Government College and University,

Lahore
Assignment of IDC
Lahore History & Architecture

Name: Anila Nawaz

Roll Number: 2244-BH-PS-20

Semester III Year 2

Submitted To: Ma’am Sana Usman

Date of Submission: 30th November, 2021

 Shams-ud-din Illtumish
Introduction

Shams ud-Din Iltutmish (Persian: ‫( ) َش ْمسُ ْٱلدِّين ِإ ْلتُ ْت ِمش‬r. 1211–1236) was the third emperor of the
Mamluk dynasty of Delhi, which was of Turkic descent. Qutb-ud-din Aibak's slave, he later
became his son-in-law and loyal lieutenant. When he ousted Qutub-ud-successor din's Aram
Shah and ascended to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in 1211, he was the Governor of Badaun.
He moved the capital from Lahore to Delhi and ruled until May 1, 1236, when he died.

Early Life and Career

Shams-ud-din was a member of the Ilbari tribe in Turkestan. At a young age, he was sold into
slavery. Qutub-ud-din-Aybak, the Viceroy of Delhi at the time, bought him. He advanced fast in
Aybak's service, married his daughter, and became Governor of Gwalior and Baran in
succession. By Sultan's command, he was manumitted in honor of his efforts during Muhammad
of Ghur's battle against the Khokhars in 1205-06. Iltutmish was named Governor of Badaun in
1206 and was still serving when Aybak died in a polo accident, prompting a group of noblemen
to request Iltutmish to stake his claim to the Ghurids' Indian dominions.

Early Challenges

Shams-ud-din was a member of the Ilbari tribe in Turkestan. At a young age, he was sold into
slavery. Qutub-ud-din-Aybak, the Viceroy of Delhi at the time, bought him. He advanced fast in
Aybak's service, married his daughter, and became Governor of Gwalior and Baran in
succession. By Sultan's command, he was manumitted in honor of his efforts during Muhammad
of Ghur's battle against the Khokhars in 1205-06. Iltutmish was named Governor of Badaun in
1206 and was still serving when Aybak died in a polo accident, prompting a group of noblemen
to request Iltutmish to stake his claim to the Ghurids' Indian dominions.

Taj al-Din Yildiz, a Turkic slave leader of the Ghurids who had been beaten and driven from
Ghazni by Khwarezmid Empire forces, proceeded towards Punjab and conquered Lahore from
Qabacha in 1215-1216. Yildiz claimed to be Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori's heir to the Delhi
throne. Iltutmish, on the other hand, declined, stating:

“[T]he dominion of the world is enjoyed by the one who possesses the greatest strength.
The principle of hereditary succession is not extinct but long ago destiny abolished this
custom.”

In January 1216, Iltutmish defeated Yildiz at Tarain. Yildiz was imprisoned and later executed at
Badaun.

Qabacha had retaken Lahore after the death of Yildiz in 1217, and Iltutmish responded by
leading his army towards Lahore. Qabacha made an attempt to flee Lahore for Multan. Due to
the presence of the Mongols on his northwestern border, Iltutmish refrained from attacking
Sindh. Because Iltutmish was busy with the Mongol menace, he did not threaten Qabacha until
1227, when he beat him at Mansura. Lahore was under Iltutmish's dominion at the time, although
only for a short time.

Civil Administration
Iltutmish established the Mamluk dynasty and the Delhi Sultanate as an independent hereditary
state, liberating it from its dependence on Ghazni. Until the arrival of the Mughals in 1526, the
Delhi Sultanate remained the most powerful force in northern India. He was a capable
administrator whose efforts resulted in a stable organisation. The importation of the iqtadari
system, which reduced the dominance of hereditary feudal lords, and a new coinage system were
among his inventions. Despite being a devout Muslim, he overruled the Ulema who wanted the
state to aggressively seek Hindu religious conversion.

He recognized the limitations of enforcing Islamic Law in a predominantly non-Muslim country.

In Delhi, this balance became a hallmark of Turkic authority. He established Delhi as his
kingdom's capital and built various waterworks, mosques, and educational institutions. Delhi
became an important cultural center as a result of his sponsorship of scholars and artists. He
urged nobles, philosophers, poets, and religious luminaries to migrate to Delhi from other
sections of the Islamic world that had been decimated by the Mongol invasion.

