Operators Manual Avian de (15687556)

Approved for Release: 2019/O7/30 CO6527437
OPERAT OR ‘S MANUAL
AVIAN DELIVERY SYSTEM’
The system described in this manual offers a method for
delivery and retrieval of small objects to normally inac-
cessible locations on buildings or other structures. The

system utilizes a trained raven as the delivery vehicle.
The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance to
trained bird handlers in the maintenance of the carriers
and utilization of the system. It is not intended as a sub-
stitute for on-the‘-;job practical training of a handler
and cannot be expected to serve as a training manual for
utilization of the system by unskilled individuals.
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Approved for Release: 2019/07/30 C06527437‘
4 INDEX
Introduction - Description of the System Page 1
The Carrier Page 6
Hardware Page 30
Hypothetical Example of System in Use Page 35
Check List Information Needed from
of
Field for Operational Planning Page 47
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Equipment and Supplie s Che ck List

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I. Introduction - Description of the System
The package delivery system has been developed as a means

of placing a small device upon a window sill or other ledge
of a building, and also of recovering the package. The

transport vehicle is a trained raven.
The bird has been taught to take the package in his beak
and to fly with it to the proper target surface, place it on
the target surface and return to the cage, from which he
made his outflight. Similarly‘, the bird may be released
to recoverithe package. The maximum package weight

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that the bird can reasonably be expected to carry weighs
about 40 grams (10% of birds body weight). Package
dimensions can vary considerably but are limited to a size
which the bird can readily grasp -in its beak. Packages
used in routine training measure 3 x l x 3/4 inches.
Training has been principally directed to conditioning the
birds to making outflights from a cage located just inside
a window. Birds have_also been launched from a cage in

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the back of a station wagon and camper. The target must

be within line of sight from the launch point. Maximum

ranges of 300 feet under ideal conditions have been
achieved.
To guide the bird, the red beam of a helium-neon laser
is. projected to mark the target surface. Typically a pro-
jected spot is aimed at a point an inch or two below the
target surface. A motor driven shutter interrupts the
laser beam at a frequency of approximately two cycles
per second. The bird has been trained to fly to the flashing
red spot which appears upon the target building. The laser
beam need" be projected only during the outflight.
The return flight is guided by the presence of a small high-
intensity table lamp which is turned on at the in’stant the
bird properly places a package or picks up a previously
placed package. The table lamp serves two purposes.

Turning on the lamp signals the bird that he has performed
properly and that he will receive a food reward upon re-
turn to the launch cage. The lamp is also a "beacon" re-
minding the. bird of the location of the launch cage.
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The small, low power lasers used in the system emit about
one milliwatt of light energy. The reflection of the projec-
ted red spot is not visible in broad daylight. Missions,
therefore, are generally limited to dawn or dusk conditions,
although successful demonstration missions have been con-
ducted at night in lighted city streets. It has not been pos-

sible to record precise data concerning the range of accep-
table ambient light conditions because of the wide variations
of reflectance of common building materials. As a rule
of thumb it can be stated that, if both the target landing
surface and the projected spotcan be clear.ly seen by a
human observers at the launch site, ambient light is satis-
factory for a mission flight.
'-Ilhe on-site portion of an actual operation might be conduc-
ted as follows: On a table inside the selected launch win-
dow are placed the launch cageand the table lamp. These
objects are located approximately one to six feet from the
window opening. The cage is equipped with a swinging
latched door at each end. One of the doors faces the win-
dow. The laser is located at any convenient spot so that
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it may be aimed at the target point. The bird is transferred
from a carrying container to the launch cage. The laser
is aimed, by means of simple open sights, at the target.
Window curtains, if any, are drawn aside and the window
is opened. The laser is switched on perrnitting the beam

to mark the target. The front door of the launch cage is
opened and, as the bird emerges, the package is held so
that the bird graspsrit. "
(Photos l & 2) The bird flies to
the target surface and‘, when he lands, the laser is turned

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off. At the instant -the package is seen to be properly placed,
the recall lamp is“ tu-rned on. ‘The bird flies into the cage,
receives his food through anopening in the side of the cage,
(Photo 3) and the front door is closed. To recover the
package, the procedure is repeated except, of course, that
the bird flies out carrying no load. The laser spot ‘guides
him to the package location. At the instant the bird is
seen to have picked up the package, the recall lamp is
turned on. As the bird re-enters the cage, he drops the
package to take his food reward. Ifr the launch cage is
placed a considerable distance back from the launch site
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window (up to 6 feet) the cage itself may not be in line of
sight with the target. In such a case, the bird may not be
able to see the laser spot until he reaches the sill of the
launch site window. Such out-of-line-of-sight placement
of the .launch cage has been demonstrated as feasible. The

recall lamp, however, must be in line of sight from the _
target so that the returning bird will be properly guided.
The launch cageand recall lamp, obviously, cannot always

be positioned in the same location in the .launch site room.
A returning bird will home in to the recall lamp, set some
distance inside the window and may be fed near it. Once
the launch site window is closed, the bird has been essen-
tially secured and can be returned to his cage as soon as
is convenient.
A window from which a bird is launched should, where pos-

sible, be curtained except for the actual open portion to
eliminate the risk of a returning bird crashing into a trans-
parent window pane.
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II. The Carrier
A. General Treatment and Handling
The carrier, crow or raven, has been tamed and associates

food and his general well being with humans. The bird
must never be handled roughly or pun’-ished in any way,
except by the properly controlled withholding of food during
training and exercising. _Proper housing, food, and exer-
cise must be provided to keep the-birds in to_p physical and
mental conditions. '
It is frequently necessary _to pick up or carry a bird as
when transferring him fromone cage to another or weighing

him, or perhaps when recoveringa sated bird at the end
of an exercise session. A bird can be grasped in the hand
by gripping one leg between the thumb and forefinger allowing
the bird, in turn, to rest the other leg on the wrist. The
foot of the grasped leg shouldbe permitted to hold to the
second or third finger. (Photo 4) Movements toward a _
bird to be picked up may be fairly rapid, but should not be
abrupt or jerky as sudden movements may startle the bird.
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As a bird is held, the grip should be firm but flexible.
One should "give" with the bird's movement if he turns
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or attempts to fly. Birds‘ legs are fragile, thus a rigid
grip risks danger. of a damaged leg joint or broken bone. -
Some birds do jnot permit a handlerito grasp a leg or do
not readily perch on the handlerls arm or hand. Such
birds are more ‘easily graspedby two hands gently en-
circling thebody.
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Birds perched on the arm can often be held in place by
holding the bird‘.s identification band.» _The looseness of
the band permits__.the bird to turn with minimum danger

of leg injury.
B. Housing and Transport ‘
The principal problems-in transporting, storing, and main-
taining the systemconcern the birds.

