Oracle SQL Cheat Sheet

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SELECT Query Modifying Data Create Table
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table Insert INSERT INTO tablename Create Table CREATE TABLE tablename (
JOIN table2 ON table1.col = table2.col (col1, col2...) column_name data_type
WHERE condition VALUES (val1, val2); );
GROUP BY column_name Insert from a
HAVING condition INSERT INTO tablename
Table
ORDER BY col1 ASC|DESC; (col1, col2...) Create Table with Constraints
SELECT col1, col2...

CREATE TABLE tablename (

SELECT Keywords Insert Multiple
Rows
INSERT
INTO tablename (col1, col2) column_name data_type NOT NULL,
VALUES (valA1, valB1) CONSTRAINT pkname PRIMARY KEY (col),
DISTINCT: Removes SELECT DISTINCT product_name INTO tablename (col1, col2) CONSTRAINT fkname FOREIGN KEY (col)
duplicate results FROM product; VALUES (valA2, valB2) REFERENCES other_table(col_in_other_table),
SELECT * FROM dual; CONSTRAINT ucname UNIQUE (col),
CONSTRAINT ckname CHECK (conditions)
BETWEEN: Matches a SELECT product_name
Update UPDATE tablename );
value between two FROM product
other values (inclusive) WHERE price BETWEEN 50 AND 100; SET col1 = val1
WHERE condition;
Create Temporary CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE
SELECT product_name Table tablename (
IN: Matches to any of
FROM product Update with UPDATE t colname datatype
the values in a list
WHERE category IN a Join SET col1 = val1 ) ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS;
('Electronics', 'Furniture'); FROM tablename t
INNER JOIN table x Drop Table DROP TABLE tablename;
LIKE: Performs SELECT product_name ON t.id = x.tid
wildcard matches using FROM product WHERE condition;
_ or % WHERE product_name
Delete DELETE FROM tablename
Alter Table
LIKE '%Desk%";
WHERE condition;
Add Column ALTER TABLE tablename
ADD columnname datatype;
Joins Indexes
Drop Column ALTER TABLE tablename
Create Index CREATE INDEX indexname DROP COLUMN columnname;
SELECT t1.*, t2.*
ON tablename (cols);
FROM t1
join_type t2 ON t1.col = t2.col; Modify Column ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY
Drop Index DROP INDEX indexname; columnname newdatatype;
Table 1 Table 2

A A
Set Operators Rename Column ALTER TABLE tablename RENAME COLUMN
currentname TO newname;
B B

C D UNION: Shows unique

Add Constraint ALTER TABLE tablename ADD
rows from two result sets. CONSTRAINT constraintname
INNER JOIN: show all matching A constrainttype (columns);
A
records in both tables. UNION ALL: Shows all
B B
rows from two result sets.
Drop Constraint ALTER TABLE tablename DROP
constraint_type constraintname;
LEFT JOIN: show all records from left A A
INTERSECT: Shows rows that
table, and any matching records from Rename Table sp_rename
B B exist in both result sets.
right table. 'old_table_name',
C
'new_table_name';
EXCEPT: Shows rows that exist
RIGHT JOIN: show all records from in the first result set but not
Window/Analytic Functions
A A
right table, and any matching records the second.
B B
from left table.
function_name ( arguments ) OVER (
Aggregate Functions
D
[query_partition_clause]
[ORDER BY order_by_clause
FULL JOIN: show all records from A A SUM: Finds a total of the numbers provided
[windowing_clause] ] )
both tables, whether there is a match COUNT: Finds the number of records
or not. B B AVG: Finds the average of the numbers provided
Example using RANK, showing the student details and their rank
C MIN: Finds the lowest of the numbers provided
according to the fees_paid, grouped by gender:
MAX: Finds the highest of the numbers provided
D
SELECT
Common Functions student_id, first_name, last_name, gender, fees_paid,

