A L A B A M A A & M A N D A U B U R N U N I V E R S I T I E S

Apple Varieties
ANR-1138
in Alabama
T
he apple, rich in folklore This publication primarily Currently, the Chinese have
as well as history, was a provides an overview of the an estimated 8 million acres of
changing apple variety picture; apples planted, 40 percent of
favorite food of the however, it is worth noting that which are nonbearing. This com-
Europeans who settled the New the production and marketing of pares with about 0.5 million

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apples globally are currently un- acres under production in the
World. And today, no other fruit dergoing the greatest dynamic U.S. According to the Washing-
is more widely grown around changes recorded in modern ton Apple Commission, some
history. For many years, the U.S. estimate that new plantings since
the world than the apple. Many has dominated worldwide pro- 1990 could double Chinese pro-

IV
books have been written on the duction of apples and continued duction in the next decade.
to do so until 1990. However, as China may account for nearly 40
history of apples throughout the a result of agrarian reforms car- percent of world production
world as well as in the United ried out in the 1980s and ex- (nearly 27 million metric tons)
tending into the 90s, China has by the year 2005 (World Apple
States. The story of Johnny become the world leader in Review) compared to about 10
H
Appleseed, for example, de- apple production. In 1990, the percent in the early 90s.
U.S. produced 4,380,000 metric As a result of changes in
scribes one reason why so many tons of apples, while China pro- the global apple picture, growers
varieties (over 4,000) were avail- duced almost as much, recording must pay special attention to
4,332,000 metric tons (reported selection of varieties to provide
C
able from the mid-1800s to the by the World Apple Review). In what the market demands,
early 1900s. Because seeds from 1997, U.S. production increased whether wholesale or retail.
to 4,639,000 metric tons, but Therefore, a thorough understand-
so many different fruits were China produced 18,009,000 met- ing of the changing dynamics of
planted across the country, and ric tons, almost four times as apple production and varieties is
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much as the U.S.

because apples are heterozy-
gous, a new variety was born
each time a seed germinated and
developed into a bearing tree. In
spite of the many selections that
have evolved over time and be-
come named varieties, only a
few have made it through the
rigorous test of becoming a com-
mercial variety. And even today,
although hundreds of varieties
are available, only 10 to 20 are
Figure 1. The Cumberland Spur, discovered as a sport in Jackson County, Alabama,
regularly seen in supermarkets. could become the most outstanding Red Delicious in the East.

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a must if growers are to remain Table 1. Suggested Apple Varieties—Standard Selections1
competitive and profitable. Variety Commercial Home Area
A number of noteworthy Wholesale Farm Retail Garden Adapted2
changes that have occurred dur- RED DELICIOUS
ing the past 40 to 50 years are
(spur types)
fundamental to understanding
RedChief (Campbell strain) X X X C,N
the ever changing apple variety RedChief (Mercier strain) X X X C,N
picture. Among these changes Oregon Spur II X X X C,N
are the use of spur-type varieties (nonspur types)
(Figure 1), the change from large Early Red One — X X C,N
to small tree size, and the mar- Sharp Red — X X C,N
ket acceptance of some poorly GOLDEN DELICIOUS
colored, rather unattractive but (spur types)
highly flavored varieties. Goldspur Delicious — — X C,N
When spur-type trees were Starkspur Golden Delicious — — X C,N
first discovered by producers (nonspur types)

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some years ago, they were dis- Smoothee X X X C,N
Firmgold X X X C?,N
carded because the goal at that
Lysgolden (Goldenir) X X X C?,N
time was for 30- to 40-foot trees Stark Ultra Gold ? ? X C?,N
that could produce 30 bushels or Stark Golden Delicious ? X X C,N
more. Spur-type trees grow slow-