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Good feather condition is essential tothe usefulness of a
bird. Wire mesh cages or pens should not be used as they
tend to cause severe damage to tail feathers. Necessary
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cage openings can best be covered by round vertical bars
spaced about one inch -apart. However, ventilation slots
located high on the walls or in the tops of cages may be
covered with mesh if they are well above the head level
of the bird as he perches in the cage;
To prevent feather damage, shipping-living cages should

be as large as reasonably possible. Cages measuring 27"
wide, 26" front to back and 213.1/Z" high have proved to be
satisfactory. Cages should be equipped with dropping trays
in which litter, e. g. , "Kitty Litter", can be placed. A

wooden dowel about 3/4" in diameter placed above the tray
provides a perch for the birds. For shipping, a cup for
food and another for water should be attached inside each
cage. Cages of this type and size are satisfactory as living
cages in which birds may be housed for long periods of
time. When such a cage is used as a living cage it is best
to attach feed and water cups outside the cage just below
an opening through which the bird can reach. External
cups are easy to clean and allow more free space inside.
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for
Plywood is a satisfactory material for cage construction.
However, iffla cage is to be occupied for other than short
peri_ods of -t1m<=;,,‘_ plywood ‘W115 should be lined with a hard
surfacernaterial like Formica. Formica surfaces are
easy to keep clean and cannot be splintered by a bird's
powerful beak. ' '
For transport over long distances birds are best moved
by air to shorten time in transit. For travel time, not
to exceed about five hours, and where space is limited as
in a small -foreign car, cages with interior dimensions of
about the size of an 18" cube can be used. Small cages
should be used as little as possible to avoid feather damage

Food and Water cups can be omitted from small cages pro-
vided birds are given water immediately before and after
travel, again not to exceed five hours.
Caution: Birds should not be left in closed cars exposed
to summer sunlight ais temperatures considerably above
100 degrees F. may develop which could seriously ha-rim
or even kill the birds. During transport periods greater
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than about 24 hours, birds should be fed as nearly as '
possible in accordance With normal feeding procedures.
It has been found that all equipment.needed for a mission
can be packed in ordinary suitcases, except for the large
cages. Larger shipping‘-living cages are particularly
bulky.’ For transportin-a small ‘car, a folding living cage
has been-developed» Unfolded and assembled, it forms a
cage satisfactory for long-time housing.
C. Diet and Care .
Because the birds work for food rewards, each bird's food
intake and body weight must be carefully monitored. Birds

in training are weighed almost daily, principally to avoid
over-deprivation, but also because an unexpected weight
loss may be a Warning of illness.
The basic item of diet is a mixture called "crow salad".
The recipe is on the following page.
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Ingredients
i%"'b'y'
Recommended Mixture
fatty beef p >
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'82 '
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00 grams
beef, or. pork liver, 2 25 grams

canned cornig _
. 2 25 grams
fresh or canned Y
tomatoe s 2 25 grams
lettuce Zn V25,grams
fresh carrots 2 25 grams

raw egg with shell 2 1 egg
cottage cheese, 2 25 grams

whole wheat bread 2 25-grams 4
bone meal '
2 2.5 grams
V itamycin>!< 2 teaspoons
*Vitamycin is a vitarnin and mineral_preparation produced
by the Dow Chemical Company, Indinapolis. V
With a conventional hand operated kitchen food grinder
grind: liver, corn, carrots, egg shell, bread, lettuce,
tomato. Add these to the beef, egg, bone meal, and
Vitamycin.“ Mix thoroughly. The mixture must, of course,
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be refrigerated. This amount will feed two ravens for
about a week.
The exact proportions are not critical. In scaling down

our standard training farm quantities, for example, we
did not suggest a fraction of an egg!
On the average, each bird needs about 50 grams of crow p
salad per day. V
Crow salad has been prepared in freeze-dry form. The

dry material is ‘mixed with water in approximately one-to-
one proportion by weight. After thorough mixing the pro-
duct is of a watery consistency, but it thickens after being
allowed to stand for several hours. Experiments with

several birds indicate that the freeze-dry mixture can be
fed at the same rateias fresh crow salad to maintain con-
stant body weight. The freeze-dry product is not as effec-
tivelyutilized as the fresh product. Do not use freeze-dry
food except under conditions where it is not practical to
supply the food in fresh form.
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Drinking water should be available to a bird at all times
in his living orshipping cage, with the exception that, for
convenience in short time travel, water may be omitted

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from the shippingtcage. '
Although the feeding of a fully trained bird may differ some-

what from that of a bird in training, a knowledge of the
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trainer's feeding procedures should be useful to those
charged with the care of a mission trained bird.
Experience with each bird reveals the maximum weight

at which the bird will work reliably. Greater weight re-
sults in reduced hunger drive and reluctance to work for
food rewards. Significantly lower weights present unnec-
essary risk of weakness and poor resistance to disease.
A tolerance of plus or minus 20 grams is ordinarily accep-
table.
During the training period, which in some cases has extended
for years, the optimum working weight may change, partic-

ularly with changing seasons. Warm weather commonly
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requires a reduction in weight, cold weather permits

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it
to be increased.
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To insure adherence to the maximum permissible weight
policy, feedingprograms are purposely directed slightly
toward over'—feeding. If performance of a healthy bird
becomes sluggish or unreliable, a bird's food intake is 1:,
limited until a good working weight is again reached.
A bird typically receives about 50 grams of crow salad

per day. On working days .much of this food is received
as reward for performance. The remainder is fed at the
end of the day. Birds are weighed daily except on week-
ends and records of weight and performance are kept.
Adjustments for off-optimum weight are usually made by
fairly small changes in the daily food allotment. Abrupt
drastic weight losses are avoided as much as possible.
Weight reduction, when required, is limited to a rate of
about l0 grams per day. For example, an overweight slug-

gish bird’ may be dropped to a 40-gram daily intake, then,
if necessary, to 30 or even 20 grams until the bird is again
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performing well. The diet of an underweight bird is in-
creased in similar increments.
For convenience in rationing crow salad, a bird's allot-
ment is weighed out at the beginning of the day and placed

in an individual container assigned to that bird.
On non-working days, usually Saturdays and’ Sundays, a
bird is daily hand fed all thatvhe will eat in one session.
The remainder of his allotment, if any, is placed in the
feed cup for consumption when the bird is hungry again. »
Commonly, weekend feeding of a bird results in some

weight gain as the birdis idle and thus burning less fuel.
As a resiilt performance on Monday, particularly in the
morning, is often poor. ,Birds are usually not pressed for
top performance on Monday. By Tuesday, and during the

remainder of the week's working days, weight and the re-
lated hunger drive is adjusted to a satisfactory level.
Not unusually a bird will actually gain weight during the
working days of the week. If such a gain is significant,
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20 grams or more, the weekend ration maybe reduced.
Because wjeight is an indication of a bird's health, birds
should be weighed frequently onaccurate scales and weight
records kept. Inexpensive scales of the type known as -
"dietetic" scales are easily obtained and are easy to pack
for shipping. Unfortunately they are often inaccurate and,
worse, their readings tend to drift. If such scales, are
used, a set of standard weights should be provided and
frequent calibration checks made.
In normal training, maintenance of high drive levels is
avoided. Nevertheless, such drive levels do temporarily
increase the probability of good performance and should

