word ,rra, to mark the beginning ofa noun clause.
thatt
1. I think most people have kind hearts.
^
2. Ilst night I dreamed a monster was chasing me,

3. I believe we need to protect the min forests.

4. Did you noticeYusefwasn't in class yesterday? I hope he's okay.

5. I trust Linda. I believe what she said. I believe she told the tuth.

tr Exercise 17. let's tolk poirwork. (chq* r4-4)

llork with a parmer. Take turns asking and answe ng quesrions. Use rrar-clauses. Share
some ofyour partner's answers with the class.

l. Ilahat have you noticed about English grammar?

2. What have you heald in the news recendy?
3. Sflhat did you drcam recently?
4. What do you believe abour people?
5. \[.har can scientists prove?
6. What can't scientists prove?

Noun clouses 379

コ Exelcise I8. wqrm-up. (chod l4-5)
Check (/) the senrences that you agree with.
l. I'm sure that vitamins give people more energy.
2. _ It's true tlat vitamins help people live longer.
3. Iis a fact rhat vitamins help people look younger.

(a) I m sure thatlhe bus stops here. Ihar'clauses can follow certain expressions with
lb) | m gla.l thatyouteleeling betler loday. be + adjective ot be + pasl panbiple-
(c) I m sorry thal I missed class yesterday.
The word lhel can be omitled wilh no change in meaning:
ld) | was disappointed thatyou couldn't come.
l'n sure AJ the bus stops here.
(e)″ lS t″ eめ a′ the wo‖ 0峰 子 ound 昴″o common expresslons folo″ ed by● l・ a● clauses arei
(r)″ lS a rac′ thatthe wond s round ″た・ lyθ (r・ ar)

′ a力 c,(fhat)
`お
Common Expressions Followed by That-clauses'
be akaid that be disappointed that be sad that be upsetthat
be angry lhal be glad lhal be shocked that be wor ed that
be happy lhal be sorry that
be lucky rhar be sure that tis a lactthat
be surpr sed that tis true that

'See Appendn Cha.iA-5 lo. morc cf,prcssions thlr.an be tallosrd br'rra.clauses.

I Exelcise 19. Looking ol grommor, (chorts l4-4 ond t 4-5)

Add ,rrat wherever possible.
that
1. A: Welcome. We're glad
you could come.
^
B: Thank you. I'm happy to be here.

2 A: Thank you so much for your gift.

B: I'm pleased you like it.

3 A: I wonder why Paulo was promoted to geneml manager instead ofAndrea,

B: So do I. I'm surprised Andrea didn't get the job. I think she is more qualified.

4 A: Are you aware you have ro pass rhe English test to get into the university?

B: Yes, but I'm certain I'll do well on it.

380 cHAPTER 14
 5. Are,vou surprised dinosaurs lived on earth for one hundred and twenty-five milion
(125,000,000) years?

6. Is it true human beings heve lived on earth for only four million (4,000,000) yeals?

LJ Exercise 20. Let's tolk. (choris l4-4 ond l4-5)

Pai l Work in small groups. Irok at the health treatmentsbelow. !0hich ones do you know
about? Which ones do you think are helpful? You may need to check your dictionary.

massage natufopathy
hlpnosis mediotion yoga

Par, II. Complete the sentences with words from the list. Use noun clauses. Discuss vour
sentences widl other students.
l l bclieve/tllink is usetul for

2. I am certain

l. I am not convinced

U Exercise 21. Lislening ond glommor (chorts l4-4 ond I4-5)

/
(d
Ljsren lo each conversarion and then complete rhe sentences,
.r Eran\l?: You will hear: MAN: I heard Jack is in iail. Icanrbeheveitl
WoM-qN: Neither can Mhe Police said he robbed a house.
They must have the wrong person.
You will say: a- The man is shocked thar Jack is in iail.
b. The woman is sure thar q9_p9.1!!9!!q$q{!qqg2sMg.

l. a. The woman thinks that . . . .

b. The man is glad rhat . . . .
2. a. The mother is worried that . . . .
b. Her son is sure that . . . ,
3. a. Th€ man is surprised that . . . .
b. The woman rs disappoinled rhar . . . .
4. a. The man is happy that . . . .
b. The woman is pleased that . . . .
5. a. The woman is afraid* that . . . .
b. The man is sure that . . . .

'Sondid6 & qts.d.ipB.6 f.r:

I tLn\ @ b N tuat thd tlos. l'n dlarl thd , oill br. n .
Som{im6 6. qtud qp6c po&. rqI.r:
I'i al it)nu h4 th. @ryn!,&r = I'm $..y, but I thini hre thc *rcna ndb.i
I'd afuid I @11 w b to* tarD,. : I m ior.y, but I cs\ coDc
'ou io,ru pdty.

Noun clouses 38I

ロ Exercise 22. Worm-up. (chor 14-6)
CLcle all the statements tlat are true for each conveftation.
l A: Did Taka remember to get food for dinner tonight?
BI I think so.
a. Speaker B thinks Taka got food for dinner.
b. Speaker B is sUIe thatThka got food for dinner.
c. Speaker B doesn't know for sure if Taka got food for dinner.

2. A: Is Ben marryinsTara?
B: I hope not.
a. Speaker B sa,r Ben is not going to marryTara.
b. Speaker B doesn't know if Ben is going to maryTara.
c. Speaker B doesn't want Ben to marry Thm.
０    ０   ０

A: Think, believe, and hop are frequently followed by so in

B: I think so (so = lhalAra /b from Peru) conversalional English ln response lo a yes/no question.
A: Does Judy live in Dallas? They are allernatives lo yes, no, ot I don't know-
B: lbelieve so. (so: thal Judy lives in Dallas) So replaces a lhal-clause.
Did you pass the test? lNcoRREcr: I think so lhal Ana is hom Peru-
lhope so (so = thal / passed lhe les,

ls Jack mafiied? NeOatVe usaOe ofめ ln々 sO and berleve sOi

ldor'tthink so. / ldor'tbelieve so. αO′ 0`・ わたso/dO βOi belleて s0
l・

(e) Did you lal the test? Negalive usage of hope in conversalional responses:
lhope nO,
h le): I hope not = I hope I didn't,ailthe test.
tNcoRRECf: I d1n't hope so-

(f) Do you want lo come wilh us? Olher common conversalional responses:
Oh, ldon't know, lguess so I guess so- lguess not-
I suryose so- I suppose not-
NorE: ln spoken English, srrppose often sounds llke

f Exercise 23. Looking ol grommor. (chort 14-6)

Restate Speaker B's answe$ by using a ,ia.clause.
l AI Is Karcn going to bc homc tonight,
B: I think sO
,′ ″ jllた ″α′κ αχ″澪♂ lFg ω ・
● 力θ771ι 妙 ′
"″

382 cHAPTER 14
 2. A: Arc we going to have a grammar test tomorrow?
B: I don't believe so.
3. A: lrill Margo be at the conference in March?
B: I hope so.

4. A: Can ho$es swim?

B: I believe so.
5. A: Do gorillas have tails?
B: I don't thinl so.
6. A: Will Janet be at Omar's wedding?
B: I suppose so.
7. A: WiI your flight be canceled b€csuse of the storms?
B: I hope not.

o Exercise 24, I€trs tolk poinyod(. (chod l/t-6)

Ivork with a partner. Thke tums answeriDg the questions. If you arc not sure, use ,rr'n& so.
Ifyou are sue, use Es or No.
Erarnde:
SPEAXTRA (610A open): Does this book heve more than 500 pages?
SpElrcR B (root.lored): I drink so. / I don'r fiink so.
Yes, it does. / No, it doesnl.

l. Are we going to have a grammar quiz tomorrow?

2. Do spiders have noses?
3. Do spiders have eyes?
4. Is there a 6re extinguisher in this room?
5. Does the word panleff heve more then one meerring?
6. Does the word doza have morc than ofle meening?
7. Is your left foot bigger than your right foot?
8. Is there just one sun in our uoiverse?
9. Do any English words begin with the letter "x"?
10. Do you know what a noun clause is?

O Exercise 25. Worm-uP. (chq.t lil-7)

Circle the quotation marks and underline the punctuation inside each quotation. What are rhe
differences in punctuation?

1. "Helpl" Marcos yelled.

2. "Can someone help me?" h€ asked.
3. "I'm going to drop this box ofiars," he said.

Noun clouses 383

 Som€times we want to quole a speak€rb words to write a speakels exact words, Exact quotalions are us€d
-
in many kands ol writing, such as newspap€r arlicles, stories, novels, and academic papers. When we quote a
speakor's words. we us€ quotalion marks.

(a) SPEAXERS' EXACI WORDS (b) OUOIING ITIE SPEAKEFS'WOFDS

Jane: Cais are fun to walch. Jane said, "Cals are fun to walch,"
Mike: Yes, I agree. Theyte gracslul and playlul. l\,{ike said, "Y€s, lagr6e. They?e gracefuland
Do you have a cat? playful. Do you have a cat?"

(C)HOW TO WRITE QUOTAnONS

l Add a comma ane「 sa″・
2. Add quolation marks." ``

3 Cap taize the first wo子 d ofthe quota10n ``Caヽ

4. Write lhe quolation. Add a linal period ``Cats are fun to watch
5. Add quotalion ma*s atler lhe period. ``Cats are Fun to watch''

(d) Mike said, "Yes, I aEee. Theyle gracelul and When lhere ar6lwo (or more) senlences in a
playrul. Do you have a cal?'r quolalion, pul lhs quotalion marks al the beginning
/llcaqREcr: Mike said, "Yes, Iagrce- "fheyle and €nd o,lhe whols quote, as in (d).
\e)
gtacelul and playlul" "Do you have a cat?" Do Nor pui quotalion marks arcund each senlsnco.
As wilh a period, pul th€ quolation marks altor a
question mark al th€ end ol a quote.

(l) "cals are lun to walch,tt Jane said. ln (0: Notice thal a comma (nol a period) as used at
(g) "Do you have a cal?') Mike asked. the end ol lhe ouorED SENTENCE because Jr[e 3rld
comes atter lhe quots.
ln (g): Nolice lhal a queslion mark (not a comma) is
used al ihe end o, ihe ouorED ouEsTroN.

'orh.r comdon Erbs beides,a, thar int oduc.qu6tions: adnn,onnoune,oM,uh,mlbia,., ah,,t9vi4,tu 06,dilr,tholt,

riQuor.ion hEr,l .re caued 'irrened comm.!" in Brnih Enslish.

:l Erercise 26. looking sl glqmmor (chort t4-7)

Make sentences in which you quote the speater\ exact words. Use said or ashed. Punctuate
car€fully.

l. AN!:,r: My sister is a student.

' Ann saidr "My sister is a student." or "My sister is a studentr" Ann said
2. ANN: Is your brother a studeot?

3. RrIA: we're hungry.

4. RrrA: Are you hungry too?

5. RrrA: Irt's eat. The food is ready.

6. JorrN F. KEITNEDY: Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for
yOur country

384 cHAPIER 14
tr Exercise 27. Looking ol grommor. (chod I4-7)
A teacher recently had a conversation with Roberto. Practice punctuatrng their quoted speech-
(TEACHER) You know sign longuoge, don'l you I osked Roberto,
(RoBERro) Yes, I do he replied bolh my grondporenls ore deof.
(TEACHER) l'm looklng for someone who knows sign longuoge. A deof student s
going to visil our closs next Mondoy I soid. Could you interpret for her I

osked.
(RoBERro) l'd be hoppy to he onswered. ls she going lo be o new student?
(TEACHER) Possibly I soid. She's interesled n seeing whot we do in our English
closses.

J Exercise 28. Reoding ond wriling. (chod r4-7)

Parr L Read the story. Underline the quoted speech.

The Ugly Duckling

Once upon a time, there was a mother duck. She lived on a farm and spent her days
sitting on her nest of eggs. Ore morning, the eggs began to move and out came six little
ducklings. But there was one egg thar was bigger than r}le rest, and it didn\ hatch. The mofier
didn't remember this cgg. "I thouglt I had only six," she said. "But maybe I counted

A shon time larer, rhe seventh egg hatched. But this duclding had gray feathers, not
brown like his brorhels, and was quite ugly. His mother thoughr, "Maybe this duck isn't one of
mine." He grew faster than his brothcrs and ate more food, He was very clumsn and none of
the other animals warted to play with him. Much of the time he was alone.

He felt unlovcd by cveryone, and he decided ro run away fiom thc farm. He asked other
animals on the way, "Do you how of any ducklings rhai look like me?" But they iust taushed
and said, "You are the ugliest duck we have cver seen." Ore day, the duckling looked up and
sa$ a group ofbeautitul birds overhead. They were white, with long slender necks and large
wings. The duckling thought, "I want to look jusr like them."
He wandered alone most ofthe winter ard finally found a comfortable bed ofrceds in a
pond. He thought to himself, "No one wanrs me. l'll just hide here for rhe resr ofmy life-"
There was plenry of food rherc, and although he was lonely, he felr a litde happier.

Noun Clouses 385

 By springrime, the duck was quite large. One morning, he saw his reflection in the watcr.
He didn't even recognize himself. A Sroup of swans coming back from the south saw him and
flew down to the pond. "Where have you been?" they asked. "You're a swan like us." As they
began ro swim acrcss the pond, a child saw thcm and said, "Look at the youngest swan. He's
the most beautiful ofall." The swan beamed with happiness, and he lived happily ever after.

Pal, II. li(/ork in small groups and answer this question: What lessons does this srory teach?
Par, /lL Vrite a story that includes quoted speech. Choosc one of these topics:
1- Write a fable* fiom your country in which animals speak.
2. \Vrite a story that you learned when you were young.

tr Exercise 29. Worm-up. (cho* t4-8)

Circle the coffect words in ndiri.

Kathy and Mark said th^t we I the! didn't like oarl,iar new apartment.

'a,6rld = a traditioDal *orr rhar re,ches , lesrcn sboui life

386 CHAPIER 14
 QUOTED SPEECI] ouoTEo SPEEoH = giving a speak€ls exacl words, Ouolalion marks
(a) Ann said, ',m hunsry.'
(b) Tom said,"/reedmypen.'

REPOFTED SPEECI] REPoBTED SPEECH = givinq lhe idea ol a speake.S v/ords. Not all oi lhe

(c) Ann said (lhat) sl,e rrs hungry. exacl words are used;pronouns and verb lorms may change.
Quotaiion marks are Nor used.r
(d) Tom said (lhat) l,e reeded h's pen.
Irrrl is oplional; il is more common in writing lhan in speaking.

'Qaotut rpech i ate.El] d.li$t tti@h, R.?orte<l tpeqh is.ko ccllcd inniftd 3?...h.

」 Exercis€ 30. looking ol glommor. (chod I4-8)

Change the pronouns ftom quoted speech to reported speech.
l. Mr. Smith said, "I need help with my luggage."

- Mr. Smith said that ---tL needed help with ---.ItL luggage

2. Mrs. Hart said, "I am going to visit my brother."

, Mrs. Hart said that vas 8olng to、■slt
、 brother.

3 Sergey said to me, "I will call you."

' Sergey said would ca11

4. Rick said to us, "l'll meet you at your house after I finish my work at my house."

- Rick said thar at

flnishcd

J Exercise 3l, Worm-up. (Chort t4-9)

Read the conversation and look at the sentences that describe it. All are correct. w'hat
difrerence do you notice?

JENNY: \7hat are you doing tomorrow?

ELA: I'm going ro rake my parents our to dinner.
a. Ella said she was going to take her parents out to dinner.
b. Ella just said she is going ro rake her pareflts out to dinner.
c. hst week Ella said she was going to teke her parents our ro dinner.
d. Ella says she is going to take her parents our ro dinner.

Noun Clouses 387

 (a) auorED: Joe said, "l feelgoodl ln forma English, il the reporting verb (e.9., sad) is in
(b) FEpourED: Joe said (lhal) he fellgood. lhe pasl. the verb ir lhe 'loJn claJse s oflen also _ a
pasl lom, as in (b)and (d).
(C) ouorED: Ken said, "l am happy]
(d) REpoRrEo: Ken said (that)he was happy.

Ann said,'l am hungry." ln inlormal English, otlen lhe verb in lhe noun clause
(e) did Ann jusl say? ldidn't hear her is nol changed to a pasl lorm, especially when wods
-What are reported soo, afterthey arc said, as in (e),
She said (lhat) she is hungry.
-
(l ) What did Ann say when she gol home lasl night? ln laEr repotting, hc,Nevet, or in lormal English, a
She said (ha0 she was hungry. pasl verb is commonly used, as n (l).
-
(g) Ann says {lhat) she is hungry ll the reporl ng verb is presenl tense (e.9., says), no
change is made in ihe noun clause verb.

oJOTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH REPORIED SPEECH

(formal or later reportins) (informal or immediate reporting)

He said・ woァ 々hardr He said he h/orked hard. He he works hard.

said
Ho sad.」 an″ orkfng hardr He said he was wotking hatd- He he is worl(irg hard.
said
He said.・ lyrlrked hard「 He said he had lvorked hard. Ho he worked hard.
said
He said,' 力ave lν O′ ed hard「 He said he ha.l wo*ed had- He he nas worked hard.
said
Ho sad,H amク ol● ●
“ ″ hard「 He said he was going to wo* hed- He s2.id he is going to wo* had-
`0"●
He said.' wl″ work hardr He said he would wotk rla.d. He said he wil,,vorr( hard.
He said,・ can,vork hard: He said he could work hard, He said he ca, work hard.

