NUR101 Human Biological Science I

Tutorial 3
9 December 2022
Attendance
Part 1: Concept review
1. Identify the skin structures below.

Refer to Integumentary Hair shaft

System slide 4

Epidermis Stratum corneum

Stratum basale

Sebaceous gland

Dermis Arrector pili muscle

Nerve fiber
Hair follicle
Hair bulb
Subcutaneous
tissue Adipose tissue/ Fat

Sweat gland
2. Name the parts of the diagram of the eye below.

Vitreous
Ciliary body humor
Ciliary zonule Optic disc
Iris
Aqueous humor
Lens Fovea centralis
Sclera
Cornea
Choroid

Retina

Refer to Ophthalmic System slide 7

3. Identify the parts of the ear in the diagram below.
Semicircular Auricle/ Pinna
Incus
canals
Malleus
Cochlea
Refer to Oto-rhino-
laryngeal System slide 5

Auditory tube

Vestibule
Stapes Tympanic
membrane/ External acoustic
Eardrum meatus/ auditory canal
4. Fingerprints are caused by:
A. The genetically determined arrangement of dermal
papillae
B. The conspicuous epidermal ridges
C. The sweat pores
D. All of the above

Ans: D
Refer to Integumentary System slide 14
Fingerprints
5. Which of the following is/are true concerning oil production
in the skin?
• I. Oil is produced by sudoriferous glands
• II. The secretion is called sebum
• III. Secretion of oil is the job of the apocrine glands
• IV. Oil is usually secreted into hair follicles

A. I & II Ans: C
B. I & III Refer to Integumentary System slide 26
C. II & IV
D. III & IV
Sudoriferous glands, also known as sweat glands,
are either of two types of secretory skin
glands, eccrine or apocrine.
6. The followings are correct for objects in the
periphery of the visual field except:
A. Stimulate cones
B. Cannot have their color determined
C. Can be seen in low light intensity
D. Appear fuzzy

Ans: A
Refer to Ophthalmic System slide 30
Peripheral
Vision
7. One type of the acute glaucoma is due to a sudden
increase of pressure inside the eye. Blockage of which of
the following is suspected in this type of glaucoma?
A. Ciliary processes
B. Retinal blood vessels
C. Choroid vessels
D. Scleral venous sinus

Ans: D
Refer to Ophthalmic System slide 17
Glaucoma
8. Refraction can be altered for near or far vision by
the:
A. Cornea
B. Ciliary muscles
C. Vitreous humour
D. Neural layer of the retina

Ans: B
Refer to Ophthalmic System slide 20-22
9. A blind spot occurs in the retina where:
A. The fovea is located
B. Ganglion cells synapse with bipolar cells
C. The optic nerve attaches to the retina
D. Rod cells are clustered to form the macula
Ans: C
Refer to Ophthalmic System slide 15
10. The receptors in the saccule and utricle
provide sensations of:
A. Angular acceleration
B. Hearing
C. Vibration
D. Gravity and linear acceleration
Ans: D
Refer to Oto-rhino-laryngeal System slide 17-19
11. Displacement of stereocilia toward the kinocilium of
a hair cell:
A. Produces a depolarization of the membrane
B. Produces a hyperpolarization of the membrane
C. Decreases the membrane permeability to sodium
ions
D. Increases the membrane permeability to
potassium ions

Ans: A
Refer to Oto-rhino-laryngeal System slide 19-22
12. Which of the following is not one of the primary
tastes?
A. Bitter
B. Salty
C. Spicy
D. Sour

Ans: C
Refer to Oto-rhino-laryngeal System slide 31
Part 2: Written Questions
Question 1

• 1. Chole just got a cut on her finger when she is

cutting a fish in the kitchen. How does the skin
repair after the cut occurs?
Ans:
The skin will repair itself under 4 phases:

Inflammation Migration
Phase Phase

Proliferation Scarring
Phase Phase
Ans:
• 1. Inflammation Phase • 3. Proliferation Phase
• Inflammation occurs- patient will feel wound redness, swelling, • Extensive growth of epithelial cells
heat, pain
beneath the scab
• Blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unite the wound
edges • Fibroblasts produce scar tissue
• Blood vessels dilated and permeability increases • Inflammation decreases, clot
• Mast cells trigger inflammatory response to eliminate microbes disintegrates
• 2. Migration Phase • Blood vessels continue to grow
• The clot becomes a scab stabilizes and protects the area • 4. Scarring Phase
• Germinative cells migrate around the wound • Fibroblasts strengthen scar tissue
• Macrophages clean the area
• A raised keloid may form
• Fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in and produce
granulation tissue • Blood vessels are restored to normal
• Damaged blood vessels begin to regrow

Refer to Integumentary System slide 30-31

Question 2
• 2. Sharon is reading a book in the common room.
When Karen came into the room, she accidentally
turns off the light in the room.
• a) How does Sharon’s eye work to see an image
before the light was turn off? Please explain in detail
from the formation of the image to the vision physiology
in the brain.
Question 2
• 2. Sharon is reading a book in the common room.
When Karen came into the room, she accidentally
turns off the light in the room.
• a) How does Sharon’s eye work to see an image
before the light was turn off? Please explain in detail
from the formation of the image to the vision physiology
in the brain.
Ans:

Before the lights were turned off, the vision in Sharon’s eye are generated by the
following processes:
• Formation of image:
• Refraction-
• Bending of light by the lens and cornea
• Light rays enter the eye → refracted at the surfaces of
the cornea and the lens → focus on the retina
• Images focused on the retina are inverted, and
undergo right-to-left reversal

Refer to Ophthalmic System slide 20-36

• Visual Pathway
• Light falls on the retina, the light ray is transformed into electric energy by the
photoreceptors (Rods & Cones)
• Light passes through the ganglion and bipolar cell layer before it reaches the
photoreceptor layer
• Information from photoreceptors flows through the outer synaptic layer to
bipolar cells and then from bipolar cells through the inner synaptic layer to
ganglion cells.
• The axons of the ganglion cells extend posteriorly to the optic disc and exit the
eyeball as the optic (II) nerve
• Optic nerve runs via the optic disc and crosses the optic chiasma to become the
optic tract
• Fibres from left-hand side of each globe travel to the left side of the brain and vice
versa
• Temporal fibres of each eye stay on the same side
• Message ends in the Occipital cortex via the lateral geniculate bodies
Question 2

• b) Please describe Sharon’s eye condition immediately

after the light was turned off.
Ans:
• Sharon will find difficult to see the image in the first few minutes immediately
after the light was turned off. It’s because:
• Sensitivity of the visual system increases slowly over minutes. If the light level decrease
suddenly, sensitivity increases rapidly at first and then more slowly
• In complete darkness, full regeneration of cone photopigments occurs during the
first 8 minutes of dark adaptation.
• Rhodopsin regenerates more slowly. The visual sensitivity increases until the
smallest amount of light can be detected. In that situation, although much dimmer light
can be detected, threshold flashes appear grey-white, regardless of their colour
• At very low light levels, objects appear as shades of grey because only the rods are
functioning. The pupil dilate to allow more light rays enter into the eye

Refer to Ophthalmic System slide 33

Question 3

• 3. Ken, a 15-year-old boy is having a physical

education lesson at school. He is now walking on a
balancing beam and trying to keep his balance. What
are the structures in the ear involved in the body
balance? Please describe in detail their mechanisms
and functions.
Question 3

• 3. Ken, a 15-year-old boy is having a physical

education lesson at school. He is now walking on a
balancing beam and trying to keep his balance. What
are the structures in the ear involved in the body
balance? Please describe in detail their mechanisms
and functions.
Ans:
• The utricle, the saccule, and the 3 semi-circular canals form the vestibular apparatus in the
inner ear which is the major sensory area to detect head movement and control the equilibrium
• The 3 semi-circular canals detect the head rotation
• When the stereocilia are bent toward / away from the kilocilium due to inertia, the hair cell
generates a receptor potential (depolarization or hyperpolarization)
• Hair cells of the vestibule and semi-circular ducts are monitored by sensory neurons located in
adjacent vestibular ganglia
• The sensory fibre forms the vestibular nerve
• These fibres innervate neurons within the pair of vestibular nuclei
• Integrate sensory information about balance and equilibrium from both sides of the head
• Relay information from the vestibular complex to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex
• Sending commands to motor nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord
• Vestibular nuclei issue the reflexive motor commands distribute to the motor nuclei for cranial
nerves involved eye, head, and neck movements

Refer to Oto-rhino-laryngeal System slide 17-20

Question 4
• 4. Cindy just had her first scuba diving during her travel to
Thailand. She found her inside ear developing pressure and
pain after she returned from the sea. She then keeps yawing
and chewing motion and heard a popping sound inside her ear.
Please discuss why Cindy will have this feeling after she
returned from the sea? What anatomy structures are involved
and why the yawing and chewing motion will lead her to hear the
popping sound? What happens will be after she heard the
popping sound?
Ans:
• Anatomy of the middle ear-
• The middle ear is the part of the ear behind the eardrum, before the cochlea, or tympanic membrane, and it
contains the ossicles that conduct sound to the inner ear and nerve of hearing
• The middle ear cavity is normally filled with air at the same pressure as the surrounding air

• The reason for pressure development and pain sensation-

• The air pressure changes from the sea and causes pressure to develop on the eardrum
• When Cindy returned from the sea, the air pressure decreases, the air trapped in the inner ear will cause
the eardrums to push outward and a decrease in hearing ability, because the pressure on the ears drums
makes the sound harder to transmit.

• The reason that yarning can help to solve the problem and the popping sound generation-
• The body can equalize the pressure between the inner ear and the atmosphere by allowing some air
from the inner ear to escape through the eustachian tubes
• Yarning can open and close the eustachian tubes that equalize pressure with the outside world. This
equalization of pressure causes the "popping" sensation.
• After she heard the popping sound, her inside ear pressure will be equalized.

Refer to Oto-rhino-laryngeal System slides 7-8

THANK YOU