INTERNET OF THINGS

INTRODUCTION:

Internet of Things (IoT), often known as the Internet of Everything or the Industrial Internet,
is a new technological paradigm that envisions a worldwide network of interconnected
equipment and gadgets. The Internet of Things is widely acknowledged as one of the most
essential areas of future technology, and it is attracting significant interest from a variety of
sectors. When linked devices can interact with one another and integrate with
vendormanaged inventory systems, customer support systems, business intelligence tools,
and business analytics, the actual potential of the IoT for businesses may be completely
realized. In addition to manufacturing, numerous service industries are implementing IoT to
generate income through better services and become market leaders. As technical, societal,
and competitive forces push businesses to innovate and evolve, this technology is quickly
gaining traction.

As IoT technology improves and more businesses use it, IoT cost-benefit analysis will
become a hot topic. Because of the IoT's potential but unpredictable advantages and high
investment costs, businesses must carefully evaluate each IoT-related opportunity and
problem to ensure that their resources are used wisely. As technical, societal, and competitive
forces push businesses to innovate and evolve, this technology is quickly gaining traction. As
IoT technology improves and more businesses use it, IoT cost-benefit analysis will become a
hot topic. Because of the IoT's potential but unpredictable advantages and high investment
costs, businesses must carefully evaluate each IoT-related opportunity and problem to ensure
that their resources are used wisely.

While data visualization is not required for device-to-device applications, more and more
human-centered IoT apps do so to provide information to end users in a simple and easy-to-
understand manner and to facilitate interaction with the environment. IoT applications must
be intelligently designed so that devices can monitor the environment, recognize issues,
interact with one another, and potentially fix problems without the need for human
intervention

From human to human, machine to machine and machine to infrastructure and the
environment internet is everywhere and as the ability to transfer the data from one place to
any part of the world with the use of the electronic devices.

Architecture of IOT

 Sensors or Actuators: This is the first stage of the IOT architecture, where the data
from the various sources and from the environment are captured by the sensors or
actuators and then turned into useful data. Sensors collect the data of the users about
their details including their name, age, and sign in times and their locations and many
 more. By this data collection it helps the users to get the recommendations by the
websites based on his/her choices.
 Internet Gateway and Data Aggregation: Internet gateway is a software program or
physical device which acts as a bridge between cloud and controller or any sensor
device. Gateway helps in communication between device to device or device to cloud.
Internet gateway performs various tasks protocol translation, aggregating all data,
local processing and filtering of data before transferring it into cloud, locally storing
data and also controlling devices based on the input data and providing with the
device security.
Working of the Internet Gateway:
i) First it receives the data from the sensor or actuator network.
ii) Performs preprocessing, filtering and cleaning of the data on unfiltered data.
iii) Transports into standard protocols for communication.
iv) Sends data into cloud.

Functions of the IOT gateway:

i) Performs data aggregation

ii) Pre-processing and filtering of data
iii) Provides additional security
iv) Enabling communication bridge
v) Provides local storage (cache)
vi) Data computing at edge level
 Edge computing IT System: Providing real-time monitoring, incident management,
analysis, and asset utilization for smaller, distributed data centers, which are
becoming increasingly important in the Internet of Things. The pre-processed data is
then fed into the edge computing system, which analyses the data. Typically, IoT data
is so large that sending it directly to a data center or server can suck up a lot of
network bandwidth, swamping the system. As a result, edge systems execute analytics
to relieve the load on core IT infrastructure.
In the internet of things, edge computing is concerned with devices and technologies
that are connected to the things. The edge computing industry is driven by the
expanding number of IoT devices and their reliance on them, the demand for quicker
processing, more cloud use, and increased network congestion. Smarter, smaller, and
more efficient IoT Edge.
 Data Center and Cloud: It’s the final layer of the architecture of IOT. A data center
is a location where an organization's IT operations and equipment are centralized, as
well as where data is stored, managed, and disseminated. Data centers host a
network's most important systems and are critical to everyday operations' continuity.
This is one of the most important stages of the IoT system; data is managed, analyzed,
and saved in the cloud and IT systems during this stage. This layer is in charge of
providing the user with application-specific services.
The information can be supplied to the server and used to the products and services
once the data has been processed, summarized, and arranged. The datacenter offers
optimum storage, data security, and privacy.
IOT in Business

