Computer

Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Ref. Page Chapter 17: Data Communications and Computer Networks Slide 1/57
 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Learning Objectives

In this chapter you will learn about:

§ Basic elements of a communication system
§ Techniques, channels, and devices used to transmit
data between distant locations
§ Types of computer networks
§ Communication protocols and their use in computer
networks
§ Internetworking tools and their use in building large
computer networks
§ Characteristics and advantages of distributed data
processing

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Basic Elements of a Communication

System

Sender Medium Receiver

(source) Carries the message (sink)

Creates and sends Receives the

a message message

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Data Transmission Modes

Sender Receiver
(a) Simplex

Sender OR Receiver
(or Receiver) (or Sender)
(b) Half-duplex

Sender Receiver
AND
(and Receiver) (and Sender)
(c) Full-duplex

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Data Transmission Speed

§ Bandwidth: Range of frequencies available for data

transmission. It refers to data transmission rate. Higher
the bandwidth, the more data it can transmit
§ Baud: Unit of measurement of data transfer rate.
Measured in bits per second (bps)

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Data Transmission Speed Category

§ Narrowband: Sub-voice grade channels in range from

45 to 300 baud. Mainly used for telegraph lines and
low-speed terminals
§ Voiceband: Voice grade channels with speed up to
9600 baud. Mainly used for ordinary telephone voice
communication and slow I/O devices
§ Broadband: High speed channels with speed up to 1
million baud or more. Mainly used for high-speed
computer-to-computer communication or for
simultaneous transmission of data

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Data Transmission Media

The most commonly used ones are:

§ Twisted-pair wire (UTP cable)
§ Coaxial cable
§ Microwave system
§ Communications satellite
§ Optical fibers

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
Cable

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Coaxial Cable

Central copper wire

PVC insulation

Copper mesh

Outer PVC shield

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Microwave Communication System

Transmitting antennas Receiving

antennas

In between
Transmitting repeaters Receiving
station station

Line of sight Line of sight Line of sight

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Satellite Communication System

Satellite in space

6 GHz 4 GHz

Uplink Downlink

Transmitting Receiving
station on earth station on earth

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Optical Fiber Communication System

Electrical Optical fiber Electrical

Electrical to Light to signal
signal
light wave electrical wave
converter converter
Amplifier
Sender Receiver
Light waves

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Digital and Analog Data Transmission

§ Analog signal: Transmitted power varies over a

continuous range. Example: sound, light, and radio
waves
§ Digital signal: Sequence of voltage pulses represented
in binary form
§ Computer generated data signal is digital, whereas
telephone lines carry analog signals

(Continued on next slide)

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Digital and Analog Data Transmission

(Continued from previous slide)

§ When digital data is to be sent over an analog facility,
digital signals must be converted to analog form
§ Conversion of digital signal to analog form is known as
modulation
§ Conversion of analog signal to digital form is known as
demodulation
§ Digital transmission of data is preferred over analog
transmission of data due to lower cost, higher
transmission speeds, and lower error rate

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Analog and Digital Signals

Voltage
+v

0 t
1/f 2/f
-v
(a) Analog signal

v
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
t
(b) Digital signal

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Modulation Techniques

§ Amplitude Modulation (AM): Two binary values (0 and

1) of digital data are represented by two different
amplitudes of the carrier signal, keeping frequency and
phase constant
§ Frequency Modulation (FM): Two binary values of
digital data are represented by two different frequencies,
while amplitude and phase are kept constant
§ Phase Modulation (PM): Two binary values of digital
data are represented by shift in phase of carrier signal

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Modems

§ Modem is short for MOdulator/DEModulator

§ Special device used for conversion of digital data to
analog form (modulation) and vice-versa (demodulation)
§ Essential piece of hardware where two digital devices
(say two computers) want to communicate over an
analog transmission channel (say a telephone line)

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Use of Modems in Data Communications

Analog signals on
Digital signals Digital signals
telephone line

01 1 0 Modulator Demodulator 0 1 1 0

Sender Receiver
Computer Modulator Computer
Demodulator
0 100 0 1 00

modem at modem at
sender receiver
computer end computer end

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Factors for Modem Selection

§ Transmission speed
§ Internal versus external
§ Facsimile facility

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Data Transmission Services

§ Data transmission service providers are popularly

known as common carriers
§ Various types of services offered by common carriers
are:
§ Dial-up line: Operates in a manner similar to a
telephone line
§ Leased line: Special conditioned telephone line
that directly and permanently connects two
computers
§ Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN):
Telephone system that provides digital (not analog)
telephone and data services

