Medival His

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Medieval History
Background
Muhammad Ghori invaded India in 1175 A.D. After the conquest of Multan and Punjab, he
advanced towards Delhi. The brave Rajput chiefs of northern India headed by Prithvi Raj
Chauhan defeated him in the First Battle of Terrain in 1191 A.D. After about a year,
Muhammad Ghori came again to avenge his defeat. A furious battle was fought again in
Terrain in 1192 A.D. in which the Rajputs were defeated and Prithvi Raj Chauhan was
captured and put to death. The Second Battle of Terrain, however, proved to be a decisive
battle that laid the foundations of Muslim rule in northern India.
The period between 1206 A.D. and 1526 A.D. in India's history is known as the Delhi Sultanate
period.
Five dynasties ruled in Delhi. These were: The Slave dynasty (1206-90), Khilji dynasty (1290-
1320), Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and Lodhi dynasty (1451-
1526).
The Slave dynasty

It was the first Muslim dynasty that ruled India.
Qutub-ud-din Aibak - A slave of Muhammad Ghori. Quṭb took power in Lahore.
Started construction of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi. This is one of the first Islamic
monuments in northern India.
He began the construction of Qutb Minar in Delhi.
He was also known as Lakh Bash (Giver of Lakhs) for his generosity. However, he was also
responsible for the destruction and desecration of many Hindu temples.
He reigned till his death in 1210. He was said to have been trampled to death by a horse.
Iltutmish - Iltutmish was a son-in-law of Aibak. He defended his empire against Mongol
invaders and also resisted the Rajputs.
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He introduced the two coins of the Sultanate, the silver tanka and the copper jital.
Also introduced the Iqtadari system.
Razia Sultana - She was the first and last Muslim woman to rule over Delhi.
She was married to Malik Ikhtiar-ud-din Altunia, the governor of Bathinda.
She was reportedly killed by her brother’s forces.
Ghiyas ud din Balban - Born of Turkish origins, his original name was Bahauddin.
He laid out severe punishments to the slightest of offences by his courtiers.
He had a spy system to keep his nobles in check.
He introduced the Persian festival of Navroz in India.
Balban was a strict ruler and his court was the symbol of austerity and strict obedience to the
emperor.
He even demanded that people prostrate before the king.
Established Military Dept known as Diwani-i-Arz.
He took the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God )
Kaiqubad (1287- 90 ) – Grandson of Balban , Killed by The Khiliji Family which saw the end of
Slave Dynasty and Beginning of Khilji Dynasty.
The Khilji Dynasty

Jalal-ud-din Khalji - It was founded by Jalal-ud-din khilji.
In 1292 A.D. Jalal-ud-din defeated the Mongols who had come up to Sunam.
Jalal-ud-din was treacherously murdered by Ala-ud-din Khilji his son-in-law.
Jalal-ud-din’s policy of peace was not liked by many.
Alauddin Khalji - Alauddin Khalji was the nephew and son-in-law of Jalal-ud-din.

He was one of the most prominent ruler of this dynasty, he proclaimed “kingship knows no
kinship”.
Both Amir Khusro and Mir Hasan Dehlvi loved his patronage.
He also built Hauz khas, Mahal Hazar Satoon and Jamait Khana mosque in Delhi
Alauddin was also known for his cruelty against attacked kingdoms after wars.
Alauddin Khalji enforced four taxes on non-Muslims in the Sultanate - jizya (poll tax), kharaj
(land tax), kari (house tax), and chari (pasture tax).
He was the first Sultan who attacked South India.
Marketing System - Officers called Diwan-i-riyasat were appointed in the offices called
Shahana-i-mandi to standardize the market.
Merchants should have to register themselves in the office (Shahana-i-mandi) before selling
their goods at the fixed rates.
Successors after Ala-ud-din-Khilji
Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320 A.D.)
Nasir-ud-din Khusrav Shah (1320A.D.)
His successors were weak.
Eventually, in 1320 A.D. the Governor of Punjab Ghazi Malik led a group of nobles, conquered
Delhi and captured the throne.
Ghazi Malik assumed the name ‘Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq’ at Delhi and founded the Tughluq
Dynasty, a dynasty of rulers.

