ENG201 Additional Learning Problems 2022

Module 4.1 Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

1. 3000 J of heat is added to a system (positive) and 2500 J of work is done by the system
(negative). What is the change in internal energy of the system? Ans. 500J

q - w = △u
= 3000 J - 2500 J
= 500 J

2. 2000 J of heat is added to a system and 2500 J of work is done on the system. What is the
change in internal energy of the system? Ans. 4500J

q - w = △u
= 2000 J + 2500 J

= 4500 J

3. 2000 J of heat leaves the system (negative) and 2500 J of work is done on the system
(positive). What is the change in internal energy of the system? Ans. 500J

q - w = △u
= -2000 J + 2500 J
= 500 J

Thermochemistry, Thermodynamics, Calorimetry

4. Gold has a specific heat of 0.129 J/g- OC. When a 5.00-gram piece of gold absorbs 1.33 J of
heat, what is the change in temperature? Ans. 2.06OC

q = mCp△T

1.33 J = (5.00 g)(0.129 J/g-C)T

1.33 J = (0.645 J)△T

△T = 1.33 J/0.645 J

△T = 2.06 C

5. Mercury was once used in thermometers and barometers. When 46.9 J of heat is absorbed
by 100.0 g of mercury at 25.0OC, the temperature increases to 28.35OC. What is the specific
heat of mercury? Ans. 0.140 J/g.OC

Q = mC△T

46.9 J = (100g)Cp(28.35OC – 25.0OC)

Tf - Ti = △T

1
 28.35OC – 25.0OC = 3.35OC

46.9 J = (100g) Cp (3.35OC)

46.9 J = (335 gOC) Cp

Cp= 0.140 J/gOC

6. When the power was turned off to a 30.0 gal. water heater, the temperature of the water
dropped from 75.0 °C to 22.5 °C. How much heat was lost to the surroundings?
(1 gal. = 3.785 L) Ans. q = -2.49 x 104 kJ; the amount of heat lost is 2.49 x 104 kJ

q=mCp△T

Convert gallons to mL

30.0 gal = 113.562 L = 113562 mL

mL is the same as grams (g) in terms of water

q= (113562 g)(4.184 J/g.OC)(75 OC - 22.5 OC)

Tf - Ti = △T

75 OC - 22.5 OC = 52.5OC

q= (113562g)(4.184 J/g.OC)(52.5 OC)

113562g = 113.562 kg

q= (113.562 kg)(4.184 J/g.OC)(52.5 OC)

q= - 24945 J

q= - 2.49 x 104 kJ

7. 14.0 g of metal at 24.0°C has 250 joules of heat added to it. The metal's specific heat is
0.105 J/g°C. What is its final temperature? Ans. Tf = 194.07OC

q=mCp△T

250 J = (14.0g) (0.105 J/g°C) (Tf - 24.0°C)

250 J = 1.47 J/°C (Tf - 24.0°C)

250 J = (1.47 J/°C)Tf - 35.28 °C

250 J + 35.28 J = (1.47 J/°C) Tf

2
285.28 J = 1.47 Tf

194.0f7 °C = Tf

8. A 65.0 g piece of iron at 525°C is put into 635 grams of water at 15.0°C. What is the final
temperature of the water and the iron? Specific heat capacity of iron is 0.451 J/g-°C; for
water, 4.184 J/g-°C Ans. Tf = 20.6OC

Qsys + Qsurr = 0 → –Qlost = +Qgain

–QFe = +QH2O

–mCFe△T= mCH2O△T

–(65.0 g)(0.451 J/g-°C)(Tf - 525°C) = (635 g)(4.184 J/g-°C) (Tf – 15.0°C)

= –29.315 J/°C(Tf - 525°C) = 2,656.84 J/°C (Tf – 15.0°C)

= (-29.315 J/°C)Tf + 15390.38 J = 2,656.84 J/°C Tf – 39,852.6 J

= (-29.315 J/°C)Tf - 2,656.84 J/°C Tf = -15390.38 J – 39,852.6 J

= (-2686.16 J/°C)Tf = -55,242.98 J

Tf = -55,242.98 J / -2686.16 J/°C

Tf = 20.6 °C

9. Camphor (C10H16O) has a ∆H combustion of -5903.6 kJ/mol. A 0.7610-g sample of camphor

was burned in a bomb calorimeter containing 2.00 x 103g of water. The temperature of the
water increased from 22.78°C to 25.06°C. What is the heat capacity of the calorimeter?
Ans. 4578.5 J/OC

