Exp3 2021

ELP101
EXPERIMENT 3
Amaiya Singhal
2021CS50598
Group 21
Aim:
RC CIRCUIT:
1. To observe the complete response to step input
2. To determine the time constant and compare it with the theoretically
calculated value.
RLC CIRCUIT:
1. Adjust the parameters so than an underdamped, overdamped, and
critically damped response of the series RLC circuit is obtained,
snapshot the response and compare these values with theoretically
calculated values.
Apparatus:
1. Breadboard
2. Capacitor 0.22µF
3. DSO: Digital Storage Oscilloscope
4. Resistors
• 8.2kΩ X 1
• 470Ω X 1
• 10kΩ X 5
5. Multimeter
6. Connecting Wires
Part I
Determining the time constant of a charging/discharging capacitor
Theory:
Analysis of Basic RC Circuits:
• To find the total response of an RC series circuit, you need to find the
zero-input response “ZIR”(Natural or free or transient) and the
zero-state response “ZSR”(forced) and then add them together.
• For ZIR, the first-order differential equation reduces to
àThe response(Natural) becomes Vcn(t) = Ae-t/RC

{Where ‘A’ is an arbitrary constant and The constant term RC in this equation is
called the time constant(t )}.
• The time constant provides a measure of how long a capacitor has

discharged or charged.
• Total response is given by natural response (ZIR) + steady state
response (ZSR)
• To calculate ZSR, consider the circuit at steady state (capacitor acts as
open circuit). After getting ZSR, substitute in the total response to get
total response.
Setup:
Observations:
Resistance
Wave generator Capacitance
Frequency of Source = 200 Hz

Vp-p = 6.9V
R = 468.2Ω
Capacitance = 227nF
Time Constant (𝜏) = RC = 468.2 * 227 * 10-9= 106 * 10-6 s = 106µs
EXPERIMENTALLY OBTAINED VALUES OF TIME CONSTANT
Ø Charging:
VB = 4.64V
0.63VB = 2.92V
𝜏 = 120µs
Ø Discharging:
V = 4.64V
0.63V = 2.92V
𝜏 = 120µs
We can see that the experimentally observed values are very close to that
obtained using the formula 𝜏 = RC, hence verifying the formula.
Part II
To Observe & Trace complete response to step input in RLC Circuit
Theory:
The circuit shown is called the series RLC

circuit.
The equation that describes the response of the system is obtained by

applying KVL around the mesh: VR + VL + VC = VS
The current flowing in the circuit is : I = C dv/dt
And thus the voltages VR and VL are given by:

VR = IR = RC dvc /dt
2 2
VL = L di/dt = LC d Vc /dt
Substituting these in first equation (Complete Response Equation)

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝑹 𝒅𝒗 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒕𝟐
+
𝑳 𝒅𝒕
+
𝑳𝑪
𝒗c =
𝑳𝑪
𝑽s
st
Assuming a homogenous solution is of the form Ae and by substituting into
𝑹 𝟏
the above equation, we get 𝒔𝟐 + 𝑳 𝒔 + 𝑳𝑪 = 𝟎
𝑹
By defining α = : Damping Rate
𝟐𝑳
𝟏
⍵o = : Natural Frequency
√𝑳𝑪
Thus, 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝒔 + ⍵𝟎𝟐 = 𝟎
We get:
s1 = -α + √𝜶𝟐 − 𝒘𝟐 o, s2 = -α - √𝜶𝟐 − 𝒘𝟐 o
s1t s2t
The general solution thus is: v = A1e + A2e
• α = ⍵o : Critically Damped
• α > ⍵o : Over Damped
• α < ⍵o : Under Damped
Setup:
Connecting Resistor and Inductor in series with the Capacitor
This is the full setup for the RLC circuit we are using in this experiment
Square Pulse Generator at 20Hz
Value of the Resistors to be used:
468.2 Ω 8.20 kΩ 9.83 kΩ
Observations:
• Under Damped Case:
Value of the Resistance = 468.2 Ω