Tughlaq dynasty
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq or Ghazi Malik
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq or Ghazi Malik was the founder of the Tughluq dynasty.
He gave more importance to postal arrangements, judicial, irrigation, agriculture, and police.
He brought Bengal, Utkala or Orissa, and Warangal under his control
The Mongol leaders who invaded North India were seized and confined by him.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
In 1325 A.D. Junakhan, the crown prince sworn the title Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.
His 5 Ambitious projects for which he became particularly debatable.
Taxation in the Doab (1326)
Transfer of Capital (1327) - moved the capital from Delhi to Devagiri and renamed as
Daultabad.
Introduction of Token Currency (1329) – Introduced Bronze coins having equal value to Silver
Coins.
Proposed Khurasan Expedition (1329)
Qarachil Expedition (1330) – In Kumaon Hills in Himalaya region to counter Chinese

incursions.
These 5 projects led to revolts 36 revolts in years.
Firoz Tughlaq
He raised the salary of the revenue officers.
He brought to an end to all unlawful and unjust taxes.
He collected four important taxes which are:

Kharaj- 1/10 of the produce of the land
Khams- 1/5 of the war booty
Jizya-Poll Tax
Zakat-Tax on Muslims for specific religious purposes
He levied Jizya on the Brahmins.
He constructed 150 wells, 100 bridges, and 50 dams, and also dug many irrigation canals.
He devastated the Jagannath Temple at Puri.
End of Tughlug Dynasty
The successors of Firoz were not very strong or competent.
Timur’s invasion took place during the Tughlug period.
Timur’s Invasion (1398 A.D.)
During the period of Nasir-ud-din Mohammed Tughlaq, he invaded India.
In 1398 A.D. Timur captured Delhi and caused the annihilation of the Tughlaq dynasty by
pillaging and slaughtering people.
Sayyid Dynasty
Khizr Khan (1414- 1421 A.D.)
He was the founder of Sayyid Dynasty.
He took advantage of the disordered situation in India after Timur’s invasion.
He was the Governor of Multan.
Mubarak Shah
Mubarak Shah crushed the local chiefs of the Doab region and the Khokhars.
He is first Sultan ruler to appoint Hindu nobles in the court of Delhi.
He constructed “Mubarakbad” City on the banks of the river Jamuna.

Muhammad Shah Mubarak’s nephew succeeded him.
Muhammad Shah
He defeated the ruler of Malwa with the help of Bahlul Lodi the Governor of Lahore.
He conferred Bahlul Lodi with the title Khan-i-Khanan for help in defeating the ruler of Malwa.
Lodi Dynasty (1451 to 1526)

Bahlul Lodi
Bahlul Lodi was the founder of Lodi Dynasty.
Sultanate Period ended with Lodi Dynasty.
Gwalior, Samthal, Sakit, Mewat was conquered by Bahlul Lodi.
He died in 1489 A.D.
Sikandar Shahi
Sikandar Shahi was the son of Bahlul Lodi.
He set up a well-organized spy system.
He developed agriculture and industry.
Sikandar Shah enjoyed “Shehnai” Music.
A work on music names “Lahjati-Sikandar Shahi” was created during his reign.
Ibrahim Lodi
Sikhandar Lodi was succeeded by Ibrahim Lodi.
Ibrahim Lodi was stubborn and intolerant which were not good qualities in a ruler.
Nobles were killed cruelly and many nobles were humiliated by Ibrahim Lodi.
Invasion of India was done by Kabul ruler, Babur, at the behest of Daulat Khan, a very
powerful noble from Punjab.