」 Exelcise 32. Looking ql grommoL (Chort r4-9)

Complete the reported speech senten€es. Use formal ve$ forms.

l. Sonia said, "I need some help."

, Sonia said (that) she nee,1e.] solJJe}].elp.

2. Linda said, "I'm meetidg David for dinner."

, Linda said (that) she David fo. dinner.

3. Ms. Chavez said, "I have studied in Caim."

, Ms Chavcz said(that)she in Cairo.

4. Kazu said, "I foEor to pay my electric bill."

, Kazu said Ghat) he to pay his electric bill.
5. Barbara said, "I am going ro fly to Hawaii for my vacation."

' Barbara said (that) she ro Hawaii for her vacation.

6. I said, "I'll cary the box up the stairs."

, I said(that)I the box up the stairs.

7. Thrjk said to me, "I can teach ]'ou to drivc."

,句 arik said(that)he me to d ve.

388 cHAPTER 14
」 Exercise :Xl. Looking ol grommor. (chods r4-8 ond I il-9)
Change the quoted speech to reported speech. Change the verb in quoted speech to a pasr
form in reported speech ifpossible.
l. Jim said, "I'm sleepy."
+ Jin sait (that) he was
2. Kristina said, "I don\ like'bept.
chocolate."
3. Carla said, "I'm planning to take a trip with my family."
4. Ahmed said, "I have already eaten lunch."
5. Kate said, "I called my docror."
6. Mr. Rice said, "I'm going to go to Chicago."
7. Pedro said, "I will be at your house at ten."
8. Emma said, "I can't afrord to buy a new car."
9. Olivia says, "I crn't afford to buy a new car."
10. Ms. Acosra said, "I want toyou in my office
see
after your meeting with your supervisor."

L」 Exercise 34. Worm-uP. (chort l4-10)

Circle all the sentences that are grammatically correct.
l. a. David asked Elena ifshe would marry him.
b. David askcd Elena *ould she marry him.
c. David wanted to lllow if Elena would marrv him
2. a. Elena said she wasnl sure.
b. Elena told she wasn't surc.
c. Elena told David she wasn't sure.

(a) Kay saidthat' sho,,vas hungry A main verb that introduces repo(ed speech is called
(b) Kay told rne that sho was huogry a"repo.ling verb." Sry is lhe mosl common reporling
(c) Kay rord Iom that she was hungry. verb.t and is usually followed immediatoly by a noun
NCaRRE)T: Kay rold that she was hungry- clause, as in (a).
tNcaRREcf: Kay told lo me that she was hungty. Telis also commonly used. Nol6 thal tord is lollowed
tNCaRREcr: Kay sad me that she was hungry. byrrein (b) and by IoD in (c).
,e/ needs to be lollowed immediately by a (pro)noun
objeci and lhen by a noun clause.

(d) ouorED: Ken asked me, are you lired?" Asleat is used lo repon queslions.
UEPoFTED: Ken ,sted (me) ,r l was iired.

le) Ken wantecl to know il I was tied- Oueslions are also reported by ustng want to know,
Ken wonde.e.l ll I was tned. wonclaL and inqune.
Ken inquned whethet u not I was iired.

ouorEo: I said (lo Kay), 'l am nol lired" The verbs ,16rl€I and ,epry ars otlen used lo reporl
aEpoRrED: I answerc.! | rcplied lhal I wasn l tired,

'IXet is optioDal- Ss Ch.pter 14 a.

'*Other common reportin3 ver6s: Ko! annu,c.d t co menra.l t Mt'lain.d t .tCldina.l t md*od t .tdt .l thar sh. tu6

tttoun Clouses 389

J Exercise 3!i. Looklng st grommor. (chod l4-r0)
Complere rhe sentences with sat4 ,or4 or asAed.
l. Karen told ne that she would be here at one o'clock.

2. l^m l said trat he was going to get here around two.

3. Sophia ---a9!9L me what time I would arrive.

4 ヽνilliam tharlhadamessage.

5 W■ ialn me that someone had called me around ten-thirry

6 1 William ifhe kne$'the callcr's namc.

7. I had a short conversation with Alice yesterday. I her that I would help
her mor,e into her new apafiment next week- She that she would welcome
the help Shc me if I had a rruck or kne\r' anyone who had a truck. I
her Dan had a truck. She shc、 vould call hm■

8. My uncle inToronlo called and that he was organizing a surprise parry for
mv arnCs 60rh birthdar He me if I could come toToronto for the par+
him thai I would be happy to come. I when it was. Hc
it was tle last weekend in August.

J Exercise 36. Lefs lolk poinyork. (choft 5-2, r4-2, ril-3, ond l4-lo)
lurork wirh a parrner. Write down five questions ro ask your parmer about his/her life or
opioions. Interview your partner and write down the answers. Then report to the class some
ofthe information you found out about your partner. Include borh the question and the
response. Use either formal or informal verb forms.l
Exan?les:
SluDEi'r A's question: Where were you born?
STUDENT B's response: h Nepal-
STUDEN"T A's report: I asked him where he was born. He said he was born in Nepal.

STUDENT B's question: Who do you admire most in the world?

STUDEN.T A's response: I admire my parents.
S-IUDENT B's report: I asked him who he admires most in the world. He said he admires his
Parents the most.

'ln d!.yday spot n EDalLh, ErjE rpcarG sm.dE6 chm8. fomrM.td loe cLuE Ern6 b pter fota, .nd $D.tim6
in.y doD\. I! e inforul r.9ortins siNation such as in &is .rftisc, .ith.r infomavi@diat rcponiq or rcporrrg tca.3

3m CHAPTER 14
」 Exelcise 37. Looking ol grommor. (choft l4-8 -.) 14-10)
Complete the paragraph based orl what the people in tle pictue are sayng. Use the formal
sequence of tenses.

One day Katya and Pavel were at a restaunnt Katya picked up her menu and looked at it.

Pavel lef! his menu on the table. Katya asked Pavel whaL he wa5 Oolnl to have . He said
I
anytiins because he

Hc aheady. Katya was

3

surpHsed Shc asked hlnl why He told her

I Exercise 38. looking qt glqmmor. (chorts l4-8 ' 14-10)

Change the reported speech to quoted speech. Begin a new paragraph each dme the speaker
changes. Pay special attention to pronounsJ verb forms, and word order'
Eramtle:
REPoRTED SpEEcE: This moroing my mother asked me ifl had gotten enough sleep last night.
I told her that I was fme. I explained that I didn't need a lot ofsleep. She
rold me that I needed to take bettet care of mlseli

QuorED SpEEcH: Thie mornin1 my mother aai4, "Did you 6et enou1h aleeP laet ni1htT'
'1'm finc," I replied. "l dok't need a lat of eleeP."
qhe 5aia, "You nee) to take better carc of yourgelf."

1 In fie middle ofclass yesrerday, my friend tapped me on the shoulder and asked me what I
was doing after class. I told her that I would tell her later.
2. When I was putting on my coat, Robet asked me where I was going- I told him that I had
a date with Anna. He wanted to know what we werc going to do. I told him that we were
going to a movie.

Noun clouses 391

J Exelcisg 39. List€ning. (chorts l4-E + l/a-10)
a Listen to Roger's reporl of his phone conversation with Angela. Then listen again and write
@ the missing words.

Angclx cxl1cd rtld me where Bill

2

her he h ulclunchroom She

uhcn he back I
6 7

he back around 2:00 1 her if I

9
something for her.

Shc lhat Bin had the t遁 brmatlon slle

t2
and only he hcr. her that I
13 1.1

him a message. She rhanked me and hung up.

t5

-l Exercise 40. Reoding. (chopior 14)

Phrr L Reed the passage.

The l-ast l-€cture

In 2007, a 47-year-old computer science professor from Carnegie Mellon
University was invited to give a lecture ar his universiry His name was Randy
Pausch, and the lecture series was called "The hst I-ecture." Pausch was
asked to think about what wisdom he would give to people ifhe knew it was
his last opportunity to do so. In Pausch's case, it really was his last lecture
because he had csncer arrd wasn't expected to survive. Pausch gave an
uplifting lecture called "Really AchievingYour Childhood Dreams." The
lecture was recorded and put on the Int€rnet. A reporter for the I7a1l Sneer
Jo!.rral was also there and wrote about ir. Soon millions of people arouod the
world heard about Pausch's inspiring talk.
Here are some quotes from Randy Pausch:
To the general publb:
"Ploper apologies have three pans: (l) rx/het I didwas wrong. (2) I'm sorry thar I
hurt you. (3) How do I make it better? lt's fie ihird part that people tend to forget."
"If I could only give three words of advice, they would be 'tell the iruth.' If I got
three more words,I'd add'all the time'."
"The key question to keep askiDg is, 'Are you spending your time on the ght
things?' Because time is all you have."
"We cannot change the cards we are dealt, iust how we play the hand."
To his srudents: "Whether you ihink you cafl or can't, you're right."
Tb childrc : "Don't try to figure out what I wanted you to become. I want you to
hi
become what you want to becoine,"

392 cHAmR 14
 Sadly, in 2008, Randy Pausch died. Before his desth he was 6ble ro put down his thoughts
in a book, appropriately called The Las, Lecture.

Ibrt Ir.Work in small groups. Make sure the members of your group understand each
quotation in Part I. Then, individually, choose one ofrhe quotes to agee o! disagree with.
Use some of these phrases and suppor! your statement with reesons.

I agree / disagree that I thint / don't think ther

I believe / don'r believe that lt's uue that

B Exorcis€ 41. Check your knowl€dg€. (chqprer r,r)

Edit dre sentences. Correct the emors in noun clauses.
l. My &iend knows where Co I live.

2. I don't know what is youi emeil address?

3. I think so that Mr. Iae is out of town.

4. Can you tell me that where Victor is living now?

5. I asked my uncle whar kind ofmovies does he like.

6. I think, that my English has improved a lot.

7. Is true that people ar€ basically rhe same everylvhere in the world.

8. A men came to my door last week. I didn't know who is he.

9. I want to know does Pedro have a laptop computer.

10. Sam and I talked about his classes. He told thet he don't lik€ his algebra class.

I l. A woman came into the room and ask me Where is your brother?

12. I felt very relieved when the doctor said, you will be fine. ft's noihing serious,

13. My mother asked me that: "When you will be home?

tttoun Ctouses 393

UNIT A

(a) I am not hungry now. I have The PRESENT PEFFECT exptesses an

aclivily lhal occurrcd belore now, at an
unspecilied tine in lhe pasl. as in la)-

(b)lwas noi hungry al li00 P.M. The pAsr pEFFEcr expresses an aclivity
I had aieady eaten. \ha\ occurred belore another time ]n
︵
Ｘ︶一●ゝ〓●Ｌ

ln (b): I ale al noon. lwas not hungry

at 1:00 PM becalrse I had akeady
ealen beiore l:0O PM.

I laughed when I saw my son.

He had pouGd a bowl ol noodles on top o{ his head.

395
 (a) I wrs est ng when Bob came. The PAsr PRoGaEsslvE elpresses an
activity lhal was i/, progress at a
ＯＦ一
Wrticulat lme in lhe past-
一０ル●＾一

ln (a): I b€gan to sal at noon. Bob

came al 12:10. My mealwas in
progress when Bob came.

Past Perfect (b) I r'ad erte, when Bob came. The pasr pEBFEcr express€s an aclivily
lhalwas completed belorc a particulat
勁●〓●。 一
つ。工′¨

ln (b): lri.ish€d eanng at noon. 8ob

came at 1:00 PM. My mealwas
●Ｌ

completad balore Bob came.

A-3 Still vs. Atwtnore

S`J7

(a)I Was cold yesterda, stl″ cold today we st′ ″need to Slil, = A silualion continues lo srasl lrom
wear coats pasl io presenl wilhoui change. slr,, is
The maildid6l com6 an hour ago. The srll′ hasn used rn either atlirmaiive or negalive

Posilion: mids6nloncor

I lived in Chicago iwo y€ars ago, but ihen I moved to another Aaymor. = A pasl silualion does not
cily. I don t live in Chicaqo rrymore. conlinue to €xisl at prgsenli a pasl
situation has chang6d. Arryfiorchas lhe
same meaning as any /ongeL atrymote is
used in n6galiv6 s6nl6nc6s.
Posilion: end o, ssntsncs
rsee Chart l-3,p. 10. A nidsentence advdb
(l) DEcedes a simpr. Dr6.ni tItl: v4 ttiU need b wat.NB.
(2) @, @r,: h it
follovs az, ,i, ae,
(3) coocs 6.M..n a h.lpins verb md'titl.od.
. mzi. v.rb: B.b hG atea.rt a*i@.l
(,I) pr.ced.s . Dcsrtivc h.lpins r.tv Ann ttiu he't m..
(5) follo$s th. slbi.ct in. q!6ion: Ho@ 3bu.rftddt wnthd ndn?

396 APPTNDIx
 EUSeS*
conclud€ lhal guess that prelend that sholv that
imagine ihai suspectthat
learlhal indicate lhal recognize lhal teach that
figurc oul lhal rcgret lhal
find oul that reveal lhat

'Se Cha l.t 4,p.3?9, for more inromaioD.

Scieniisls have corcruded lrratdolphins can communicate wilh each other.

be proud that
b€ horriried lhal be terri ed that
be aslounded lhat be impressed lhat be thrl ed that
be delighied that
be posilivo that

'See Ch! ll 5. p. 3a0, for morc i.lomanon

supplemenlory Grommor Chorts 3t7

UNIT B: Phroso!Verbs
N∝ E:SCC tlle Flr″ あ ″″″αお げ 37`力 Cr771771α r Wる 浅あοoた appcndi For more practicc cxerciscs for
phrasal vcrbs

(a) We ρu`ο ″Ourt10 We11 9o neXt month instead orthis ln (a): pd olt = a phrasal velb
month (ρ υ′0″ ="S● A pFraAs L = a verb and a particl€ lhal
vERa
'nel
(b) 」imm´ ρu:On yOur cOat belore you go OutdOOrs logother have a specialmeaning. For example.
(ρ υ!ο η‐ρlaCe cro′ゎ
es οηOne3 aス pul off moans'poslpono.'

(C) Someone leltthe scissors on the table

"の They didn t A p^RTrcLE = a 'small word" 1e.9., off. on, away,
belong there l ρllι them aray back) that is used in a phasal v€rb.
(ρ υtaWay‐ ρυ r solη elblng"lrs“ ua′ 0′ ρropα ρlacθ ) Notice that lhe phrasal verbs wilh prrl in (a), (b),
(d) Afterl osed the dict onary l ρ●:it backon the shelf (c), and (d) all have dilloreni meanings.
υ′ba“ ‐ rerllrn sο ″θぃing b lts Orlg"a′
(ρ

"Ce Some phrasal verbs are separable: a NouN

Separablc
ｅ

We put ott an trip. = (vb + partlcle + NouN) (1) Iollow lhe parlicls, as in (e), oF
１   ９

We put aur iip ott. = (vb + NouN + particle) (2) come between (s6parale) lhe verb and
We put it olt. = (vb + pRoNouN + particle) lhe particle, as in (l).
ll a phrasalvelb is s€parable, a pFoNouN oBJEcr
comes between th€ vsrb and lhe panlcle. as rn (g).
tNcoRRECf: we put oll it.

Nonseparable ll a phrasalv6rb is nonr€paaeble, a NouN or

pmNouN always follows (novsr prccsdss) lhe
ｈ

l ran′ 8ob = (vb + lErtlcle + NcuN) particle, as in (h)and (i).

  ｌ

"わ
l an lnfoわ い = (vb + lErtlcle + PFoNcuN)
tNcoRRECf: I hn Elob inlo-
tNcoRRECr: lran hih inlo-

Phrasat verbs: Intransitive Some phrasalverbs are inlrans iive; i e.. ihey are
not lollowed by an object.
The machane brcke down

Three-\\i,rd I'hr sal \!rbs Some two-word velbs (e.9., drop in) can becone
lhree-word verbs (e.9., d/op ln or).

(m)Last n ght some tr ends dropped jn ln(m)d‐p● s notlolowed by an obiect h S

an intranstve phrasa verb o eⅢ l S nOtlol'owed
by an Ottect)

(n)Lelt arop ffl ο ln (n): drop i, oris a lhree-word phrasalvelb.

"AIce this alleinoon
Three-word ph€salvelbs are iransilive (they are
Iollowed bv obtecls)

(。 )We。 ″。ρρθdわ On"erlast week ln (o): Three-word phrasalv66s are

nonsepaEble (th6 noun or pronoun rollows lhe
phrasalvelb).