ΔHc = is the molar heat on combustion

n = is the number of moles of combusted substance
Qrxn = is the heat of reaction
Cp = is the heat capacity
ΔT = is the change in temperature

● Mass of camphor = 152.23 g/mol

Qrxn + Qcal,h2o + Qcalorimeter = 0

1. Qrxn = (ncamphor)(△Hrxn)
1.1. ncamphor = sample of camphor/ mass of camphor

3
 = 0.7610g / 152.23 g/mol = 0.0049990146 mol = 0.005 mol

1000 𝐽
1.2. J = 𝑘𝐽 × 1 𝑘𝑗
1000 𝐽
= − 5903. 6 𝑘𝐽 × 1 𝑘𝑗
= − 5903600. 0 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

2. Qh2o = mCp△T
2.1. 2.00 x 103g of water
2.2. Specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g/°C
2.3. Tf - Ti = △Tcalorimeter of water

25.06°C - 22.78°C = 2.28 OC

3. Qcalorimeter = Cpcal△T
3.1. Tf - Ti = △Tcalorimeter of water

25.06°C - 22.78°C = 2.28 OC

→ Qrxn + Qcal,h2o + Qcalorimeter = 0

= (0.005 mol)(− 5903600. 0 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙) + (2.00 x 103g)(4.184 J/g-°C)(2.28°C) + Cp cal (–2.28°C) = 0

→ (–29512.18259256 J) + (19079.04 J) + Cp cal(2.28°C) = 0

→ -10,433.14259 J + Cp cal(2.28°C) = 0

→ Cp cal(2.28°C) = -10,433.14259 J

→ 2.28°C / Cp cal(2.28°C) = -10,433.14259 J / 2.28 °C (Divide both sides by 2.28°C)

Cp cal = 4578.5 J/°C

10. Compare the amount of heat given off by 1.40 mol of liquid water when it cools from
100.0°C to 30.0°C to that given off when 1.40 mol of steam cools from 200.0°C to 110.0°C.
(Cpwater = 4.184; Cpsteam = 1.996)
Ans. For liquid water: q = -7380.58J; For steam: q = -4526.93J

4
11. What mass of CCl2F2 (heat of vaporization = 289 J/g) must evaporate in order to freeze 210 g
of water initially at 24.0°C? (The heat of fusion of water is 334 J/g; the specific heat of water is
4.184 J/g-K) Ans. 316 g

● Mass of water needed to freeze, m = 210g

● Initial temperature of water, T = 24.0∘C
● Final temperature of water, Tf = 0∘C
● Unknown (CCl2F2) mass needed to evaporate, M = Mg
● Specific heat of water, Cp water = 4.184 J/g∘C
● Latent heat of fusion, Hfus = 334 J/g
● Latent heat of vaporization, Hvap = 289 J/g

Qgained = -Qlost
Total Heat Absorbed = (mC p△T) + mHfus
M(289J/g) = -210g (4.184J/gC)(0∘C - 24∘C)+210g(334J/g)
Tf - Ti = △T
0∘C - 24∘C = - 24 OC

M(289J/g) = -878.64 J/C(- 24OC)+70,140 J

M(289J/g) = -21,087.36 J + 70,140 J
M = - 91,227.36 J

(289 J/g)M(289J/g) = -91,227.36 J / 289 J/g

M = 316 g

12. In a coffee cup calorimeter, a 100 mL sample of 0.30 M NaOH is mixed with a 50 mL
sample of 0.310 M HNO3. What will be the ∆Hrxn (in kJ/mol) if both solutions’ initial
temperature is at 50°C and the recorded final temperature is 37°C? Assuming that there is
no heat loss in the surrounding of the calorimeter. Ans. ∆Hrxn= 271.97 kJ/mol

5
13. The combustion of 1.010 g sucrose, in a bomb calorimeter causes the temperature to rise
from 24.92 °C to 28.33 °C. The heat capacity of the calorimeter assembly is 4.90 kJ/°C.
What is the heat of combustion of sucrose expressed in kilojoules per mole of C12H22O11?
Ans. – 5662.86 kJ/mol