In the 1st battle of Panipat in the year 1526 A.D, Ibrahim Lodi faced defeat at the hands of
Babur.
Art and Culture under the Delhi Sultanate
Persian influence was first introduced to the Indian subcontinent by rulers of Turkic and
Afghan origin.
Persian was the official language of the Delhi Sultanate
Amir Khusro, who lived in the 13th century AD during the Delhi Sultanate period in North
India, used a form of Hindustani, which was the lingua franca of the period, in his writings
and referred to it as Hindavi.
This period witnessed the growth of Indo-Islamic architecture. Several factors contributed
towards the synthesis of Indian and Central Asian style. One of those factors was that the
Turkic and Afghan rulers employed Indian ‘Craftsmen’, architects and sculptors, who had
applied the Indian style of construction into Central Asian buildings.
Urdu language, which is a mixture of Persian and Hindustani, started developing more
decisively during this period.
Alauddin Khilji gave Amir Khusro a title called "Tuti e Hind" (parrot of India). Amir's
contribution to literature is immense.
Qutb-ud-din Aibak constructed two mosques, which are some of the first mosques in India.
Quwwat-ul-Islam in Mehrauli (Delhi) - Previously it was a Vishnu temple. At the entrance of

the mosque, there remains Iron Pillar of Chandragupta.
Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra (Ajmer) - It was also a Vishnu temple converted into mosque in 2 and
half days.
First storey of Qutub Minar was built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak. Second, third and the fourth
storeys were built by Iltutmish.
Feroz Shah Kotla - It was the residence of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
Alai Darwaza was built by Ala-ud-din Khilji. Alai Darwaza is a gateway to Quwwat-ul-Islam
Mosque, which is located next to the Qutub Minar.

Vijayanagar Empire
When Muhammad Tughlaq was losing his power in Deccan, the two Hindu princes, Harihar
and Bukka founded an independent kingdom in the region between the river Krishna and
Tungabhadra in 1336.
They made Hampi as the capital city.
Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by four important dynasties and they are:
Sangama
Saluva
Tuluva
Aravidu
Harihara I
In 1336 A.D. Harihara I became the ruler of Sangama Dynasty
He captured Mysore and Madurai.
In 1356 A.D. Bukka-I succeeded him.
Krishnadeva Raya
Krishnadeva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous king of the Vijayanagar Empire.
He conquered Sivasamudram in 1510A.D and Raichur in 1512A.D
His empire extended from the river Krishna in the north to River Cauvery in the south; the
Arabian Sea in the west to Bay of Bengal in the east
He built large tanks and canals for irrigation.
He developed the naval power understanding the vital role of overseas trade.
Krishnadeva Raya was a great scholar.

It was during his period the Vijayanagar Empire reached its zenith of glory.
Ashtadiggajas: A group of eight scholars adorned his court.
Administration
The Empire was divided into six Provinces.
Naik – a Governor who administered each Province.
Mahanayakacharya: He is an officer and the contact point between the villages and the
Central administration.
Position of Women
Women occupied a high position and took an active part in the political, social and literary life
of the empire.
They were educated and trained in wrestling, in the use of various weapons of offence and
defence, in music and fine arts.
Social life
Freedom of religion
Child marriage, polygamy and sati were prevalent.
Architecture and Literature
Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada literature were developed.
Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada in Telugu and Usha Parinayam and Jambavathi

Kalyanam in Sanskrit.
Reasons for decline
The rulers of the Aravidu dynasty were weak and incompetent.
Many provincial governors became independent.
The rulers of Bijapur and Golconda seized some areas of Vijayanagar.

Mughal Dynasty
Babar (1526-1530)
The great grandson of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, was the first Mughal emperor in India.
He confronted and defeated Lodhi in 1526 at the first battle of Panipat, and so came to
establish the Mughal Empire in India. Babar ruled until 1530, and was succeeded by his son
Humayun.
Humayun (1530-1540 and 1555-1556)
Humāyūn occupied Gujarat in 1535, the danger there ended only with Bahādur’s death in
1537. Meanwhile, an Afghan soldier of fortune, Shēr Shah of Sūr, had consolidated his power
in Bihar and Bengal. He defeated Humāyūn at Chausa in 1539 and at Kannauj in 1540,
expelling him from India.
Humayun means “fortune” but he remained the most unfortunate ruler of the Mughal
Empire.
Humayun had three brothers, Kamran, Askari and Hindal
In 1555, Humayun defeated the Afghans and recovered the Mughal throne.
After six months, he died in 1556 .
Sher Shah Suri
Was the founder of the Suri Empire in India, with its capital in Sasaram in modern-day Bihar.
He introduced the currency of rupee.
Sher Shah took control of the Mughal Empire in 1540. After his accidental death in 1545, his
son Islam Shah became his successor.
He extended the Grand Trunk Road from Chittagong in the frontiers of the province of Bengal
in northeast India to Kabul in Afghanistan in the far northwest of the country.
He constructed the old fort of Delhi (Purana Quila ).