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Grimes Golden — X? X C,N
ly, are compact, begin fruiting at JONATHAN
only 2 to 3 years of age, and ulti- Nured X X X C?,N
mately produce small trees that Jonnee X X X C?,N
yield only 2.5 to 15 bushels, de- GRANNY SMITH
pending on the rootstock used. Granny (Standard) X X X S,C,N
However, the current trend Spur Granny — — ? S,C,N
ROME
H
worldwide is to move toward
Law Rome X X X N
smaller tree size and higher-den-
ARKANSAS BLACK
sity orchards to reduce labor in- Arkansas Black
puts and overall cost. One of the (Standard) X X X C,N
primary ways to maintain small, Spur Arkansas Black X X X C,N
C
compact tree size in commercial EARLY GREEN TYPES
as well as home plantings is to Lodi — X X C,N
grow spur-type varietal strains Twenty Oz. Pippen — X X C?,N
such as RedChief Red Delicious. Horse — — X C,N
In addition to the use of Winter Banana pollinator pollinator C,N
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only only
spur-type varieties, the other ap-
OTHER VARIETIES
proach to maintaining small but (unless indicated, all are nonspur)
productive trees is the use of Ozark Gold X? X? — C,N
dwarfing rootstocks. Among the Mutsu (Crispin) X X X C,N
common temperate tree fruits, Dorsett Golden — X? X ES
the apple is the only one that Anna (spur) — X X ES
has truly effective dwarfing root- Mollies Delicious — X X S,C,N
stocks. This is important because Saint Clair — — X S,C,N
many popular varieties do not Wiregrass — — X S
have superior spur types, so the Brogden — — X S
use of dwarfing rootstocks is the Yates — X X S,C,N
Black Twig — X X C,N
method of choice for maintain-
LuraRed X X X C,N
ing small tree size. Spur-type va- Melrose — ? X C?,N
rieties are also propagated onto 1X means variety will work in these categories; X? means there is a good pos-
some of the dwarfing rootstocks,
sibility variety will work in these categories (based on preliminary data or
creating rather small but highly other information); ? indicates outside performance is promising, but variety
productive trees. is untested in the state.
Market acceptance of new va- 2Refer to Figure 2 for zone map of adaptation (N = north, C = central, S =
rieties has also changed apple south, and ES = extreme south).

2 Alabama Cooperative Extension System

production. For many years, Red However, the consumers proved selections. Thus, it appears that
Delicious and Golden Delicious them wrong, and today, Granny the American consumer is no
have been the varieties of choice Smith is the third-leading com- longer buying apples just on the
in the wholesale apple business. mercial variety in the U.S. basis of appearance, but rather on
After their introduction as promis- The next challenge to the their flavor and other attributes. It
ing dessert varieties, Red dominance of Red Delicious and should be noted that in Alabama,
Delicious and Golden Delicious Golden Delicious in the market- apples are normally harvested at
soared in popularity, and im- place was the introduction of va- the tree-ripe stage and are there-
proved sports of these two selec- rieties that produce some rather fore at least equal and usually su-
tions have helped them maintain poorly colored, unattractive, and perior in flavor to fruits harvested
dominance in the industry. There somewhat small fruits but that less mature and maintained in
are currently over 100 different have superb to outstanding fla- long-term, controlled atmosphere
(CA) storage. For this reason, Red
Table 2. Suggested Apple Varieties—Recent Introductions1 Delicious and Golden Delicious
Variety Commercial Home Garden Area Adapted2 selections are still highly favored
Wholesale Farm Retail in Alabama.

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RED DELICIOUS For discussion purposes, we
Scarlet Spur X X X C,N can divide apples into three cate-
Cumberland Spur X X X C?,N gories: commercial wholesale,
FUJI commercial farm retail, and home
Fuji (Standard) X X X C,N garden. Table 1 lists some stan-

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Red Fuji (B.C.2) ? ? ? C?,N dard selections that are suggested
Red Fuji (Nagafu for each of these categories.
#12) ? ? ? C?,N Table 2 lists some of the more
Red Fuji (Nagafu #6) ? ? ? C?,N popular recent introductions from
Myra Fuji ? ? ? C?,N several other areas. A number of
Lynd Spur Fuji ? ? ? C?,N these are already proving popular
UltraEarli Fuji ? ? ? C?,N
H among growers while others con-
GALA tinue under evaluation.
Gala (Standard) X? X X S,C,N The wholesale market de-
Royal Gala X X X S,C,N
Gale Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N
mands apple varieties that are
Ultra Red Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N fairly attractive, that have rather
C
Galaxy Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N widespread consumer recogni-
Imperial Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N tion and acceptance, and that
Buckeye Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N have a good shelf life, meaning
Big Red Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N that they are quite firm and can
OTHER VARIETIES be stored for weeks to months.
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Jonagold X X X C?,N As a result, it is quite common