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be employed when "the chips are down". i
To attain a temporary high drive level without serious

risk to health, the following procedure should be followed:
This procedure has proved satisfactory prior to important
demonstrations involving rnockmissions. If a bird is at
or near optimum_weight he is fed a normal days‘ ration

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48 hours in advance of the anticipated demonstration time.
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No more food is given except for the little that may be
earned in a very few test flights. There is some evidence

that it is bestnot to exercise thebird at all during approx-
imately the last 16 hours preceding the demonstration.
At the end of the 48 hour period it can be expected that
the bird will be eager to work and will be, because of rather
extreme hung_er, motivated to risk flight in an unfamiliar
location that might otherwise present stimuli disturbing
to him‘ at only moderate drive levels.
Obviously, one cannot always anticipate need for a bird's
servicesat precisely 48 hours in advance. Fortunately _
there is considerable tolerance. A bird in good health can
withstand Z4 to 30 hours of deprivation starting at almost
any time even though the start of such deprivation may _
coincide with a slightly underweight condition.‘ If a post-
ponement delays a scheduled flight, for a day, somewhat
scanty feeding (typicallyabout 30 grams), but with actual
amounts determined by bird weight will keep the bird "at
the ready" 24 hours before‘ the newly scheduled flight.
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In pi‘-emission periods, slight weight losses are acceptable.
Gains are not. Some additional day's delay may be possible
by similar 24 hours advance feeding, but a long-term delay,
four consecutive days, for ‘example-, might result in weight
loss that cannot safely be allowed to continue.

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In recent training, it has been found that birds can safely
fly while tethered to a lightweight line. Tethering has
greatly reduced fly-away losses that previously occurred
with some birds in their early outdoor training sessions.
Other losses occurred even with advanced birds under low
hunger drive levels.
The line is 10 pound test monofilament fishing line paid
out from a conventional closed-face spinning reel (Zebco
model 800 for example), (Photo 5) A small fish-bait snap
swivel is permanently attached to a leg band. (Photo 6)
A similar snap swivel is tied to the free end of the line,
thus the line can easily and quickly be attached to the bird's
leg before the bird is released for flight. A bird straying
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from his proper flight path can be gently brolughttto earth
by careful braking of the line as it pays out.

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It is inherent in the design of a spinning reel that_the line
is subjected to twisting. To reduce the resulting culrling
or kinking of the line, it is frequently unreeled by hand
and pulled out to its full length.‘ The stretched out line
is held taut by its _outer swivel which allows the line tO~11n-1
twist. The straightened line held taut is reeled in again,
ready for use.

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Birds in advanced outdoor training must, of course, make
many untethered flights. Because birds in training cannot
be constantly at the high degree of hunger that would be
im_posed for an actual mission, there is a higher risk of
loss. If there is reason to believe that a_ bird may not be A
fully motivated to ‘stay on course, tehtered flights are made

at the start of a training session so that the bird's behavior
can be judged. Only if the bird appears to be working well
are untethered flights then permitted.
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Periodically stimulating a bird'.to preen helps him to main-
tain good feather condition. Once or twice a week the bird
should be wet down with water from a spray bottle to in-
duce preening.
D. Exercise and Maintenance of Trained Behavior
To keep fully trained birds "in storage" involves, ideally,
a program similar to the training schedule already described
It is desirable that a bird be given as much exerci-se as .
possible. Not only does exercise help maintain flight
strength, it also assures a fair approximation of the ideal
food consumption‘. Most of the bird's food is that which
he is willing to work for, thus regulation of the diet is de-
termined automatically to a considerable extent.
It is understood that, in "storage" locations in foreign

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countries, security requirements may make it impossible
to find ideal exercise areas. Outdoor exercise at mission
ranges is preferable to either indoor or short range exer-
cise, but exercise can be given indoorsat short range
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there are no alternatives. Outdoor untethered flights should
be few in number and made only with a bird that seems

eager to-work. ’
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Package placement and retrieval in exercise not only keeps
a bird in flying trim but also maintains load carrying ability.
For indoor exercise the target platform can be a table at
one end of a hallway and a launchgcage and recall lamp at
the other. Even in a moderate sized room some valuable
exercise can be given. . Exercise areas and target locations
should be varied as much as possible. '
Exercise sessions
are conducted like miniature missions except that more

strict requirements are enforced in terms of package place-
ment. For example, in a real mission run, a placement
at the end of a sill opposite the end marked by a laser s_‘i5.ot
might be acceptable. In an exercise run it should not be
rewarded. ’
If a bird should go astray in a mission flight it might be
necessary to recall him to the launch cage. During exercise
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flights the recall lamp should not be used followingany
improper response unless it is absolutely necessary as it-
might be in outdoor exercises. If the bird does not return
without recall, it is best to return the bird by hand. The
recall signal has, in training, been associated with food
reward given upon return, thus the recall signal alone has
some rewarding effect. To use the recall signal following
an improper response tends to strengthen that improper
response. A sated bird will not perform well at any range.
Exercise of a bird showing signs of satiation should be
halted.
An audible recall signal, the click of a toy "cricket", was

also used in training the birds. This signal should be used
only when necessary to recall a bird that is not responding
well to the recall lamp.
Crow salad is used for food rewards. A pinch of food, about
l/4 to 1/2 gram, is presented to a bird when it returns to -
its launch cage following correct performance and recall.
The timing of a reward is critical. Reward begins with re-
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call. The recall lamp should be lighted instantly when a
bird places a package properly, or, on retrieval, when a
bird has picked up the package.
Food given as reward is, of course, a part of the bird's
diet.
In spite of the advantages of frequent exercising it is not
an absolute essential, If a day or two of regularly scheduled
exercise is omitted the bird may simply be fed, preferably
at the time of day an operation is likely to take place. The

bird should be fed the amount that he would normally eat if
he were being exercised, or slightly less. If the experienced
handler must be absent on an exercise day it is best to omit
the exercise program and to leave only feeding to less ex-
perienced caretakers. Exercise sessions are in effect min-
iature missions, so improper rewarding can adversely
affect the behavior required for real missions.
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E. Illness and {Treatment in the Field
In most instances, the raven is a hardy bird. All but the
most extreme temperatures have little effect. High tem-
peratures may cause a little sluggishness and slightly
lessened endurance while low‘ temperatures seem to heigh-
ten activity and sharpen the bird's appetite. However, it
is wise to provide the bird shelter from direct exposure
to sun, wind, and weather extremes.