ΔHc = is the molar heat on combustion

n = is the number of moles of combusted substance
Qrxn = is the heat of reaction
Cp = is the heat capacity
ΔT = is the change in temperature

Given:

Ti = 24.92 °C Tf = 28.33 °C Mass = 1.010 g sucrose Cp = 4.90 kJ/°C

Q = C△T

Qcalorimeter = (4.90 kJ/°C)(24.92 - 28.33OC)

Tf - Ti = △T

24.92OC - 28.33OC = -3.41 OC

Qcalorimeter = (4.90 kJ/°C)(-3.41 OC) = -16.709 kJ

Qrxn = -qcalorimeter = -16.709 kJ

−16.709 𝑘𝐽
Qrxn = 1.010 𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒
= -16. 54356436 kJ/g C12H22O11

Qrxn = -16. 54356436 kJ/g x 342.3g/mol (mass of sucrose) /1mol

ΔHc = -5662.86 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Reaction or Heat of Reaction (Hess’s Law and Enthalpy of Formation)

14. 2Cr2O3(s) → 4Cr(s) + 3O2(g) ∆HO = +2269.4kJ
(a) What is the heat of formation of chromium (III) oxide? Ans. -1134.7 kJ

4Cr(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Cr2O3(s) -∆HO = -(+2269.4kJ) = -2269.4kJ

4Cr(s)/2 + 3O2(g)/2 → 2Cr2O3(s)/2 = Cr(s) + O2 = Cr2O3

∆HO/2 = -2269.4kJ/2 = -1134.7kJ

(b) What is ∆HO for the formation of 13.65 g of chromium (III) oxide? Ans. -101.9kJ

6
15. Calculate ∆H reaction using thermochemical data of carbon monoxide, CO, that can be
obtained by burning carbon in a limited amount of oxygen. Ans. -110.5 kJ
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = -393.5 kJ
2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) ∆H = -566.0 kJ
C(s) + ½ O2(g) → CO(g) ∆H = ?

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = -393.5 kJ

2CO2(g)/2 → 2CO(g)/2 + O2(g)/2 -∆H/2 = -(-566.0 kJ) = 566.0 kJ/2 = 283 kJ
C(s) + ½ O2(g) → CO(g) ∆H = ?

-393.5 + 283 = -110.5

16. Find the heat of reaction for acetylene combustion using heat of formation values:
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Ans. -2511.6 kJ
ΔHºf C2H2 = +227 kJ/mol ΔHºf CO2 = -393.5 kJ/mol
ΔHºf O2 = 0 kJ/mol ΔHºf H2O = -241.8 kJ/mol

4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) → 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g)

ΔHºf CO2 ΔHºf H2O ΔHºf C2H2 ΔHºf O2

-393.5 kJ/mol -241.8 kJ/mol +227 kJ/mol 0 kJ/mol

ΔHrxn = ∑nΔHºf (Products) – ∑nΔHºf (reactants)

ΔHrxn = [4mol(-393.5 kJ/mol)+2mol(-241.8 kJ/mol)] – [2mol(+227 kJ/mol)+5mol(0 kJ/mol)]
ΔHrxn = [(-1,574 kJ) + (-483.6 kJ)] – 454kJ
ΔHrxn = -2057.6 kJ – 454kJ
ΔHrxn = -2511.6 kJ

17. Calculate ΔH for the following reaction: 8 Al(s) + 3 Fe 3O4(s) → 4 Al 2O3(s) + 9 Fe(s)
ΔHf Al2O3(s) = -1675.7 kJ/mol ΔHf Fe3O4(s) = -1118.4 kJ/mol Ans. -3340.1 kJ

8 Al(s) + 3 Fe 3O4(s) → 4 Al 2O3(s) + 9 Fe(s)

7
 ΔHf Al2O3(s) ΔHf Fe3O4(s)

-1675.7 kJ/mol -1118.4 kJ/mol

△Hrxn = ∑n△Hofproducts – ∑n△Hofreactants

△Hrxn = (3 Fe3O4(s))+(4 Al 2O3(s)) – (8 Al(s))+(9 Fe(s))
△Hrxn = [(8 Al(s)4 Al 2O3(s)) - (3 Fe3O4(s)+ 9 Fe(s))]