Braeburn X? X? X? S,C,N for consumers to see no more
Ginger Gold X X X S,C,N than 5 to 10 varieties in super-
1X means variety will work in these categories; X? means there is a good pos- markets at any one time.
sibility variety will work in these categories (based on preliminary data or Growers who manage farm
other information); ? indicates outside performance is promising, but variety retail markets can produce
is untested in the state. somewhat unique varieties not
2Refer to Figure 2 for zone map of adaptation (N = north, C = central, S =
commonly seen in supermarkets
south, and ES = extreme south).
and that fit their particular niche
strains of Red Delicious. Other vor and, quite often, superior marketing program. Fruits of
varieties, such as McIntosh, firmness and shelf life. The Fuji some of these varieties may not
Rome, and Jonathan, have been variety from Japan and the Gala be as large, attractive, or firm as
part of the commercial picture variety from New Zealand are those in supermarkets, but they
but to a much lesser degree. typical examples of these newly have unique characteristics that
Granny Smith was the first va- introduced, less colorful varieties. are highly appealing to the con-
riety that broke the commonly ac- Today, there has been a dramatic sumer, such as distinctive flavor
cepted red and yellow color barri- shift toward planting more Fujis, or aroma, outstanding cider
er in the apple market. Many had Galas, and other imported vari- quality, or antique or heirloom
predicted that U.S. consumers eties and much fewer Red recognition.
would never eat a green apple. Delicious and Golden Delicious

Apple Varieties in Alabama 3

Notes on Patented are patented are usually sold by prove to be of commercial or
certain U.S. commercial nurseries home value. Growers and home
Varieties under agreements. The Japanese gardeners are advised to limit
For many years, most tree have begun patenting selections planting these selections until
fruit varieties such as apples and being released from their univer- university or producer tests have
pears were nonpatented and free sity breeding programs. A foreign proven their adaptability.
to the public. However, the trend patent is not valid in the U.S.; Included in this group are a
over the past 25 years is toward therefore, if a foreign variety is to number of the “disease-resistant”
patenting releases from university have patent protection in the selections, mainly from the
breeding programs as well as U.S., it must be issued a U.S. Purdue program, as follows:
those from private nurseries and plant patent. Jonafree (co-op22), Pristine (co-
other companies. Operating There are a number of apple op32), Redfree (co-op13),
breeding programs is very costly varieties, most introduced during GoldRush (co-op38), Enterprise
and involves a long-term commit- the past 5 to 15 years (but some (co-op30), Prima, Liberty, and
ment. Consequently, many uni- older ones), that have not been Empire. Additional releases from
versity-operated breeding pro- fully evaluated across the state. producers or other breeding pro-
grams have been phased out, and

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Some of these may eventually grams include Criterion, Cameo,
others probably will be. The
trend is toward placing the devel-
opment and release of fruit vari-
eties, especially stone fruit such Alabama Chilling Zones

IV
as peaches and nectarines, in the for Southern Counties
hands of private breeders. Hours of 45°F and lower from October 1 through February 15
Naturally, the varieties released based on a 10-year average (1984-85 to 1992-93)
through these programs are 1450
patented for protection. Some
1350
nurseries have agreements with 1450+
1300
university breeding programs to
H
1450+
patent and market their releases.
1450
This provides support funds to
the universities in the form of 1300
royalties. 1450

In the case of the apple, not

C
1300
many U.S. companies have cre- 1450
1350
ated new varieties that have 1200
1300
1200
unique and desirable characteris- 1100
1100
tics in order to reap the wealth 1000
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generated by patents. However, 1000 900

essentially all new apple selec-

tions made available to producers
and gardeners are being patent-
ed. The vast majority of these se- 800
lections, such as the recent
Ginger Gold introduction, are
“grower finds” from within com-
mercial orchards. Growers either 900
patent such promising selections
and license certain nurseries to 800 700

propagate them under an agree- 600

ment, or they sell the patent to a 800 800
North Alabama 700 600
nursery that wholly controls re- 750 North Central Alabama
lease of the variety to the public. 650
Central Alabama
Southern Alabama
Some nurseries’ varieties from 550
Extreme Southern Alabama
abroad, such as Gala and 750

Braeburn, may be introduced un- 550 650

patented or may be sold as a U.S.

patented variety. Selections that Figure 2. Fruit-growing regions of Alabama based on chilling zones