CASE Statement LENGTH(string): Returns the length of the provided string RANK() OVER (
INSTR(string, substring, [start_position], [occurrence]): Returns the PARTITION BY gender ORDER BY fees_paid
position of the substring within the specified string. ) AS rank_val
Simple Case CASE name TO_CHAR(input_value, [fmt_mask], [nls_param]): Converts a date FROM student;
WHEN 'John' THEN 'Name John' or a number to a string
WHEN 'Steve' THEN 'Name Steve' TO_DATE(charvalue, [fmt_mask], [nls_date_lang]): Converts a
ELSE 'Unknown'
END
string to a date value.
TO_NUMBER(input_value, [fmt_mask], [nls_param]): Converts a
Subqueries
string value to a number. SELECT id, last_name, salary
Single Row
Searched Case CASE ADD_MONTHS(input_date, num_months): Adds a number of FROM employee
WHEN name='John' THEN 'Name John' months to a specified date. WHERE salary = (
WHEN name='Steve' THEN 'Name Steve' SYSDATE: Returns the current date, including time. SELECT MAX(salary)
ELSE 'Unknown' CEIL(input_val): Returns the smallest integer greater than the FROM employee
END provided number. );
FLOOR(input_val): Returns the largest integer less than the
provided number.
Common Table Expression ROUND(input_val, round_to): Rounds a number to a specified
Multi Row SELECT id, last_name, salary
FROM employee
number of decimal places. WHERE salary IN (
WITH queryname AS ( TRUNC(input_value, dec_or_fmt): Truncates a number or date to a SELECT salary
SELECT col1, col2 number of decimals or format. FROM employee
FROM firsttable) REPLACE(whole_string, string_to_replace, [replacement_string]): WHERE last_name LIKE 'C%'
SELECT col1, col2.. Replaces one string inside the whole string with another string. );
FROM queryname...; SUBSTR(string, start_position, [length]): Returns part of a value,
based on a position and length.
 SQL Server Cheat Sheet
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SELECT Query Modifying Data Create Table
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table Insert INSERT INTO tablename Create Table CREATE TABLE tablename (
JOIN table2 ON table1.col = table2.col (col1, col2...) column_name data_type
WHERE condition VALUES (val1, val2); );
GROUP BY column_name Insert from a
HAVING condition INSERT INTO tablename
Table
ORDER BY col1 ASC|DESC; (col1, col2...) Create Table with Constraints
SELECT col1, col2...

CREATE TABLE tablename (

SELECT Keywords Insert Multiple
Rows
INSERT INTO tablename
(col1, col2...) VALUES column_name data_type NOT NULL,
(valA1, valB1), CONSTRAINT pkname PRIMARY KEY (col),
DISTINCT: Removes SELECT DISTINCT product_name (valA2, valB2), CONSTRAINT fkname FOREIGN KEY (col)
duplicate results FROM product; (valA3, valB3); REFERENCES other_table(col_in_other_table),
CONSTRAINT ucname UNIQUE (col),
CONSTRAINT ckname CHECK (conditions)
BETWEEN: Matches a SELECT product_name
Update UPDATE tablename );
value between two FROM product
other values (inclusive) WHERE price BETWEEN 50 AND 100; SET col1 = val1
WHERE condition;
Create Temporary SELECT cols
SELECT product_name Table INTO #tablename
IN: Matches to any of
FROM product Update with UPDATE t FROM table;
the values in a list
WHERE category IN a Join SET col1 = val1
('Electronics', 'Furniture'); FROM tablename t
INNER JOIN table x Drop Table DROP TABLE tablename;
LIKE: Performs SELECT product_name ON t.id = x.tid
wildcard matches using FROM product WHERE condition;
_ or % WHERE product_name
Delete DELETE FROM tablename
Alter Table
LIKE '%Desk%";
WHERE condition;
Add Column ALTER TABLE tablename
ADD columnname datatype;
Joins Indexes
Drop Column ALTER TABLE tablename
Create Index CREATE INDEX indexname DROP COLUMN columnname;
SELECT t1.*, t2.*
ON tablename (cols);
FROM t1
join_type t2 ON t1.col = t2.col; Modify Column ALTER TABLE tablename ALTER COLUMN
Drop Index DROP INDEX indexname; columnname newdatatype;
Table 1 Table 2

Set Operators
A A Rename Column sp_rename
'table_name.old_column_name',
B B
'new_column_name', 'COLUMN';
C D UNION: Shows unique
rows from two result sets. Add Constraint ALTER TABLE tablename ADD
CONSTRAINT constraintname
INNER JOIN: show all matching A A constrainttype (columns);
records in both tables. UNION ALL: Shows all
B B
rows from two result sets.
Drop Constraint ALTER TABLE tablename
DROP CONSTRAINT constraintname;
LEFT JOIN: show all records from left A A
INTERSECT: Shows rows that
table, and any matching records from ALTER TABLE tablename
B B exist in both result sets. Rename Table
right table. RENAME TO newtablename;
C