398 APPENDTx
 A
a3k out = ask (someooe) lo go on a dale gel over = reco\,€r Jrom an illness or a shock
get togeiher (wlth) : join, meet
blow oul :
exiinguish (a match, a candle) gel through (wlth) : finish
brc6k down :
stop lunctioning prcperly gel up = get oul of bed in lhe morning
breakout : happen suddenly give away = donate, gel rid ol by giving
brgak up : separale, end a rslalionship glve back = relurn (something) lo (someone)
brlng teck = relurn give up - quit doing (something) orquil trying
brlng up : (1) raise (childr€n)
go on - conlinue
(2) mention, slart lo lalk about
go b.ck 0o) = relurn lo a place
C call back = return a telephone call
go oul = nol slay home
go ove. (io) = (1) approach
(2) visit anolher's home
cell on = ask (someone)to speak in class
call up : make a lelephone call
grow up (ln) = become an adull

cheer up : make happier

hand ln = lesl papers, elc., lo
Oive homework,
clean up = make neal and cl6an a teacher
come along (wilh) : accompany hand out = give (something) to this person,
come l.om = originate then lo lhal person, th€n lo
come ln = enler a room or buildinq anolher person, etc.
com6 over {to) = visil lh6 sp€ak€/s place hang aroundout (wllh) = spend lim6 rolaxing
cro53 oul = draw a line lhrough hang up = (1) hang on a hanger or a hook

cut oul (o0 : remove with scissors or knire

(2) end a lelephone conversation

D dlea3 up = put on nice clolhes help out = assisl (someone)

drop ln (on) = visil wilhoul calling lirsi or
wilhoui an invilation К keep awly (lrom) :
notgivelo
drop out (ol) : siop atiending (school) keep on = conlinue

eat oul = eat oulside ol ones home lay oll = siop employmenl
lesve on = (1) nol iurn off (a lighl, a machine)
l.ll down = fallto the ground (2) not iake ofl (clolhing)
tlgurc out : ,ind lhe solulion lo a problem look lnto = invosligate
llllin = complete by w ting in a blank space look ovsr = axamine carelully
tlll out : write inlormation on a lorm look out (lor) = be carelul
,lll up : fill complelely wilh gas, water, collee, look up = look lor informalion in a dictionary,
a telephone direclory, an
flnd oui (aboul) : discover inlormation encyclopedia, etc.

foolaround (with) = hav6 Jun while wasting

lime
pay back = relurn borrowed money to
(someone)

G gol on = enier a buyan airplano/a lrain/a pick up = lift

polnl oul = callatlention lo
gel out ol = leave a car, a taxi

(continuedl

Supplem6nlory Crommor Choi. 399

 prinl out = creale a papsr copy lrom a
compuler leke on = (1)remove clothssrrom one's body
pul away = put {somelhing) in its usual or (2) asc€nd in an airplane
proper place take out = invite out and pay
put back : relurn (something) to [s original talk ovar = discuss
teer doryn = destroy a building
put down = stop holding orcarrying t.er oui (ol) = remove (paper) by lsaring
put oft = postpone lqar up = lsar inlo small pieces
put on : put clothes on ono's body lhlnk ovar = consider
pul oul = exlinguish (stop) a lirs, a cigaretlo
thrcu away/out = pul in lhe trash, discard
try on = put on clolhing to see il fils
inlo : meel by chanc€
al
run
run out (of) = Iinish the supply ol (somelhing) ) chanoo to ihe oooocite direclion
ium bick J

3€t out (ior) = begin a lrip turn doun = decrease lhe volume
Bhut olt = slop a machine or a lighl, lurn oll tuan olf = slop a machine or a lighl
sign up (tor) : put oneb name on a llsl iurn on = slarl a machine 0r a light
show up = come, appear iurn over = lurn lhe lop side lo the bottom
sitamund (with) = sil and do nolhing lurn up = increase the volume
slt back = put ones back agansl a chair bacl
xral(euP = slop sleeping
slt down = go lrom slanding io sining
ftitch oul (ior) = ta carelul
spaak up = speak louder
3tand up = go from silling lo sianding
wllte dorn = wnt€ a not6 0n a piece ol paper
start over = b€gin agai6
stay uP = not go to bed

I DGRCISE I.
looking dt grommor. (chorts B-l ond B-2)
Underline the second part ofthe phrasal verb in each sentence.
l. I picked q a book and started to read.

2. The teacher called on me in class.

3. I get up early every day.
4. I feel okay now. I got over my cold last week.
5. I woke my roommate up when I got home.
o, I rurned the radio on ro listen to some music.
7. When I don't know how to spell a word, I look it up.

4OO APPENDIx
」 EXERCISE 2. looking ol glommqr. (cho s B-t ond B-2)
Check (/) the correct sefltences. In some cases, both are correct.

l. I turned the light on.

I tumed on the lighr.
-
う
I ran into Mary.
I ran Mary into.
3. Joe looked up the deinitior.
Ioe looked rhe de6nirion un

4 I took offmy coat.

I took my coat off.

) I got in the car and lefr.

I got the car in and left.
0 I figured out rhe answer.
I figured the ans$er our.

J DGPCISE 3. Looking ol gtqmmor. (Chqrrs E-r ond B-2)

⑩¨Ｎ
Complete the sentences with parricles and rhe pronouns ,? or ,rrern. If the ptuasal verb is
separable, circle sEp. Ifir is nonseparable, circle NoNSEp.

l. cold. ,lcot

Ｅ     Ｅ
Ｐ     Ｐ
I got over my over ]L

ｏ
Ｎ
ｓ
Ｅ
Ｐ
2. I made up the story. , I made

¨
3. I put offmy homework. , Ipur

¨
4. I wrote down the numbers. > I wrore

5. I lookcd up the an$!€r. + I lookcd

6. t aor on the bus. + I gor NONSEP
7. I looked into the problem. > I looked NONSEP
8. I shut otT the engire. i I shut NONSEP
g. I rurned offthe lighrs. + I rurned NONSEP
10. I got offthc sub$'a). - I got NONSEP

NoTE: See the Frdamentuk of English Grumnar Wothbook appendjx fot more practice
exercises for phrasal verbs.

Supplementory Grommor Chods rlol

UNIT C: Prepositions
NoTE: See the fird,zmenrals oJ Endish Grunntlrwkbook practice exercises for preposition
combinations.
^ppendjxfot

ADJ + PBEP At, from, of, on, and lo arc examples ol prepositions.
(a) Ali is aDsert from class loday. Preposilions are oiten combined wilh adjectives, as in (a), and velbs,
V + PBEP as in (b).
This book belongs lo me.

add (th,s)to (Dal) disagree with (someone) aboul (somelhlhg)

be disappoinled in
adnne $oneone) lot lsonething) discuss (somethlng) wilh (someone)
divide (1h,0 into (t ar)
agree wilh (someore) aboul lsonelhing)
be angry al / wilh (someone) aboul I over lsomething)
apologize to (someone) fot lsonething)
apply lot lsonething)

argue wilh (someone) aboul I ovet lsomething) E

a,tive at la building / a roon) be engaged lo
anive in la city / a county) beequalto
ask (someone) about (something) escape trom (a p/ace)
ask (someore) for (somelning)
excuse (sorreore) lor isomelh,hg)

belong lo
be bored with / by
borrow (someth,ro lrom (someore)
teel like
c fill (somethiag) wath

toryive lsoneone) lot lsonething)

compare (lris)lo / with (tha.)
complain to (someore) aboui (somelh,hg) b6 iiightened of/ by
be lull ol

G
gei rid of
be gone lrom
De good ,or
graduale from
D
depend on {someone) for (somefhing)
bs dependent on (someore) lot lsonethingl

402 APPENDIx
H
happen lo prolecl (lrrs) lrom (lhat)
t'e happy about (somelhirg)
be hapry lot lsomeonel prcvide (so/reon6) wilh
hear about / of (somethlrg, lrcm lsomeonej
help (someore) with (somelrhg) o
hide lsonelhingl ltofi (someone) be qlalilied lor

be hungry for
R

be interesled in
introduce (someone) to (som6one)
inyile (soneonel lo lsomethini
s
K

separate (th,:s) lrom (tna0

L be similar to
laugh al speak to / with (someone) about (something)
leave lot la place)
lislen to subtract (lh,s) from (fhaf)
look al

T
look like
talk about (somelhing)
IIJI talk lo / with (someore) about (sonethinolJ
tell (someore) about (somel,tirg)
be terrilied of / by
lhank \someone\ lot lsomethingi)
lhink aboul / of
mu[ipry (lh,s) by (rE|
N
translate from (ore /anguage) to \anothet)

U
o

be patient wiih
,e pleased wilh / about
play wilh
poinl at

preler (rh,9 lo (ltal)

supplemenlory crommor Chods 403

 Listening Script

NOTE: You may wanr ro paus. rh. .udio after each ireE or in longs passases so rh rhcrc b enough rime ro

Exercise 6, D. 5.
Chopi.r l: haadrl Ylm. l. lroe dsignr vid€o games.
2. Sh€ is wo.kinS on s ncw project.
Exercise l, p. l. 3. She is sittiry in ftont ofh.r comput.r.
sAM; Hi. My name is Sam. 4. She speods her weekends ar thc office.
LlsA: Hi. I'm Lisa. Itt nice ro meer you. 5. She's finishing plans for a ncw samc.
sAM; Nicc to meel you roo. Where arc you ftom?
usA: l'm from Boston. Howaboutyou?
sAM: I'rn nom Quebec. So, how long have you been
Exercise 9, p, 6,
usA: Just oDe day. I still have a lhrle jer las. A ,rcbbn uith th. ptintd
stuv: Me roo. I gor in yesterday morning. So we treed ro l. Does ir need more paper?
ask each other abour a hobby. \Irhar do you like ro 2. Dos ir havc cnouSh int?
do in you. fiee rime? 3. Ar€ you fixiry it yoursclf?
usA: I spend , lor ofrime ouidoon- I love to hike. 4. Do you kDw how io fix ir?
wlten l'D indoo6. I like to su.f rhe tntemet. 5. Do w. haE oothe. prinr.. in rh. ofhce?
s.tu: Me too. I'm srudyin8 Iralim righr now. There are 6. Hlt]tm. ls ir hy im.gination or is ir msHlg a
a lot of good wcbsires ior learning lansuages on rhe

usA: I kro* I tound. good one for Japa!6e. I'm

trring to le..n a little. Now, when I inEoduce you
ro $e sroup,I havc ro *riie you finl nme on rhe Exercise 21, p. 14,
board. Vhals your last name ad hoq do you Nar/ml.ti'6?"6: alood
spell it? l. The wedrcr c.uscs some narural disastes.
s,w: Ir's Sanchez. S-A-N-C-H-E-2. 2. He.w Einr som.tim.s crcorc fl@ds.
usA: My l.st name is ParersoD wi.h one'\": 3. A bis flood crs6 a lot of damag..
P-A.}E.R.S.O.N, 4. In toms, floods caD dsmag. buildinSs, hornd, md
\Au' l looks hk( uur flme up. ThatrIs. It \ been ni.e
talkins Io you. ^
5. After a flood, ! toM nceds ! lot of finalcial h.lp for
usA: I enjoycd it roo.

Exencise 5r p. 4.
Lunch at the tsiE Station Exercise 24, p. 15,
Il\ I2: t0. and th. firefighrei, are tra ing for thetr nerr
call. They a.e taking thek lunch bre.k. Ben, Rita, and 2. lishes
Jada are sittinA ar ! ublc in ihc lir.3rarion. Their co-
worker Bruno h makin8 lunch for theD. He is an 12. buys
excellenr cook. He often mak.q lunch. He h 6xhs (picy 13. enjols
chickcn and.ic.. Their capiain isnl eaiins. He is doiDg
pap.nork. He skips lunch on busy days. He worts in
hjs oflice .nd finishes his papeNork.

405
′∞

Exeicise 33, p. 21.

tur, L
Chopter 2: Posl Time
At th. do.bt's otice
Exercise -1, p.27.
1. Dolou b€comes Dyou
2. Mr. Creen irore a maeazine ariicle . .
2. Doeshe becom€s Dze l. rhe sun scts. . .
.1. A subslirure ieacher taughr . . .
3. De she becomes Drh-she 5. Mr.lihison drole a sporis car . . .

4. Do \re becomes Dult-Pe

Exercise 5, p. 28.
D Do they becomes Duh-they
1. I was in a hurry. I wrsnl in a hurr,a.
6 AhI becomes Mi
2. They were on time. They weren\ on dmc.
7 Is ir becomes Zir
l. He was ar the doctols. He wasnl al the doctols.
4. We were early. We werenl earv
8 Doesii becomes Zit
Pai II.
1. Do you have pain dlvhere? l The bride wasnt nerous before the ceremony.
2. Doca it hurt anFlhere else?
2. The groom wa\ nenous b(fore the .eremonv.
3. Does she have a cough or sore throat?
3. His pa.ents weren't nervous aboui rhe wedding.
4. Does he have a fever?
4. fhe bnde and sroom were excned abour llletr
5. Does she need lab lesrs?
5 The ceremony was in the qening.
6 The wedding .ecept'on wasnt after the wedding.
7
8. Does hc needro make another .ppoiDrment:
popular horel-
8 hwas at a
9. Do lhey wartto wait in the waiting room?
9 A lot of guesrs were rhere.
10. Do we pay now or later?
10 Some relatives ftom oui of town ltren't lhere.

Exercise 35, p,22.

l. We have a fcw miDutes before we need io leave. Do Exercise 8, p, 30.
vou wanr a cup of coffee) 1. Shhh- The movie is bcginni.s.
2- ',Jfle Deed to leare. Are
you ready? 2. Oh, no. The elevaror door is sruck. ltisnlopeninS.
3. bok outside. h it.aininS hard? 3. Here\ a letter for you- I opcned iI accidentally-
4. Do we treed to take an mbrella? 4. I'm lisrening to the phone mcssage rnai you aready
5. Mr. Snith has his coat on. Isheleaviqnow?
6. I'm looking for the office supplies. Are they in here? 5. Are you lying ro me or lelling re the truth?
6. Ve enjoyed rhe party.
7. I'm enjoying rhe nice weader roday.
Exercise 37, p. 2,1. 8. You lookupset. \v}lat happened?
A?nhi. FEt ;\e
Jeremy md Nucy believe exercise is imporranr. They
week. They like Exercise 15, p,37.
so to an exercise clas rhree times a
ル rr i
Aerobic exercise is a special t pe ofexercise. ft l Did you becomes Did→ a Did you forget
,ncRa\e\ a peFoni heart rare. fa.r walkDs. runing. sOmeuing' OR
and dancing tre example\ olaErobic exercFe. Dunng Did you becomes Diこ ya Did pu forget
aerobic de.cise, a pe(on\ hearr beats fast- This brings somethin゛
more oxygen to the muscles- Muscles work longei when 2 Didl becomes D卜 di Did lお rget
they have more oxysen- ,omeJing, oR
Richt now Je.emy and Na.cy are listening to some Did l becomes Di Did Iお rget
lively music. They are doing special dace sreps. They somcthing'
are exercisjns (Iitrerenr earls of their body. 3 Didhe becomes D■ ―de Did he forgct
How abour you? Do you like to exercise? Do your Omealin♂ OR
ゞ
muscles ger exercise eve.y weck? Do you do some r!!e Did lle becomes De Did heも 、 et
sOne■ ing,

406 LiSIENINC SCRIPT Chopler 2

 ′
4- Did shc becomes Dih{he Dtt she fOrget Exercise 21, p, 39, C
some■ ing' l. 1Wc agee with you.
5. Did we becomcs Dih we Did we forget
2. rwe agreed wirh you.
someding, 3. I aEiEd on time.
6. Did th.y b.comes Dih thev Did iher forger 4- The teacher.xplaiN rle mweh w€ll.
somerhing? 5. My doctor\ appoinmeDr ended lare.
6. The tEin stopped sudderly.
l- Alex hu.r his finger. Didhe ornwirhaknife? 7. You touched a spider!
2- Ms. JonB do.snl have sly money ir hs wslet-
Did sh. sp.nd ir all y€sierday?
,. Karent pa.enis visited. Did you meet them Exercise 22, p, 40.
l. It rains in rhe sDrirs .. -
a. The Brcwns donl have a car aDlnore. Did thcy 2. It rsined a lot. . .
sell ir7 3. The nail carri€. walks ro ou house . . .
5. l dropped Ihe slas. Did I break ir? 4. My ftiend supdsed me with s bi.rhdly presenr . . .
6. Ann didnl throw away her old clornes. Did she 5. The raxi pick up passenstrs at the 3rporr . . .
6. t pqssed my 6nal exm iD marh . . .
7. lohn save a book to his son. Did he read it ro him?
8. You donl have you glasses. Didyoul$erhem2
9. Mr. Jones looked for his paspon in hh desk drawer. Exercise 23, p. 40
Did he“ di゛ 5 started 9 added
10 Ъ ebabyis… 8 Dld l upset her, 6 dЮ pped 10 pas"d
7 puned ll remrned
Excrcisc 17,p 37 8 plshed 12 Pohied
ι物 ω あ ,″ ′ ■
“ “"ヤ ""Ⅲ
l Did he go lo a par,:aSi night' Exer.cise 24, p. 40.
2 Did he have a good tlme, Ar Did you have a sood week€nd)
3 Did he eat alot offood, B: Yeah,I went ro a wateElide park.
4 Did he drink aloi ofsodn, A: R.ally? Thst souds like fiDl
5 Did he meetsone new people, Br It was great! I loved dF fast slides. How abour you?
6 Did he shake handsMnth iem、 vhen he metthem2 How was you weekerd?
7 Did he dance● th iお nds, A: I visited my aui
8 Did hesit、 ″i● his“ ends and talや B: Did you have a good rime?
A. Nor really. She didn\ l*e my clorhe\ or my hlircur.
Exercise 19,p 38.
´腸 ウ ″
“ “ Exercise 31, p, 46.
Eve,ycar,the nu kJls 200,0001o300,00o people
arOund● e World But h 1918,a verv strong nu、 ms Ar a chechtut eatul in a sto.ery ore
kJled millions of people■■is Ou began h 1918 and l. A: Hi. Did you 6nd whar you n.ed.d?
lasted undl 1920 1t spread ato… ule.。rld,and B: Almost everlahing. I Ms l@kins for sucky ric..
ben″ een 20 muliOn and 100 rinion peOple dled UJike bur I did.1 se€ it.
other no宙 ruses that usuaut Ш tlle ve,young and the A: It\ on aisle 10, in th.Asian food secrion.
very old,many ofthe● c― s were healⅢ
This was unusual and made people especlallv atald
2. A: This is the exp6s lue. Ten itcms only. It lools
"ung adults
like you have morc rhm rm. Did you count
Exercise 20,p 39 B: I rhought I had ten. Oh, I suess I have more.
‐ 7t i
l watch,watched A: The checkout sraDd nexr to me is op. .
2 studied,studied
3 、
vo,も ,worked
3. A: Do you havc any coupons you watrrcd ro u8cl
4 decided,decided
B: I had a couple in my puBe, bur I c.trt find rhem
ル γ′′ A: What were they for? I might have some €xE.s
l V7c ttatched a mo宙 c
“
2 ヽ ey smdied in the moalm8 B: One was for esss, ed rhe ofier was for ice
, She worked at● e llb口 rv
4 Ъ ey decided to leave Ar I rhink I h.ve those.