(Continued on next slide)

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Data Transmission Services

(Continued from previous slide)

§ Value Added Network (VAN): Provides value-added

data transmission service. Value added over and
above the standard services of common carriers may
include e-mail, data encryption/decryption, access to
commercial databases, and code conversion for
communication between computers

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Multiplexing

§ Method of dividing physical channel into many logical

channels so that a number of independent signals may
be simultaneously transmitted
§ Electronic device that performs multiplexing is known
as a multiplexer
§ Multiplexing enables a single transmission medium to
concurrently transmit data between several
transmitters and receivers

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Two Basic Methods of Multiplexing

§ Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM): Available

bandwidth of a physical medium is divided into several
smaller, disjoint logical bandwidths. Each component
bandwidth is used as a separate communication line
§ Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM): Total time
available in a channel is divided among several users,
and each user of the channel is allotted a time slice
during which he/she may transmit a message

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Frequency-Division Multiplexing

Modulator Demodulator

Signal-1 40 KHz 40 KHz Signal-1

Sending end Receiving end

Signal-2 50 KHz 50 KHz Signal-2

Signal-3 60 KHz Channel 60 KHz Signal-3

Signal-4 70 KHz 70 KHz Signal-4

Signal-5 80 KHz 80 KHz Signal-5

Frequency-Division Multiplexing

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Time-Division Multiplexing

Time sliced Reassembled

signals signals

Signal A3 A2 A1 A3 A2 A1
A
Sending Receiving
end end
Demulti-
Signal B3 B2 B1 Channel plexer B3 B2 B1
B
… C2 B2 A2 C1 B1 A1
Signal C3 C2 C1 C3 C2 C1
C

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Asynchronous and Synchronous

Transmission

§ Two modes of data transmission on a communication

line are asynchronous and synchronous
§ Asynchronous transmission
§ Sender can send data at any convenient time and
the receiver will accept it
§ Data is transmitted character by character at
irregular intervals
§ Well suited to many keyboard type terminals

(Continued on next slide)

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Asynchronous and Synchronous

Transmission
(Continued from previous slide)
§ Synchronous transmission
§ Sender and receiver must synchronize with each
other to get ready for data transmission before it
takes place
§ Entire blocks of characters are framed and
transmitted together
§ Well suited to remote communication between a
computer and such devices as buffered terminals
and printers

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Data Transmission

Irregular time intervals Each character framed by

between two characters start and stop bits

Character Character Character

(a) Asynchronous transmission

A block of characters may

Indefinite time interval consist of hundreds of
between two blocks of data characters

Char Char Char Char Char Char

Trailer containing end of block Header containing synchronizing

indication and other information

(b) Synchronous transmission

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Switching Techniques

§ Data is often transmitted from source to destination

through a network of intermediate nodes
§ Switching techniques deal with the methods of
establishing communication links between the sender
and receiver in a communication network
§ Three commonly used switching techniques are:
§ Circuit switching: Dedicated physical path is
established between sending and receiving stations
through nodes of the network for the duration of
communication

(Continued on next slide)

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Switching Techniques

(Continued from previous slide)

§ Message switching: Sender appends receiver’s

destination address to the message and it is
transmitted from source to destination either by
store-and-forward method or broadcast method
§ Packet switching: Message is split up into fixed size
packets and each packet is transmitted independently
from source to destination node. Either store-and-
forward or broadcast method is used for transmitting
the packets. All the packets of a message are re-
assembled into original message at the destination
node

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Circuit Switching Method

Switching
nodes
Dotted line
indicates
establishment of
physical path

Source
node Destination
node

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha
Store-and-Forward Method of
Message Switching

4 B
A 1
3
2

C
C

Either path 1-2-3-4 or 1-5-4 may be used to

transmit a message from A to B.