4 Alabama Cooperative Extension System

Table 3. Suggested Apple Varieties—Useful Characteristics Lustre Elstar, Pink Lady, Sun--
Season of Time of Chilling Skin Food downer, Spartan, Honeycrisp,
Variety Ripening1 Flowering2 Requirement3 Color4 Utilization5 Hokuto, Shizaka, Yataka,
RED DELICIOUS Senshu, Suncrisp, Stellar, Arlet,
Redchief (Campbell) M E M R D and Lady Williams.
Redchief (Mercier) M E M R D To date, many of the Purdue
Oregon Spur II M E M R D
Early Red One M E M R D disease-resistant selections and
Sharp Red M E M R D most of the New York McIntosh
Scarlet Spur M E M R D crosses have proven to have
Cumberland Spur E-M E M R D major problems with internal flesh
GOLDEN DELICIOUS breakdown. Williams Pride (co-
Goldspur Delicious M E-M M Y C/D op23) is an example from this
Starkspur Golden
Delicious M E-M M Y C/D
group, and although it has a fine
Smoothee M E-M M Y C/D flavor, the flesh breaks down so
Firmgold M E-M M Y C/D rapidly that the fruits are of no
Lysgolden (Goldenir) M-L E-M M Y C/D value. Among Japanese varieties

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Stark Ultra Gold M E-M M Y C/D being evaluated, Kinsei will prob-
Stark Golden
Delicious M E-M M Y C/D
ably be eliminated because of
Grimes Golden M E-M M Y C/D high susceptibility to bitter rot.
JONATHAN Although it is a very high-quality
Nured M M M R C/D fruit and is now very popular in

IV
Jonnee M M M R C/D supermarkets, Braeburn will prob-
Jonagold M M M R C/D ably diminish in potential because
GRANNY SMITH of its high susceptibility to bitter
Granny (Standard) L E-M L-M G C/D rot, powdery mildew, and sun-
Spur Granny L E-M L-M G C/D
burn. Within a few years, it should
ROME become very clear whether this
Law Rome L L H R C/D
H variety has even limited use in the
ARKANSAS BLACK
Arkansas Black
Southeast.
(Standard) L L H R C/D Certain older (antique type)
Spur Arkansas Black L L H R C/D varieties that may have merit for
EARLY GREEN TYPES home gardeners and possibly re-
C
Lodi E E M G/Y C tail farm markets include Grav-
Twenty Oz. Pippen E E-M M-H G/Y C enstein, Spitzenburg (Esopus),
Horse E E-M L-M G/Y C
and Ashmead’s Kernel.
FUJI
Fuji (Standard) L E-M L-M Y/R C/D Among the standard varieties
Red Fuji (B.C.2) L E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D generally not recommended in
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Red Fuji (Nagafu #12) L E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D Alabama because of fruit crack-
Red Fuji (Nagafu #6) L E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D ing, rapid flesh breakdown, or
Myra Fuji M E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D
Lynd Spur Fuji L E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D
other undesirable characteristics
UltraEarli Fuji L E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D are Stayman, Winesap (Stayman-
GALA Winesap), McIntosh, Cortland,
Gala (Standard) E E-M L-M Y/O C/D York, and Winter Banana (okay
Royal Gala E E-M L-M Y/R C/D as pollinizer).
Gale Gala E E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D Table 3 lists additional infor-
Ultra Red Gala E E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D
Galaxy Gala E E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D mation concerning the varieties
Imperial Gala E E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D listed. Some varieties are better
Buckeye Gala E E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D adapted to more regions of the
Big Red Gala E E-M L-M? Y/R? C/D state than others are. Most
growers would agree that it is
Continued on page 6 somewhat easier to produce
quality apples in northern areas
of the state than in most central
areas. Refer to Figure 2 for the
zone map of adaptation, which
shows how the state is divided