Chopisr 2 t STENINC SCRIPT 407

′０
Exercise 39, p.51. B: Ar you goiDs ro n€ed ro pay a d€positl
ten,rl.r\ hablen
A: I'm sue we'c goirg ro ne.d ro pay the 6ret and lasr

Jennife. work for an iosu..nce company. vhen Pat ll.

people need help with th€ir car insumnce, they call her.
A: Where are )ou Soing to move to?
Ridt now k is 9:05 A.M., .nd Jennifer is snrins ar her B: We rc goins ro look for sm.UrnS ou6ide the crry.
Ve're goins to spend the week€nd apartm.nr
She c.me to work on timc this m6rnin8. Yesrerdar_
Jemifer was late Io work because she h.d . minor auto A: whar fe6 at you goint ro n.ed to pay?
accidenr. While shc was drivins lo work, hcr cell phone
rmg. She reachcd ior n.
B: I rhiok E arc goinS to n ed to pay th€ 6rst and last
While she *.s re.chiDs for her phone, JenDifer losl
conkol ofthe car. Her car ren inro a rcw ofmailboxes
A: Are thcre goinS ro be olh.r fces?
B: There is prcb$ly soing to bc an applicnion fee ard
b.sid€ the .o.d and nopped. Fo.runately, no one was
. clemi.s tee. Also, Ih.lendlord D pmbebly Soins
to tu s dedil chect,60 w..ie Soing to necd ro Pay
Jemrfcr $ okay, bur her car An\. Ir need\ rcPain
Jennifer fe.ls vcry embar.ass.d now. She msde a bad
decisioD, csp.cially sinc.I h illcgal to ialk on a cell
phone and drile at the salne dme where she lives. Exercise 10, p. 60.
Pora L
Exercise ,13, p. 53. 1. l'll be r.dy to leave soon.
l. I ured to stay up past midniSht, but now I ofteD go 2. You'll need to come.
3. He'll drive us.
2.
n, hed
'r l0:00
rvhat rime
bccause I h.vc an 8:00 clas.
did you used ro go rc bed when you were 4. She'U comc lalcr.
5. We'll gct there a litde lare.
3. Tom uscd to play tenris after workevery day, bui 6. They'll wait for us.
now he doesn't. I\tt II.
4. I uscd to skip breakfast, bur now I always have l. Dontwair up for me tonight. I IIbe horne lale.
somerhing to eat in the morDitrg because I read th.t 2. Ipaid the bill fiis morning. You'll8et my chcck in
students who ear breaKast do berier iD school. ihe next day or two.
5. I didn\ used r(r like g.ammari but now I do. 1. We har the bcner tem. Ve'll prcbably win the 8me.
4. H.Ey n'isted his .nkle while running down . hill.
He'll p.obably lake a break ftom running.his week.
Chopter 3: Futult llm. 5. We can go to th. beach tomodow, but ir'll probably
be r@ cold ro ao swimming.
Exercise 2, p. 56. 6. I invited soEe Buests for dinn.r. Th.y'll probably
8er here arcud s.ven.
?. Karco is doing volmre.r work for a comuniry
l The security line will take about a h.lfhour. beilth<ffi clinic thb w..k. She ll be gone a lo! ir
2. The plane is goiDs ro arile ar Gare 10.
L Your flighr is already an hou.l.re.
{. Your flight willb. here soon.
Exercise 11, p.51,
5. Did you print your boa.dins pa$?
6. Are you prindns my boarding p.ss root
7. Are we soing lo have a sDack on our AiShr?
8. We will treed to buy snacks on the flieht. l The doctor'll bc with you in a fcw minurcs.
2. Your appoiDhenlll tak. abour an hour.
Exercise 6, p. 58. 3. Your fever'll be gone in a few dsys.
ht,I. 4. Your sdrcheJu disappear over the n.xt two week!.
5. The nuse'll schedule yourrctrs.
IiohitE lot an dpa nent 6. The lab'll have ih...suhs nextwcek.
A: We're Soins to look for s .parttn.ln to rent this 7. The receptionisr at .hc front dek'll set up your nexr

B: Are you soing ro look in rhis ar.al

A: No, w.'!. sping to s.arch in & area close. to our
Ｂ

k fie rent going to b. cheaper in that ea? 1 . Your prescriprion'll be ready in t.n minutes.
Ａ

Y.s, aFrrm.nr ren$ are dcfnit ly going to be 2. The medici.e'll make you f..l a hde rned.
I The pha@acisCll.aU your docror's o6c..

/lo8 LISTENING SCRIPI Chopler 3

 ′Ｃ
4. This coud srnp'n help you cough. B: Not thar I kn.*' of. -Uine sals, "Your life wlll bc
5. Two ispilin'n be oougb. long ind hrltv.
6. Thc gene.ic drug'll cost less. Good I lrdnr a long life.
7. This information'l €xplain rll fic sidc cffccts fo. C: Ilinc ra!r. A \milc sohcs al-lcommunic.rnh
problcms. \\'.11, lhals soodl Aftc. rhis, uh.n I
don r und{ri.nd someo.e, I'll jusr smilc ar rheN
Exercise 13, p. 62. D: My forrun( rhis:"Ifyou suk hard,,!ou *illb.
's
A: \tll, u I(n)ks like all ofus will hale sood luck in drc
I . l'm going to go to the bank tomorrow.
2. I'U probably do other erand, too.
3. I may stop at the post otrce.
4. I eill probably pick up groceries at the store.
5. It is going to be hot. Chopter 4: Presenl Perlecl qnd
6. Maybe I'll do my errands early. Posl Perlecl
Exercise 17, p. 64. Exercise 2, p. 82.
I>redi.tbn abo rhz fi@E t. ca[, call.d, cdl€d 6. code, cam., cohe
L People'll have flyins carc. 2. spcrt, spoke, spok n
2. Cars'll use solar power or ene.gy ftom th. sun
4. lnow, knew, kno*n
3. Some people'll live lrderwater. 10. be, was/were, been
4. Some people may live in outer space.
5. Mqybe c.eatues from ourer spacc'll live here. Exercise 12, p. t8.
6. Chndren'tl leam on computeft in th.ir homes, nor 1. saw a F.vo-headed sDale once. Harc you ertr. . . )
2. flcw in a sm.ll plde lasr yer. Have you ev.r . . . ?
7. Robots hay clee ou homes. 3. rod. in . Iimousine once. Have you d.r - - . ?
8. Mayb. cohpur6'11 have feelin8s. 4. did volure.. wo.k lasr Dotrrh. tlave you .v.r . . . ?
9. P.ople won't die. 5. accideot ly tore my shirr y6te.day. HeE you
I 0. Th€ eanh'll be too mwded.

6. I had 3 scary expeneDc€ otr m airpl&e last year.

Exercise 23, p. 67. Have you ev.r,,, ?
L Could someone ptease open th. eindow? 7. t fell oul of a boat last week. Haveyoueve....)
2. Do you have dm for the eeckend? 8. I felt very, very embarrassed orce, ud hy face got
L Do you have a ca!? hot. H.ve you ever . - . ?
4. I feel sick. I need to leave. 9. I spoke to ! famous pe6on yesterday. Havc you

Exercise 33, p. 73. 10. I wanted ro be famous once. Have you ever . . . I

A: I'm going on \acation romorow. Exercise 17, p.91.

B: Wherc ate you going? l. b.i holds rh. baby a lor.
Ai To Sd Fmcisd 2- Ricba.d sives rhe btby 5 barh et rhe end ofthc day.
B: How aE you getting there? AJ! you flyin8 or dnving l. b.i changes rhe baby's ditPeB.
4. Richa.d hss raken lors ofpiciu6 ofth. baby.
A: I'n flyiDg. I hlve ro be at thc airporr by seven 5. Lri wak6 up when rhe baby ois.
romorow mGDinS. 6. Richard does some ofthe household chores.
B: Do you need a ride ro rhe airpor2 7. tl)riis ftcd during lhe day.
A: No, thanks. I'm rahng a rai. Vhat abour youl Are
you planniDg ro 8o \omewhere over vacafi^n? Exercise 19, p.92.
B: No. I'm staying here.

Exercise 44, p. 79. 1 My coreeh a liEl. cold.

2 My coree's gotten a lirde cold.
At a Chinae Bburuat 3 YoE ordcr's not r.sdy y.t.
Ａ Ｂ

Ok!y, leis all opd ou forrun. cookid. 4 Igowl Ou ord.r's h6e .lread,
Iflhat do.s yoE say? 5 Excts. m€, I 6ink ou waiie.'s forgotten our order.
Ａ

Minc 43,s, "You wil reiE 6 u.rp..t d sift." Crrcar! 6 Acrudly, your w.ird's jtBi gon€ home si.k. I'll rsk
AE you plaming ro gii! n. a gift soonl

Chopier 4 TISTENING SCEIPI TIO9

´Ｃ
Exercise 20, p. 93, This month\ been unusuallywa.m.
My parents've been living in the same house for

Mika is a !uNe. She is interviewing for a job with the 4 My cousins've lived in the ssme tow! all their
manager of . hospiial emergency room. He is looking at
her resume and askinS her some getreral questions. 5 You slept lere- Your ftiend's already Sorren up aDd
Ir looks like you've done a lot of rninss
since you became a nurse. 6. Mv fiiends've planned a soing away parry for me.
Yes,I've worked for a medical cljnic. I've I'm moving back to my hometowD.
worked in a prison. I've worked in several 7. I'm afraid your work's been gerring a little sloppy.
area hospitals. And I've done volunrcer 8. Mytuommate\ raveled a lot. She\ visited many
work at a communiry health center for ditrer.nr .ounrnes.
low-income patienrs.
心ヨ■ RVIBFER: Verr good. Bur,ler me ask youi why have
you chDged jobs so oftcn? Exercise 3.1, p. 103.
,■ lKA: Vell,I like having new challenses and Toda! \ lY'earhet
ditreienr *periences. The weather has cerrainly becn chaDging today.
INTERViEヽ VER: vhv have you applicd for this job?
Boy, whar a davl We've already had rain, wind, hail,
Well,I'm lookins fo! something more fast- and sun. So, what's in store for tonisht? As you have
pacedj and l've been interested in working
probably seen, dark clouds have been building. \ve
in M E.R. for long time. l've heard that
a
have a wearher system moving in rhar is goins to bring
dis hospirsl provides grear raining for its colder tempe.atures and hiSh winds. we've been
statr, and it otres exceuenrpaden! care.
srjrns rll $eek rhar thi. \y\rem F comrng. and it
ぶ ■Eヽ ■D"TR: Thankyou for comins in. I'll call,ou
looks like ronig.hr is itl We've eveD seen snow down
nexr week with our decisio..
south ofus, and we could get some strow hele too.
・ vllle: II was good to meel you. Thank ).u for So hang onio your harsl w'e may havc a rough nishi

Exercise 26, p. 97. Exercise 36, p. 10,1.

l. Every daL I spend some money. Yesrcrdar l spent 1. A: !ftal song is playiDg on the radtu?
some honeY since Friday,I have . - . B: I donl kDow, bur iI\ good, isnl it?
2. I usually make a bie breakfast. Yeslerdan I made a 2. A; How long have you lived in Dub.i?
big breaKasr. Arl week, I havc . . . B: About a year.
3. Every day,I send emails. Yesterday I sentan email. 3. A; lfhere at the tids?
Todav I have already. . . B: I donl know. I've been callins ihem for ien
:1. Every rime I so Lo a r..tduranr.I le r a nice dp.
kst nisht I left a nice tip. I jusi fmished dimer, and 4. A: Who have you mer roniehr?
B: Acrually,I've met a few people from your ofrce.
5. Every weekend, I sleep in lare. hsr weekend, t slepi How about you? Who have you mer?
in laie. Since I was a teenaser! I have . . . A l ve mer .ome rnrererins r k'' and musicis"
6. I drive very carefully. On my last trip ac.oss rhe
coury,I drove very caretuuy. All my life,I Exercise 37, p. 104.
7. Every morning,I sing in the shower. Earlier roday,I
rAId{: Hi, Mon. I was iust calling io tell you.hal I can\
un8 h $e \hower Srnce I sr. lnde.I hsve . . .
come ro your birthday parry rhis weekcnd. I'm
aiiaid I'm sick.
Exercise 31, p, 100. r{oM: Oh,I'm soty ro hear thar.
r-{M: Yeah,I sot si.kWednesday nighl, and it's just
been geiiing woree.
1 Janeh been out oftown for two days. MOM: Are you eoins Io see a doctort
2. My parents've been active in politics for 40 yeas. nM: I donl know. I donl wsnr ro go to a doctor if ir\
3. My ftiends've moved into a new apartment.
4. I'm sory, Your crcdii card's expired. MOM: Well, what symptoms havc you been having?
5. Bobt been traveling in Monrreal since lasrTuesday. LARA; I've had a coush, and now I have a fever.
6. Youte ihe lirst one hcre. No one elseh come yet- MOM: Have you been taking any medicine?
LARA: Jusi over-rhe-couter slutr
l The weathe.t been wdm siDce the besiding of MOM: If your fever doesn't so awa]! I think you need to

4IO LISIENING ScRIPT Chopler 4

 ´“
L{{A: Yeah, I prcbably wiu. Exercise 9, p. l16,
MoM: lVcU, c.ll m. romome md ler me tnow how
W.ft ae Rob*to atul kdb.P
rr\P"\: Ok y. I'll crll you in rhe momins. A: Do you know Robeno and hatEl?
Bi Yes,I do. They li!,e around th. com.r nom Ine.
Exercise 43, p. I10, A: Hav. you seen dl.n larely?
B: No, I havcnl- They're our of rom.
l. A: Oh, no! we'r. too la.e. The Eain hls.lrc5dy A: Did they go to then paEnts? t h€ard Roberro's
l€fr.
B: That's oLy. lge'll carch 6e rcxI on.. Br Yes, they did. They wot to help them.
2. A: l$tThursday we wenr io the statiotr to caich th. A: Arc you goins to see them soon?
train, butwe were too late. B: Yes,I am. ln fan,l'm goiDs ro pick $em up ar rhe
B: Yeah, the train had already left.
You sure woke up earb this mo.dnsl
Ar Vill ftey be back dis weekend? t'm havins a party,
and I d like to invite them.
B: Well I wastr'r sleepy. I had elready slepr for ei8ht
B: No, they won1. They won't be back until
Go back to sleep. It's ody six o'.lock in rhe
Exercise 14, p. llE.
B: I h not dccFy. I m goins to get up. I hale l. Do you wmt to Bo ro rhe mall?
ilrcad!_ slcpt for .idt hou6. 2- Vh.n are rhevaltons coDiDg?
3. Wherc will I mcet you?
4. Why were you lale?
5. What did you buy?
Chopter 5: Asking euesllons
Exercise 19, p. 120.
Exercise 4, p, l13.
I2aoinslot u ai4on
John told me somethins.
l. Do you h.v. your pssspon? llhat did he rell you?
2. Did you remcmber to pack a snack for the plane?
Ir's confidenrial. I canl tell you.
3. ![ill your clry-on bas fir uDd€r fie seat? Did he t.ll anyone else?
4. k your taxi comiiu soon) He told a few oiher people.
5. \vill you call me when you get ihere?

Exercise 6, p. l13. Then ii's not. seoet- twlat did he say?

l. h he absent? becomes \vhy canl you tell me?

Because ir\ abour you. But donl wofty.