△Hrxn = [(4(-1675.7 kJ/mol) + 0)] - [(0 + 3(-1118.4 kJ/mol))]

△Hrxn = (-6702.8 kJ/mol) - (-3355.2 kJ/mol)
△Hrxn = -3,347.6 kJ/mol (NOT SURE)

18. The standard enthalpy change for the reaction CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) is 178.1 kJ.
From the values for the standard enthalpies of formation of CaO(s) and CO2(g) given,
calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CaCO3(s). Ans. -1206.69 kJ
ΔHºf CaO(s) = -635.09 kJ/mol ΔHºf CO2 = -393.5 kJ/mol
= CaO(s) + CO2 → CaCO3(s) ΔHºf = 178.1 kJ
= CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) - ΔHºf = -(+178.1 kJ) = -178.1 kJ

● 178.1 = -635.09 + -393.5

ΔHºf= =635.09 + -393.5 - 178.1
ΔHºf = -1206.69 kJ

● -635.09 kJ/mol + (-393.5 kJ/mol) + (-178.1 kJ) = -1206.69 kJ

19. Calculate the enthalpy for this reaction: 2C(s) + H2(g) ---> C2H2(g) ΔH° = ___ kJ
Given the following thermochemical equations: Ans. 226.7 kJ
C2H2(g) + 5⁄2O2(g) ---> 2CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) ΔH° = −1299.5 kJ
C(s) + O2(g) ---> CO2(g) ΔH° = −393.5 kJ

H2(g) + 1⁄2O2(g) ---> H2O(ℓ) ΔH° = −285.8 kJ

→ 2 CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) ---> C2H2(g) + 5⁄2O2(g) - ΔH° = - (−1299.5 kJ) = 1299.5 kJ

→ 2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) ---> 2 CO2(g) 2 ΔH° = 2 (−393.5 kJ) = -787 kJ
→ H2(g) + 1⁄2O2(g) ---> H2O(ℓ) ΔH° = −285.8 kJ

5
⁄2 O2(g) - 1⁄2 O2(g) = 4⁄2 O2(g)

8
4
⁄2 O2(g) = 2 O2(g)
2 O2(g) - 2 O2(g) = 0

2 CO2(g)+ H2O(ℓ) ---> C2H2(g) + 5⁄2O2(g)

2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) ---> 2 CO2(g)
H2(g) + 1⁄2O2(g) ---> H2O(ℓ)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
= 2C(s) + H2(g) ---> C2H2(g)

1299.5 kJ + (-787 kJ) + (-285.8 kJ) = 226.7 kJ

9
Module 4.1.2 1st Law of Thermodynamics
1. When gasoline burns in an automobile engine, the heat released (325 J) causes the products
CO2 and H2O to expand, which pushes the pistons outward. Excess heat is removed by the
car’s cooling system.If the work associated with the expanding gases is equal to 451 J, how
much is the change in internal energy of the gases? How much is the change in internal energy
of the piston?

△E = Q + W

System Pistons
Q -325 J +325 J
W -451 J +451 J
-776 J 776 J

a. How much is the change in internal energy of the gases? -776 J

b. How much is the change in internal energy of the piston? 776 J

2. Under normal atmospheric pressure, nitrogen boils (and condenses) at -196OC. When 7.7 g
of nitrogen gas at -196OC was put into a dewar flask initially at -260OC, their temperatures reach
-210OC. If the specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization of nitrogen are 1.04 J/g-OC and
200 J/g, respectively, determine the heat capacity of the dewar flask..

10
 ● Nitrogen:Q = mCp△T
Q = (7.7g) (1.04 J/g-OC) (-210OC – (-196OC))
○ Tf - Ti = △T
○ -210OC - (-196OC) = -14OC

Qnitrogen = (7.7g) (1.04 J/g-OC) (-14OC)

Qnitrogen = -112.112 J

● Flask:
Qflask = (7.7g) (-200 J/g)
○ △Hvaporization = - △Hcondensation
Qflask = -1540 J

Qloss + Qgain = 0 → Qnitrogen + Qflask = 0

Q = -1540 J + -112.112 J = -1652.112 J

C = Q /△T
C = -1652.112 J/ -210OC - (-260OC)

Tf - Ti = △T

-210OC - (-260OC) = 50OC

C = -1652.1128 J/ 50OC
C = -33.04 J/OC

3. What would be the equilibrium temperature if you frop 5.0 g of brass (Cp = 0.38 J/g-OC,
initially at 68OC) and 3.5 g of aluminum (Cp = 0.9 J/g-OC, initially at 83OC) intro 20 g of water (Cp
= 4.184 J/g-OC, initially at 23OC)?