AKBAR 1556- 1605
Original name was Jalal -Ud- din- Muhammad.
Ascended the throne at the young age of 14 under the Guidance of Bairam Khan.
Most Successful Mughal Emperor, started a new religion called Din -e- Iahi .
Birbal was the first to accept and follow it.
He established Fatehpur Sikri & Buland Darwaza near Agra.
He abolished Jazia Tax
Fought Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 with Hemu
Battle of Haldighati with Maharana Partap in 1576
Akbar also had Navratna in his court , same as Chandragupta II
Tulsidas also lived during Akbar reign.
Jahangir
Jahangir original name was Salim.
Married to Mihar –un-nisa widow of Sher Afgan and was later given the title of Nurjahan.
In 1608 Captain Williams & in 1615 Sir Thomas Rose visited his Court.
Tobacco growing was started during his reign which was brought by Portuguese.
Mughal painting reached a high level of elegance and richness during his reign.
He revolted for power while his father was engaged in the Deccan in 1599. But Akbar
returned to Agra and the rebellion was suppressed.
He was especially fond of art and architecture.
He also kept a zoo where he documented each species of animal.
He was said to be addicted to alcohol and opium.

Shahjahan
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram, later known as Shah Jahan, was born to Mughal
Emperor Jahangir and his wife Jagat Gosaini.
He is known for the famous TAJ MAHAL built by him in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
Jama Masjid and Red Fort are other two famous moments built by him.
French traveler Bernier & Tavernier and Italian traveler Nicoli Manucci visited during his
reign.
Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb was the third son of Shah Jahan.
He was very cruel ruler who demolished several religious structures of Hindus.
When Shah Jahan became ill, there was a tussle for power among his four sons. Aurangzeb
managed to succeed and he usurped the throne by putting his own father in prison at Agra
Fort.
He reversed many of Akbar’s policies towards non-Muslims. He reintroduced the Jizya or the
tax on non-Muslims. He is said to have destroyed many Hindu temples.
He also executed the Sikh leader Guru Tegh Bahadur for his refusal to convert to Islam.
In 1667, he gave permission to the French for setting up a factory at Surat.
Constructed Moti Masjid in Red Fort Delhi & ‘Bibi ka Makbara’ at Aurangabad.
Mughal Empire started declining after Aurangzeb.

Important Battles
Name of battle Year Fought between
1st Battle of Panipat 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi establishing the Mughal
Empire in India.
Battle of Khanwa 1527 Babur defeated Rana Sunga of Mewar and his allies.
Battle of Ghaghra 1529 Babur defeated the joint forces of the Afghans and Sultan
of Bengal
Battle of Chausa 1539 Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun
2nd Battle of 1556 Akbar defeated Hindu king Hemu

Panipat
Battle of Thanesar 1567 Akbar defeated two rival groups of Sanyasis
Battle of Tukaroi 1575 Akbar defeated Sultanatte of Bangala and Bihar
Battle of Haldighati 1576 Undecisive battle between Raja Man Singh of the Mughal
army and Rana Pratap of Mewar
Battle of Samugarh 1658 Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh defeated Dara Shikoh
Battle of Khajwa 1659 Aurangzeb defeated his brother Shah Shuja
Battle of Saraighat 1671 Lachit Borpukhan of Ahom kingdom defeated the Mughal
army led by Ram Singh.
Battle of Karnal 1739 Nadir Shah defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah
and looted the Mughal treasury including Peacock throne
and the Kohinoor diamond