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It is recommended that the diet of crow salad be adhered

to when practical, especially when placing the bird on a
drive prior to a mission. The majority of the health prob-
lems of ravens in training for a mission stem from inade-
quate nutrition. While it is important that the bird be >5 \
hungry enough to work well, it is imperative that the health
of the bird be maintained by adequate food. Adhere closely

to the feeding instructions included in this manual.’
An unexpected weight loss of, for example, 20 to 30 grams,
such as one not due to an imposed deprivation, or"a failure
to gain weight quickly following a necessary deprivation,
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may be-an indication of a stress condition. Cessation of
exercise plus full feeding (all the bird can eat twice a day)
is called for until weight is regained. ~Freedom to fly about
in a closed room may also help. (Stress has been an oc-
casional cause of death among crows, in training. Post-
mortem examinations have commonly revealed enlarged

adrenals, accompanied by no other indications of illness.
The incidence of stress conditions has been lower with
ravens, and when it occurred recovery has usually been
rapid.) »
Like humans, the raven faces many types of environmental
hazards and diseases. Fortunately, these hazards and
diseases are seldom encountered; not so fortunately there
will be little you can do in the field to effect a cure or even
diagnose the disease.
In the case of the more serious illnesses, the first indi-
cations will be~a loss of appetite followed by a paling or
blanching of the normally bright pink inside lining of the
bird's mouth and a loss of gloss or sheen of plumage.
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Sometimes sneezing or coughing will occur. The bird feces

may become very runny and almost clear rather than the
normal white and olive or brown excreta of a pasty consis-
tency. Occasionally, however, the course of the infection
runs fast and the only thing you may notice is the bird will
not eat or is reluctant to eat. Do not wait more than a day

to begin treatment ifthe bird goes off its feed or exhibits
any of theabove described symptoms. Place the bird on a
full feed ration. Emphasize the foods you know the bird
prefers. ‘Live food, such as minnows or worms, may help

stimulate the appetite. Administer Sulmet* in drinking
water (two tablespoons, or one fluid ounce, zto one gallon
of water) for a period of five days. Discontinue treatment
for three days, then administer again for-three more days.
To assure that the bird drinks the medicated water make it
available to him for only about six hours per day, preferably?
morning.
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in the Letting the~bird go without water for the

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*Sulmet is a commercial sulfa preparation made by the
American Cyanamid Company.

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remainder of the time will build up a strong thirst drive.
Sulmet medication is about the only treatment practical in
the field.
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Occasionally skin growths similar in appearance to warts
may appear on the legs and around the bill. Unless the
growths become extensive in number or very large, they
do no real harm. If a mission is-imminent, ignore them.
If you will have the bird intyour possession for some time
and no mission is planned, you may burn off the growth by
carefully applying silver nitrate solution with a swab. As
needed, peel off the dead tissueand reapply silver nitrate.
All in all, it is best to prevent illness rather than treat it.
Be sure the feeding schedulesareadhered to. Be sure to
use crow salad,or, if this is not available, supplement
the diet with vitamins. Do not unnecessarily expose the
birds to weather -géxtremes but do supply adequate ventilation
Of perhaps greater danger to theraven under field conditions
is traumatic injury or _the ‘ingestion of dangerous substances
If the bird receives a broken wing or -brokenneck there is
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little one can do to correct the injury. A broken leg may

or may not incapacitate the bird depending on the site and
extent of the break. A clean break between the leg joint
and the foot may be splinted with any lightweight material--
match sticks, a length of straightened paper clip Wire, etc.
secured over the break with tape. . A break at the joint is
very difficult to set and the injury would probablykeep the
bird from performing.- Immediately after the break is set,
the bird might perform all right, but it is not recommended

that this be tried unless absolutely required. Regardless
of the nature or location of the break, the bird should be
given as much time as practical to rest and recover from

the injury. When an operation is imminent try a dry run
with the bird under secure, conditions. It is conceivable
that a bird with a severely broken.leg or other extensive
injury might still be able to perform satisfactorily.
Birds in general, and ravens, inparticular, Will ingest
justabout anything they can get into their mouths." Avoid
keeping loose objects or harmful substance near the birds.
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If the raven does swallow something harmful, first aid
treatment is difficult if not impractical. Often the bird Will
regurgitate the material spontaneously. Here again, pre-
vention is more effective than treatment.
Feather damage (broken or ruffled feathers) is best avoided
but occasionally occurs in spite of the operator's best efforts.
Broken or frayed body or tail feathers should be left alone.
They will regenerate soon enough and the bird can perform
satisfactorily with some damaged body and tail feathers.
The wing feathers are adifferentmatter. Loss or damage -
of wing feathers degrades severely the bird's flight capability
If wing feather damage is noted just prior to a mission,
fly the bird to determine if the bird is still capable of flight.
Be sure to test the bird weighted with the load it will be
carrying during the mission. If the bird seems to fly suf-
ficiently well do not disturb any feathers. If the bird seems

to have difficulty flying, set the bird aside, maintaining
working weight and exercise sessions if possible.‘ Serious
feather damage requires that a bird be dropped from mission
ready status.
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III. Hardware »
A. Cages -
Two typesof folding cages are used in transport, housing,
and operational use of the bird. These are the large

'
(1)
plywood shipping-living cage and (2) the operational aluminum
launching cage, which doubles fora short distance shipping
cage. '
The dimensions of the shipping-living cage, assembled,

'
‘
are Z7" wide, Z6" front to back, and 21-1/2" high. Folded,
the cage requires packing space only 9 l/2" high with other _
dimensions unchanged. It weighs 37 lbs. A pull-out_ dropping
tray may be filled with sand, shavings, or other absorbent
material for cleanlinessand odorcontrol. A pair of cups ‘
for feed and water clamps to the vertical bars of the door.
These cups maybe fastened outside when the cage is no <32
longer in transit. Openings in the doorggrill permit a bird
to reach through to the outside cups. The external placement
of the cups allows them to be filled and cleaned easily,

A
and eliminates from the interior of the cage a possible haz-
‘--*3'0-

ard to the-bird's feathers. (Photos 7 & 8)
An aluminum launching cage has been constructed. The
walls of thisicage fold flat against the top permitting top
and sides to be placed inside the tray which forms its
bottom. Assembled, the cage-measures 21 l/2" wide, 23"
front to back, and 17" high._ Folded, it measures '20 1/Z"
by 22 1/Z" by 2 l/2“. The compromise dimensions of the
cageoffer the possibility of use for three purposes: as a
shipping cage, a living cage,. and as a launch cage. Doors
at each end and a Wooden insert to raise the floor level to
the bottom of the front doorprovide the requirements for
a launch cage. Packed with its floor insert, the folded cage
measures 4 3/4" high. With the floor it weigh"s Z8 lbs.
(Photos 9 & 10)

¢
B. Black Box Bird Carrier
The black box bird carrier, 18" x 7 l/2" X 131/2" is ven-
tilated by baffled, light-tight openings (Photo ll). Because
of fbomplete darkness in the box, a bird carried in it makes
_ 31 _

\ . .
little or no noise. This_ box should only be used when ab-

solutely necessary, such as When carrying ‘a bird into a
building.- Birds should not be left in the box for longer
than -15 -minutes.
C. Weight Scales
Accurate scalesiare desirable for weighing the birds. Un-
fortunately, good laboratory scales are bulky and delicate.
A substitute is the small, simple-type of spring scales
known as "dietetic". The readings of such scales often
tends to drift, so it is advisable to use a set of calibrating
weights to permit checking and adjustments of the scales.
D. Laser and Accessories
A flashing red spot produced by a helium-neon laser is
used to guide the bird to the delivery or pick-up point.
The laser, Spectra Physics Model 132, is mounted on a
pivoting stand and equipped with a motor driven chopper
and simple open sights for aiming. (Photo 12) A spec
sheet is included in the appendix.
-33-

As an aid to aiming the guidance laser, a telescopic sight
has been mounted on a Spectra-Physic model 132 laser.
Properly adjusted, the scope provides a line of sight para-
llel with the laser beam and 2 1/4" above the beam. The
laser may be aimed with the scope crosshairs appearing
Z l/4" above the point at which the laser spot is to appear.
(Photo l3 shows the scope-Lequipped laser mounted on a cam-
era tripod. )
‘
. 1
A laser requires the nominal ll5'Volt 60 Cycle alternating
current (ordinary U. S. house current). Where only 240
Volt house current is available, a step down transformer
may be used.
For use where neither 120 nor 240 Volt AC power is‘avail-
ableat the launch site it is possible to use an inverter to
convert 12 Volt battery power to 120 Volts, 60 Hz power.