Apple Varieties in Alabama 5

Table 3. Suggested Apple Varieties—Useful Characteristics (cont’d) into north (N), central (C),
Season of Time of Chilling Skin Food south (S), and extreme south
Variety Ripening1 Flowering2 Requirement3 Color4 Utilization5 (ES).
OTHER VARIETIES
Ozark Gold E-M E-M M Y D An Overview of Apple
Mutsu (Crispin) M-L E-M M Y C/D
Dorsett Golden E E L Y D Variety Performance in
Anna E E L R D Alabama
Mollies Del. E E-M M R D
Saint Clair E-M E-M M R C Alabama growers have gener-
Wiregrass E-M E-M L-M Y/R C ally followed the trends of the
Brogden E-M E-M L-M R C U.S. as a whole in regard to es-
Yates L M M-H R C/D tablishing apple varieties. Sports
Black Twig L M-L H R C/D
LuraRed E M M R C of Red Delicious have largely
Melrose M M M-H R C/D dominated apple production in
Ginger Gold E M M Y C/D the state for many years, with se-
Braeburn L E-M L-M Y/R C/D lections of Golden Delicious

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1Early (E) = June to July; mid (M) = early Aug. to early Sept.; late (L) = mid-Sept.
being second in importance.
to early Nov. Other varieties such as Jonathan,
2Between each category, blooming may begin from several days to a week apart;
Rome, and Arkansas Black are
early (E), mid (M), and late (L). For optimum fruiting, mix varieties that have similar
times of flowering (do not use early flowering types to pollinate late-flowering types).
grown but are secondary to the
Reds and Goldens.

IV
Jonagold and Mutsu have sterile pollen and will not cross- pollinate other varieties.
3Chilling (hours at or below 45EF): low chilling (L) = 100 to 650 hr.; midchilling Historically, Alabama as well
(M) = 651 to 1,050 hr.; high chilling (H) = 1,050 hr. or more. as the entire Southeast has had
4Skin color is green (G) to yellow (Y); some varieties have a red (R) or orange
problems producing Red Delicious
(O) overcolor (blush). selections that develop acceptable
5Culinary (C) implies fruit’s primary value is for cooking; dessert (D) fruits are
red skin color for the wholesale
mainly used for out-of-hand or fresh consumption in salads; both (C/D) implies fruits
are multipurpose for fresh and cooking use.
market. The heat of August and
H
early September is largely respon-
sible for the poor red finish of Red
Delicious grown in the South. And
the shape or “typiness” of eastern-
grown Red Delicious, which tend
C
to be more round than elongated,
have been considered inferior to
Red Delicious grown in
Washington state.
Washington has done an ex-
AR

cellent marketing job over the

years, convincing consumers that
the beautifully shaped and high-
ly colored Washington-grown
Red Delicious are superior to all
others. Washington’s climate en-
ables them to produce apples
that have superior attractiveness
and eye appeal, and apple pro-
ducers and marketers have capi-
Figure 3. Royal Gala, a sport from the original Gala variety introduced into the talized on this ability. However,
U.S. from New Zealand. tree-ripened eastern-grown Red
Delicious have equal to superior
flavor as the same varieties
grown in Washington.
Golden Delicious selections
grown in Washington also have
beautiful, smooth, russet-free
skin, whereas many Golden vari-

6 Alabama Cooperative Extension System

eties grown in the Southeast de-
velop a rougher, russeted ap-
pearance although their internal
quality is fine.
Southeastern apple producers
have adjusted to the competition
in producing Reds and Goldens
by selecting outstanding varieties.
In the case of Red Delicious, the
most highly colored and superior
performing spur-type varieties are
Redchief (both strains), Oregon
Spur II, and, more recently,
Scarlet Spur. Sharp Red and Early
Red One are also acceptable, but
because they are nonspur types,

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growers have largely stopped
planting them.
In general, only spur-type Red Figure 4. Ginger Gold, a very popular early season Golden delicious type variety
Delicious selections are usually discovered in West Virginia.
acceptable to the industry today.

IV
There is no doubt that additional
Red Delicious varieties will • Ozark Gold, generally consid- Among newer varieties intro-
emerge in the future. Cumberland ered an early type of Golden duced in the 80s and 90s, certain
Spur, a spur-type Red Delicious Delicious, does well and has ones have performed quite well
variety discovered as a sport in attractive golden fruit, but it and are already being used by
Jackson County, Alabama, (and possesses only fair flavor that commercial producers. The latest
H is not nearly as good as selection to gain prominence is
recently patented) could well be-
come the most outstanding Red Ginger Gold. Ginger Gold, which will most
Delicious in the East. • Mutsu (a Japanese-type likely develop into the leading
In contrast to the use of Golden Delicious) grows well early Golden type grown in the
spur-type selections of Red and produces very high-quali- Southeast. It produces high
C
Delicious, the commercial indus- ty fruit, but it seems to per- yields of quality fruit that have
try primarily uses nonspur selec- form best in northern coun- already been accepted by the
tions of Golden Delicious. ties. Low yields have been a wholesale industry.
Among Golden Delicious selec- problem in central counties as Another very promising vari-
tions grown in the Southeast, well as northern counties. ety is Jonagold (Golden Delicious
AR

