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    Wave Optics All Derivations

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    SANSKRITI 3928
    1) The document provides derivations of several optics laws and principles including the laws of reflection and refraction, conditions for constructive and destructive interference, angular width of the central maxima in diffraction patterns, and width of secondary maxima. 2) Snell's law of refraction is derived using the wave theory of light, showing that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the ratio of speeds of light in the two different media. 3) Conditions for constructive and destructive interference are derived, showing that constructive interference occurs when the path difference between waves is an integer multiple of the wavelength, and destructive interference occurs when the path difference is an odd integer multiple of half

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    Wave Optics All Derivations

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    SANSKRITI 3928
    12K views5 pages
    1) The document provides derivations of several optics laws and principles including the laws of reflection and refraction, conditions for constructive and destructive interference, angular width of the central maxima in diffraction patterns, and width of secondary maxima. 2) Snell's law of refraction is derived using the wave theory of light, showing that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the ratio of speeds of light in the two different media. 3) Conditions for constructive and destructive interference are derived, showing that constructive interference occurs when the path difference between waves is an integer multiple of the wavelength, and destructive interference occurs when the path difference is an odd integer multiple of half

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    1) The document provides derivations of several optics laws and principles including the laws of reflection and refraction, conditions for constructive and destructive interference, angular width of the central maxima in diffraction patterns, and width of secondary maxima. 2) Snell's law of refraction is derived using the wave theory of light, showing that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the ratio of speeds of light in the two different media. 3) Conditions for constructive and destructive interference are derived, showing that constructive interference occurs when the path difference between waves is an integer multiple of the wavelength, and destructive interference occurs when the path difference is an odd integer multiple of half

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12K views5 pages

    Wave Optics All Derivations

    Uploaded by

    SANSKRITI 3928
    1) The document provides derivations of several optics laws and principles including the laws of reflection and refraction, conditions for constructive and destructive interference, angular width of the central maxima in diffraction patterns, and width of secondary maxima. 2) Snell's law of refraction is derived using the wave theory of light, showing that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the ratio of speeds of light in the two different media. 3) Conditions for constructive and destructive interference are derived, showing that constructive interference occurs when the path difference between waves is an integer multiple of the wavelength, and destructive interference occurs when the path difference is an odd integer multiple of half

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    WAVE OPTICS – ALL DERIVATIONS

    Proof of laws of reflection

    Consider a beam of light LM, whose wave front AP reaches A’P’ in time t, hence for any
    point Q on the AP wave front must also reach A’P’ in time t.

    Let speed of light in the medium be c, then

    PP’ = ct and AA’ = ct

    In AP 'P and AA 'P '


    PP'  AA ' [Proved above]
    AP'  AP ' [common]
    APP '  AA 'P' [both 90o ]
     AP'P AA 'P ' [by RHS congruence rule]
     i  r [by cpct]

    Proof of law of refraction (Snell’s law) using wave theory of light

    Let speed of light in medium 1 be c1 and the speed of light in medium 2 be c2.

    Let time taken by light to travel from AP to A’P’ be t, then

    PP'  c1t , AA '  c 2 t


    In ABD
    BD
    sini 
    AD
    In ADC
    AC
    sinr 
    AD

    BD

    sini
     AD  BD  c1t  c1
    sinr AC AC c 2 t c 2
    AD
    c
    Also 1 2  1
    c2
    sini
    1  2 
    sinr

    Which is Snell’s law.

    Condition for constructive and destructive interference

    We can represent the displacement of the waves from the sources S1 and S2 (see figure) at
    point P on the screen at any time t by

    y1  a1 sin ωt
    and y 2  a2 sin(t  )
    where  is the constant phase difference between the two waves.
    The resultant at P, y  y1  y 2
     a1 sinωt  a2 sin(ωt   )
     a1 sinωt  a2 sinωt cos   a2 cos ωt sin 
     (a1  a2 cos  )sin ωt  a2 sin  cos ωt

    Taking (a1  a2 cos  )  R cos θ


    and a2 sin   R cos θ

     y  R cos θ sin ωt  R sinθ cos ωt  R sin(ωt  θ)


    For R2 cos2 θ  R 2 sin2 θ  (a1  a2 cos  )2  (sin  )2
     a12  a22 (cos2   sin2  )  2a1a2 cos 

    R2  a12  a22  2a1a2 cos 

    But intensity of light I  R2

     I  a12  a22  2a1a 2 cos 

     I  I1  I2  2 I1I2 cos 

    Constructive interference

    For intensity of light to be maximum at P,

    cos  1
    phase difference   2nπ, where n  0,1,2,3,4........
    If x be the path difference between S1P and S2P, then respective phase difference between
    two waves will be

    2π
     x
    λ
    2π
    2nπ  x
    λ
     x  nλ

    Destructive interference

    For intensity of light to be minimum at P,

    cos   1
      (2n  1)π
    2π
    x  (2n  1)π
    λ
    λ
    x  (2n  1)
    2
    Ratio of intensity of light at Maxima and minima

    Imax  a12  a22  2a1a2  (a1  a2 )2

    Imin  a12  a 22  2a1a2  (a1  a2 )2

    Imax (a1  a2 )2

    Imin (a1  a2 )2

    Ratio of intensity of light due to two sources

    Let I1 and I2 and a1 and a2 be the intensities and amplitudes of light from slits S1 and S2
    respectively. Then,
    I1 a12

    I2 a22

    Relation between slit width (), I and a


    ω1 I1 a12
     
    ω2 I2 a22

    Angular width in central maxima in diffraction pattern

    The angular width of the central maxima is the angular separation between the directions of
    the first minima on the two sides of the central maximum.

    As condition for nth minima is d sinθn  nλ , so first minima is formed where n = 1. Therefore,
    λ
    sinθ1  .
    d
    λ
    As we know, for small angles, sin θ  θ so θ  …..(i)
    d

    x1 x
    Now from figure tan θ  and for small angles tanθ  θ , therefore θ  1 …….(ii)
    D D

    So, from (i) and (ii), we get

    x1 λ

    D d
    λD
     x1 
    d

    2λD
    Therefore, width of central maxima is 2x1  .
    d

    λ
    Angular width of central maxima is 2θ  2
    d

    With of nth secondary maxima

    Nth maxima lies between nth minima and (n+1)th minima

    nλ
    As, direction of nth minima, θn 
    d

    (n  1)λ
    Direction of (n+1)th minima, θn1 
    d

    Therefore, angular width of nth secondary minima

    (n  1)λ nλ λ
    θn1  θn   
    d d d

    λ
    So, linear width of nth secondary maxima = Angular width X D = D
    d

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