MINUS: Shows rows that exist

RIGHT JOIN: show all records from in the first result set but not
Window/Analytic Functions
A A
right table, and any matching records the second.
B B
from left table.
D
Aggregate Functions function_name ( arguments ) OVER (
[query_partition_clause]
SUM: Finds a total of the numbers provided [ORDER BY order_by_clause
FULL JOIN: show all records from A A
COUNT: Finds the number of records [windowing_clause] ] )
both tables, whether there is a match
or not. B B AVG: Finds the average of the numbers provided
MIN: Finds the lowest of the numbers provided Example using RANK, showing the student details and their rank
C according to the fees_paid, grouped by gender:
MAX: Finds the highest of the numbers provided
D
SELECT
student_id, first_name, last_name, gender, fees_paid,
Common Functions
CASE Statement
RANK() OVER (
PARTITION BY gender ORDER BY fees_paid
LEN(string): Returns the length of the provided string ) AS rank_val
Simple Case CASE name CHARINDEX(string, substring, [start_position], [occurrence]): FROM student;
WHEN 'John' THEN 'Name John' Returns the position of the substring within the specified string.
WHEN 'Steve' THEN 'Name Steve' CAST(expression AS type [(length)]): Converts an expression to
ELSE 'Unknown' another data type.
END GETDATE: Returns the current date, including time. Subqueries
CEILING(input_val): Returns the smallest integer greater than the
provided number. Single Row SELECT id, last_name, salary
Searched Case CASE FROM employee
FLOOR(input_val): Returns the largest integer less than the
WHEN name='John' THEN 'Name John' WHERE salary = (
provided number.
WHEN name='Steve' THEN 'Name Steve' SELECT MAX(salary)
ROUND(input_val, round_to, operation): Rounds a number to a
ELSE 'Unknown' FROM employee
specified number of decimal places.
END );
REPLACE(whole_string, string_to_replace, replacement_string):
Replaces one string inside the whole string with another string.
Common Table Expression SUBSTRING(string, start_position, [length]): Returns part of a
value, based on a position and length.
Multi Row SELECT id, last_name, salary
FROM employee
WHERE salary IN (
WITH queryname (col1, col2...) AS ( SELECT salary
SELECT col1, col2 FROM employee
FROM firsttable) WHERE last_name LIKE 'C%'
SELECT col1, col2.. );
FROM queryname...;
 MySQL Cheat Sheet
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SELECT Query Modifying Data Create Table
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table Insert INSERT INTO tablename Create Table CREATE TABLE tablename (
JOIN table2 ON table1.col = table2.col (col1, col2...) column_name data_type
WHERE condition VALUES (val1, val2); );
GROUP BY column_name Insert from a
HAVING condition INSERT INTO tablename
Table
ORDER BY col1 ASC|DESC; (col1, col2...) Create Table with Constraints
SELECT col1, col2...

CREATE TABLE tablename (

SELECT Keywords Insert Multiple
Rows
INSERT INTO tablename (col1,
col2…) column_name data_type NOT NULL,
VALUES CONSTRAINT pkname PRIMARY KEY (col),
DISTINCT: Removes SELECT DISTINCT product_name (valA1, valB1), CONSTRAINT fkname FOREIGN KEY (col)
duplicate results FROM product; (valA2, valB2), REFERENCES other_table(col_in_other_table),
(valA3, valB3); CONSTRAINT ucname UNIQUE (col),
CONSTRAINT ckname CHECK (conditions)
BETWEEN: Matches a SELECT product_name
Update UPDATE tablename );
value between two FROM product
other values (inclusive) WHERE price BETWEEN 50 AND 100; SET col1 = val1
WHERE condition;
Create Temporary CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE
SELECT product_name Table tablename (
IN: Matches to any of
FROM product Update with UPDATE t colname datatype
the values in a list
WHERE category IN a Join SET col1 = val1 );
('Electronics', 'Furniture'); FROM tablename t
INNER JOIN table x Drop Table DROP TABLE tablename;
LIKE: Performs SELECT product_name ON t.id = x.tid
wildcard matches using FROM product WHERE condition;
_ or % WHERE product_name
Delete DELETE FROM tablename
Alter Table
LIKE '%Desk%";
WHERE condition;
Add Column ALTER TABLE tablename
ADD columnname datatype;
Joins Indexes
Drop Column ALTER TABLE tablename
Create Index CREATE INDEX indexname DROP COLUMN columnname;
SELECT t1.*, t2.*
ON tablename (cols);
FROM t1
join_type t2 ON t1.col = t2.col; Modify Column ALTER TABLE tablename CHANGE
Drop Index DROP INDEX indexname; columnname newcolumnname newdatatype;
Table 1 Table 2