Ge.. Thanks a lor- Thar su.e m.kes me feel b.tter

4. Did n brcak)
Exercise 29, p. 126.
5. Has h. beeo sick? l. Vho's .ingiDs the d@rt'el?
2. Vhose coat is on the flmr?
0. Is thc.c cnough? L Vhose glases arc rhose?
{. Vho\ siEins next ro you?
Por,II. 5. Whose sear is next to yous?
6. Who's out i! rhe ballway?
l. I need to see themanager. ts she available2
Exercise 30, p. 126,
2. I need to ,ee rhe mansser. Is he in ttle store
A, oA urotiot photo
3. Here is one bag ofapples. Is that etrough? 1. !(,hose picture is this?
4. I n..d a drink ofw.rer. h there a drinkisg 2. \X/hot in the picrue?
3. !|llio\ sHndirs iD back?
5. My credit card isn\ working. Hml]m. Did it 4. You don\ wear glmses. Whose siasses are you
５

6. lfh.rct Simon? H.s he left? Who\ the womd in dle pu.ple jacker?
６

7. Thc price seems high. Does ir include rhe rd? Whose cabin de vou ar?

Chopler 5 LISIENING SCPIPT 4II

´０
Exercise 34, p. 128, 12. How'rc w! gping to gct to work?
L A: How Aesh are lhese eggsl 13. Vhat'd you s.y?
B; I just boushr t}lem.i th. Farmers'Marke., so 14. How'll you do that?
they should be fine.
2. A: How cheap were the uckets? Exercise 46, p. 135.
B: Thcy were 50% off.
l. A: How hard wa. the driver's resi?
l. lvho're you going to sh with?
B: Well,l di.lnl pass, so rhar sives you an id.a.
2. How'r€ you 8oin8 to 8ct your suitc.s. ud.r
Ho* clemis rhe carl
B: Thde's dnr on rhe floor. Wc n..d ro vscuuh it 3. WIatA thc flight arrendanr just sayT
Why d w. need ro put our *at belrs back on?
How hot is rh€ ftyins pan? 5. Vr'hy\ the plan. descendins?
B: Dont rouch it! You'll burn you.s.lfl 6. Vhy'rc w. goins dowD?
7. Vfhen'll the pilot r.ll us whafs soiry on?
How noisy is the sEeet you live oD?
8. \ifho'll Eeet you wheD you land)
B: There is r lot oftrafhc, so w. ke€p tbe windows
9. When's our connecrins fli8hr?
t0. How'll we get frcm fie airport ro our horel?
How serious arc you rbour intedewinS for th.

B: Vqy. I already schedul.d an inr.pi.w wirh th. Exercise 47, p. 135.

A notha tallits ,o hd ums. daushkt
l. S/h€r.'rc you roina?
Exercise 37, p. 130, 2. who'r. you soins wifi?
3- Whot rhsr?
L How old are you? 4. How lons'w you k om hiE?
2. HN tell ee you? 5. Vh.re d you m.ct him?
3. How much do you weiSh? 6- Wh..ct hc go to school?
4. In gme.al, how wel do you sLep .t night? 7- Is h. s good studend
5. How quictly do you faU Alep? 8- Whlt timc'll you bc back)
6. HN oft€n do lou wak. up duinE th. trisht? 9. Vhy'E you w.ding th.t oudt?
7. How tftd are lou in rh. mominEs) t0. Why'rc you giving m. th.r look?
8. Hw tlfuy times a w..l do you .x.rcis.? I l. lyhy m I ssLjrg s mdy qu.srions? Because
9. H@ 6€ you feliig ridt !ow?
10. HN soon cd you cohe in for e ovc.night
Exe!.cise 48, p. 136,
l. Vhrt do you 9er to do?
Exercise ,14, p. 134. 2. Wh.t arc you doin8?
3. Vhar aG you having fo. dim..?
4. whar aG you doirg rhst for?
1. When's you birthday? 5. lvhar do you fiin} about that?
2. When'll youi pdty be? 6. !?hat are you laughing forl
3. lyhere'd you decide to hav. it? ?. Whar do you n.cd?
4. Who'.e you inviting) 8. 'Vhat do you ha!,. in your pockct?
Exeicise 45, p. 135.
L Wllere\ my key? Exercise 53, p, 138.
2. Vhe.e'.e my k.!s? l. A: Did you like the movi.?
l. Vho'rc rhose people) B: It was ok!y,I slless. How about you?
4. whals iD rhai box? 2. Ar Ar. you goinS to rh. company parry2
5. Vhat're you doing? B: I hav€n\ decided y.t. Vhst about you?
6. \lhere'd Bob go la* disht? 3. A: Do you like living in this ciiy?
7. Who'll be at rhe partyl
8. Why's the reacher absent? Br Sort of. How sbout you?
4. A: \Yhst sre you going to harc?
10. wlry d you say that? Br Wcll,I'm not !..lly hungry. I $ink I misht orde.
11. Vho'd you talk to rt the pa.ty? iust s salad. How sbour you?

4I2 LISIENING SCRIPI Choplsr 5

 ′
cC●
Exercise 56, p, 140. 3. How ar. you fe.ling?
1. a. You'rc Mrs. Rosq armt you? a. Ho* lons does dte bus rid. rake?
b. AE you Mrs. Rosel 5. Whose chiHu u rhose?
2. a. Do you tak. cream wfth you coffe€? 6. cn did the Brollns mo!,. into th€i. new
b. You tate oelh with you cotree, dont yout
3. a. You doDl want ro l€ave, do you2 Ibrt ,
b. Do you want to leave? 7. A: W. only have e few minutes b€fore the m@ie

Exercise 57, p. l4l. BI I'm hurrying.

A: Do you haE doueh mon.y for the tickets?
a. You litc sEong coree, donl you? 8 A:
b. David so.s .o Ames Hish School, doesnl he? B:
c. Irila and Sara live onTree Road, don\ they? A: I'm expecting a packag.. How soon will it be
d. J e has the k€ys to the storeroom, doesnt shel
e. Jue's in her office, isn't she? 9 A: I srart my Dew iob nexr w€ek.
f. You'r. m.mber ofthis class, aren'r you?
a
B:
g- Oles docsn't h.ve a cd, does he?
h. Lisa isn't bo6 around here, is she?
A: Ye.h, I wdted to stait s $oo 6 pcsiblc.
i. l'm n trouble, arenl I?
B: Nw, how coEe you'E chu8iry iobs?

,
10 A: Are you no lo thc .rcd
Simple Past
B: Yes, I moved herE last month. My coEpany
a. Paul weDr ro Indonesia, di.lnt he?
b. You didnl talk to the bos, did you? A: Oh, so what do you dol
c. Ted's parents weren't at home, wee they?
d. Thar was Part idea, wasnl it?
Exercise 62, p. 143.
3 PGent PioeressiE, Ir Ga;c'lb, dd Past ProsBsiE
a- You're studyin8 hard, arenl you? otuloine ot a lae-ltud t*@utunt
b. creg isnl wo.kins at the bank, is h€? Cashi.ri So, what'I it be?
c. [t isl8oin8 to rain today, is iI? Cusromcr; I'I have a burs.r.
d. Micheue aDdYoko wer. helping,werenl they? Cashier: Woutd you lit. frics o. s salad with your
e. He wasnl listenins, was he?
4 I'U have ftis-
a. It has been warmer iho usuer, hastrl n? Cashier:
b. You'r had a lot ofhomewo.k, havent you)
c. We haven't spent ruch time iosether, have we?
d. Farima has sta(ed he. new job, hasnl she? I'U har a @illa shq|-
e. Btuo hesnl finished his sales report ye., has he? Cashier: Sizel
f. Steve\ had to le.ve euly, hasn't he?
vmil.
OIay. So that's a burger, Fies, shake.
About how long'll it take?
Exercise 59, p, 142. Cashier: Ve're preFy crowded right now P.obebly I 0
Chechiis in a, o hotel minutes orso. ThaCIIbe $6.50. You
l. You hrye ou ldePltion, doot you? numb€rt on the receipt. I'U call the 6umb.r
2. We haE a non*moking r@n, don\ wc? when you orde.\ r.5dy.
3- Thft's r viN of th. ciry, isnt rhere)
4. I didDl siE you rny credit c{d yer, did I?
5. The rcoE Er. d@snt include rax, does it?
6. BreaKast is includ.d in the pnce, nght?
7. Check{ut dme's noon, isn\ it?
8. Youdonl have a pool, do you? Choplel6: Nouns ond Pronouns
9. Thde are hair dryers in .he rooms, arenl there)
いい

10. Kids uen t.Iowcd in rhe hot rub, ar€ theyi Exercise 6, p. 149.
５

l. h.t
６

Exercise 61, p. 143.

kr,I-
l- Whlr kind ofmusic do you ojoy li.tcning to? Exercise 7, p 150
2. I just saw you for s few mioutes lasr ni8ht. What did l. pantg 3 boxes
you leave so esrly fo!? 4 pens

chOpler 6 u$ri,|lNc scRrPr 413

″Ｃ

Excrcise 8,p 150. Exercise ,19, p. 170.

l prい s Wり ｀ l Be caretul with that knife! It\ very sharp- fyoule
2 11ps pants not ca.etul! you'll cut - . .
3 glasses matches 2. My wife md I have our oM busines. N("e don't have
4 taxes shi、 aboss. ln olhersords, we work for..
5 plls stars 3. Rebecca is home in bed because she has the flu.
6 toes 鈍 erS She\ resting aDd drinking plenty offluids. Shc\
7 13″ 、 maps being caretut about he. health. In other words, she
8 1i"` places is rakils care of . . .
4 In a cafereria, peopie walk rlroush a section of the
rcsraurant and pick up trei. food. They are nor
Exercise 9, p. 150. served by wancls. In other words, in a cafeleiia
1. names 4. boats 7. lips
2. clock t. eyelashes 8. bridges 5 Vrhen Joe walked into ihc room, he di.tnt know
l. eyes 6. wars anyone. He smiled confidcndy and bege

When I didnl ser the new job,I felt sad dd

Exercise 10, p. 150. depresed. I sar iD my aparrment dd feli sory
1. This shirt comes iD three sizes: small, mediun, and

2. I found this fu on mv desk. Ittforyou. Exercise 58, p. 176.

3. I found these fares on my desk. They're for you. 1. A: Didyou buy lhe black iacketl
4. I'm not going to buy ihis car. The price is too hish. B: No. I boughl dre ofier otre.
5. I cant 6!d my glasses anylvhere. Have you seen
2- A: one of my favorite colors is dark blue. Another
6. The prize for the conrest is a new bike-

L A: This looks like the Mong sreet. kcs go back

Exercise 28, p. 159. ud uke rhe orher.oad.
H@ Som. Anitudk Stqi Cool B: Okay.
How do animals slay cool in hor weather? Many 4. A: Wharh rhe besr say ro ger doMrown ftom here?
uiDah donl sweat lite humans! so they have other ways B: Ir\ prerry far ro walk. Some people take rhe bus.
Others prefer the subway.
Dogs, for example, have a lor of tur and can become
5. A: WIen I was a kid,I had lots ofpets- One was a
very hor. They stay cool mainly by panEng. By the way,
black dog. Another was an orange .aI. Some
if you dont loow what panting means, this is ihe somd otheA were . goldfish and a lurrle.
B: Pets a.c e'eat fo. kids.
Cats lick their paws and chesls. l.li/hen rheir tur is we!

Elephants have very large ears. When they are hot, Exercise 59, p. 17?.
they can flap their huge eas- The flapping ear acts like a A: Iqhri do you do when youte feeling lonely?
fan and it cools them. Elephants ako like to roll in the B: I so somcplace where I can be around odErpeople.
EveD if lhey are stiangets, I feel bette! when there
are others around me. How about You?
A: Thsr doesn\ work for me. Fo. example, ifl'm
Exercise 36, p. 163. feelins lotrely and I so io a movie by oyself,I look
A: I'm looking for a dew place ro live. allthe odrer people who are fiere with their
friends and familn and I start to feel even loDelicr.
A: My lwo roommates are moving out. I cant aflord So I try ro find other rhinss to do ro keep myself
my.parrmenr. I need a one bedtoom. busy- 'lfteD I'm busy,I donl feel lonely.
B: I jusrhelped a ftiend 6nd one. Icanhelpyou. VThar
else do you wani?
A: I wani ro be near the subway . . . within $alking Chopier 7: Modol Auxlllories
distance. Bur I want a quiel locaiion. I doDt want
to be on a busy street.
Ｂ Ａ Ｂ Ａ

Exercisc 3, p. 179.
A small balcony would be nice. 1 I have to 8o downiown lomorow.
2. You musr fasrcn your seat belr.
Yeah. I guess I'm dreaming. 3. Could you please open t-he window?

41 4 usTENINe SCR!PI Chopler 7

 ´Ｃ
4. May I boEow your eEser? Exercise 32, p. l9rl.
t. I'm not able to siBn the coDtFct toda,
Fillin| out o tob o?dnaion
6. Today is the deadliDe. You must sign irl
?. I heve got ro go ro the posr office this afte.noon. 1. The application has to be complete. You shouldnl
qkip anv parti. tfa s.ct,on doe.nl fit your rNadon.
E. Shouldn r you save some ofyour money for
you can mire N/A (not applicable).
9. I fecl bad for Elem. Shc has to have mor. surg.ry. 2 You dont have ro q?. ir, bur your writing has to b€
l0- Alexrl Srop! You musr Dot tu into fi. slreet!
3 You'le got to use you. fiJl lesal name, rct you
Exer.cise 7, p. 181,
1 You're got to lisr the names and places ofyou
A: I can\ undenidd this mEth assisnEent. う You have ro lisr your .ducaoon, beginnins with
B: I can hclp you wirh rh.r. eirher high school or colese.
A: R.ally? Can you expkin fiis problem to me? 6 You don'r alwals have to apply in p.ison.
B: W€ll, we cant fisE out th. anwer unless we do Som.times you can do it online.
7 You don r ha\e ro qite \ome thmssr like ihe sme
Ａ Ｂ Ａ

Okay! Bur it\ so hud. relephone numbo, rwice. You c.n write "same as
Yeah, but I k'ow you caD do n. Jusi 8o slowly.
Cla$ is almosr ovd. Can you meet me .fte. school All sp€lling hss to b. correcr.

B【 weu, I can't neet )ou right afte. school, bul how Exeicise 45, p.201.

r. Vrite dom the Dumb€r of fie month you were

Exercise 13, p. 184. born. For exmpl., Mite dl. number 2 if you were
l. A: Mom, arc th6e oranS.s swe.t? born in February. Vrite 3 ifyo! w.r. bom i!
B: I don't tnow. I.e1 tell if an orange is sweet
just by lookiDs at ir. 2. Doubk rne nMb.r.
2. A: lyr'hlt are you going to order? 4. Multiply it by 50.
B: I'm not 6ue. I mighr have pasta, or I midr have

6- SubEact 250.
3. A: Mom, can I tEve som. candy?
B: No, but yo! c& hrve an apple. Exercise 50, p. 204.
4. A: What are you doing rhis weekend? A: Why don\ we go dqnciDs tonight?
B: I donl know yer. I may go snowboarding with B: I don\ ldow how to dance.
fflend(. or I ruy cy ro fix my motorcycle. A: Oh. Then why don\ w. go Io a movie?
5. May I hav..v.ryon.'s altenrion? The tesr is about B: I donl lik movies.
to begin. lfyou need ro le.ve the rcom durins th. A: You donl like movies?l
esmination, ple$e nis€ your hed. Yo! m.y not B: No.
leave rhe r@m sirhout asting. A.e there any A: Well then,leas so to a restauEnt for dinner.
questiont No? Then you m.y open you. tesr B: Thafs a mste ofmoney.
booklers and besin. A: Nlell, you do what you want tonight, bur I'm goiDs
to go oul and have a good time.
Exercise 17, p. 186.

A: hok at this cord. Do you know whar il's for?

B: I don't know. Iqe have 60 many cords around here Chop:er 8: conn● ●,ing ido● s
with all our.lecuonic equipment. It could be for
the prinicr,I suess. crci、 ● 11,p 213
Ａ Ｂ Ａ

i:、
No,I checked- The print.r tntmissins a co.d.
It mighr be for one of rhe ldd\ toys. Ⅲ Ⅲ {fr iツ raだ
Ye.h, I could ast. Bur dl.y donl have many A few days ago, a ftiend and I were drivins fiom
Benrotr Halbor ro Chicago. rve didn\ h.v. lny del.ts for
B: I have an ider. [t may b. for rhe.ell phone. You rhe fiBr hour. bur se r.n into some highway conqtru.tion
know-rhe one I had before lhis one. ne.. Chicaso. The ft.mc wasD't moviDg. My ftiend and
Ａ Ｂ

I ber rhals it. We c probably thbw rhis our. I sar and weired. w. ralked about ou iobs, our families,
lwell,lefs be sue beforc we do rhat. aDd rhe rerible rraffic. Slowly ii siaftd to move.

Cい Op10子 8 日S了 FNINC SCR P1 41 5

′“

We noriced a black sports cd on $e shouldcr. lts Exercise 33, p.225.

blinker was on. Thc driver obviously wanted to sel back L Even dough I looked all over the house for my
inro riaffic. Car after car pased wirnout leftitrghim i!. I
decided ro do a good deed, so I morioned for him to get 2. AlthouSh it was a hot sumer night, we weni inside
iD line ahead ofme. He waved ihmks, and I waved back and shut the windows because -..
3. My brother came to my graduarioD ceremony
All rhe cas had ro srop ar a roll booih. short way aldtoueh . . .
doM the road. I held out my money to pay my roll, but ,1. Br.au.e rhe packrge cosr so much Lo ...
the toll-taker jusr smiled and waved me on. She told me 5 Even rhoush Lh.,oc.er ream won the 'end.
game.. . .
thar the man h lhe black sports car had already paid my
rou. Vasnl that a nice way of saying thdk you?