The main thing to remember when it comes to how to leverage the Internet of Things in
enterprises is that increased levels of connectivity and interconnectedness have huge payoffs
for practically any firm. As a result, how each company decides to use IoT within its industry
and sector is critical. It is a highly tailored means of acquiring a deeper understanding of
enhancing and implementing specific business objectives, rather than a one-size-fits-all
strategy. The advantages of using or implementing IOT in every business organization are:

 Understanding Big Data: Big data gathering and analysis can provide insights into a
variety of elements that are critical to a company's success. To begin with, IoT can
provide valuable information about market trends as well as product performance.
These insights can be used to inform your short- and long-term business strategies.
 Engage each customer to client: IoT can give data on each individual consumer,
allowing you to provide customized service. With IoT devices connecting you to your
client base, you can analyze data to better understand each stage of your consumers'
purchasing cycles, from research to purchase to use. You will be able to design more
targeted and effective marketing initiatives as a result of this.
 Expand your presence: IoT helps your business to increase its presence both with
customers and employees, from smarter marketing strategies that keep you connected
to your clients to better communications with all members of your workforce.
Furthermore, collaboration solutions like Consolidated Technologies, Inc.'s Presence
 enable you to achieve levels of flexibility and speed that empower your presence as it
grows.
 Remote workforce: Remote employment is becoming more popular, according to
studies. With IoT, your remote workforce will be able to connect to everything from
files to inventories, resulting in increased efficiency and a broader range of jobs that
can be completed remotely.

How IOT helped during Covid-19

 Smart building features: The use of IoT to regulate access and monitor
environmental features like particulate matter and volatile organic compounds was
crucial in stopping the spread of COVID-19 (VOCs). The Internet of Things (IoT)
can connect to HVAC systems, cleaning robots, air quality monitoring, and other
devices to provide situation-specific, adaptable building management that
encourages safe behavior.
 Touchless service: IoT was used to advocate limiting physical touch between
staff, customers, and devices. IoT can reduce the need for touch in a variety of
ways, from new payment options to automatic temperature and health checking
upon admission.
 Monitoring: IoT has been utilized by several establishments to monitor and track
the risk of infection. They may utilize sensors to determine how many people are
in a specific area of the building and improve disinfection procedures. They can
also manage risk by tracking the temperatures of incoming visitors.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Introduction:

Artificial Intelligence is a computer program's ability to learn and think. In the 1950s, John
McCarthy invented the term "Artificial Intelligence”. Every facet of learning or any other
feature of intelligence can in theory be characterized so exactly that a machine can be built to
replicate it, he said. It will be attempted to figure out how to get machines to speak, develop
abstractions, and concepts, solve problems that are currently reserved for humans, and
improve themselves.

Components of Artificial Intelligence:

 Cognitive computing: The ultimate objective of cognitive computing is to create a

computer model that mimics the human reasoning process. What is the best way to
accomplish this? A computer may replicate human thinking by using self-learning
algorithms, neural network pattern recognition, and natural language processing.
Computerized models are used to replicate the human cognitive process in this study.
 Computer vision: Computer vision allows computers to perceive, identify, and
analyse pictures in the same manner that human vision does, and then outputs the
results appropriately. Artificial Intelligence and computer vision are inextricably
linked. In this case, the computer must first comprehend what it sees before analysing
it.
 Machine learning: Machine learning is the process of a machine learning from
examples and prior experiences on its own. It does not need to be a specific software,
and it will not be static. When necessary, the machine will alter or correct its
algorithm.

The most often misunderstood concepts are artificial intelligence (AI) and machine
learning (ML). People, on the whole, believe they are the same, which leads to
misunderstanding. AI has an area called machine learning. However, if the themes of
Big Data or Data Analytics, or other related topics, are discussed, both words are
spoken concurrently and often.
  Neutral networks: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were inspired by the
biological neural network, i.e., the brain, when they were constructed. ANNs are one
of the most significant Computer Learning techniques for finding patterns in data that
are far too complicated for a person to detect and train the machine to understand.
 Deep learning: A huge quantity of data is evaluated in Deep Learning, and the
algorithm would repeat the work, twisting/editing it slightly each time to enhance the
output.
 Natural language processing: Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the
development of technologies that allow us to communicate with machines using
natural human languages such as English.