Frequency = 20Hz
C = 0.227µF
Vp-p = 5.0 V
Measured Values:
Voltage Difference in step = Δy =4.56V
½ Δy = 2.28V (Half of Step voltage)
Peak Overshoot = Mp = 2.56V
tp = 2.24 ms (Time till Overshoot Voltage)
tf = 1.28 ms ( Time till it reaches Step Voltage First time)
td = 0.8 ms (Time till it reaches half the step voltage)
ts = 8.48 ms (Time till deflection from step voltage is <2%)
Measurement of Step Voltage Measurement of Mp
Measurement of tf Measurement of td
Measurement of tp Measurement of ts
2. Critically Damped Case:
Value of the Resistance = 8.2 kΩ

Frequency = 10Hz
C = 0.227F
Vp-p = 5.0 V
Measured Values:
ts = 17.0 ms (Time till deflection from step
voltage is <2%)
3. Over Damped Case:
Value of the Resistance = 9.83 kΩ

Frequency = 10Hz
C = 0.227F
Vp-p = 5.0 V
Measured Values:
ts = 19.9 ms (Time till deflection from step
voltage is <2%)
Conclusion:
• From the first part of the experiment we calculated and experimentally
verified the value of the time constant 𝜏 = RC for the given RC circuit.
• In the second part we studied about the effects that changing the
value of resistance has on the observations and also the corresponding
values of the damping constant and natural frequency to obtain the
three cases of Transient Response in RLC Circuit namely Under
damped, Critically damped and Over Damped which in turn affects the
total response of the circuit towards the step input
Error Analysis:
For time constant of a capacitor:
Theoretically calculated value of time constant: 106µs
Experimentally determined value of time constant: 120µs
Error in measurement = (120-106)/106 = 0.13 or 13%
For step response in RLC Circuit:

We have,
Step Voltage = 4.56V
Allowable tolerance = 2%
= 2 * 4.56/100
= 0.0912V
Under this tolerance we have measured ts and reported the value.
Sources of Error:
1. Scale of multimeter not appropriate for measurements
2. Loose Connections
3. Resistance of wires not considered and giving rise to inconsistency due
to increase in resistance due to heating.
4. Change in the connections while circuit is closed.
Precautions:
1. The square waveform from the function generator or pulse generator

may be checked on DSO and adjust to proper size before applying it
to the circuit. The time scale on DSO must also be calculated.
2. Once proper square wave is synchronized on DSO and the time scale
is calibrated, the setting of the knobs affecting the calibrated should
not be changed.
3. In the RLC Circuit response care should be taken to include the
resistance of the inductor used in the circuit while making various
calculations.

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ELP101

àThe response(Natural) becomes Vcn(t) = Ae-t/RC

• The time constant provides a measure of how long a capacitor has

Wave generator Capacitance

Frequency of Source = 200 Hz

Time Constant (𝜏) = RC = 468.2 * 227 * 10-9= 106 * 10-6 s = 106µs

EXPERIMENTALLY OBTAINED VALUES OF TIME CONSTANT

The circuit shown is called the series RLC

The equation that describes the response of the system is obtained by

The current flowing in the circuit is : I = C dv/dt

And thus the voltages VR and VL are given by:

Substituting these in first equation (Complete Response Equation)

Thus, 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝒔 + ⍵𝟎𝟐 = 𝟎

Value of the Resistors to be used:

468.2 Ω 8.20 kΩ 9.83 kΩ

• Under Damped Case:

Value of the Resistance = 468.2 Ω

Value of the Resistance = 8.2 kΩ

3. Over Damped Case:

Value of the Resistance = 9.83 kΩ

Error in measurement = (120-106)/106 = 0.13 or 13%

For step response in RLC Circuit:

1. The square waveform from the function generator or pulse generator

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