A Honda motorcycle battery, model l2N9-3A, and a Terado
inverter, model 50-170, is suitable for this purpose. (Photo
14) (Specs in appendix) It is reasonable to expect that a
12 Volt motorcycle battery of 10 ampere hour rating will
_
-33-
operate the laser via the inverter for at least one hour con-
tinuously.
V
E. Recall Lamp
This isa conventional "high-intensity" miniature lamp.
Ordinarily such lamps employ a 12 Volt bulb and are equipped
with a built-in transformer for 120 Volt AC operation. Be-
cause timing of the recall is critical, the lamp is equipped
with an easy working ‘external foot operated switch. If ll5
Volt 60 Cycle alternating current is not available the recall
lamp can be used with a step down transformer or with the
inverter mentioned in section D, above.
It has been found that the high intensity lamp, used as a
recall signalling device, is overly bright ifdirected out-
ward toward the returning bird under dark twilight conditions.
The light may be directed downward to avoid blinding the _
bird. If the launch cage is visible to thealreturning bird,
the lam_p may be placed on top of the cage aimed so that it
illuminates the interior of the cage through an opening
in the cage top. -

(Photo 15) »
_34_
IV. Hypothetical Example of System in Use
It? may be helpful in understanding the procedures of care
and working of the birds to consider them in terms of an
imaginary mission program. Following is a description of
a hypothetical mission. The principal emphasis of the
description is on care and handling of the birds.
An overseas mission is planned requiring the placement of
a device at approximately _a certain date. Following initial
placement, the device is toybe retrieved and replaced at
intervals ranging from two to four weeks. Actual mission
are planned for either dawn or dusk as opportunity

'
-flights
arises.
'
A
A team of two birds is to be flown overseas. Information
concerning working weight and any idiosyncracies is known
by the handler. Air travel time, including stop-overs, will
total 36 hours. Arrangements have been made to_ store the
birds and equipment at a secure "base station“ in the gen-
eral area of the mission site. Air travel is to be by air-
craft over which mission personnel has control, that is,
-35..
Approved for Release: 2019/07/30 C06527437 ‘

Approved for_Re|eas_e: 2019/07/30 C06527437
not by commercial air line;
Birds are to travel in shipping-living cages approximately
the dimensions of a two footcube. These cages can, when
necessary,‘ be taken apart and the partsfolded. The equip-
ment and supplies check list is carefully goneover (section
VI) and all items are packed for shipping. '
Ten days before thefirvst planned mission the birds, supplies,
and equipment are loadedaboajrd a plane for the first leg
of the journey. During travel the birds arehand fed crow
salad three times a day because eating tends to reduce
possible traumatic effects of travel experience. Feeding
times are separated in time as much as reasonably possible,
four _or five hours apart, for example. At each feeding, a
bird is given all the food he will quickly consume. If the
bird does not consume his alloted dai-‘~l§y ration at the end
of the third hand feeding session, the remainder of the food
is placed in the feed cup.‘ ,
The trip to an overseas air field requires three days, in-
cluding one stop-over enroute, during which the normal
"-36-

.
,
feeding schedule is maintainedf From thetair field the birds
are to be taken by a small car toya slecurebase station at

. |
, .
,
a distance requiring about three hours ‘of driving. The
shipping cages are too large to fit ‘into the car, so the birds
are transferred to the smaller cages.’ Theshipping cages
are folded so that theymay be carried in the trunk of the
car. Other equipment, packed in suitcases, is also carried
in the car.
Upon‘ arrival at the base station the birds are transferred

i
‘again to the larger cages.
The fourth day is the first at_ the base station. The birds
are weighed andfound not to have lost weight initransit.
Two attempts, spaced, about eight hours apart, are made to
work the birds at short" range indoors. They perform poorly

at the first session, better at the second 'a-sappetite returns.
At the end of the day the birds-are handfed, each from
his al-lotment of 50 grams of crowisalad, part of which has
been earned in the exercise sessions. One bird stops eating
before he has consumed all of the allotment and is fed no
.-3']-

\
more for the day.
On the fifth day both birds are more active and are each
given several exercise sessions in the course of the day.

I
These sessions are held indoors, some at the maximum

possible ranges down a hallway. A laser is used in gui- .
dance. Each bird works sufficiently to have received about
50 grams of crow salad as rewards and neither is given
additional food at the end of the day.
On the sixth day each bird again works Well indoors and, in
the course of the exercise sessions conducted periodically
throughout the day, earns the allotment of 50 grams.
On the seventh day it is found possible to arrange for out-
door "simulated mission" flights at dawn and at dusk. The

birds~are;tried in the morning session first tethered at short
range because their handler does notv/viisrli? torisk danger of
even temporary straying of a bird. The birds do not seem

eager to work, probably because of fairly low drive, and so
range is not extended and the outdoor practice session is
..38..

ended. The birds are given only a few iindoor exercise
sessions in the "course of the day, so as to allow drive to
increase. At a dusk session outdoors the birds are more
eager to fly. Following a few short range tethered flights,
range is extended to mission distance and a few successful
untethered flightstarernade. Only four longerrange flights
(two correct placements and two retrievals) are permitted
because, again, of fear of straying by a partially sated bird.
Evening weighing of the birds indicates a- weight loss of
about 15 grams for each bird. The loss is not considered
alarming, and the birds are fed only the rernainder of their
allotment.
An actual mission flight has now been scheduled for a site"
a few hours drive from the base station. Placement of a .
package onva target ledge is planned for 6:00 pm of the tenth
day. Launch is to be from the window of an apartment lo-
cated about 100 feet from a target ledge. .

Only one bird is
to be taken to the apartment a few hours before the attempt
is made.
- 39 ..