Administration
The mughal empire was divided into Subas which were further subdivided into
Sarkar,Pargana, and Gram. There were 15 Subas (provinces) durng Akbar's reigns, which later
increased to 20 under the Auranzeb's reign.
During Mughal administration there were 3 methods of revenue collection i.e. Kankut, Rai And
Zabti.
Architecture
Mughal architecture is a remarkably symmetrical and decorative amalgam of Persian, Turkish,

and Indian architecture.
Mughal architecture first developed and flourished during the reign of Akbar the Great
(1556–1605), where it was known for its extensive use of red sandstone as a building material.
Humayun’s Tomb, the sandstone mausoleum of Akbar’s father, was built during this period of
Mughal architecture.
Architecture reached its peak in refinement and attention to detail under Shah Jahan (1628–
1658), who commissioned the famous Taj Mahal , a white marble mausoleum dedicated to his
wife Mumtaz Mahal.
Mughal architecture began to decline after the death of the emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.
Painting
Mughal painting emerged from the Persian miniature painting tradition, with additional
Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain influences; it usually took the form of book illustrations or single
sheets preserved in albums.
There are four periods commonly associated with Mughal art, each named for the emperor
under whom the art form developed: the Akbar Period, the Jahangir Period, the Shah Jahan
Period, and the Aurangzeb and Later Mughal Period.

The emperor Akbar set up a large atelier with artists from all parts of his empire. The atelier
was responsible for illustrating books on a variety of subjects and developed the methods and
techniques used by subsequent Mughal painters.
The emperor Jahangir was influenced by European art and encouraged his atelier to emulate
the single point perspective favored by European painters, unlike the flattened, multi-layered
style traditionally used in miniature painting.
While the artistic focus of the Mughal court shifted primarily to architecture under Shah
Jahan, painting continued to flourish; the style became notably more rigid, and the colors used
became jewel-like in their brilliance.
The emperor Aurangzeb (1658–1707) did not encourage Mughal painting, and only a few
portraits survive from his court. Mughal painting essentially came to an end during the reign
of Shah Alam II (1759–1806).
Later Mughals
Bahadur Shah (1707-1712)
Ascended throne in 1707 after having killed his brothers in the battle field, under the title of
Bahadur Shah ( also known as Shah Alam-I).
A person of mild temper, learned and dignified, was too old.
He could not prevent the decline of the empire due to his sudden death in 1712.
Jahandar Shah (1712 - 1713)
Bahadur Shah's death followed a fresh war of succession among his four sons, Jahandar Shah,
Azim-us-Shah, Jahan Shah and Rafi-is-Shah.
The last three were killed in the course of war and Jahandar Shah managed to ascend the
throne.
The fate did not allow him to rule, and Azim-us-Shah's son Farrukhsiyar took his toll and
ascended the throne.

FARRUKHSIYAR (1713 - 1719)
Farrukhsiyar was feeble, cowardly and contemptible.
He owed his elevation to the throne to two Sayyid brothers, who were the real power in the
state.
MUHAMMAD SHAH (1719 - 1748)
Roshan Akhtar ascended the throne as Muhammad Shah in 1719.
The invasion of Nadir Shah of Persia hit the empire with a greater blow.
The mighty Mughal empire ceased to exist within three decades of Aurangzeb's death, and the
result was a budding of numerous independent states.
AKBAR II (1806 - 1837) & BAHADUR SHAH-II (1837 - 1858)
British maintained the authority of the puppet dynast to legitimize their presence.
But in 1857, it backfired them, during the Sepoy rebellion.
In order to counter the British power, the sepoys proclaimed Bahadur Shah-II emperor of
Hindustan.
But after the mutiny at Meerut, the British emerged victorious, and Bahadur Shah-II was
accused of disruption, treason and rebellion. He was condemned to exile in Burma.
The descendants were executed, and the glorious Mughal empire was swept away once and
for all.