A A
Set Operators Rename Column ALTER TABLE tablename CHANGE
COLUMN currentname TO newname;
B B

C D UNION: Shows unique

Add Constraint ALTER TABLE tablename ADD
rows from two result sets. CONSTRAINT constraintname
INNER JOIN: show all matching A constrainttype (columns);
A
records in both tables. UNION ALL: Shows all
B B
rows from two result sets.
Drop Constraint ALTER TABLE tablename DROP
constraint_type constraintname;
LEFT JOIN: show all records from left A A
INTERSECT: Shows rows that
table, and any matching records from ALTER TABLE tablename
B B exist in both result sets. Rename Table
right table. RENAME TO newtablename;
C

MINUS: Shows rows that exist

RIGHT JOIN: show all records from in the first result set but not
Window/Analytic Functions
A A
right table, and any matching records the second.
B B
from left table.
D function_name ( arguments ) OVER (

Aggregate Functions [query_partition_clause]

[ORDER BY order_by_clause
FULL JOIN: show all records from A A
[windowing_clause] ] )
both tables, whether there is a match
SUM: Finds a total of the numbers provided
or not. B B
COUNT: Finds the number of records Example using RANK, showing the student details and their rank
C AVG: Finds the average of the numbers provided according to the fees_paid, grouped by gender:
MIN: Finds the lowest of the numbers provided
D
MAX: Finds the highest of the numbers provided SELECT
student_id, first_name, last_name, gender, fees_paid,

CASE Statement
RANK() OVER (
PARTITION BY gender ORDER BY fees_paid
Common Functions ) AS rank_val
Simple Case CASE name FROM student;
WHEN 'John' THEN 'Name John' LENGTH(string): Returns the length of the provided string
WHEN 'Steve' THEN 'Name Steve' INSTR(string, substring): Returns the position of the substring
ELSE 'Unknown' within the specified string.
END CAST(expression AS datatype): Converts an expression into the Subqueries
specified data type.
ADDDATE(input_date, days): Adds a number of days to a Single Row SELECT id, last_name, salary
Searched Case CASE FROM employee
specified date.
WHEN name='John' THEN 'Name John' WHERE salary = (
NOW: Returns the current date, including time.
WHEN name='Steve' THEN 'Name Steve' SELECT MAX(salary)
CEILING(input_val): Returns the smallest integer greater than
ELSE 'Unknown' FROM employee
the provided number.
END );
FLOOR(input_val): Returns the largest integer less than the
provided number.
Common Table Expression ROUND(input_val, [round_to]): Rounds a number to a specified
number of decimal places.
Multi Row SELECT id, last_name, salary
FROM employee
TRUNCATE(input_value, num_decimals): Truncates a number to WHERE salary IN (
WITH queryname AS ( SELECT salary
a number of decimals.
SELECT col1, col2 FROM employee
REPLACE(whole_string, string_to_replace, replacement_string):
FROM firsttable) WHERE last_name LIKE 'C%'
Replaces one string inside the whole string with another string.
SELECT col1, col2.. );
SUBSTRING(string, start_position): Returns part of a value,
FROM queryname...;
based on a position and length.
 PostgreSQL Cheat Sheet
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SELECT Query Modifying Data Create Table
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table Insert INSERT INTO tablename Create Table CREATE TABLE tablename (
JOIN table2 ON table1.col = table2.col (col1, col2...) column_name data_type
WHERE condition VALUES (val1, val2); );
GROUP BY column_name Insert from a
HAVING condition INSERT INTO tablename
Table
ORDER BY col1 ASC|DESC; (col1, col2...) Create Table with Constraints
SELECT col1, col2...