Qlost + Qgained = 0
Qbrass + Qaluminum + Qwater = 0
(mCp△T)brass + (mCp△T)aluminum + (mCp△T)water = 0

[(5.0g) (0.38 J/g-OC) (Tf - 68OC)] + [(3.5g)(0.9 J/g-OC)(Tf - 83OC)] + [(20g)(4.184 J/g-OC)(Tf
-23OC)] = 0
= 1.9 J/OC(Tf - 68OC) + 3.15 J/OC(Tf - 83OC) + (83.68 JOC)(Tf -23OC) = 0
= 1.9 J/OCTf + 129.2J + 3.15 J/OCTf + 261.45J + 83.68 JOCTf + 1,924.64 J = 0
= 1.9 J/OCTf + 3.15 J/OCTf + 83.68 JOCTf = -129.2J - 261.45J -1,924.64 J
= 88.73 J/OCTf = -2315.29 J
Tf = 26.09OC

11
4. After the sinking of RMS Titanic, the US operated the International ice patrol with the purpose
of monitoring the presence and movements of icebergs in the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Once,
they observed a unique tabular iceberg in a form of a rectangle (250 km x 50 km x 300 m). How
many years would it take to melt the iceber solely by heat from the sun if the ice absorbs a
mean of 98 J/ms-s, 12.5 hrs per day? Note: the exposed are for heating is 250 km x 50 km and
the density is 920 kg/m3.

△Hfus = 333.5 J/g

V = 250 km x 50 km x 300m = 2.5x105 m x 5.0x104 km x 300m = 3.75x1012 m3
P = 920 kg/m3

Q = m△Hfus → pV△Hfus
1000𝑔
Q = (920 kg/m3)(3.75x1012m3)(333.5 J/g x 1𝑘𝑔
) = 1.150575x1021

Q = (per area, per time) = 98 J/ms-s

Q(per time)= (98 J/ms-s)(2.5x105 m x 5.0x104 km) = 1.225x1012

1𝑠 1ℎ𝑟 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
t = 1.15x1021 J x 12 × 3600 𝑠
× 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
1.225𝑥10 𝐽
t = 57.18 years

12
Module 4.1.3 Calorimetry

For Part 1

1. Sodium chloride, the table salt (NaCl) is added in cooking to enhance the flavor of the food.
When 10.0 g of NaCl are added in 200.0 mL of water at 25.0oC in a coffee cup calorimeter,
669 J of heat are absorbed (Endothermic). (Assume that there is no change in volume,
d=1.00 g/mL,, specific heat= 4.18 J/ goC
a) Is the solution process exothermic?
Q = 669 J
The solution process is NOT EXOTHERMIC. Since Q = 669 J > 0, the process is
Endothermic.

b) What is q H2O
Qrxn = – (Qcal + Qh2o)
669 J = – (0 + Qh2o)
Qh2o = – 669 J

c) What is the final temperature of the solution?

Q = mCp△T
△T = T f - Ti = Q / mCp
△T = T f - 25.0 oC = 669 J / (200.0 mL) (4.18J/goC)
200.0 mL of water = 200g of water

△T = T f - 25.0 oC = 669 J / (200g) (4.18J/goC)

△T = T f - 25.0 oC = 669 J / 836 J/oC
△T = T f - 25.0 oC = 0.800 oC
Tf = 0.800 oC

● Change in temperature:
△T = -0.800 oC - 25.0 oC
△T = - 24.2 oC

2. Acetylene, C2H2, is used in welding torches. It releases a lot of energy when burned in
oxygen. The combustion of one gram of acetylene releases 48.2 kJ. A 0.750 gram sample of
acetylene is burned in a bomb calorimeter (heat capacity = 1.117kJ/oC) that contains 800.0 g
of water. The final temperature of the bomb and water after combustion is 35.2oC. What is
the initial temperature of the bomb and water?