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha
Broadcast Method of Message
Switching

Nodes 1 2 3 n

Message

Broadcast Channel

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Routing Techniques

§ In a WAN, when multiple paths exist between the source

and destination nodes of a packet, any one of the paths
may be used to transfer the packet
§ Selection of path to be used for transmitting a packet is
determined by the routing technique used
§ Two popularly used routing algorithms are:
§ Source routing: Source node selects the entire path
before sending the packet
§ Hop-by-hop routing: Each node along the path
decides only the next node for the path

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Network Topologies

§ Term network topology refers to the way in which

the nodes of a network are linked together
§ Although number network topologies are possible,
four major ones are:
§ Star network
§ Ring network
§ Completely connected network
§ Multi-access bus network

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Star Network

Host
Node

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Ring Network

Ref. Page 339 Chapter 17: Data Communications and Computer Networks Slide 37/57
 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Completely Connected Network

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Multi-Access Bus Network

Computers (nodes)

Single communication line shared by all nodes

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Hybrid Network

Ring Completely
Star connected

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Network Types

§ Networks are broadly classified into two types: Local

Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN)
§ Local Area Network (LAN) as compared to WAN:
§ Limited to a small geographic coverage
§ Has much higher data transmission rate
§ Experiences fewer data transmission errors
§ Has lower data communication cost
§ Typically owned by a single organization
§ Networks that share some of the characteristics of both
LANs and WANs are referred to as Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN)

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Communication Protocols

§ Protocol is a set of formal operating rules, procedures,

or conventions that govern a given process
§ Communication protocol describes rules that govern
transmission of data over communication networks
§ Roles of communication protocol:
§ Data sequencing
§ Data routing
§ Data formatting
§ Flow control
§ Error control

(Continued on next slide)

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Communication Protocols

(Continued from previous slide)

§ Precedence and order of transmission

§ Connection establishment and termination
§ Data security
§ Log information.
§ Communication protocols are normally split up into a
series of modules logically composed of a succession of
layers.
§ Terms protocol suite, protocol family, or protocol stack
are used to refer to the collection of protocols (of all
layers) of a network system

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Network Interface Card (NIC)

§ Hardware device that allows a computer to be

connected to a network, both functionally and
physically
§ Printed circuit board installed on to one of the
expansion slots of computer
§ Provides a port on the back to which network cable is
attached

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

The OSI Model

§ The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model is

framework for defining standards for linking
heterogeneous computers in a packet switched
network
§ Standardized OSI protocol makes it possible for any
two heterogeneous computer systems, located
anywhere in the world, to easily communicate with
each other
§ Separate set of protocols is defined for each layer in its
seven-layer architecture. Each layer has an
independent function

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Layers, Interfaces, and Protocols

in the OSI Model
Node 1 Node 2
Process A Process B

Layer 7 Application protocol Layer 7

(application) (application)
Interface Interface
Layer 6 Presentation protocol Layer 6
(presentation) (presentation)
Interface Interface
Layer 5 Session protocol Layer 5
(session) (session)
Interface Interface
Layer 4 Transport protocol Layer 4
(transport) (transport)
Interface Interface
Layer 3 Network protocol Layer 3
(network) (network)
Interface Interface
Layer 2 Data-link protocol Layer 2
(data link) (data link)
Interface Interface
Layer 1 Physical protocol Layer 1
(physical) (physical)

Network

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha
An
An example
example illustrating
illustrating transfer
transfer of
of message
message M M from
from sending
sending node
node to to the
the
receiving
receiving node
node in
in the
the OSI
OSI model:
model: H
Hnn,, header
header added
added by
by layer
layer n:T
n:Tnn,, trailer
trailer
added
added by
by layer
layer n.
n.
Sending node Receiving node

Process A Process B

H7 M H7 M

H6 H M H6 H7 M
7

H5 H6 H7 M H5 H6 H7 M

H 4 H 5 H 6 H 7 M1 H 4 H 5 H 6 H 7 M2 H 4 H 5 H 6 H 7 M1 H 4 H 5 H 6 H 7 M2

H 3 H 4 H 5 H 6 H 7 M1 H 3 H 4 H 5 H 6 H 7 M2 H 3 H 4 H 5 H 6 H 7 M1 H 3 H 4 H 5 H 6 H 7 M2

H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M1 T2 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M2 T2 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M1 T2 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M2 T2