CREATE TABLE tablename (

SELECT Keywords Insert Multiple
Rows
INSERT INTO tablename
(col1, col2...) VALUES column_name data_type NOT NULL,
(valA1, valB1), CONSTRAINT pkname PRIMARY KEY (col),
DISTINCT: Removes SELECT DISTINCT product_name (valA2, valB2), CONSTRAINT fkname FOREIGN KEY (col)
duplicate results FROM product; (valA3, valB3); REFERENCES other_table(col_in_other_table),
CONSTRAINT ucname UNIQUE (col),
CONSTRAINT ckname CHECK (conditions)
BETWEEN: Matches a SELECT product_name
Update UPDATE tablename );
value between two FROM product
other values (inclusive) WHERE price BETWEEN 50 AND 100; SET col1 = val1
WHERE condition;
Create Temporary CREATE TEMP TABLE tablename (
SELECT product_name Table colname datatype
IN: Matches to any of
FROM product Update with UPDATE t );
the values in a list
WHERE category IN a Join SET col1 = val1
('Electronics', 'Furniture'); FROM tablename t
INNER JOIN table x Drop Table DROP TABLE tablename;
LIKE: Performs SELECT product_name ON t.id = x.tid
wildcard matches using FROM product WHERE condition;
_ or % WHERE product_name
Delete DELETE FROM tablename
Alter Table
LIKE '%Desk%";
WHERE condition;
Add Column ALTER TABLE tablename ADD COLUMN
columnname datatype;
Joins Indexes
Drop Column ALTER TABLE tablename DROP COLUMN
Create Index CREATE INDEX indexname columnname;
SELECT t1.*, t2.*
ON tablename (cols);
FROM t1
join_type t2 ON t1.col = t2.col; Modify Column ALTER TABLE tablename ALTER COLUMN
Drop Index DROP INDEX indexname; columnname TYPE newdatatype;
Table 1 Table 2

A A
Set Operators Rename Column ALTER TABLE tablename RENAME COLUMN
currentname TO newname;
B B

C D UNION: Shows unique

Add Constraint ALTER TABLE tablename ADD CONSTRAINT
rows from two result sets. constraintname constrainttype
INNER JOIN: show all matching A (columns);
A
records in both tables. UNION ALL: Shows all
B B
rows from two result sets.
Drop Constraint ALTER TABLE tablename DROP
constraint_type constraintname;
LEFT JOIN: show all records from left A A
INTERSECT: Shows rows that
table, and any matching records from Rename Table ALTER TABLE tablename
B B exist in both result sets.
right table. RENAME TO newtablename;
C

EXCEPT: Shows rows that exist

RIGHT JOIN: show all records from in the first result set but not
Window/Analytic Functions
A A
right table, and any matching records the second.
B B
from left table.
function_name ( arguments ) OVER (
Aggregate Functions
D
[query_partition_clause]
[ORDER BY order_by_clause
FULL JOIN: show all records from A A SUM: Finds a total of the numbers provided
[windowing_clause] ] )
both tables, whether there is a match COUNT: Finds the number of records
or not. B B AVG: Finds the average of the numbers provided
Example using RANK, showing the student details and their rank
C MIN: Finds the lowest of the numbers provided
according to the fees_paid, grouped by gender:
MAX: Finds the highest of the numbers provided
D
SELECT

Common Functions
student_id, first_name, last_name, gender, fees_paid,

CASE Statement
RANK() OVER (
LENGTH(string): Returns the length of the provided string PARTITION BY gender ORDER BY fees_paid
POSITION(string IN substring): Returns the position of the ) AS rank_val
Simple Case CASE name FROM student;
substring within the specified string.
WHEN 'John' THEN 'Name John'
CAST(expression AS datatype): Converts an expression into the
WHEN 'Steve' THEN 'Name Steve'
specified data type.
ELSE 'Unknown'
END
NOW: Returns the current date, including time.
CEIL(input_val): Returns the smallest integer greater than the
Subqueries
provided number. SELECT id, last_name, salary
Single Row
Searched Case CASE FLOOR(input_val): Returns the largest integer less than the FROM employee
WHEN name='John' THEN 'Name John' provided number. WHERE salary = (
WHEN name='Steve' THEN 'Name Steve' ROUND(input_val, [round_to]): Rounds a number to a specified SELECT MAX(salary)
ELSE 'Unknown' number of decimal places. FROM employee
END TRUNC(input_value, num_decimals): Truncates a number to a );
number of decimals.

Common Table Expression SELECT id, last_name, salary

REPLACE(whole_string, string_to_replace, replacement_string): Multi Row
Replaces one string inside the whole string with another string. FROM employee
SUBSTRING(string, [start_pos], [length]): Returns part of a value, WHERE salary IN (
WITH queryname AS ( based on a position and length. SELECT salary
SELECT col1, col2 FROM employee
FROM firsttable) WHERE last_name LIKE 'C%'
SELECT col1, col2.. );
FROM queryname...;