Approved for Release: 2019/07/30 C06527437 '
On the eighth day the handler decides to make a choice be-
tween the two birds at an evening outdoor test session. ,
The birds are kept idle through the day, not exercised be-
cause he wishes to build up drive for the evening test. At
dusk, both birds are tested at mission range. Both P31‘?-
form properly, but one shows less hesitation in placing a
package on a target‘ ledge, setting it down without showing

any tendency to pick up again and responding quickly to the
recall lamp signal. This bird is first choice for the mission,
but both will be made ready.
It is now approximately 48 hours from the scheduled mission
flight time. Past feeding has maintained the birds at near
optimum weight. Each is now found to be only about l0 grams

under the recommended optimum holding and training weight.
Each is then fed the remainder of his day's 50 gram ration.
All Eliltter and any other substances that a hungry bird might
ingest are removed from the "cages. Only drinking water
remains. '
-40-.

'
for
Twenty four hours later (T minus Z4) each bird is given a
short indoor working session, but allowed to earn no more

than grams of food.
At opportune times, necessary equipment, e.g. , laser, re-
call lamp, etc. , is moved in suitcases to the launch apart-
ment. Late evening,‘ after dark, is deemedlthernost secure
time to move the chosen bird to the apartment, The bird

is transferred to one of the launch cages. His living cage
is folded and, becauseit istoo large todfit asuitcase, is
wrapped asa package. Bird, cage package, and ha

"black
box" cageare taken in a small car for the trip to the launch
site. Shortly before arrival the bird is transferred to the
"black box". This box, 18" x '7 l/2" x l3 l/2" is ventilated
by baffled, light-tight openings. Because of complete.dark-
ness in thebox, abird carried in it .makes a little or no
noise. The launch cage is folded and placed in a suitcase.
Bird, suitcase, and wrapped living cageare carried into-
the apartment. The cages are-unwrapped, assembled, and

the bird is transferred to the living cage.
,
-41-

As time T‘ approaches, equipment is set up. It is found
convenient to place the laser at one window and the launch
cage-andrecall lamp at another. As dusk begins to fall the
bird is moved from the living cage to the launch cage. Un-
fortunately, a heavy rainfall cornmencesand lasts through
the dusk period. A light rain or *mist might have reduced
the risk of detection and yet permitted the flight to have
been attempted," but itinow must‘ be postponed.

A
It is decided to "hold" until dawn at which time another
attempt at delivery may be possible. This will mean a
delay of 12 hours. The handler estimates that at the
"holding" rate of feeding of 30 grams "per 24 hours, he
should feed the bird 15 grams of crow salad. Lacking a
scale he guesses theamount accurately enough. He has

left word at the base station to feed the reserve bird at
the same rate.
At the first signs ofmorning light, equipment is again
placed and checked and the bird is again transferred to
the launch cage. As soon as the target becomes clearly
__;4g _

visible the windows are opened and the laser is sighted at
the ledge and turned on very briefly to check the aim.
Rather than risk a package on the first flight, the handler
signals for the laser to be turned on and releases the bird
but does not present him with the package. The bird flies
to the target, the -laser is switched off, the recall lamp is
turned on and immediately extinguished as the bird enters
the cage. The bird is rewarded at the same time. (Had the
bird seemed "spooky" of the target ledge, one or two more
no-load runs might have been made if it seemed safe to allow
them. )
For the final flight, the package is held at the cage opening
as the door is opened. The bird grasps it, flies to the
target ledge, and is recalled as soon as the package is put
down. Reward follows the return, and if package placement
is considered acceptable the mission is "wrapped up". (If
the positioning of the package is critical and it is not accep-
tably placed, it may be necessary to send the bird out to
recover it and then to try again. If the bird cannot be
-43..

faulted for an improper placement, for example, if he
accidentally moves it with his foot on take-offto return to
the cage, there is no question but that he should be rewarded
If placement is faulty because of failure to 'make the place-
ment in accordance with previous training, it may still be
necessary to use the recall signal, which is rewarding in
itself, even though this is poor training procedure; In an
actual mission avoiding temporary loss of the bird is-more
important than slight possible deterioration ofbehavior.)
The bird has successfully accomplished a placement and it
is expected that the package will remain in its place for
some time. Both birds have lost weight because of food
deprivation in preparation for the flight. The mission bird

is hand fed immediately as much as he will accept. A mes-
sage to the base station informs the station that the back-up
bird is to be similarly fed.
The mission bird is returned to the base station as soon
as it is practical to do so. A two day rest and "feed-up"
restores bothbirds to normal weight.‘
-44-‘

At the base station, the regular feeding and exercise program
is restored. Although it is hoped that recovery and replace-
ment of the package can be programmed as a regularroper-
ation for every three Weeks, it is realized that emergencies
may arise requiring, on shgort notice, a retrieval of a pack-
age. It is notwpossible to keep a bird constantly ready to
go, but the handler arranges a schedule which feeds each
bird lightly on a different alternate day; For example,
one bird isallovved only 35 grams, the other given 65 grams
on a particular day.‘ The nextday the feed allotment is
reversed. Thus there is alvvays one bird kept at a fairly
high drive.
If an emergency should arise, both birds are immediately
deprived of ‘food. As one bird is already on a mild depri-
vation schedule, he should be ready to go to work in Z4 to
30 hours following the last feeding.
In an emergency, the readiness of a bird must be judged
at the time by the handler. He has deprived both birds
but even though one may theoretically be more hungry than _
_45_

~
t Approved for Release: 2019/07/30 C06527437
the other, he must make his choice of the birds in terms

of apparenteagerness to work and upon his knowledge of
their pastrecords. In a1"~i{w emergency situation in which
bird eagerness cannot readily be" judged, it is more likely
that a "doubtful" bird will make a retrieval rather than a
placement. Placement is the more difficult behavior.
-46-

'
for
V. Check List of Information Needed from Field for
(Dperational Planning_
A. Photograph and description of target
l
1. Height of target from ground
2. Distance of target from launch point
3. Horizontal angle of target.from launch point

-
4. Knowledge of depth of target ledge
5. Scale of photograph
6. Any peculiarities of target
B. Description of launch point

‘
1. Height of launch point from ground
2. Available power
3. Indoor or outdoor release
4. Size and configuration of launch opening,

A
i. e
window, back of truck, etc.
5. Any peculiarities of the launch point such as
drapes over windows, grill Work, etc.
C. Operational site environment
Climate
u
1.
Urban or rural
4
2.
-47- A

3. Obstacles between -launch point and target,
1-fir. e. , trees, window grills, window shutters,
phone-and electric wires ‘
_4. Time of day‘ for operation
5. Any local wind peculiarities in area covered
by bird ~
l
6. ~Dawn or dusk
'7. ~Noise level and peculiar noises
8. Any possible disturbing influences - human

-
activity - dogs, cats, other birds, etc.
Type and length of travel required
Legal restrictions or obstacles in international
transport of birds
Overseas storageand maintenance
Facilities available
1. Indoor exercise
_2. Outdoor exercise
3. }Local‘§avai1ability of food items, litter, etc. ,
for birds
.. 48 _

quipment and Supplies Check List
Trained birds - 2 each
Folding living-shipping cages - 2 each
Folding launch cages"--,2 each