(48.2 kJ) (0.750 g) = 36.15 kJg

Qrxn + Qcal + Qh2o = 0 → Qcal + Qh2o = -Qrxn

13
 (C△T + mCp△T) = – (-36.15 kJ) → (C+ mCp) △T = – (-36.15 kJ)
△T = 36.15 kJ / (Ccal + mCpwater)

Tf - Ti = 36.15 kJ / (Ccal + mCpwater)

- Ti = -Tf + [36.15 kJ / (Ccal + mCpwater)]
Ti = Tf - 36.15 kJ / (Ccal + mCpwater)
Ti = Tf - [36.15 kJ / (1.117kJ/oC + 0.8 kg (4.184kJ/oC))]
Ti = Tf - [36.15 kJ / (1.117kJ/oC + 3.3472 kJ/oC)]
Ti = Tf - [36.15 kJ / (4.4642 kJ/oC)]
Ti = Tf - 36.15 kJ / 4.4642 kJ/oC
Ti = 35.2oC - 8.1oC
Ti = 27.1oC

For Part 2

3. Given the following thermochemical equations:

4B (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2B2O3 (s) ∆HO = -2543.8 kJ
H2 (g) + ½O2 (g) → H2O (g) ∆HO = -241.8 kJ
B2H6 (s) + 3O2 (g) → B2O3 (s) + 3H2O (g) ∆HO = -2032.9 kJ
O
Calculate the ∆H for the decomposition of B2H6 into its elements.

B2H6 (s) → H2 + B

2B2O3 (s) → 4B (s) + 3O2 (g) -∆HO = -(-2543.8 kJ) = 2543.8 kJ

H2O (g) → H2 (g) + ½O2 (g) -∆HO = -(-241.8 kJ) = 241.8 kJ
B2H6 (s) + 3O2 (g) → B2O3 (s) + 3H2O (g) ∆HO = -2032.9 kJ

4. Calculate the ∆HOrxn for the following reaction at 298K.

SiH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → SiO2 (s) + 2H2O (l)
From Tables: SiH4 (g) O2 (g) SiO2 (s) H2O (l)

∆HOf in kJ/mol 34.3 0 -910.9 -285.8

14
SiH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → SiO2 (s) + 2H2O (l)
Reactants → Products

= SiO2 (s) + 2H2O (l) → SiH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)

Products → Reactant

= (-910.9)+(-285.8)+34.3+0

∆HOrxn = - 1162.4

15
Module 4.2 Electrochemistry

For Part 1

-
1. The flow of e in an electrochemical cell is always from ANODE to CATHODE.
2. In half-cells, reduction occurs in the CATHODE while oxidation occurs in the ANODE.
3. A VOLTAIC cell is energy-producing while an ELECTROLYTIC cell is energy-consuming.
2+ 2+
4. In a galvanic cell, Ni(s) oxidizes to form Ni (aq) while Cu (aq) reduces to form Cu(s).
Write its cell notation (line notation).

2+ 2+
Ni(s) | Ni (aq) || Cu (aq) | Cu(s)

Anode Cathode

5. In an electrochemical cell, Cu(s) is placed in the anode half-cell while Ag (s) in the cathode
half-cell. The standard potential of the half-reactions are as follows:

(a) What is the standard potential of the cell, E°cell?

E°cell = E°red - E°oxid
E°cell = -0.34 V + 0.80 V
E°cell = 0.46 V

(b) Is the reaction spontaneous or non-spontaneous?

- spontaneous

Standard Reduction Potentials of Half-Cells

For Part 2

6. Chromium can be electroplated from aqueous potassium dichromate, with the reduction
shown below. If a current of 6.0A and a voltage of 4.5V are used:

16
a) How many hours would it take to completely convert 215mL of 1.25M K 2Cr2O7 to
elemental chromium?
Given:
• 215mL = 0.215 L
• 1.25 M = 1.25 mol/L (mole per liter)
• Current = 6.0 A
• 1 mole electron = 9.648x104 c/mol → Faraday’s constant
• The oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7 is +6
• In every 1 mol

