The
addition operator works as you would expect with numbers.
System.out.print(7 + 3);
You can also add two variables together.
int a = 7;
int b = 3;
System.out.print(a + b);
challenge
Make a of type double(e.g. double a = 7.0; )?
Make b a negative number (e.g. int b = -3; )?
Make b an explicitly positive number (e.g. int b = +3; )
Incrementing a variable means to change the value of a variable
by a set amount. You will most often have a counting variable,
which means you will increment by 1.
int a = 0;
a = a + 1;
System.out.print(a);
a = a + 1
The variable a appears twice on the same line of code. But each
instance of a refers to something different.
How to Read a = a + 1
++ +=
Incrementing is a common task for programmers. Many
programming languages have developed a shorthand for a = a +
1 because of this, a++ does the same thing as a = a + 1 .
int a = 0;
int b = 0;
a = a + 1;
b++;
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
In the cases you need to increment by a different number, you
can specify it using the += operator. You can replace b++; with
b+=1; in the above code and get the same result.
challenge
Change b such that b+=2 ?
Change b such that b+=-1 ?
Change b such that b-=1 ?
String Concatenation
String Concatenation
String concatenation is the act of combining two strings together.
This is done with the + operator.
String a = "This is an ";
String b = "example string";
String c = a + b;
System.out.println(c);
challenge
What happens if you:
Concatenate two strings without an extra space (i.e. a =
"This is an" )?
Use the += operator instead of the + operator
(i.e. a+=b; )?
Add 3 to a string?
Add "3" to a string?
int a = 10;
int b = 3;
int c = a - b;
System.out.println(c);
challenge
Change b to -3 ?
Change c to c = a - -b ?
Change b to 3.0 ?
-- -=
Decrementing is the opposite of incrementing. Just like you can
increment with ++ , you can decrement using -- .
int a = 10;
a--;
System.out.println(a);
Like += , there is a shorthand for decrementing a variable - -= .
You might be able to concatenate strings with the + operator,
but you cannot use the - operator with them.
String a = "one two three";
String b = "one";
String c = a - b;
System.out.println(c);
Division in Java is done with the / operator
double a = 25;
double b = 4;
System.out.println(a / b);
challenge
Change b to 0 ?
Change b to 0.5 ?
Change the code to
double a = 25;
double b = 4;
a /= b;
System.out.println(a);
Hint
/= works similar to += and -=
Normally, you use double in Java division since the result
usually involves decimals. If you use integers, the division
operator returns an int . This “integer division” does not round
up, nor round down. It removes the decimal value from the
answer.
.guides/img/intDivision
int a = 5;
int b = 2;
System.out.println(a / b);
Type casting (or type conversion) is when you change the data
type of a variable.
int numerator = 40;
int denominator = 25;
System.out.println( numerator / denominator);
System.out.println( (double) numerator / denominator);
numerator and denominator are integers, but (double) converts
numerator into a double.
challenge
Cast only denominator to a double?
Cast both numerator and denominator to a double?
Cast the result to a double (i.e. (double)(numerator /
denominator) )?
More Info
If either or both numbers in Java division are a double , then
double division will occur. In the last example, numerator and
denominator are both int when the division takes place - then
the integer division result is converted to a double.
What do you think the code below will print?
int a = 5;
String b = "3";
System.out.println(a + b);
When you try to print an integer and a string added together,
Java will automatically convert the integer into a string. This
occurs because the system attempts to perform string
concatenation. This is why the code above resulted in 53 . To
perform integer addition, you can convert b to an integer.
int a = 5;
String b = "3";
System.out.println(a + Integer.parseInt(b));
Data read from the keyboard or a file is always stored as a string.
If you want to use this data, you will need to know how to
convert it to the proper data type.
challenge
Parse a String to a double using Double.parseDouble()
Parse a String to a boolean using Boolean.parseBoolean()
Convert a different type to a string with String.valueOf()
Modulo is the mathematical operation that performs division but
returns the remainder. The modulo operator is % .
Modulo
int modulo = 5 % 2;
System.out.println(modulo);
challenge
Change modulo to 5 % -2 ?
Change modulo to 5 % 0 ?
Change modulo to 5 % 2.0 ?
Java uses the * operator for multiplication.
int a = 5;
int b = 10;
System.out.println(a * b);
challenge
Change b to 0.1 ?
Change b to -3 ?
Hint
*= works similar to += and -=
Java uses the PEMDAS method for determining order of
operations.
PEMDAS
The code below should output 10.0 .
int a = 2;
int b = 3;
int c = 4;
double result = 3 * a - 2 / (b + 5) + c;
System.out.println(result);
Explanation
The first step is to compute b + 5 (which is 8 ) because it is
surrounded by parentheses.
Next, do the multiplication and division going from left to
right. 3 * a is 6 .
2 divided by 8 is 0 (remember, the / operator returns an
int when you use two int s so 0.25 becomes 0 ).
Next, addition and subtraction from left to right - 6 - 0 to get
6 .
Finally, add 6 and 4 together to get 10.0 .
challenge
5 + 7 - 10 * 3 /0.5
Solution
-48.0
(5 * 8) - 7 % 2 - (-1 * 18)
Solution
57.0
9 / 3 + (100 % 0.5) - 3
Solution
0.0