'
-Laser with open or telescopic sights - 2. each
.
Laser mount with chopper and base - l each
Power Supply containing Terado inverter, storage
battery, and battery charger, - 1 each‘
Step-down transformer (230 v. to 115 v.) - l each
Recalllarnp with foot switch - l each
p
Map case (black box) - l each
Scale with calibration, weights - l each

'
Fresh crow salad in thermos -jug
Freeze-dry crow salad‘ .
Sulmet or other sulfa drug
Silver nitrate
F
I
Vitamycin
Bone meal .
Dummy training packages
Food grinder - 1 each
- 49 _

Emergency recall signal, audible - 2 each
Cage litter (commercial Kitty litter)
Spray bottle for water - 1 each
Binoculars ‘or other visual aids
T ethe ring equipment

reel with line
snap swivels
leg bands
Spare parts
l
Laser fuse (Buss MDL l/2 amp, Fusetron fuse) Terado
Inverter fuse (Buss AGC§25 or Littelfuse 3AlG-Z5)
Bulbs, recall lamp (size 93-12 volt)
10' extension cord with 3-way outlet
3 wire adapter for laser
Small Phillips screwdriver
Long-nose pliers '
Roll electrician's tape
_ 5() _
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PAGE 2
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
1.2.‘;
flQDEL S0_17Q TEHpEgT OPERATION OF INVERTER

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I INPUT VOLTAGE ~ 12 VOLTS U.c. CAR VOL{AGE

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MODEL 5U"_I;U. IT IS DESIGNED TO GIVE PEAK EFFICIENCY II\IVE:'2TZ~S{E
VOLTS DIRECT CURRENT To 110 VOLTS Ac_— 6O_cYcLEs.
OUTPUT YQLTAEE — 117 v.A.c. ~.
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CAPAETTY — 125 NATTs CONTINUOUS THIS INVERTER DOES NOT HAVE EXACT CYCLE CO’=ITROI_ FEATURE BUILT Hm .
_l5O HATTs INTERHITTENT‘

- THE FREQUENCY OF UN’T Ts DEPENDEHT 0H THE TNPUT YGETAGE AND THE EQAU
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ON THE 110 YUET ETDE.

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1; QAUIIQE: MATNTATN AT ALL TTHEs, AT LEAST A 30 TO HO HATT LOAD 0N THIS- "
THTs INVERTER HILL OPERATE MANY 110 VOLT APPLTANcEs T THE SE

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INVERTER.‘ HTTHGUT THT§ LOAD THE PEAK COLLECTOR To EMITTER VOLTAGE WILL
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ARE N0T RECOMMENDED FOR FREQUENCY sENsTTTYE EQUTEHE
CONTINUOUS OPERATION. A PERIOD 0E~ETvE (5 HOURS USAGE SHOULD NEVER BE-
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EXCEEDED TN ANY cAsE. COOLING GE THE POWER TRANSISTORS Ts VERY CRITICAL CAUTION; OPERATION OF FLUORESCENT LIGHTS ~ EIXTURE MUsT BE EGHEE
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JOR F"‘(‘ I17 T_§E3!lQE.~ ELECTRIC FRYING FANS, ELECTRIC COFFEE MAKERS. LARGE MOTORS, HEAv
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PACK 02 EAHEEULEY cUsHToN UNTT To AVOID DAMAGE. ALSO EXAHIHE HHEN RE- ON INVERTER I/IILL ACT AS A SHORT CIRCUIT AND CAUSE TRANSISTOR F:-'=.§LURE
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Table of Contents
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Page
L
Specifications 1
1 O Model }-' OJ [*0 .
.
2
,._-J
'1
O Introduction .
Oneration 2
2-,-._-. -., 3 O .
_/,.i._ J 4 Q Troubleshooting . . .
3
*...__.. \ 4 1 High Voltage Circuit .

v'2
-_.:
J..___.
Tube Change 6
L'.._
a O ..
Tube Removal 6
5 l . . .
n Tube Replacement 5
c__;_
~ 5 .»
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6 O Field Installation of Polarization Magnet Assembly .
7
L".
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Warranty 7.
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. . . . .
3
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Hear of
.
Service Information .
.
J_.._- |
Manual
I
Ml
>
List of Illustrations
u
4 Page
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L.___-3
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Cathode Lead . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1
"¢Lw1 4-2 Anode Lead and Polarization Assembly . . . . . . . . . .
“]“' iModel 132 Lablite Helium—neon Gas Laser Schematic Diagram Rear of
Manual
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1.0 Model 132 Specifications

1
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ugh;
e Output
l.0 milliwatt minimum
Y \
\~nq Power: 632.8 nm (visible red)

.
1
Wavelength: TEMoo
v~e 1
Transverse Mode: 550 MHZ
Longitudinal Mode Spacing: points
Approximately 0.8 mm at 1/e2 at l/e Z points
Approkimately 1,0 milliradian
.
'Beam Diameter:
'
11:1 Beam Divergence: Unpolarized

VPolarization, l32:
V
Vertically Polarized
i
Polarization,’l32—0l: than 3%)

-\
‘1
(cross component less
cl“;
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Stability
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lntermode Amplitude Noise

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*1 ms.
Less than O
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(l—lOO KHZ);
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to 125 vac) Less than 0.5%

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l@5Ivac
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voltage range Greater

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Greater than 0.7 mw at turnon. turnon.
after
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Warmup Time: than l mw three minutes

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40°c
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Operating Temperature: _2o°c to es°c
Q 3 Storage Temperature: l0,000 feet maximum
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Altitude:
-
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Power
l05V—l25V rmS
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Voltage: _
60-400 Hz
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P
'35’volt—amps, max
5
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Volt-amps:
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6 feet
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Mechanical. 4 Kg)
7.5 lbs,
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Weight: l5.5 X 5. N 3.9 inches _-
bottom
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on the
Dimensions: An interlock'is provided high voltage
i__:
High Voltage Protection: coverplate'to disable the

1?; the plate is removed.
w Q ply whenever
-39L thread is provided to connect
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‘accessory telescopes.
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Options
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than OJ YQ.
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Linear Polarization (cros

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l90—25OV rms
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_._. [V1 C) Introduction

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CW Gas Laser provides the high level of per-

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The Spectra—Physics Model

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formance and reliability associated with Spectra-Physics leadership in the gas

operating
field. Quality workmanship and performance features such as conservative
r._,__. :_
specifications, guaranteed stability, and self—starting are standard. A compact,
light—weight package and simplicity of operation make the 132 Lablite a pleasure
to
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cold cathode. Spectra—Physics technical leadership in HeNe plasma tube

physics has
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been fully incorporated into the 132 tube. Improvements in cathode design,
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tube sealing, and dielectric coatings result in extended lifetime and

improved
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amplitude stability.
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The output of the Model 132 behaves as unpolarized light in most experiments.
” - plasma tube is actually polarized
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however each axial mo d e o f‘th e l39a -n
internal
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perpendicular to adjacent modes. For applications requiring a polarized light,

polariza-
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Option Ol provides a cross component that is less than 3%. This degree of
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applications.
if tion is sufficient to provide the benefits of polarized light in most
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saoutn as CHECKED BY A QUALIFIED TECHNICIAN BEFORE

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CONNECTING TO A POWER SOURCE.