Martha Empire
The empire formally existed from 1674 with the coronation of Shivaji as the Chhatrapati and
ended in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II at the hands of the British East India
Company.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, great Maratha ruler was born

on 19 February 1630 at Shivneri Fort in District Pune in the
present-day state of Maharashtra.
Shivaji was born to Shahaji Bhonsle, a Maratha general who

held the jagirs of Pune and Supe under the Bijapur
Sultanate.
Shivaji’s mother was Jijabai, a pious woman whose religious

qualities had a profound influence on him.
Shahaji had also served the Ahmednagar and Deccan

sultanates.
He achieved great name when he defeated Afzal Khan, a veteran general of Adil Shah.
Shivaji defeated a large force of Shaista Khan (Aurangzeb’s maternal uncle) and the Bijapur
army in Pune. In 1664, the wealthy Mughal trading port of Surat was sacked by Shivaji.
In June 1665, the Treaty of Purandar was signed between Shivaji and Raja Jai Singh I
(representing Aurangzeb). Shivaji signed this agreement realising that a war with the Mughals
would cost him men and money. As per this treaty, many forts were relinquished to the
Mughals and it was agreed that Shivaji would meet Aurangzeb at Agra. Shivaji also agreed to
send his son Sambhaji as well.
He was crowned as the king of the Marathas on June 6, 1674, at Raigad. He took on the title of
Chhatrapati, Shakakarta, Kshatriya Kulavantas and Haindava Dharmodhhaarak.
Shivaji fell ill and died of ill-health on 3 April 1680 at Raigad.
Shivaji is today considered a national hero in India and especially in the state of Maharashtra.

Shivaji Maharaj Ashtapradhan
Pantpradhan or Peshwa - Prime Minister, general administration of the Empire. Moropant

Trimbak Pingle was the first Peshwa appointed by Shivaji.
Amatya or Mazumdar - Finance Minister, managing accounts of the Empire.[1]In 1662 Nilo
Sondeo was appointed as Mazumdar. In 1674, at the Coronation ceremony, the post
Mujumdar was renamed as Amatya and the title was solely bestowed Ramchandra Pant
Amatya.
Shurunavis/Sacheev - Secretary, preparing royal http://edicts.In 1662 Annaji Datto was

appointed as Shurnavis/Sacheev.
Waqia-Navis - Interior Minister, managing internal affairs especially intelligence and

espionage.
Sar-i-Naubat or Senapati - Commander-in-Chief, managing the forces and defense of the

Empire. Netaji Palkar was appointed as the first Senapati. Most famous Senapatione in that
era was Hambirrao Mohite.
Sumant/Dubeer - Foreign Minister, to manage relationships with other sovereigns. First

Dubeer was Sonopant Vishwanath Dubeer who was sent by Shahaji to help Shivaji and Jijabai
in Pune region. After Sonopant, his son Traymbak Sono Dubeer was appointed as Dubeer and
after him, his son Ramchandra Tyambak Dubeer was appointed as Dubeer in Chatrapati Shivaji
Maharaja's Asth Pradhan Mandal. When Shivaji donated the gold equal to his mother Jijabai's
weight, he also donated the gold equal to Sonopant Dubeer's weight at Mahabaleshawar. The
family of Dubeer still lives in the city of Hubli.
Nyayadhish - Chief Justice, dispensing justice on civil and criminal matters.The post of
Nyayadish or Chief Justice was bestowed on Niraji Ravaji, father of Pralhad Niraji.
Panditrao - High Priest, managing internal religious matters. The duties of the Panditrao were
to promote learning and in the Ashta Pradhan, known as Senapat or Sarnobat, he was to
watch over the interests of his officers. Raghunath Panditrao was given the post Panditrao.
Sambhaji
Sambhaji is also known as ‘Dharmaveer’.