Exercise 15, p,215. Chopter 9: Comporisons

I . The noise lasred only a sholt time, but the wind and Exercise .1, p. 231.
1. hra is as old asTanle.
2- Some loads were uoder water, but ours . . . 2. Sylvia isnl as old as Lara.
1. Our ne,ehbos didn\ lose My rree'. bur we . . . l. Sylvia and Brisita a.en'i as old asTan!..
,1. My son got scared, but my daughter . . . 1. Brigna isn'r quite as old as Syl'ia.
5- My son couldnl sleep, but my daughrer . . . 5. B.,gita is almo$ as old as Sylvia.
6. My daughrer can sleep throud anl1hing, but my

7. we srill need help cleatring up from the storm, but

Excrcisc 8, p.23.1.
1 . Old shocs arc more comtortable fo. me thln new
ou.ocishborc-..
8. We will be otan but some people. - -
2. I like food ftom other countries better than food
ftom my country.
Exercise 21, p.219, 3. Vinter is nore enjoyable than summer for me.
4. I m
the most ralkative person in my family.

To Eet dore inJoth.tiofl:

5. Iam the fiiendliest person in my fmiu
6. Cooked vegetables are rasrier dEn raw vegetables.
l.A: I'm soing ro drop rhis clas. 7. Takins a bath is morc relaxing than iakins a
B: You de? Why) V/hals the marrer?
2. A: My laptop doesnt have enough memory for dis 8. Speakiog Enslish is the easiest ofall the English

Bi Really? Are you s!re?

1. A: I caD read Braille. Exercise 12, p.237.
Bi You can? How did you leun to do thar?
1. My faiher is youge! ihan my motler.
l. M) morher is lhe ouesr pebon in ou lamrlv.
3. My father is a fiD person ro be aroEd. He seems
4 A: I lowe rhis wearher.
happy all the time.
４

My morher was happier when she was younger.

一
，

5. A: I didn't like the movie. I have twin sisres. They are older dlan me.
６

B: I did! I hale one b.orher. He is the tunniest pereo! in our

6. A: l'm excired abour graduadon.
7. He is a doctor. He works hard eve.y da}
8. My sisters just like to have tun. Idonlthinkthey

Exercise 28, p, 223.

U de*dndiks the ScientiJ;c TerD "Manet' Exercise 15, p. 238.
The wo.d ,rar,/ is a chcmi.al tcrm, Mauer is 1. Frank o$ns a .ofee shop. Busin$s b busicr this
anrthing thar hrs weight. This book, your finger, waler, a year for him rhan lasr year.
ro.k, air. and lhe moon are all esmples ofmarter. Heat 2- I've kDow Steven for yea(.
and radio waves are nor maner be.ausc they do Dot have
weighr. Happiness, dreams, ard fears have no wei8hi l. Sam expecied a hud tesr, bur it wasnt aB hdd as he

416 LISTENING SCRIPI Chopter 9

 ′Ｃ
4. The road ends here. This is as far as we can so.
5. lon s decb'on ro lesve hj\ job was d'e woFr d6{on Chopter l0: Ths Possive
he has eve. made.
6. I don\ knowif 6.ar.. on timc, but
we'll get ro rhe Exercise 3, p. 260,
I m driving I can.
as fast as
?. r)(4len you do the nex_t assiglr€nt! ple.s. be more Anoliu buidins at nisht
l.The ianiro.s clean fie building ar nishr.
8. The d.ssert looks delicious, but I've .aren as much The building is cle.ned by lhe ianirols ar nidr.
2. Y/indow washere w.sh rhe windows.
9. Ii rakes about Dhourto drive ro rh. li.port and my Thc windo$s arc washed by shdow washers.
flight rakes an hour. So the drive rakes .s long as n,y 3. A window washer h washins a window righr now.
flight. A window is beins washed by a window washc. righi

The scurity suard his checked the omces.

Exeicise 23, p.242, Th. offices hale been check.d by rhe s.curiry guard.
l. asidewalk,arcad う Th. s.curiry guard disc@red u open wirdow.
a. A sidewalt is rs wide as a road. An opo wind@ was di$ovded by the securiry
b. A road is widq rhd a sidew.U..
2. ahill,amouDrair 6 The security guard found an urlo.ked doo..
a. A hill isn't as hieh as. mounlain. An unlocked door eas foud by th€ sEuriry gu.rd.
b. A hill is hishe. rlan a mounrain. 7 The own.. will visit the building tomomw
L a mouni.iD parh, . moutrin peak The building will be viEited by the own.. romonow.
8 The owner ,( Aoins ro annoutrce new parLrn* tees.
a. Itr seEral, hitjng.tons ! mountain path is more
danserous dran climbing a mounrain peak. New parkiDg fees are going to be announc€d by rhe
b. In s.n€ral, hiking along. mourrain path is:ess
dangercus fian climbins a mounhin peak.

a. Toes ue lonso th6 fin8eB. Exercise 15, p. 257.

b. Fing6 mD'r as long as tocs.
c. Toes m shorre. lhe 6n8.8. A: h.{.bout
5. basic math, alsebn
Did you the accid€nt outsid€ rhe dom
.. Basic math isnt as hard as al8.bn.
Br No. Whar h.ppened?
b. Alscbra n hald.r dlatr basic h.th.
c. Basic math is as contusins !s .lg.b.a. A: A Euy on a bikc was hit by a raxi.
d. B.sic maih is less.olirsiDg rhan algebra. B: !(/as he injuGd)
A: Yeah. Soneon. c.lled an ambdance. He was t.k.D
ro Ciry Hospital ud neared ir rhe emergency room
for cuts and brui.cs.
Exercise 36, p. 249. Br What happened to rhe taxi driver?
5. Tom has ne!€r told a tumy jok€. A: He was aftc6tcd for reckle,s d.ivitrs.
6. Food has nqer tasred ben€.. B: He's lucky that thc bicyclisr msDt kiUed.
7. I've neve. slept on a hard matE€ss.
E. I've nNe. seen a scarier movi..
Exercise 17, p. 268.
Exercise 42, p.253. S@nniiE Pook
GoA !'. Snw SwimmiDg pools are v.ry popu.ld trowadays, but can
you gues when swimming pools were tusr builtl Was ir
Gold is similar ro silver. They are both valuable merals
100 years ago? Five hundred yea6 ago? A dousand
thar p.ople use for jewelty, but rhey qren'r rhe ssme.
years aSol Acrually, .ncient Rom s md creeks built
Gold is nor 6e same color as silve.. cold is also
Ihe firsr swimminS pooh. Mate athleres and soldiers
differetrt from silver in cost: sold ir more expensive ihu
swam in them fortraining. Believe ir or nor, as eady ss
1 B.C-, a heated swimming pool was desiSned for a
T@ Zebd wealihy Rom.n. But swimming pooh did nor b€come
lek.t the trc zbru in rhe picruie. Their Ilm6 e popularuDrilthe middle ofrhe 1800s. The ciry of
Ze€ Be. Ze l@lc fitre Be. Is Ze. er,lcdy rhe sme 6
lnd bndon buik six ind@r ryiming p@ls. Soon aft.r, rhe
B.d Th. p.ttm ofrhe sr.ipes on each ebE in the wortd mod.m Olympic gahes tcaan, ad swiming mc.s srrc
is uique- No t*o z.brd e ecdy alile. Em rhowh in lud.d in th. dcnts. Aftq rhis, wimming pools
Ze€ and Be ft
similer to ech orhd, lhey N ditremr bec.me ev.n morc populc,6d ow rhey ale foud aU
&om each othq in rhe ect panem of 6eir sEirB.

Chopier l0 LISIENING SCPIPT 417

′Ｃ
Exercise 25, p, 274. 6. And Julie had a surprised look on her face.
l. Vhen will you be doDc with your work?
?. rJftren she fell inro drc fouDlain, some people
laughed at her. It was an upsetting exPerience.
2. I hope it\ suntry tomor.ow. I'm tired ofthis r.iDv
8. The rcxt day Julie was . lid€ dep.essed because she
thoudt she had made i fool of herser-
3. Jason is.xcir.d about soins ro Holljryood.
9. Her A'iend Paul .old her not to lose her sensc of
4. AE lou D.epmd for the driver\ license testi
5. The srudents are itrvolved in mmy sch@l humor. He rold he r wa. ju.r another mrercsring
experience in life.
6. Th. kjds wanr some new toys. Tbey're borcd with lo. He s.,d th.r people were probsbly mte.esred ,n
heariDg aboul how she fell into the fourain.
?. Sm is .ngaged to his childhood sfterheart
8. SoEe animals ue rerrfed of thudmtorms.
Exercise 37, p. 280.
l. lD winter, the weafier gets . . .
Exercise 28, p. 275. 2. In smer, the weaiher gets . . .
L This frurr rs 'poiled. I tlrhk I d beRer lhrow,r out. 3. I think I'll stop workins. I'm getdns. ..
2. v/hcn w. sot ro the port ofice. rt was clos.d. 4 疇 bЮ therislosmg somc of is halr Heヽ getong
3. Ordord UoiveBity is loc.t.d i! o)dord, Enslod. 5 Coud l bave a glass ofwater':'n geⅢ 8rea‖ y…
:1. Haley do.snl like to.id€ in elevatoB. She\ scared 6 Yondon'tlook Ψcu Are you gemng

5 wluCs rh€ matter? Arc you hurt?

6 Excuse me. Codd you please tell me how to set to Exercise 42,p 282.
dE bus sution ftom h.G? I am lost. L \vhar are you accustomed to doing in rhe
7 You.sh€ isTom Hood? Are tou Elatcd to Mary
2 What time are you used ro soing to bed?
8 wle.e's my wauet? Ir\ go!e! Did som.oD. , Wher arc you accustomed Io h.vins lor bRakfaq?
4 Are you accusromed to litins iD rhis areaT
9 Oh. Dol t-ok ar my sunBlases. I s.t on them and , Do you live with someone, ordo you live alone? Are
now they .re brcken.
10. ht st.ainS ro Bin. Arc dl ofdE windows shut? 6. AE you uscd to speakins English ae.y dty?
?. Vhat ar! you rccustomed to doitr8 oD we.kends?
Exercise 31, p.276. 8. What do you tbirk about fie wcarhq here? Ate you
1. Jme doesnl like school because of the borins classes
and assisnments.
, The srore meaEpr stole money fiom the cash
Exercise 51, p. 2t5,
resisrer. His shocked employees couldn\ believe n-
3 I boushr a new camen. I read the direcdons twice, I . Docto6 {. supposed to t.k. g@d cEre of th.ir
but I didnl understand rheE. Th.y were too
2. Passense6 in a car are not supPosed to buckle rheir
4 I was out to dimer widt a taend ud spilled 8l$s
a
ofwsrer on his puts. I f.h very embarrassed, bur 3. Teache.s $. suppo*d ro h.lp then studenrs.
.L Airline pilots are supposed to sleep during shon
he was very nice abour n.
flights.
う Every year for rhen miversary,I surPrise my
parenrs with dimer.I a different .estaurant. 5. People who live iD lplrlEerts are suPPosed to pay
ihe reni on dme.
6 vre didn\ edoy the movie. Ii was too scary for the
6. A dogis not supposed to obey its m.srer.
?. People in a movie th.a.€r are suPposed to turn ofl
lhen cel phones.
Exeicise 33, p.277. 8. People i.libraries @ supposed ro sPeak quiedy.
Situadon: Julie was walkins along the edge of the
fountain ourside her office building. She was with her
co-worker and ftiend Paul. Suddenly she lost her
Exercise 52, p. 286.
balance end accidenraly fell into rhe water. Z@'
l Julie was Ellly mbarasscd. Zc e common @ud th. world. Tb. tust zoo was
2 FallinB into the fomtain was realy embarhssitrg. established around 3,500 years e8o by EgPtian queen u
3 He. ftiend Paul was shocked by.he si8ht for her.nro)m.Dt. Five hMdred y.-s l.ter. a Chinese
4 Ir was a shochns sidr. .hpeM est.blished . huse zoo to show his pow.r 8nd
5 The p.ople arcud rhe o6ce building were verv wealth. Irter, zoos weE esrablishcd for the purpose of
sltprised when rhey saw.luli. in fie fountain.

41 8 usIENINC SCR PT Chopler:0

 ′Ｃ
Zoos were supposed Io rake good care of animals, bur
some of the early ones were dark hol.s or dnry.ages. At
,ffi
lhar rime, people b.came dissusted wiih rhe poor care
the animals w.r. siv.r. kte., these early zoos were Exercis€ 20, p. 329.
.eplaced by scienlific insdtutions. Animals were srudicd
md kepr in bener conditions there. Th6e research
Mr nothzr\ hotpilzl ttat
cenrers becan. the fi.st modern zoos. l. Thc doctor who my moths saw 6rst spcnt q lot of
Becaus. zoos $a.t m rear animals \rcll and cncourasc
hrc(Jing. Jnrmrl' roJr\ rr. pur D large. naarJl lcrrrng! 2. Th. doctor I c.[.d for a.eond opinion B! Ery
insrc,d ofsddU crses. The! are fed . healthy diet lnd Psd.nt sd ud6t'nrrin8.
arc s.archcd c,rcfully for an! si8ns ofdisease. Il(xt zoos 3. Th. room rhir my morho hld was p.iwr..
havc spcci,lly krin.d leterilarians and a hospiul iltr 4. Th. m.dicin. which she t@k rcrtcd b.tt.r thln
rhcir animals. Tirda!, animals in these zoos are treited
qell,.nd 7oo brc.dins proslams havc savcd many 5. Th. hospilal tllar my mom cho3c ap.cielias in
diflc.cnt iypcs of animals.
6. Th. day my mom cam€ home h.ppcncd to bc h.r
bnthdsy.
Chopter I l: counl/Noncoun, Nouns 7. I thaDa.d rh. p.ople thlr h.lped my mom.
ond Arllcles 8. The stsfr whom I nei were sll €xc€llent.

Ilxercisc 3, p. 291. Exercise 28, p. 334.

l Vt halc . hohda! next \Leek. t . Th. pld. strich I'm taking to Dcnr€r lc.1'.s .t
7:OO A.M.
:. Vhat.rc you going ro do? 2. The stor. dut has the b6t Eactrbld h.lso th.
l. Thomrs nnd an u.urualsorr'.
r. Thon.s oiicn iclls unusual srories. 3. The egs! ehich my hulbmd md. fo! ou br.tlJast
6. lf,r's gd shoppi.g.
7. Th.rc\ a s.le on shirts and 4. Th. p.mn *ho mt E. e .m.il *i6 trying to glr
ieans.
my bek sccout Duba.
8. lJfs lealr in an hour.
9. Hcre s r mcssagc for you, 5. Th. hot.l cl.rk my wife spokc with on rh. phon. B
10. Y()u nccd to calllour bo$. soing ro gi\,€ us a room with a vicw.

Ilxcrcisc I l, p. 296. Exercise 33, p. 337.

l. At our school,Ieache( dod't use chllk rnlmore. I. I lit rh€ peopl€ whose hous. w. w.ot to.
2. Whcrc is rhc soaD? Did vou use all ofit? 2. Th. nan wbose daughter h a docror iB v.ry proud.
il'lbc mnndgcls suggcstions were lrry helplul. 3. Th. mon who's strnding by th. wbdow hB s
.1 Vhrch susges )n $unded best to you? d.ughtcr st Odo.d Univcr$ity.
5 Is thn nns nrade ofreal gold? 4. I tnow a sirl whGe prnrs d. borh ai in. pilots.
o \( hn. r l,'r .r.ru,m\ $,dr thunder Jnd l,ghtn,nd 5. I tD@ a girl who's lotrcly becaw her prrcn$ tnrrl
i. l)urins rh. ld$ storm, I found nr dauShter undc.
6. I mcr a TG}lddd m,t@ whok pl'ming to go to
E. Please put the cap b.ck on the roothpaste.
9- Vhar do you want to do wirh aU this srutl iD the hau
Exercise 36, p. 339.
10. We hav. too mucb soccer ud hockey equipmenr.

Exercise 3.1, p.313, A: A masazine that I sN ar the docto.\ ofiic. hld an

arricle you ousht ro read. II's about rhe imporEnce
Ic.-Creah Heod@h$ of exercise in dealiry with sness.
Hale you ever eaten something rstly cold like ice eam Br \vhy do you thiDk I should read m .rticle which
and suddenly gotten a headachel Thn is hoq as atr deals widl exercise ud srEss?
"icc-cr.m headache." About 30 pocent ofthepopuladon Ar lfyou stop ud thirk fora mitrute, you can answer
gets rhis r}?e ofheadache. Here is ore rheory about why that question yourself. You're uder a lot of stress,
icc<rean headaches o.tur. The rmfofyour moud has a and you dont ser ey exercise.
lor of DeN.s. Whcn somerhirs cold rouche ihese netues, B: Th. sEess rhat I hav6 ar woik doesn'r both.r mc.
thcy want to warm up you brain. They make your blood It\ just a nom.l pari ofmyiob. And I dont have
v.ssels swellup Ger b'sser). and rhi. crb.\ J lor of pm. tim. to exe.cise.
Iced.d h.adaches Seneraly so aMy.fter about 30 60 A: W.ll, you should make time. Anyone whose job is as
seconds- Th. bcat way to arcid rh6e headaches is to kcep suestul ar your should make physical.xeEis. part
cold food orlhe rcofofyou moudr of then dany rourine.

