1.

Geographical outline of UK
The United Kingdom is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Its official name
is "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". UK has one government based in
London and has one currency: the pound sterling. People in the UK are called British although they
have different nationalities. London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland. The origins of London lie in Roman times.
England occupies the southern part of the island  of Great Britain. It shares land borders with
Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. London is the capital of England. Its main mountain
system is the Pennine Chain. The highest peak of England is Scafell Pike in the Cumbrian. The
Severn is the longest and the Thames is the deepest river in Great Britain. England is famous for its
Lake Windermere, Scafell Pike. 
The most important islands around English coasts are: the Isle of Man, Anglesey , the Isles of Scilly,
the Isle of Wight, also the Channel Islands.
The heavy fogs of England are famous. The climate in Great Britain is mild, that means that it’s
never too hot or too cold.
Birmingham, is England’s second largest city by population, its second largest shopping center,
birthplace of William Shakespeare. Bristol - It was England's great port.
Liverpool, was once the largest port in the United Kingdom after London. Manchester  is a business
city and the capital of contemporary culture. Manchester clubs and music are known worldwide.
Scotland lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. In general the climate is not
severe. The oceans around Scotland help to make its climate mild. Edinburgh is Scotland’s capital and
second city, is a city of monuments and schools. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.
Language -  Scottish, Gaelic language. Wales is the southwest coast of Great Britain. The capital city
of Wales is Cardiff. Wales the climate mild, but rainfall is heavy.
Welsh and English are both official languages in Wales. 
Northern Ireland takes up the northern corner of Ireland. It is the smallest component of the United
Kingdom. Ireland is always green so that it is called the “Emerald Lake”. The rivers in Ireland are
short, but deep. The largest river is Shannon.The capital and famous industrial center of Northern
Ireland is Belfast. English is the most spoken language in Northern Ireland. The Irish language and
the Ulster Scots are regional languages.

2. NATİONAL SYMBOLS,location main cities of the countries.

The national flag of the United Kingdom is also known as the Union Jack. The first flag was created
in 1606, it was known simply as ‘the flag of Britain’ or ‘the British flag’. The Union Jack, one of the
world’s most recognizable flags, combines the symbols of England’s patron saint St. George (red
cross on a white background), Scotland’s patron saint St. Andrew (diagonal white on blue) and
Ireland’s patron saint San Patricio (diagonal red cross on white). Wales is not shown on the flag of the
United Kingdom because, when the first version of the flag was created in 1606, Wales was part of
England.
England :
Flag: George’s Cross
Flower: Tudor Rose. The Tudor rose symbolizes the end of the Wars of the Roses. 
Animal: Lion
Tree: Oak
Motto: God and my right
Anthem: God save the Queen/King
 Scotland : Flag: Saint Andrew’s Cross
Animal: Unicorn
Bird: Golden Eagle
Cloth: Tartans
Flower: Thistle
Motto:"In Defence"
Anthem: Flower of Scotland
Wales :
Flag: The Red Dragon
Animal: Red Dragon
Bird: Red Kite
Flower: Daffodil
Motto: "Wales forever"
Anthem: "Land of my Fathers"
Northern Ireland :
Flag: Crown, and Red Hand of Ulster 
Flower: The shamrock (athree-leafed clover)
Motto: "Who will separate us?”
Anthem: God Save The Queen/King
3. The main cities of the 4 countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
4. Ancient Britain: Celtic tribes, their culture and superstitions.
The earliest inhabitants of Britain lived in caves. They hunted animals and gathered plants.They made
tools(əmək alətləri) and weapons out of flint(çaxmaq daşı) and bone. From about 2500BC farming
people began to cross to the British Isles from mainland (qitə)Europe.
Celts began to invade Britain around 750BC. The word Celt comes from the Greek word, Keltoi,
which means barbarians. Iron was brought by the first of the Celts. So their period is known as the
“Iron age”.They were also called Britons by the Romans.
There were 3 main branches of Celts in Europe: Brythonic (Britons), Gaulic and Gaelic.
Brythonic Celts settled in England and were split into many different tribes,each ruled by a king or
queen. Celts lived in round houses.
Character: They were emotional, heroic, wild, drunken, hospitable and battle-loving. They were so
clean and are credited (əlaqədar olmaq) with the invention of soap. Most of them were farmers and
traders. They loved music and made up stories.
Family: Their family was known as a clan.Usually it was an extended (böyük) family. Celts lived in
huts(daxma).Children would be raised (böyüdülmək) by foster parents(himayədar valideynlər)-the
brother of the birth-mother.
Hospitality: When the clan had guests ,they would have to do the best they could.
Marriage: The oaths are the only religious part of marriage. Women were equal to men. They could
choose own husbands and be war leaders .
Religion: Celts believed in many different gods and the “otherworld” means “life after death”.To be
killed or to kill wasn’t a negative act. Druids were “very knowledgeable ones”.They knew how to
read and write.Also they were able to predict what would happen in the future.Druids knew
something of medicine, law, mathematics and could trace the stars and planets.