After Shivaji died in April 1680, there were attempts by some ministers in the Maratha court
to crown Sambhaji’s half-brother Rajaram as the king.
Rajaram was Shivaji’s second son from his wife Soyarabai.
Sambhaji, however, got wind of the plot and soon took possession of the forts at Panhala and
Raigad.
He was crowned the Chhatrapati on 20th July 1680.
Soon after, he imprisoned Rajaram, Soyarabai and Rajaram’s wife.
He also executed all the ministers who had conspired against him.
There were frequent clashes with the Mughals starting with the attack on Burhanpur.
Sambhaji also had conflicts with the Siddis of Janjira and the Portuguese in Goa.
He signed a treaty with the English in 1684 realising the need for English weapons and
gunpowder.
Sambhaji was a scholar in Marathi and a few other languages as well.
He authored a Sanskrit book Budhbhushanam.
This poetic work is on politics where he discusses military tactics and the do’s and don’t’s for
rulers.
He also wrote books in Hindi such as Saatsatak, Nayikabhed and Nakhshikha..
Succeeded by Rajaram , Tarabai and Shahu Maharaj.
Peshwa
The Peshwa was the appointed (and later hereditary) Prime Minister of the Maratha Empire
of the Indian subcontinent.
The initial Peshwas were all ministers who served as the chief executives to the king.
The later Peshwas held the highest administrative office and also controlled the Maratha
confederacy.

Balaji Vishwanath – The First Peshwa
Balaji was born on 1 January 1662 in Shrivardhan in the present Raigad district in
Maharashtra.
His father was Vishwanathpant Bhatt and the family were the hereditary Deshmukhs of
Shrivardhan.
Balaji was master in finance.
Balaji started the system of Jagirdari to appease the Maratha Sardars.
He also created a cooperative commission of all Sardars and made Shahu the Chhatrapati of
the commission.
Balaji Vishwanath was the 6th Peshwa and the first in a series of hereditary Peshwas of the
Maratha Empire.
Baji Rao I – Eldest son of Balaji Vishwanath.
Balaji Baji Rao - Popularly known as Nana Saheb
Third battle of Panipat (Jan 14, 1761) - resulted in the defeat of Marathas by Ahmad Shah
Abdali and the death of Viswas Rao and Sadashiv Rao.
This event shocked the Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao and he died after 6 months.
This battle ended the Maratha Power.
Anglo – Martha Wars
➢ First Anglo-Maratha War (1775 – 1782)
The third Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died in 1761 due to shock after his defeat at the Third Battle
of Panipat.
His son Madhavrao I succeeded him.
Madhavrao I was able to recover some of the Maratha power and territories which they had
lost in the Battle of Panipat.

The English were aware of the growing Maratha power.
Narayanrao became the Peshwa but his uncle Raghunathrao wanted to become the Peshwa.
For this, he sought the help of the English
There was a battle at Wadgaon near Pune in which the Marathas under Mahadji Shinde
secured a decisive victory over the English.
The English were forced to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon in 1779.
There was a series of battles at the end of which the Treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782. This
ended the first Anglo-Maratha war.
➢ Second Anglo Maratha War (1803 – 1805)
All the Maratha forces were defeated by the British in these battles.
The Scindias signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon in 1803 through which the British got the
territories of Rohtak, Ganga-Yamuna Doab, Gurgaon, Delhi Agra region, Broach, some districts
in Gujarat, parts of Bundelkhand and Ahmadnagar fort.
The Bhonsles signed the Treaty of Deogaon in 1803 as per which the English acquired
Cuttack, Balasore and area west of Wardha River.
The Holkars signed the Treaty of Rajghat in 1805 according to which they gave up Tonk, Bundi
and Rampura to the British.
As a result of the war, large parts of central India came under British control.
➢ Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 – 1818)
After the second Anglo-Maratha war, the Marathas made one last attempt to rebuild their old
prestige.
The Treaty of Gwalior was signed in 1817 between Shinde and the British, even though he
had not been involved in the war.
As per this treaty, Shinde gave up Rajasthan to the British. The Rajas of Rajputana remained
the Princely States till 1947 after accepting British sovereignty.

