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    Introduction To Microwave

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    Shimaa ashraf
    Microwaves have frequencies between 3 GHz and 300 GHz with wavelengths between 10 cm and 1 mm. They often act as distributed elements where phase varies significantly across the device's dimensions due to the electrical wavelength being similar in size. Microwaves are generated by magnetrons through electron vibration and propagate in straight lines, making them ideal for covering large areas without obstacles. Their higher frequencies allow for smaller antennas, more focused beams, increased bandwidth and data rates compared to radio waves. However, microwaves require line of sight transmission and have implementation costs while being susceptible to rain and interference. They have applications in communication systems, GPS, satellite, wireless networks, security, radar and remote sensing.

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    Introduction To Microwave

    Uploaded by

    Shimaa ashraf
    98 views15 pages
    Microwaves have frequencies between 3 GHz and 300 GHz with wavelengths between 10 cm and 1 mm. They often act as distributed elements where phase varies significantly across the device's dimensions due to the electrical wavelength being similar in size. Microwaves are generated by magnetrons through electron vibration and propagate in straight lines, making them ideal for covering large areas without obstacles. Their higher frequencies allow for smaller antennas, more focused beams, increased bandwidth and data rates compared to radio waves. However, microwaves require line of sight transmission and have implementation costs while being susceptible to rain and interference. They have applications in communication systems, GPS, satellite, wireless networks, security, radar and remote sensing.

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    Microwaves have frequencies between 3 GHz and 300 GHz with wavelengths between 10 cm and 1 mm. They often act as distributed elements where phase varies significantly across the device's dimensions due to the electrical wavelength being similar in size. Microwaves are generated by magnetrons through electron vibration and propagate in straight lines, making them ideal for covering large areas without obstacles. Their higher frequencies allow for smaller antennas, more focused beams, increased bandwidth and data rates compared to radio waves. However, microwaves require line of sight transmission and have implementation costs while being susceptible to rain and interference. They have applications in communication systems, GPS, satellite, wireless networks, security, radar and remote sensing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    98 views15 pages

    Introduction To Microwave

    Uploaded by

    Shimaa ashraf
    Microwaves have frequencies between 3 GHz and 300 GHz with wavelengths between 10 cm and 1 mm. They often act as distributed elements where phase varies significantly across the device's dimensions due to the electrical wavelength being similar in size. Microwaves are generated by magnetrons through electron vibration and propagate in straight lines, making them ideal for covering large areas without obstacles. Their higher frequencies allow for smaller antennas, more focused beams, increased bandwidth and data rates compared to radio waves. However, microwaves require line of sight transmission and have implementation costs while being susceptible to rain and interference. They have applications in communication systems, GPS, satellite, wireless networks, security, radar and remote sensing.

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    Introduction to microwave

    Lecture 1
    Radio frequency and microwave bands
    • RF frequencies range from very high frequency 30MHz -
    3GHz while the term microwave is typically used for
    frequencies between 3 and 300 GHz, with a corresponding
    electrical wavelength between λ = c/ f = 10 cm and λ = 1
    mm,
    • Microwave components often act as distributed elements,
    where the phase of the voltage or current changes
    significantly over the physical extent of the device because
    the device dimensions are on the order of the electrical
    wavelength.
    • At much lower frequencies the wavelength is large enough
    that there is insignificant phase variation across the
    dimensions of a component.
    Frequency Spectrum
    Microwave communication concepts
    • microwaves are generated by magnetrons through
    vibration of electrons
    • LoS (Line of Sight) – is a visible straight line between the
    sender and the receiver
    • LoS propagation – propagation of microwaves in a straight
    line free from any obstructions i.e receivers need an
    unobstructed view of the sender to successfully receive
    microwaves
    • microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered
    and there are no obstacles in the path
    LoS propagation

    • microwaves, one generated, propagate in a straight line in


    all directions
    Advantages of microwave
    1. Antenna gain is proportional to the electrical
    size of the antenna. At higher frequencies,
    more antenna gain can be obtained for a
    given physical antenna size, and this has
    important consequences when implementing
    microwave systems.
    • F=3*10^9
    • Lamda=3*10^8/3*10^9=0.1m
    • size=0.1*.5=.05m

    • F=3*10^7
    • Lamda=3*10^8/3*10^7=10m
    • size=0.1*.5=5m

    • F=3*10^5
    • Lamda=3*10^8/3*10^5=1000m
    • size=0.1*.5=500m
    Advantages of microwave
    2-More bandwidth (directly related to data rate)
    can be realized at higher frequencies. A 1%
    bandwidth at 600 MHz is 6 MHz, which can
    provide a data rate of about 6 Mbps (megabits
    per second), while at 60 GHz a 1% bandwidth
    is 600 MHz, allowing a 600 Mbps data rate.
    • A 1% bandwidth at 600 MHz is 6 MHz

    • A 1% bandwidth while at 60 GHz 0.6G


    Advantages of microwave
    3-The effective reflection area (radar cross
    section) of a radar target is usually
    proportional to the target’s electrical size. This
    fact, coupled with the frequency
    characteristics of antenna gain, generally
    makes microwave frequencies preferred for
    radar systems.
    Advantages of microwaves over radio waves

    • because of high frequency, more data can be sent through


    microwaves -> increased bandwidth, higher speeds
    • because of their short wave length, microwaves use smaller
    antennas
    • smaller antennas produce a more focused beam which is
    difficult to intercept
    Disadvantages of microwave communication

    • they require no obstacle is present in the


    transmission path
    • the cost of implementing the communication
    infrastructure is high
    • microwaves are susceptible to rain, snow,
    electromagnetic interference
    Microwaves applications
    ❑GPS (Global Positioning System)
    ❑carrier waves in satellite communications
    ❑wireless local area network
    ❑ communications systems as cellular communication, Bluetooth
    ❑wireless security systems,
    ❑radar systems,
    ❑environmental remote sensing,
    ❑medical systems.
    Microwave applications
    Applications of Microwave
    Engineering

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