Stonehenge is a collection of huge and strange shaped rocks.Nobody knows who built it or why it was
built.Durids probably used it for religious ceremonies.Today it is a tourist attraction in Britain.
Festivals were held for many reasons-to honor their gods; to provide a place for the young to meet or
marry; to provide rest for people. Some were just for men or women.But most festivals were
common.
5. Roman occupation,its reasons.
Nearly 2000 years ago Romans came to Britain from Rome,a central city of Italy. According to the
Roman legend, Romulus was the founder of Rome. Romulus and his twin brother Remus were
abandoned near River Tiber. Luckily, they were found by a she-wolf who feed them with her
milk.Then they were found by a shepherd (çoban).
First invasion- in 55BC The Roman general, Emperor Julius Caesar invaded Britain with 2 Roman
legions. After winning battles he returned to France.
Second invasion- in 54BC Caesar came to Britain again with 5 legions. After more fighting, the
British tribes promised to pay tribute (xərac) to Rome.
and final invasion- in 43AD Emperor Claudius organised the final and successful Roman invasion of
Britain with 4 legions. It took about 4 years for the invaders to finally gain control over
southern England, another 30 years for them to conquer (fəth etmək) all of the West Country. London
was then established as a seat of governance.
Why the Romans came to Britain isn’t quite certain.2 reasons have been suggested:
1. The Romans were cross with Britain for helping the Gauls fight against the Roman general
Julius Caesar.
2. They came Britain looking for riches-land, slaves, iron, gold etc.
The Romans remained in Britain from 43AD to 410AD. They called London “Londinium."

6. Roman heritage.
Nearly 2000 years ago Romans came to Britain and changed the country.They came from Rome,a
city in the centre of the country of Italy.According to the Roman legend,Romulus was the founder of
Rome.
After 3 invasions they were able to settled in Britain in 43AD and remained to 410AD. Why the
Romans came to Britain is not quite certain.Two reasons have been suggested: 1)They were cross
with Britain for helping the Gauls fight against the Roman general Julius Caesar. 2)They came to
Britain looking for riches-land, slaves, gold, silver..
The Romans inherited a rich heritage to the British: Language: The language the British use
today was developed from the Romans. They spoke and wrote in Latin and many of British words are
based on Latin words.The Romans wrote down their history, their literature and their laws.
The Calendar we use today was started by Julius Caesar and called the “solar calendar”.It has 365
days a year and 366 days every fourth year.The names of our months are taken from the names of
Roman gods and rulers such as July,that named after Julius Caesar himself. The laws and legal
system came originally from the Roman Empire. The Romans included millions of people living over
a large area.So they counted them.Today,many countries like Britain take a census (siyahıyalma)
every 10 years. Religion: Christianity reached
England from Ireland and from Rome at the end of the 6th century.
Roman families live together in one house and were centered on a father figure called “Pater
Familias”.Pater familias was always the oldest male of the family.He could punish other members of
the family, even kill them.The role of the women in family was to take care of housekeeping.
They also inherited straight roads, central heating, machines, tools, millitary technology and so on.
Romans
•Changed the life in Britain: made much advancement in different fields: straight roads, central
heating, concrete, aqueducts (bridges for water), roman soldiers, plumbing, machines, sundials, tools,
glassblowing, military technology, calendar, baths, census, language.
7. The Anglo-Saxon occupation: The particular features of their style of living.
The Anglo-Saxons were a group of farmer-warriors who lived in Britain thousands of years ago.
Made up of three tribes who came over from Europe, they were called the Angle, Saxon, and Jute
tribes. The two largest were the Angle and Saxon.
The Anglo-Saxons first tried invading in the 4th century, but the Roman army were quick to send
them home again! Years later – around 450AD – the Ancient Romans left Britain, the Anglo-Saxons
seized their chance and this time they were successful.
Some Anglo-Saxons came to Britain to fight, but others came peacefully, to find land to farm. The
Anglo-Saxons knew Britain was a rich land. Their own lands often flooded, making it difficult to
grow enough food. There was not enough land for everyone.
After the Roman soldiers left in 410 AD, Britain no longer had a strong army to defend it. There were
battles between Anglo-Saxons and Britons. In 491 AD, for instance, a fight for the Roman fort at
Pevensey in Sussex was won by the Anglo-Saxons, who killed all the Britons in the fort.
Whether they settled peacefully, or drove the Britons from their lands, the Anglo-Saxons took control
of most of Britain.
Angles settled in East Anglia, the East Midlands and further north in Northumbria.
Saxons moved in to Sussex, Essex , Middlesex and Wessex.
Jutes settled mainly in Kent, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.
Anglo-Saxon houses. The Anglo-Saxons didn’t like the stone houses and streets left by the Romans,
so they built their own villages.
They surrounded each village with a high fence to protect cattle from wild animals like foxes and
wolves, and to keep out their enemies, too.