Smoothee has become the com- • Several Jonathan selections X Jonathan). Upon its release, it
mercial producers’ variety of have been grown in the state. was not considered to be a vari-
choice. Firmgold and Lysgolden Nured and Jonnee appear to ety for the Southeast because of
(Goldenir) have also performed be among the best varieties, the heat, but it continues to show
well and are being grown com- and both have done quite promise as a commercial variety.
mercially. All of these selections well, especially in northern It may well become a standard
produce attractive, mostly russet- counties. variety in the future.
free fruit of high quality. • Rome, particularly the Law Fuji (and its sports) has adapt-
Although the following stan- Rome variety, and Arkansas ed well to southeastern condi-
dard varieties are less popular, a Black (spur and nonspur se- tions and continues to be planted
number continue to be grown lections) perform quite well as by commercial producers. Since
successfully in the state: late varieties. its appearance is secondary and
• Granny Smith performs quite its internal quality is outstanding,
well (standard, nonspur growers remain optimistic about
Granny Smith variety pre- its future and are already success-
ferred). fully marketing the fruit.

Apple Varieties in Alabama 7

 Gala (and its sports) has References and Old Southern Apples. 1995.
proven just as successful as Fuji, Creighton Lee Calhoun, Jr. The
and it is already being marketed
Suggested Supplemental McDonald and Woodland Publishing
by commercial growers. Gala has Information Sources Co. P.O. Box 10308, Blacksburg, VA
rapidly become the early season Variety and Tree Fruit Trends. 1996. 24062-0308.
variety of choice. Although Royal American Fruit Grower 116(12):10. Complete Fruit Book. 1995. Bob
Gala is the most heavily planted The Great Orchards. 1998. Flowerdew. Kyle Cathie Limited. 20
sport, it is anticipated that most American Fruit Grower 118(9):6-7. Vauxhall Bridge Road, London
of the other recently released SWIV2SA.
Producing Tree Fruit for Home Use.
sports will also perform well. The Apples of New York. 1905.
1993. Michael L. Parker. AG-28. North
With the emergence of Gala and Beach, S.A., N.O. Booth and O.M.
Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.
Ginger Gold, growers now have Taylor. New York Agricultural
North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
two of the most outstanding early Experiment Station Report for 1903.
NC 27695-7609.
season varieties ever grown in Albany, NY. J.B. Lyon Company,
the Southeast. North Carolina Apple Production
Printers 1905.
Manual. 1997. Michael L. Parker. North
Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Apples: A Guide to the Identifica-

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North Carolina State University, Raleigh, tion of International Varieties. 1983.
NC 27695-7609. John Bultitude. University of
Washington Press, Seattle, WA.
Growing Fruits at Home. 1994.
Robert Polomski. Circular 681. Apples for the Twenty-First

IV
Cooperative Extension Service. Clemson Century. 1995. Warren Manhart. North
University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310. American Tree Company, Portland, OR.
Pacific Northwest Fruit Tester’s The Apple Book. 1988. Rosanne
Variety Characteristics Profile. 1992. Sanders. Philosophical Library, New
Pacific Northwest Fruit Tester’s York, NY.
Association. 1101 West Orchard Street,
H Selah, WA 98942.
Home Garden Apple. 1996. M.E.
Ferree. Circular 740. Cooperative
Extension Service. University of
Georgia, Athens, GA.
C
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Arlie Powell, Extension State Program Leader, Professor, David Himelrick,

Extension Horticulturist, Professor, and Robert C. Ebel, Assistant Professor, all
in Horticulture at Auburn University
For more information, call your county Extension office. Look in your tele-
phone directory under your county’s name to find the number.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work in agriculture and home economics, Acts of May 8 and June
30, 1914, and other related acts, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Alabama
Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) offers educational programs,
materials, and equal opportunity employment to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, religion,
ANR-1138 sex, age, veteran status, or disability. UPS, 7M38, Revised June 2000, ANR-1138