Chopler l2 LrsrENtNG scRrPr 4lt

 2. AskiDg others abour rhemselves md their lives is one
Chopter I 3: Gerunds ond lntinitives ofthe secrets ofgettinB along wirh other people. lf
you wanr to make md keep ftiends, it is imporiant
Exercise 4, p. 343. to be en.erel) rrtere.red ,n olhe, prople'.live'.
l. Ai When you finish doing your homewo.k, could 3. hrge bee colonies have 80,000 worke6. These
you help me in the ldtchen? workerbees musr visit 50 million flowers to make
B: Sue. one kilogram, o. 2.2 pounds, of hotrcy. It\ easy to
2. A: Do you have aDy plans for this weekend? see why"busy as a bee" is a common expresio!.
B: Henq and I Elked about reeiDg the dinosaur
exhibit at rhe museum.
3. A: I didnt understand the answer. I(/ould you mind
explaining it?
B: I'd be happr to.
choptsr 14: Noun Clouses
4. A I'm Lhrkins abour nur rnendins $e merting
Exercise 21, p. 381.
B: Really? Why? I hope you 8o. Ift need you.
1. vo*^r My EDglish teacher is really good. I like
her a lor-
ThaCs gearl I'm elad you're enjoyiDg
5. A: I've been workins on this math problem for the your class-
last half hou!, and I srill donl uderstDd ir.
B: Well, don\ give up. Keep rying. 2. MoM: How do you feel, honey? You misht have
lne flu.
I'm okay, Mom. Honesr. I donl hsve
Exercise 22, p, 354. Lhe flu.
A: Havc you made any vacation plms?
Bi Well, I waDled m sray home because I don\ lite 3. M,AN: Did you really fail your chemistry course?
tmveling. I hate packing aDd unpacking suircases. How is thar possible?
But my wjfe loves to rravel aDd waDred ro rake a boat voM,AN: I didnl srudy hard enough. Now I won\
irip somewhere. be able to graduare on dme.
A: So, wh.t are you going to dol
4. r\aAN: Rachell Hello! It's nice to see you.
B: Well, we couldnl agree, so we decided io stay home
wo\LS: Hi. n. tu.e ro be he.e. ThMl, Jou for
aDd be rourisls in our own town.
inviring me.
A: IDteresliDs. !(har are you plaming ro do?
B: Wcll, we havenl seen rhe new Museum of Space yet. 5. vo*^: Carol has left. lrok. Her closer is empry.
Theret also a new art exhibit downroM. And my Her suiic.ses a.e gone. She wonl be back
wife would like Io rake a boar trip in the harbor. I just tnow iil
Actually) wh.n sr bcgan talking about ir, we
She'll be back.
discovered lhere were lots of thitrss io do.
A: Souds like d sreat solutionl
B: Yeah, wele both really excited about seeing more of Exercise 39, p. 392.
Atrgela called ard asked mc where Bill was. I told hcr
he was i! Ihe lunchrcom. She asked when he would be
Exercise ,1,1, p. 366. back. I said he would be back around 2i00. I asked her
1 My professor goes throueh lhe lecrure nalerial too if I could do something for her.
quickly. It is difficult for us to fouow hih. He Deeds She said that Bill h8d the information she needed, and
to slow dom and give N time to underetand the key only he could help her- I told her rhat I woutd leave him
a mesase- She rhuked me and hung up.

420 LISIENING SCRIPT Chopters 13 ond l4

Chapter I, Exercise 10, p. 7. 3.7
l T 4. F [The Arctic
5. F [The Soud
Ocean is dE.oldest.]
2,7 China Sea is the biscest.]
3. F [According to a 1993 study: ihe death rate for 6,7
richrhanded people : 32.2%; for left heded 7. F [Asia is the ]arsest continent in 1he world.l
people = 33.8%, so the dearh r.te is about the 8,7
9. F [It's South Ameiica.]
4,7 10. T
5. F [The ofiicial EifielTowerlweb sire says 1,665.]
6. F [Honey never spoils.]
7, T Chapter 9, Exercise 24,p.242.
8,7 Seaftle and Siqapore have more lain dEn Manila in
9.7
10. T tManila: 58 mn. or 2.3 jn.l
lseanlei 161 mm. or 6.1 in.l
Chapter 5, Exercise 35, p, 129. lsingapore: 306 mm. or 12 in.l

2.d 5.e
3.b Chapter 9, Exercise 25, p,243,
2. Indonesia has more volcanoes thd Japan.
Chapter 6, Exercise 18, p. 154. 3. Satuin has more moons thanvenus.
1. Georgia, Azerbaiju, KszaihsrD, Chinr, Mongolia 4. S.o Paulo, Bruil, has more people dun New
York Cir_v.
5. Finland has morc islands than Greece.
4. The Dominicm Republic, Cuba, Pudto Ricq 6. Nepalhas more mouDrains than Switzerland.
Jamaica
5. kos,Thananq Cambodia, China 7. A bdana has mole susar ihd an apple.
6. (Anw iU uOL) 8. The dark meat of a chicken has more fat than the
white meat of a chicken.

9- (Antue6 tui urt-)

10. Eslpl, Sudu, Eritrea, Iran Chapter 9, Exercise 40, p.251.

Chapter 5, Exercise 44,p.167, B: 50 E: 381

C: 381
l.T
2. F [sray md uinued]
3.7 Chapter 10, Exeicise 10, p. 254.
.1.T 3. Princes Diana was killed in a car fiash in 1997.
5.7 .!. Manc lnd Pierre Curie discovered radilm.
6. T [about I l% to 12% bigser] 5. Oil was discovercd in Saudi Anbia in 1938.
7. T 6. Mahatma Gandhi and M.rtin Lurher KingJr. were
8. F [Men'B voices have a hisher pirch.] a.rested several times for peaceful proiests.
7. MichaelJackson died in 200s.
Chapter 9, Exer.cise 7, p. 233. 8. If,onardo da Vinci painted ihe Mona Lisa.
I,T 9. John F. Kemedy ms elecred president of the United
2.'f

421
Chapter 10, Exercise 21, p.271.

3. China and Monsolia

Chapter 11, Exercise l?, p. 316.

I, T
2-'f
l. F [Ausriis]
1,7
5,F
6,7
7. |- Ilsycholosy'psrlhiatry-l
8. t'
s.T
10. F [The Himalayas]

422 rRrvrA ANswEPs

 41an,29O,292,306 3O7 The numbers followins the words listed in thc index
(lroh on ?aEet 29O and 292 and aLo on refer to page numbe.s in ine rext.
pos.t 306 thmush 307.)

Consonants,l4r. The letters,&. mean "foomote." Foot otes are at the

(Looh at the loorrote on ?aqe 14.) bortom ofa cha or fie bottom ofa page.

A A lit le (bit), 240

A/a4 29o,292,306 3o7 A lot, ,rruch,lar, 24O
A vs. an, 29O A lot (ol) , 297
Acc-ua,orrred lu, 282 AAhe, lihe, 252
Active verbs,258 Abnost,229
Adiective clauses (d nanuho lioes),721-336 Alreody, 90, 95Jn.
Adiectives (sood, beaunlul), defined, 160,321 Anhot sh, 221
following 6e, 160,271 Akuq,s, etc. (ftequency adve6s), l0
cotip tarive (more/-et) and superletive Am, is, are + -ir.a (am eaing), 3
(rnost/-esr), 233,235 And, 20a,210
with parallel verbs) 77
'Nirh much, a lat, la\ 240
following, ge, (ge, hungty),278 \nith so, too, either, fieither,216
nouns used as (dlozrel garden), 162 with subiect-verb a$eementr 158
patticipial (;nterestins, inureskd), 27 6 Ano,heL 17l,176
possessive (r4r, or), 168 Aryrrnorc,395,396fu.
Adverb clauses,22l AnsDe rclrt,,389
with becalre, 221 Apostrophe (1bn !), 166
vlith eaEn thoughlahhough, 221 Atticles Qhe, a, an), 306-307
,y'clauses, 68 .4s.,, as comparisons, 229
ri6e-clauses, 83 not as . . . as vs. bss,241
time clauses (6€lore ie came), 48,64, a3 Ash if, 38e
Adverbs (4uictly): .4s soor, @s, 48, 68
compaiative (norelel) and superlative lr, as preposition of time, 156
(mostl-est), 233, 235, 239, 246 Auxiliary verbs:
fftqu.ency (ah,ays, somerimes)' lO afier and and b1n, 7 7, 214,216
negative Gadorn, nfuer), lO modal, 178
Aleula little, 297 in questions, I 14
Afte\ 48,6a, 153 in shorr responses to yes/no questions, I l1
A mdeb Ie@, 297 in tsg questions, 140

423
 B double (tha more . . . ,lE ,nore), 245
with modifiers, 240
Be:
with oouns, 242
in questions, 20
rcpeered (morc and more), 244
simple past (uat, uere), 26
Comparisons,229 257
simple present (dn, ,.r, ar€), 3
as . ,. as,229
Be aboua to, 7 5
Be + adjecdve, 160, 2?l compa$tives (morsl-er) , 233, 235, 246
sane, simihL diferent, like, alike, 252
followed by tl,zFclause (am sony that), 3A0
superlativ$ (zostl-est), 233, 235, 246
Becaule, 221 , 223
Belore, 48,68, l0A,153 Coniunctions (an4 , r, ot, so),20a,210,212
Be goinA to, 55 56 Consonants, l4/r.
\s. uiA, 65 Continuous verbs (sEE Progressive velbs)
Be + ins (blrLar eatins), 3,42 Contractions ofverbs:
Belieoe so, 382
hasrl't, haoen't, 87
8" + past perticiple (6e imerested in),259,271 isn\, aren't, )
(sEE Ar-so Passive)
followed by noufl clauses (be t oftied that), m&tm'\ 195
380 shoudn\, I9o
Be sur$rosed to, 285 uasn't, uerell't, 26
zuont, 60
Better:
and best, 235
haue, has, 94
had betkr, 178, l9l zuill, 60
Uhe... betet,204
Be used to/accratofred to, 282 with pronouns:
Bu,,2lO,212,214 am, i, are, 3
Bt: ,ad, 108, l9l
follo$ledby -iLs (by dltirls), 155 hoo., has, 87 , 94
with passive (6y-phrase), 258,265 will, 60
with reflexive pronoun (by nJsef), 169 anM, 189,204
vs. uith, 355
with question words, 134
uho\ vs. uhose, t25,336h.
use of, 134
c Could,ll9
Car.,178 past abiliry, I80
abiliry, 180 in polite questions, 187, 189
permission, 182 possibiliry, presentlfu ture, 184
polite question, 1871 189 Count/noncount nouns, 292 317
Capitalization, 208, 3l 7 noncount nouns, 292-293,295, 3OO, 302
Clauses, defined, 48r. , 32Vn., 37oJn. (sEE
ALso Adjectii,e clauses; Adve.b clauses;
,rclausesj Noun clause$Time clauses) D
Commas: Dependent clsuse, defined, 321r. (sEE Ar-so
with adverb clauses, 48, 221 Adjective clauses; Adverb clauses; Noun
in connecting ideas: clsuses)
with and, 20a; Difietent ltorn, 252
with 6zt and o,", 2 1 0 Direct speech (sEE Quoted speech)
vs. periods, 208 Dist^nce (& . . . from, hfl) lar), l3l
in quoted speech, 384 Do as main verb in &rar-questions, l2l
li a senes,210 Does, do, did:
Comparatives (rnorel-"r), 233, 235, 239 n neeative (I don'r .. .),3,26
q'ith adiectives and advelbs, 235 with hau to, 195

424 rNDEx
 in questlons(Dld,り lr …う,3,26,111,114 Ge, + adiective/past participle (get hungry, get
1nth励 ■ 121 tiru.d),27A
in short ans■ crs(%s′ aの ,20,26,111 Ge, used tolocc1t-taorraed ,o, 282
Double comparatlves(″ ′,ω ″ ら″を レの ,245 Go + ins (so shop?;ng), )44
Gonna (going ro), 56
E
Ed(α∫ た ちク1のCa),26,31
“
past partldplc,31,81
H
aS adiCCtlVC(aω Ⅲ S″ ′ θ71),276 Habitual past (rred ,o do sonething), 52
`ん Had:
prOnuncla● on,39
spelling,29 conEacted with pronouns, l9l
屋 セ″ら 216 io past perfect (Sia lrad already eakfl), loa
E“ oふ 、364 Hod beatat (You'd beu2t studlr), l7a, l9l
Er′ andで s`′ Ilorre, auxiliary in present perlect (Thqt hat:e
Eυθ o心 、223 "4o31.233,235,239
"4o7● eatzn), A7
"″
Eυ ら 10,90 progressive vs. non-action, l?
Eυ9μ 158 in questions, main verb, 112r.
Exprcssions of qlland,(∫ ο
″ら″aゆう, Haoe goa ao, 178,193
297,306 Haare to, 178,191
do not hal,Y to, 191
Helping verbs (sEE Auxiliary verbsi Negauves;
F Questions; individual items)
Faら ″ιdら α7o4240 Holte so, 382
■αrr4er肛 235 Holt, 127 , 137
""aら
)ル ω′
(a)洵 屹 297 holt about, 138
For(purposO(r,′ ,″ ιs"κ ヵγ″あ り,361
“
Forand “ Siの
J“ cο (tlnc)(′ `み
ed力 r“ ουω S), hoe la\ t3t
83,90,94,98 hoe lons, 132
Foγ ο
(∫ ″′ο tO dO(Sο ″ D,With tt(■ お hou many (times), 129
"の `j/1:η
lapa″ α″ルr″ ″∫ あ),358 hdo mu.h, 297,1OO
Frequcnw: “ =“ hou often, 129
ad“ 【bs("り の ら ∫ο″θrlZ“ ),10
cxpressions(α あら ツ alン ),129
`“
qucst10ns about,wiぬ あα〃のレη,129 I
Fγ っ解 … Ⅲら to exprcss distance,131
Fuli stop lpcriOd),20助 磁 {r-clauses, 68
expressing future time in, 68
Futurc umc,55-77
as noun clauses, 370, 389
0`gO171gゎ and w4 50,60,65
h1/Ciauscs,68 Il/ttthethet in nou'n clauses, 376) 389
immediate(レ αあ Immediate future (0. aDo,.rt !o), 75
),75
“`″
in dme clauses(Bψ ″力 ″ ″ ″
Imperative sentences (.Sr@/), 200
…),
68 ``ο `ら `“ ,r, as prcposition of time, 156

be山 Independent clause, defrned, 32lln.

using prcscnt vcrbs to cxpress(■
″″Or"吼 ),72-74
Indirect speech (sEE Reported speech)
lnfinitives (b eat), 346-347
connected by an4 35or'.
G widL it (h is easl a cooh eggs), 357-35a
Cerunds(無 ,ωο \{ith modals (rao. ,o r!ady), 178
follQん 強 g prcposi● Ons,352
"171gl,342 purpose (m ord?/ to), 36 1
as sub,ectsは 2″ οttS tプ レ沼),357 with ao and enough, 364
"g力
К rbs fouavcd by(θ ″ 0,342,347 verbs folowed by, 346-347
""蔵

rNDEX 425
Informadon questions, I I I Much, d lot, far, 240
-lng: Musa,178
ger$d (Suhming i fun), 342 logical conclusion, 197
present participle (I[s] are winning), 3l necessity, 193
as adiective (an intqesing booh), 276 Musa 195, 197
'?'oa,
in tenses (sEE Progressive verbs)
spelling,29,3l N
In otdet ,o,361
lntetesaed \\. intercstina, 27 6 Neady,229
Intransitive and tansitive verbs, 263 Negatives:
Irregular noun plurals (nmane, fxh), ed\etbs Gedom, nc1,y't), lO
t47,166 be + not, 3
Irregular verbs (ear, are, eakn),llst,32 be + not + going
to, 56
,r, to express distance (h i two miles . . .), l)l past progressive (?rark 42
el"" ,or,
,, + infinitive (I s rdsJ tn .to), 351 35A pres.Dtp.fiect (haslha e l,ot), 87
,, + ,a&e (lengrh oftime), 132 present progressive (ar, /i/are not), 3
,,s vs, ,'r's, 168 shoud + not (shouldn\), r90
simple past (dd ,rt), 26
sirlrple prcsent (dnesldo ,Dt), 1,20
J @iA + not (z!,on't), 60
Jzs,, 90 (sEE AlJo Cont actions ofverbs)
Jut(as...as),229 NeitheL 216
Neoei 90, 2lgfn.
L Non-action (nonprogressive) verbs (Arar,
The leaal, 246 uant, bebng), 17
Iass,..,hon,24l Noncount nouns (Jturz;am, mail),292 291,
I4t's,203 295,3OO,302
L;he, alihe, 252 units of measure with (&w cups of tea), 302
Lihe.,. better,2O4 used as count flouns (ra?er vs. a paO.t),30O
L;he, looe, 347[n. No, (sEE Negatives)
(A) littlel(o\ Ieut, 297 Noaas...as,24l
I-ogical conclusion, I 97 Noun clsuses,370 389
with ilwhether, 37 6, 3a9
M with questior vrords (io, a, he said), 17 |
reported speech, sequence oftenses, 388
Ma,x. cl^use, 48, 221, 32Vn. ,nirh that (I thinh rhat . . .), 3?9-3a0
Maiylrnuch, 297
Nouns:
Mat, L?A,la2 count/fl oncount (rrairr f1lrniture), 292-?07
permission, 182, 187
plural forms, 13, 147, 158
polite question, 187 possessive (lbn 'r), 166
possibility, 62, 182 pronunciation offinal -r, 149
Marbq62,190 as subjects and obiects, 151
vs. mq be, 182
used as adiectives (arToro?r gaden), 162
Measure, units of (a crp ol a picce of), 302
Midsentence edverbs (usualb, sedon), lO,
e0,396f,t. o
M;Aht,178,182 Object pronouns, personal (hitt, thefi\, 164
Modal auxilia es, 178-204 (sEE Ar-so in adjective clauses (rbrofi I fiet),324
individual items) Objects:
in p.ssive,269 ola preposition (rr rl,e &rA), 153
tag questions with, 199 of a *rb (is readins a book), l5l
MoteLct . . . thon, 233,235,239 Or., as time preposiEon (ofl Mo d.alt\, 156
Trre m$t/as4 233, 235, 246 One of + plvral rro\JJr,246