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the laser is a European modelp ( w o -240" on serial g) check that

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power is disconnectedt Then remove six screws to release bottom panel,

available line voltage.
ii
and adjust transformer input tap for the closest

The transformer is wired for 240v operation between transformer taps l
K
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h
and 3 at the factory. Taps l and 2'connect‘the laser for 220v operation
Note
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It is important that the transformer be connected for

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the correct input voltage. If low voltage is connected

..__.-.._4
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to the 240v tap the laser may not start. Connection of

/-n.,_.....-'-\
high voltage to the 220v tap may result in decreased
plasma tube life. BE SURE TO REPLACE BOTTOM COVER
I
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BEFORE APPLYING POWER. ,_ .,--,-.-,.—
1. 1, .. _
H ;—_-»..--_._. ;-._~7.:._._~.‘,_ , .. __.__.
-
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2. Plug into appropriate power source: ll? volt, 60 Hz to 400 Hz for U.S.
models; 220 Volt or 2&0 Volt,-50 Hz to 400 Hz for European model.
3
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Place the power switch (next to line cord) at "on".

\ I
3.
-
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4. The laser should lase within 30 seconds. If not, refer to Section 4.0
—»"""'1...
for troubleshooting information.
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applied, the following checks will

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If there is no laser output when power is

lid in locating the malfunction:
'
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MAINTENANCE TO THE HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUITS IN THIS UNIT-

.
-SHOULD ONLY BE ATTEMPTED BY TECHNICIANS EXPERIENCED IN

HIGH VOLTAGE AND HIGH CURRENT CIRCUITS.
ll.,l,l,l.==liil-wauaazilsaa,-,ll,,¢fi
(THa~a.lin,a?-Eil.aiezmr,
-
DIRECTLY INTO THE LASER

Look at the laser exit aperture (DO NOT LOOK
l
HAZARDOUS TO THE EYES). Look
SINCE THE MODEL l32 LASER OUTPUT MAY BE is lit, there will
plasma
for an indication of plasma exitation; If the the plasma is lit but
be an orange light reflecting inside the case.
Oil...‘
If
tube is defective,
there is no laser output, it can be assumed that the
See Section 5.0 for tube—replacement instructions.
if there is no indication of plasma
excitation in step l, disconnect line
capacitors to discharge,
->
power. Wait two minutes for high—voltage

top cover. Make a visual
and then'remove four screws to release the
check the fuse which
inspection of the plasma tube for breakage. Then
is located at the rear of the upper deck.
3 if there is no evidence of malfunction
on the upper deck, a defect may
screws to release the
exist in the high-voltage supply. Remove six application of line power
‘H...
lower cover. A line voltage interlock prevents TAKEN BECAUSE OF THE
to the high—voltage circuit. THIS PRECAUTEON
IS
HlGH—VOLTAGE CIRCUIT.
EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN THE
let the high—voltage
J
-._.
4 With line power disconnected, wait two minutes to capacitor charge

L
capacitors discharge, and then short out any residual
the “+" connection (shown in
with a well~insulated lead. Short between side the
"Cath" connection on the printed of
in Figure 5-1) and the '“
-
circuit board.
._...-
The schematic is
5 Proceed with high—voltage circuit troubleshooting.
shown at the rear of the manual.
High Voltage Circuit

'
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.
dc excitation voltage
The high voltage circuit supplys the plasma tube
AC -is transformed in Tl0l to 1300 RMS and the doubler
~.»_.,....-u
"t 1
(approximately lL*00 vo ltes ) i
capacitors supply dc high voltage
l.
.
circuit of diode CR l0l, CR lO2, and.associated

R114 limit plasma tube current to
nlO~“
of 3400 volts. Ballast resistors Rlll through

6 i2 milliamperes.
-
l05 and Clll, C112, Cll3

Start multiplier section, CR l03, CR l04, CR
under a no—load condition
provide increased high voltage (more than 8000 volts)
ineffective and high voltage drops
(tube plasma not lit). This circuit becomes
to approximately 3400 volts as soon as the
tube ignites and draws current.
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5.1 Tube Removal

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PLASMA TUBE WILL BURN OUT ALMOST IMMEDIATELY.
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WARRANTY
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the
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after date of shipment.

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or
132 are such that any repairs that may be-required can readily
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field office or service
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will be forwarded to you in exchange
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Taking the Package
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Operators Manual Avian de (15687556)

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Approved for Release: 2019/O7/30 CO6527437

The system described in this manual offers a method for

delivery and retrieval of small objects to normally inac-

cessible locations on buildings or other structures. The

The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance to

trained bird handlers in the maintenance of the carriers

and utilization of the system. It is not intended as a sub-

stitute for on-the‘-;job practical training of a handler

and cannot be expected to serve as a training manual for

utilization of the system by unskilled individuals.

Approved for Release: 2019/O7/30 CO6527437 _

Introduction - Description of the System Page 1

The Carrier Page 6

Equipment and Supplie s Che ck List

Approved for Release: 2019/07/30 C06527437

I. Introduction - Description of the System

The package delivery system has been developed as a means

of a building, and also of recovering the package. The

and to fly with it to the proper target surface, place it on

the target surface and return to the cage, from which he

made his outflight. Similarly‘, the bird may be released

to recoverithe package. The maximum package weight

that the bird can reasonably be expected to carry weighs

about 40 grams (10% of birds body weight). Package

dimensions can vary considerably but are limited to a size

Training has been principally directed to conditioning the

birds to making outflights from a cage located just inside

a window. Birds have_also been launched from a cage in

the back of a station wagon and camper. The target must

Approved for Release: 2019/07/30 C06527437

be within line of sight from the launch point. Maximum

To guide the bird, the red beam of a helium-neon laser

is. projected to mark the target surface. Typically a pro-

jected spot is aimed at a point an inch or two below the

target surface. A motor driven shutter interrupts the

laser beam at a frequency of approximately two cycles

The return flight is guided by the presence of a small high-

intensity table lamp which is turned on at the in’stant the

bird properly places a package or picks up a previously

placed package. The table lamp serves two purposes.

properly and that he will receive a food reward upon re-

turn to the launch cage. The lamp is also a "beacon" re-

minding the. bird of the location of the launch cage.

Approved for Release: 2019/07/30 C06527437

Approved for Release: 2019/07/30 C06527437

ted red spot is not visible in broad daylight. Missions,

therefore, are generally limited to dawn or dusk conditions,

although successful demonstration missions have been con-

ducted at night in lighted city streets. It has not been pos-

table ambient light conditions because of the wide variations

of reflectance of common building materials. As a rule

of thumb it can be stated that, if both the target landing

surface and the projected spotcan be clear.ly seen by a

human observers at the launch site, ambient light is satis-

factory for a mission flight.

'-Ilhe on-site portion of an actual operation might be conduc-

ted as follows: On a table inside the selected launch win-

window opening. The cage is equipped with a swinging

dow. The laser is located at any convenient spot so that