The Peshwa surrendered in 1818.
He was dethroned and pensioned off to a small estate in Bithur (near Kanpur). Most parts of
his territory became part of the Bombay Presidency.
His adopted son, Nana Saheb became one of the leaders of the Revolt of 1857 at Kanpur.
This was one of the last major wars fought and won by the British. With this, the British
controlled most parts of India barring Punjab and Sindh directly or indirectly.
Administration
Maratha State appointed Hindus on high post and made Marathi as an official language
instead of Persian.
They prepare their own state craft dictionary i.e. ‘Raja Vyakaran Kosh’ for official use.
The King was the supreme head of state who was assisted by a group of eight ministers known
as the ‘Ashtapradhan’.
Shivaji divided entire territory into three provinces, each under a viceroy. He further divided
the provinces into Prants then Pargana and Tarafs.
The lowest unit was the village which was headed by its headman or Patel.
Shivaji organised a disciplined and efficient army. The ordinary soldiers were paid in cash, but
big chief and military commander were paid through jagir grants (Saranjam or Mokasa).
The army consists of Infantry i.e. Mavali foot soldiers; Cavalry i.e. Horse riders and
equipment holders; Navy.
Maratha’s system of administration was largely borrowed from the administrative practices of
the Deccan states.
Hence, the Marathas had important positions among administrative and military system in the
contemporary kingdoms especially Ahmednagar and Bijapur.

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The Slave dynasty

Qutub-ud-din Aibak - A slave of Muhammad Ghori. Quṭb took power in Lahore.

He began the construction of Qutb Minar in Delhi.

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Also introduced the Iqtadari system.

She was married to Malik Ikhtiar-ud-din Altunia, the governor of Bathinda.

She was reportedly killed by her brother’s forces.

He laid out severe punishments to the slightest of offences by his courtiers.

He had a spy system to keep his nobles in check.

He introduced the Persian festival of Navroz in India.

He even demanded that people prostrate before the king.

Established Military Dept known as Diwani-i-Arz.

He took the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God )

The Khilji Dynasty

Jalal-ud-din was treacherously murdered by Ala-ud-din Khilji his son-in-law.

Jalal-ud-din’s policy of peace was not liked by many.

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He was the first Sultan who attacked South India.

Successors after Ala-ud-din-Khilji

Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320 A.D.)

Nasir-ud-din Khusrav Shah (1320A.D.)

His successors were weak.

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He brought Bengal, Utkala or Orissa, and Warangal under his control

His 5 Ambitious projects for which he became particularly debatable.

Taxation in the Doab (1326)

Proposed Khurasan Expedition (1329)

Qarachil Expedition (1330) – In Kumaon Hills in Himalaya region to counter Chinese

These 5 projects led to revolts 36 revolts in years.

He raised the salary of the revenue officers.

He brought to an end to all unlawful and unjust taxes.

He collected four important taxes which are:

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Khams- 1/5 of the war booty

Zakat-Tax on Muslims for specific religious purposes

He levied Jizya on the Brahmins.

He devastated the Jagannath Temple at Puri.

End of Tughlug Dynasty

The successors of Firoz were not very strong or competent.

Timur’s invasion took place during the Tughlug period.

Timur’s Invasion (1398 A.D.)

During the period of Nasir-ud-din Mohammed Tughlaq, he invaded India.

He was the founder of Sayyid Dynasty.

He took advantage of the disordered situation in India after Timur’s invasion.

He was the Governor of Multan.

He is first Sultan ruler to appoint Hindu nobles in the court of Delhi.

He constructed “Mubarakbad” City on the banks of the river Jamuna.

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Lodi Dynasty (1451 to 1526)

Bahlul Lodi was the founder of Lodi Dynasty.

Sultanate Period ended with Lodi Dynasty.

Gwalior, Samthal, Sakit, Mewat was conquered by Bahlul Lodi.

He died in 1489 A.D.

Sikandar Shahi was the son of Bahlul Lodi.

He set up a well-organized spy system.

He developed agriculture and industry.

Sikandar Shah enjoyed “Shehnai” Music.