426 NDEX
Ot,210 list, 153,402 403
Othe\ l7l,173,176 obiects of, 153
Ought to, l7A,l90 tgr ofplace, 157
vs. time, word order, 154/n., 157
placement in adjective clauses, 332
P placement in information questions! I 14
Parallel strucrure wit}l dnd, but, ot,208,210 in stative passive (r? maftied td,271
with verbs (zudltu a,?d .alhs,is walhing and of rirne (in, on, ar), 156
talhins),77 used as par cle in phrasal vetb\ t put ofl,
Particles, in phnsal verbs (put awdy),398 put on), 398
Participial adiectives (interested vs. interesring), Presenr participle (€ar,rA), 3l
276 as adjective (inttresling), 27 6
Partitives (sEE Units ofmeasure) !s. gerund,342
Passive (L uas nailed by Bob\, 25a Present perfect (,/,d2,€ eaten), al loa
,]-phrase, use o! 258, 265 defined, 94
modal auxiliaries (srorlt be nailed),269 vs. past perfect,395
s$rive (is marrbd), 271 Present time, 3 20 (sEE Ar,so Tenses)
summary offormsr 259 P ncipal parts ofa verb (eat, ate, eaten,
Pasr h^bit (I used to lizre in . . .), 52 eatinp\,3l
Past participles, de6ned,31, 81 Probablf,62
as adjectives (be *ed, be s*prised), 27t Progressive verbs (6c + -rrig), 3l
follo,Ning get (get rired),27I vs.non-action (1dm ,rinking vs. I think), 17
vs. -i g (intercsted vs. interesifig), 27 6 pasr (wdr dains), 42
of irregular verbsj list, 32 ptesent (i do;ne), 3, 7 2, 98
in passivej 258 259 present pedect (ias bern doind, 99-l0l
Past pedect (ldd 1en, 108 Pronouns:
vs. present perfect, 395 in ad,ective clauses (z.,ro, uhih),322,
Past prosressive (zrds earnd, 42 324,327
vs. past pede€t, 396 contmctions witl (sEE ConEactions)
Past time, 26 52 (sEE Airo Tenses) personal (1, t&€rr), 164
Period, 208 possessive (n me, r&er'rs)J 168
Pe^onal pronouns (rne, hin, thei, 164 reflexive (nlself, themsebes), 169
Phrasal verbsJ list, 399-400 used as expressions ofquanriq (mary,
intransitive,39S some),306
nonseparable, 398 Pronulciation:
separableJ 398 -ed,39
three-word,398 -s/-es, 149
Phrase, deined, 370r. Punctualion:
Pleose, lA7 , 20O aposEophe (?Z,n t), 166 (sEE Ar-so
Plural rouns, 13, 147 (sEE Ar"so Singular and Contractions)
pluIaI)
Polite questions using modals (Md., I2 in adverb clauses, 48, 221
Would )tot?), ta7, \89,204 vs. a period, 208
Possessive: in quoted speech,384
in adjective clauses (z!lrose), 336 in a series with dr?4 208
nouns (%mt), 166 period, 208
pronouns ard adjectives (mine and ,A), 16A quotation marksJ 384
befer,2O4 Ptrpose (in oftlet to, fot), 361
Prepositional phrases (on the desh\,153
Pteposiaons (at, from, under): a
combinations with verbs and adjeciives, 402 Quantity, expressions of (a lot, sateral),
followed by gerunds, 352 297,306

rNDEx 427
Question forms, I l4 Since lor, 83, 90, 94, 98
past progressive (zrerelo dohg2), 42 ^ndand plural:
Singular
present perfect (Idoe Jrou dnne?), 87
presefit perfect progressive (hale the! been nouns used as adjectives (f$1LV ga en:),162
drivins), eB personal pronouns (1, &.), 164
present progressive (are )ou doing?), 3 possessive nouns (rtrdenr's, studant:'), 168
simple past (aaro, do?), 26 Present tense verbs (earJ 13
simple present (do yol do?), 3 verbs in adiective clauses (man who is,
vtrt\ wit (uityo do?),60 men @ho are), 331
Questions, lll 140 So:
ln'tut/Jranor. @br, when), rrr,37 | wir\ and (and so do I), 216
po\ire (uoud tou pbasel), 187, 189-190 conjunction (/t r0us la&, so uE bf),212
possession (zrnore .d/ i t,,s?), 125 substituted for rrat-cla]use (I rhink so),382
tas (You hnou Bob, don\ tou?), r40 Sorrre, 292, 306
yes/no,20, 1ll,l14 So/aooleiahe neiaher, 21 6
Question words, l14, 134 (sEEAlso Noun Spelling:
clauses; individuel items) -ed,29
Quitc,229 arlasr, 235
Quotation marks, 384 -;nE,29
Quoted speech, 384, 387 a/-es, 14,147
Stative (non-action) verbs, l7r.
R Stetive passive (;r rflarried), 271
Recently,90 Srirr, 90, 396
Reflexive pronouns (ars€f ), 169 Subiect pronouns, personel (1, she, thqi, 164
Relative clauses (sEE Adiective clauses) in adieciive clruses (a nan who n, a book
Reported speech, 378 388 @hih uat), 322
Subiects, verbs, objects, l5l
Eansitive vs. inEansitive verbs, 263
s Subiect verb aSreement, 158
-S/-esr in ediective clauses, 331
with plural nouns (brrdi), 13,147,292 Superlatives, 233, 235, 246
pronunciation, I 49 Sul4tored ao, 285
with simple present verbs (edr, 3 s-v-o-P-T, 157
spelliog, 14
Sornc, si'f,ilaL difiercnl, Ehe, olihe,252
ScJ, vs. ,err, 389 T
-Sew-seloe-t, 169 Tag questions (yo, Azro Bob, don\ yu?), 140
Sequence oftenses, in noun clauses, 388 with modal auxiliaries, 199
Sel'eral, 297 la&e, with 4 ro exprcss length of time, I 32
Shall, 55fu. Tbl es. say, ash, 389
Short answe$ to questions, 20, 26, 42, 60, Tenses:
87, 111 past peiect (had worhed), loa
Stod4 178, 190 l9l past progressiv. (uere uorking), 42
Simple form of a verb, 3 I present perfect (,ao€ clorked), 83,87-94
Simple past,26 present perfect progressive (haoe been
defined, 94 uo*ing),98 l0l
vs. past progressive, 42 Present Progressive (,s rlorAirg), 3
vs. preseDr pcrfcc! 94 futulc mcanin8,72
Simple present, 3,20 simple future (r!,II @ori), 55
to express future time, 74 simple past (r.or&ed), 26, 31, 42, 94
in future time clauses, 68 simple present (!rorhr), 3
vs. present progressive, 4 future meaning, 68, 74

428 rNoEx
mon: w
in comparatives (rrrorel er), 233,239
Was, @ere, 26, 42
follo,ntng like bettet, TLruA rarher, 204 + -ins (was eannd, 42
That: WhaL Llg
in adiective clauses (lz Dook that 1rcad),
in noun clauses, 37o 389
322, 324, 327 , 332
uhat dbott, 138
in noun clauses (He rdrd that .. .),170,
uhat + a forfi of do, l2l
379 3a0,397 what...fo/,117
The,233,306 107 what hind ol, 123
with names, 3 [5 what ,ime vs. when, LL7
Their, ,het 'rc, there, 168 Whea:
Therc + be, 158 in nout clauses, J7l
77rir&, progressive vs. non-action, 17 in questions, I 14, I 17
Thinh so,382 in time clauses, 42, 48, 68
This + ,noifiing loJtcrnoon/eoening, 55 Where, ll4,ll7
Thrce-word verbs, 398 (sEE ALso Phrasal veds) in noun clauses, 370
Time clauses, defined, 48 Whethei 370,376,349
form, 48 Wh;ch:
future, 68 in adjective clauses, 327
pasr, 48
in noun clauses, 371
with $rre, 83 in questions, 123
Tbdq,, tonight, 55 While, 42,4a,6a
To . . . Jlorz, to express distance, 131 witl, t7a
To + simple form (infnit\ee),346-347 vs. be going ra, 65
(in ordzr) to,361
forms, 60
foo (excess amouno, 364 tuture,55
' ith and (and I do,oo),216 in polite questions, 189
Transitive and intransitiv€ verbs, 263
Two-word verbs, 398 (sEE AIso PhGsal 'uilJl Prcbablr, 62
with $. b,,355
verbs)
who/uho(,n)l
in adjective clauses, 322, 324,327, 332
U in Doun clauses, 371
Units ofmeasure (a .r? oL a piece of),302 in questions, I 14, 119
antil, 4A, 6a-69tn. who\ vs. uhlrse, 125,3361n.
Used ,o (past habit), 52 Whose:
vs. be used to, 284 in adiective clauses, 336
in noun clauses, 171
in quesrions, 125
Wty, I 17
parallel, 7? Why don't, 2o3
principal parts of,3l Word order (s-v-o-P-T), 158
reporting, 388-389 Vlottld, l7a
singular snd plural, in adjective contractions wih pronouns, 204
clauses, 331 in polite questioN, 189
vs. subiects and objects, l5l, 263 in reported speech, 388
transitive/intmnsitive, 263 Vr'odd rarher, 204
(sEE At-so Auxiliary verbs; Modal
arlxiliaries; Passive; Phmsal verbs;
Tenses; individual items) Y
Uery,24o Yes/no questions, 20, I I l) 114, 376
Vowels, l4lr., 290 Yet,90

rNDEx 420
´０
ACD10 CD TRヽ CmNG LIST

CDl TRACK EXERCISE CD2 TRACK EXERCISE

lnioducdon 1 Chapter 6 1 E■ ,d、 6,p l■ 9
Chapter l 2 2 厳 ercist 7,, 150
3 3 Ltrd“ 8,p 15o
4 4 Ex● 0
=cise 9,p lう
5 5 Excrcise 10,p 150
6 6 Ex● 麒 ●28,p 159
7 7 Excrclse 36,p lo,
8 8 EК Кke49,p 170
9 9 Exercisc 58,0 176
10 10 Exerd“ 59,,177
11 11 6∞ 3,p 179
Eメ ●
12 12 L● ￨● 父 7,p 181
13 13 Excro“ 13,p 184
14 14 Exc‐ :se 17,P 186
1う 15 Exで 郎 ●32,p 194
16 16 Exerasc 45,,201
17 ●‐´rase 50,p 204
17
18
18 Exerasc 11,p213
19
19 0κ ● sc 15,p215
20 &elld“ 21,p 219
20
21 28,P223
21 餞 ●
22 =d“
22 E挟 ●rctt 33,P 225
23
24 Lerose 4,p 2,1
Exeふ o8,p234
25 Ex● rdsc 2,p 56
Excrcise 1 2,p 2,7
26 Ex●
=d“
6,p 58 口ヽ
´rd∝ 15,P 238
27 験 r.isc 10,,60
E“ ‐ ・ 23,p 242
28 'V・
rcisc l l,,61
Ex“ d“
^・
36,p249
29 EК rcise 13,p62 Exelld‐ 42,, 25,
30 EbFrcisc 17,p 64
31 Bk,cisc 23,p 67 ,0 Ex● κ ise 3、 p260
32 1ゝ erciso,3,p 73 31 EК rcヽ c15,p 267
33 1巌 o● 史 44,p 7' ,2 ●‐‐rasc 17,p 268
33 Et“ コ‐ 26.p 274
34 欧 ctcI史 2,P 82
34 Exe“ isc 28,っ 275
35 i“ 12,p 88 Excrdsc 31,p 276
35
36 … rcis● 17,p91
EК
36 Exelld“ 33,p 277
37 Excrcisc 1 9,p 92
,7 Excnコ se 37,p 280
38 Lcrcise 20,p 93 C42,,232
,8 Exttt‐ L●
39 Extrds(26,p97 39 Ex● 轟 51,p 286
40 Exercisで ,1,p100
40 EК rclsc 52,p 286
41 1ユ elldse 34,p 103
４ っ ０ ４ ６ ４ ４ 郷 ４ ”
︲

42 Exerase,6,p 104 Ch8pter ll ■k,こsc 3,P 2,1

43 Exc“ is● 37,p 104 Exelld“ 11,p 296
44 験 r.isc 43,p l10 Ex― :“ 34,p 313
４

45 EК てもで4,p l13 ChBpter 12 Eメ c● コ 20,, 329

46 1ntκ isc 6,p l13 Exen5se
“ 28,p 334
６７

47 肇 ∝ cise 9,p l16 EК Кヽ●33,p 337

口
・・ n■ 史 14,P l18 Extrasc 36,p 3,9
Excrise l,,P120
Chapter 13 Ltrcse 4,p 343
９

Et口 ●sc 29,p 126

Exerc“ 22,P 354
験 !● ,cう 0,p126
Exera“ 44,p 366
EК Кヽe34,p 128
，

53 ‐К ise 37,p 130 Ex● κ Le21,p 381

Ch,pter 14
鯰

'ヽ
54 Ex● J∝ 44,p 134 Exerasc 39,p ,92
55 “
Exerd∝ 45,p 135
56 Lcrd,46,p l,,
57 Lc,cl,c47,P 135
58 Excrcise 48,p 136
59 1nで rcise 53,p 138
60 Ex∝ dsc 56,P 140
61 1ま ,7,p 141
62 口,・"d“
rci“ 59,P142
63 曝
64 `6sc 02,P
Excrcisc 61,p143
143

434 AUD10 CD lRACKlNO uSI

 Comrnon Irregrrlar Verbs: An Alphabetical Reference List (cotrtilarefi
SrMr,r-F. SrMpre Pesr SrMprs Srllpr-s Pesr
FoRM PAST Pamcrpr-e FoRM PAsr Plnrrcu,re
lc! lct lct ヽli

lic lal lain sleep slept slept

light lit/lighted Ltnighrcd slidc slid slid

lost losr speak spokc spoken

made made spcnd spent spent
mcan mcant mcant spread spread spread
mcct stand stood stood
pav paid paid stcal stolc stolen
provc provcd proved /proven srick stuck stuck
put put put strikc srruck struck
quit qurt quit s、 vcar Sヽ Vt)rC V()rn
ゝヽ

rcad read swepr

ridc ridden Sヽ Vlm s、 varn 、、vum

ring rang rung take took taken

risc rosc rlscn teach taughr taught
「 tl n ran ru11

sav said said tc11 told told

ヽCC sa、 v scen hink thought rhoughr
soughr sought
sc11 sold sold understand undcrstood understood
scnd scnt sent upsct upset upset
ヽCt ゝぜ〔

shakc shook shaken vear

、 vt)re
、 、vorn

shave shaved shaved/shaven vcavc

、 ヽVOVC VOVCn
ヽ

shoot shot shor

shut shut shul Vln
ヽ VOn
ヽ ■ On

sing sang sun!i withdr€w withdrawn

sink sank sunk ヽV■ Otc vrittcn
、
FUNDAMENrALS OF ENGIISH GRAMⅣ mR Four価 Edi● on
Bc"yS.Azα ●
Stacy A.Hage■
A clas.sic developmental skills rext for lower-intermediate and intermediate English lantxage leamers'
fvlnao,nentoits oJ enghch Grammor is a comprehensive reference grammar as well as a stimulatinS
and teachable classroom text.
while keeping the same basic appmach and material as in earlier editions, the fourth edition more 6rlly
develops communicative and interactive language-leaming achvities. Some of the new features arc:
. lnnovative Warm-Up exercises that pr€cede the grammar charrs and introduce points to b€ tautht
. StnrcturE-bas€d listeni.S eY€rcisei rangiq from casual speoch to more academic cfitent
. A wide selectioo of r€dings that hiShlight the target grammar structures
o Greatly expanded speaking pEcticc with extensive pair, SmuP' and class work
. Writing activities with models for stud€nts to folm
. Corpus-informed syllabus that re0ects the dis@urse patterfls of spoken and wdtten English
o Audio CIk and ListeninS Script iD th€ back ofthe Student Book

FUNDAMEN'I:AE OF ENGLISH GRAIYIMAR, Fourth Edition, includes:

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Full lnrernational Edition with Answer Ke]: lsBN 978-0-13-231513-5
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volume A: IStsN 978-o-r3 88358,
Volume B: ISBN 978-0-13-7r)7523-2

WortDoorq consisting ofself-study exercises for indep€ndent work

Fult Editionr ISBN 978-o-B_8o2212J
volume A: ISBN 978-0_13-7()75'24-9
Volume B: ISBN 978-o-r3-7o749o-7
Teachef. Guide tolth Pol,.letPoin:t CITRoM' wi.Jl teaching suss€stioN,
grammat notes, ex?snsion activiti€s, and answer key
ISBN 978-()-13 138334 o
Test aank, consisting ofquizzes. tests' and mid-term and final exams
ISBN 978-o-r3 707144-9
ChartDoot. a Efercnce text consistin8 of onlv ihc trammar charts
ISBN 978'o-13-7o7l4r_8

a tsach€r+uppon wobsite wrNw.yod!b..com/EnglEhwithslacy

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