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Internetworking

§ Interconnecting two or more networks to form a single

network is called internetworking, and the resulting
network is called an internetwork
§ Goal of internetworking is to hide details of different
physical networks, so that resulting internetwork
functions as a single coordinated unit
§ Tools such as bridges, routers, brouters, and gateways
are used for internetworking
§ The Internet is the best example of an internetwork

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Bridges

§ Operate at bottom two layers of the OSI model

§ Connect networks that use the same communication
protocols above data-link layer but may use different
protocols at physical and data-link layers

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Routers

§ Operates at network layer of the OSI model

§ Used to interconnect those networks that use the same
high-level protocols above network layer
§ Smarter than bridges as they not only copy data from
one network segment to another, but also choose the
best route for the data by using routing table

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Gateways

§ Operates at the top three layers of the OSI model

(session, presentation and application)
§ Used for interconnecting dissimilar networks that use
different communication protocols
§ Since gateways interconnect dissimilar networks,
protocol conversion is the major job performed by
them

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Wireless Computing Systems

§ Wireless computing system uses wireless communication

technologies for interconnecting computer systems
§ Enhances functionality of computing equipment by freeing
communication from location constraints of wired
computing systems
§ Wireless computing systems are of two types:
§ Fixed wireless systems: Support little or no
mobility of the computing equipment associated with
the wireless network
§ Mobile wireless systems: Support mobility of the
computing equipment to access resources associated
with the wireless network

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Wireless Technologies

§ 2G and 3G
§ Wireless LAN
§ WiMAX
§ Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
§ Radio-router
§ Multihop Wireless Network
§ Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

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 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Distributed Computing Systems

§ Configuration where many independent computer

systems are connected, and messages, processing task,
programs, data, and other resources are transmitted
between cooperating computer systems
§ Such an arrangement enables sharing of many
hardware and software resources as well as information
among several users who may be sitting far away from
each other

Ref. Page 352 Chapter 17: Data Communications and Computer Networks Slide 54/57
 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha
Main Advantages of Distributed
Computing Systems

§ Inherently distributed applications

§ Information sharing among distributed users
§ Resource sharing
§ Shorter response times and higher throughput
§ Higher reliability
§ Extensibility and incremental growth
§ Better flexibility in meeting users’ needs

Ref. Page 353 Chapter 17: Data Communications and Computer Networks Slide 55/57
 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Keywords/Phrases

§ Amplifier § Dial-up line

§ Amplitude Modulation (AM) § Distributed Computing System
§ Application layer § Ethernet
§ ARPANET § Fax modem
§ Asynchronous transmission § File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
§ Bandwidth § Font-End Processors (FEP)
§ Baud § Frequency Modulation (FM)
§ Bridge § Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
§ Broadband § Full duplex
§ Broadcast § Gateway
§ C-band transmission § Half duplex
§ Circuit switching § Hop-by-hop routing
§ Coaxial cable § Hybrid network
§ Common Carriers § Internet Protocol (IP)
§ Communication protocol § Internetworking
§ Communications satellite § ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
§ Completely connected network § Ku-band transmission
§ Computer network § Leased line
§ Concentrators § Local Area Network (LAN)
§ Data-link layer § Message switching
§ Demodulation
(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 354 Chapter 17: Data Communications and Computer Networks Slide 56/57
 Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Keywords/Phrases

§ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) § Protocol suite (Continued from previous slide)
§ Microwave system § Repeater
§ Mobile computing § Ring network
§ Modem § Router
§ Modulation § Session layer
§ Multi-access Bus network § Simplex
§ Multiplexer § Source routing
§ Narrowband § Star network
§ Network Interface Card (NIC) § Store-and-forward
§ Network layer § Synchronous transmission
§ Network topology § Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
§ Nomadic computing § Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
§ Optical fibers § Transport layer
§ OSI Model § Twisted-pair
§ Packet switching § Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)
§ Phase Modulation (PM) § User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
§ Physical layer § Value Added Network (VAN)
§ POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) § Voiceband
§ Presentation layer § VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals)
§ Protocol family § Wide Area Network (WAN)
§ Protocol stack § Wireless network

Ref. Page 354 Chapter 17: Data Communications and Computer Networks Slide 57/57