Advantages of using AI in Business:

 Human error is reduced: There will always be a possibility of mistake when people
are involved in jobs that need precision. Machines, on the other hand, do not make
mistakes if they are correctly designed and can readily do repeated jobs with few, if
any, faults.
 Risk avoidance: One of the most significant benefits of Artificial Intelligence is the
ability to replace people with intelligent robots. To minimize disasters, AI robots are
already performing dangerous tasks such as mining coal, exploring the deepest
regions of the ocean, sewage treatment, and nuclear power plants.
 Digital assistance: Organizations may save money on human resources and provide
speedier service to consumers by using digital assistants to engage with users 24
hours a day, 7 days a week. For both the company and the clients, it is a win-win
situation. In most situations, distinguishing between a client conversing with a chatbot
and a human person is quite difficult.

Implementing AI in companies:

Today, many businesses are aggressively investing in Artificial Intelligence and Big Data,
believing that these technologies would aid in their digital transformation. Companies in
various industries may optimize and automate their operations by employing data analysis
and Artificial Intelligence capabilities, such as autonomous learning or decision-making
based on this data.

AI Applications:
 Fraud detection: Every time you use your credit or debit card to make an online or
offline transaction, your bank sends you a message inquiring if you completed the
transaction. If you haven't completed the transaction, the bank will ask you to report
it. Banks input data on both fraudulent and non-fraudulent transactions into their
Artificial Intelligence systems. Based on these massive training datasets, AI
algorithms learn from this data and then identify which transactions are fraudulent and
which are not.
 Music and Movie recommendations: AI helps in recommending the songs and the
movies based upon the previous user search. AI detects the user search and
recommends based on their search and then suggesting the new songs which belong to
the same category.
some of the examples are Netflix, Spotify, Amazon prime, and many more which uses
AI for gaining more customers.
 AI in retail: By 2025, the market for AI software is anticipated to reach US$36
million. Retailers are paying attention to Artificial Intelligence as a result of the
market buzz. As a result, AI is being used in innovative ways across the entire product
life cycle, from the assembly stage to post-sale customer-service contacts, by the
majority of large and small businesses.
 Autopilot Flight: With AI technology, a pilot simply has to set the system to
autopilot mode, and the AI will handle the majority of the flight's operations.
According to the New York Times, the average flight of a Boeing jet requires just 7
minutes of human involvement (mainly during takeoff and landing).
 AI in Healthcare: AI can detect illnesses such as tumours and ulcers in their early
stages using radiological instruments such as MRI machines, X-rays, and CT
scanners. Although there is no cure for illnesses like cancer, the chance of dying
prematurely can be significantly decreased if the tumor is discovered early. Similarly,
by evaluating their R-Health records, AI may recommend medicine and testing.
AI is also utilized to research the effects of specific medications on the human body
and to develop replacements for those that already exist.

 AI in Transportation: Self-driving cars are actually bridging the gap between

science fiction and reality. Vehicles can gather data from their surroundings, evaluate
 it, and make decisions based on it thanks to sophisticated AI algorithms, cameras,
LIDAR, and other sensors.
After takeoff, an autopilot in a commercial jet can take over control and ensure that all
of the parameters are in sync. Furthermore, modern navigation systems are utilised to
make quick adjustments in order to save time and adapt to changing ocean conditions,
which may be risky for cargo ships.

Limitations of AI:

 High cost of creation: The rate at which computational devices are improved is
remarkable, which may seem a little strange. Machines must be fixed and maintained
on a regular basis in order to meet the most recent criteria, which necessitates a
significant number of resources.
 No emotions: There is no denying that machines are far more powerful and quicker
than humans. They have the ability to multitask and deliver outcomes in a fraction of
a second. AI-assisted robots can also lift greater weight, allowing the manufacturing
cycle to be extended. Machines, on the other hand, are unable to form emotional
bonds with other humans, which is an important component of team management.