Coinage

Shams-Ud-Din Iltutmish coinage, about 1210–35.

Front: A crude depiction of a rider on a caparisoned horse facing right, wielding a lance. Sri
/hamirah', according to Devnagari legends. Above the horse is a star. 'Shams al-dunya wa'l din
iltutmish al-sultan', according to Arabic legends.

Iqtadar system

Since the period of the Buyids, Iltutmish introduced the Iqtadar system, which had been the
common practise of the majority of the Islamic world. The system was comparable to modern
European Feudalism in that it involved allocating the profits of a fief land (Quta'/Iqta' in other
Islamic lands) to warlords in exchange for their military service and political devotion. Instead of
a salary, it was essentially a grant of revenue from a territory.

Islamic Culture

Poets in the Arabic and Persian languages abound in Shams ud-court. din's He is reported to have
given fifty-three thousand tankas to a poet named Nasiri for writing him a fifty-three couplets
long Qasida; Iltutmish is also said to have memorized the Qasida's opening (Fatiha).

Architecture

Features of Sultanate Architecture

Architecture built by Iltutmish

1. Qutub Minar

It is a 73-meter-high tower built in remembrance of Sufi Saint Qutub-ud-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki by

Qutub-ud-Din Aibak and completed by Iltutmish.

2. Iltutmish built the city of Sultangurhi

Nobility
Shams ud-din established a new nobility based on a confederation of Turkic and a few Mawali
(new Muslims of Hindu heritage) who were his or Qutb ud-acquitants. They organized a
powerful council of forty (Chilanghan) that became the de facto rulers of the majority of his
heirs.

Death

How did Itutmish die?

The most recent campaign of Iltutmish was against Bamiyan. This location lay just west of the
hilly region known as the Sindh-Sagar Doab's Salt Range. Iltutmish became ill on the journey
and had to return to Delhi due to a high fever. The disease eventually killed Iltutmish, who died
on April 30, 1236.

Illtumish Tomb in Qutub Minar Complex

In 1236 Iltutmish died, and was buried in the Qutb complex in Mehrauli.
 Ghiyas-ud-din Balban

“A great warrior; ruler and statesman who saved the infant Muslim state from extinction
at a critical time, Balban will ever remain a great figure in medieval Indian history”-Dr.
Iswari Prasad.

Early Life

Ghiyas ud din Balban was the Mamluk dynasty's ninth sultan in Delhi.

The last Shamsi sultan, Nasir Uddin Mahmud, had Ghiyas ud Din as his regent. He curtailed the
nobility's power while elevating the sultan's position.

Baha Ud Din was his original name. Ilbari Turk was his name. He was kidnapped by the
Mongols when he was a child, carried to Ghazni, and sold to a Sufi named Khawaja Jamal ud-
din of Basra. In 1232, he was transported to Delhi with other slaves, and Iltutmish bought them
all.
Major achievements of Balban

 He was the one who introduced Zaminbosi, or Sijda practise. The people were required to
kneel and greet the Sultan by touching the ground with their heads.
 He promoted the Iranian Divine Rights idea, which stated that Sultan was God's
representative on Earth.
 He put an end to the Corp of Forty's power.
 He forbade Ulemas from interfering in the state's political activities.
 He forbade Hindus from joining the army or other government institutions.
 To confront the Mongol menace, he reorganized the army of the Delhi Sultanate. For
this, he established the Diwan-i-arz, a new military affairs agency under the command of
Ariz-i-Mumalik.
Architecture in Lahore

Sultan Bulban, the dynasty's successor (1266-1286 A.D.), paid some attention to the city's
rehabilitation. When Sultan Bahram Shah was the ruler of India, he restored the Lahore Fort,
which had been devastated by the Mongols. He also repaired the town and other villages in the
Lahore area that had been devastated by Mongols. His successors, on the other hand, had little
time to deal with the city's problems. They were completely absorbed in subduing the insurgents
and battling amongst themselves in Delhi.

Death of Ghiyas-ud-din Balban

Balban adored his elder son Prince Mohammed, but when he was killed by a Mongol invader, it
came as a shock to him. He did not express his sentiments to anyone, but his health began to
suffer as a result of the shock. Balban died in 1287 at the age of 80.

Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Balban

It is the world's first real arch, and it can be found in Mehrauli's archaeological park.