Solution:
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑟
(0.215L)(1.25 mol/L)( 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝐶𝑟 𝑂 ) = 0.5375 mol Cr
2 2 7

t = charge/current
− 4
12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒 9.648𝑥10 𝑐/𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑟
⇒ (0.5375 mol Cr)( 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑟
)( − )( 6.0 𝐶
)( 3600 𝑠 ) = 14.41 hrs
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒
● Oxidation no. of Cr = 6
2 x 6 = 12

b) How many kilowatt-hours of electrical energy are required to plate 1.00 g of chromium?
Given:
• 1.00 g of chromium
• 52 mol Cr
• Electrical energy: kWh → 1 kWh = 3.600x106 J
• 1 mole electron = 9.648x104 c/mol → Faraday’s constant

Solution:
1 12𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒−
( 52 mol)( 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒−
)(9.648x104 c/mol)(4.5V) = 50095.38462 C/V
→ (1J = 1C/V) 50095.38462 C/V = 5.01x104 J
4
5.01𝑥10 𝐽
⇒ 6 = 0.014 kWh
3.600𝑥10 𝐽/𝑘𝑊ℎ

17
2. Calculate the value of EOcell for the following reaction:Ans. -4.27 V
2Au(s) + 3Ca+2(aq) → 2Au+3(aq) + 3Ca(s)

3. How many faradays are transferred in an electrolytic cell when a current of 2.0 A flows for 12 hours?
Ans. 0.8953 F

4. How many coulombs of charge are required to cause reduction of 0.25 mole of Cu+2 to Cu?
Ans. 48250C

18
5. A metal object is to be gold-plated by an electrolytic procedure using aqueous AuCl3 electrolyte.
Calculate the number of moles of gold deposited in 3.0 min by a constant current of 10 A.
Ans. 6.2 x 10 -3mol

6. 5.77 g of zinc is deposited at the cathode when a current of 7.1 amperes passes through an
electrolytic cell for 40. minutes. What is the oxidation state of the zinc in the aqueous solution?
Ans. 2+

7. How long has a current of 3 amperes to be applied through a solution of silver nitrate to coat a metal
surface of 80 cm2 with 0.005-cm thick layer? Density of silver is 10.5 g/cm3. Ans. 1252.43 sec

19
20
Module 4.3 Nuclear Chemistry

Part 1

1.

135 135 0
a.) 53
𝑙 → 54
𝑋𝑒 + (−1β)
40 0 40
b.) 19
𝑘→ −1
β + (20𝐶𝑎)
59 1 56 4
c.) 𝑘+
27
𝑛→
0 25
𝑀𝑛 + (2𝐻𝑒)
238 1 99 135 1
d.) 92
𝑈+ 0
𝑛→ 40
𝑆𝑟 + 52
𝑇𝑒 + (50𝑛)

2,

1 235 236 141 92 1

0
𝑛 + 92
𝑈 → 92
𝑈→ 55
𝐶𝑠 + 𝑅𝑏 + 30 𝑛
37

⇒ 236 − 233 = 3
1
⇒ 30 𝑛

3.

21
 4.

5.

6.

Part 2: Decay and Half-life, Radiocarbon dating

1. The radioactive nuclide 60Co27 has a half-life of 5.27 years. Calculate the mass of 60Co27 that
remains from a 0.0100 g sample of the nuclide after 1.00 year has elapsed. Ans: 0.00877g

22
2. The sample of 35S16, is a β- emitter, has an activity of 0.100 μCi. In 20.0 days, the activity of
the sample has declined to 0.0853 μCi. What is the half-life of 35S16? Ans: 87.2 days

3. The half-life of 100Tc43, a β- emitter, is 15.8 s.

(a) How many atoms of 100Tc43 are present in a sample with an activity of 0.200 μCi ?
(b) What is the mass of the sample? Ans: 1.69 x 105 atoms, 2.80 x 10-17 g 100Tc43

4. A sample of wooden artifact is found to undergo 9.0 14C6 disintegrations per minute per gram
of carbon. What is the approximate age of the artifact? The half-life of 14C6 is 5730 years,
and the radiocarbon activity of wood recently cut down is 15 disintegrations per minute per
gram of carbon. Ans: 4.2 x 103 years

5. If we start with 1.000 g of strontium-90, 0.953 g will remain after 2 years. (a) What is the
half-life of strontium-90? (b) how much strontium-90 will remain after 5 years? (c) What is
the initial activity of the sample in Bq?

23