Anglo-Saxon houses were small wooden huts with a straw roof, and inside was just one room in
which the whole family lived, ate, slept and socialised together.
Anglo-Saxon place names. Many towns and villages still carry their Anglo-Saxon names today,
including “England” which comes from the Saxon word “Angle-Land”. Early Anglo-Saxon villages
were named after the leader of the tribe.
Anglo-Saxon food.  Meat was cooked on the fire and they ate bread, drank beer and . They grew
wheat, barley for making bread and porridge, grew fruit and vegetables like carrots, and apples, and
kept pigs, sheep and cattle for meat, wool and milk.
Anglo-Saxon clothes. Anglo-Saxons made their own clothes out of natural materials. The men wore
long-sleeved tunics made of wool or linen (kətan), often decorated with a pattern (naxış). Shoes were
usually made out of leather and fastened.
The women would wear an under-dress of linen or wool and an outer-dress like a pinafore called a
“peplos”. Anglo-Saxon women loved a bit of bling and often wore necklaces, bracelets and rings.
8. Alfred the Great (social and political achievements, strugle against Scandinavian occupants,
the role in the history of England).
Alfred the Great was Anglo-Saxon the King of Wessex, England, from 871 to 899. He lived and
reigned during the Viking period and played a key role in making peace between the Anglo-Saxons
and the invading Danes. He built up the borders to protect his people from the Danes. King Alfred
became known as Alfred the Great .He also established laws, education, a navy (donanma), and
reformed the English economy.
 Alfred the Great was born in Wantage, Oxfordshire, England, in 849.
 In 853, Alfred was confirmed by Pope Leo IV in Rome.
 In the 860s and 870s, Alfred fought many battles against the Vikings who were trying to
invade England.
 Alfred the Great is the only British king to have ‘the Great’ after their name.
 In 886, Alfred the Great returned his attention to London.London had previously been
invaded by the Vikings but Alfred returned it to the Anglo Saxons.
 In around 890, Alfred introduced new laws of the land, known as the law code.
 He implemented (həyata keçirmək) a system whereby landowners (torpaq sahib.) were
required to do military service, fortress (qala) work and bridge building – a sort of ‘tax’
 He also implemented ‘burghs’ or ‘boroughs’. These were fortified ( möhkəmlənmiş) towns
around the country
 The council that helped Alfred the Great to rule the country was known as the Witan, and was
made up of noblemen and church leaders
 Alfred the Great died on October 26, 899.
Dane Invasion . In the mid-800s the Danes (people from Denmark) began to invade England. At first
they just raided (basqın et.) the coastlines (sahil xəttləri) , but soon they were taking over land and
establishing settlements.
In 870, the Danes attacked the kingdom of Wessex. A young prince by the name of Alfred led the
Saxons against the Danes and won a great victory at the Battle of Ashdown. He repelled (dəf etmək)
several Danish attacks on Wessex and after years of effort he defeated the Danes at the Battle of
Edington (878). This victory helped to bring about peace with the Danes. King Alfred managed to
come to a peaceful agreement with the leader of the Danish invasion, Guthrum. The agreement was
that Alfred would keep control of Wessex, and Guthrum could keep control of East Anglia. The two
nations lived in relative peace.
9. Anglo- Saxon heritage.
The Anglo-Saxons were a group of farmer-warriors who lived in Britain thousands of years ago.
Made up of three tribes who came over from Europe, they were called the Angle, Saxon, and Jute
tribes. The two largest were the Angle and Saxon, which is how we’ve come to know them as the
Anglo-Saxons today.
The Anglo-Saxons first tried invading in the 4th century, but the Roman army were quick to send
them home again! Years later – around 450AD – the Ancient Romans left Britain, the Anglo-Saxons
seized their chance and this time they were successful.
Anglo-Saxon houses:
The Anglo-Saxons didn’t like the stone houses and streets left by the Romans, so they built their own
villages. Anglo-Saxon houses were small wooden huts with a straw roof, and inside was just one
room in which the whole family lived, ate, slept and socialised together – much like an ancient
version of open-plan living.
Anglo- Saxon place names :
Many towns and villages still carry their Anglo-Saxon names today, including “England” which
comes from the Saxon word “Angle-Land”. Early Anglo-Saxon villages were named after the leader
of the tribe so everyone knew who was in charge.
The Anglo-Saxons settled in many different parts of the country – the Jutes ended up in Kent, the
Angles in East Anglia, and the Saxons in parts of Essex, Wessex, Sussex and Middlesex.
Anglo- Saxon food :
They grew wheat, barley for making bread and porridge, grew fruit and vegetables like carrots, and
apples, and kept pigs, sheep and cattle for meat, wool and milk.
Anglo- Saxon clothes :
Anglo-Saxons made their own clothes out of natural materials. The men wore long-sleeved tunics
made of wool or linen, often decorated with a pattern. The women would wear an under-dress of linen
or wool and an outer-dress like a pinafore called a “peplos”.
Legacy :
Anglo-Saxon rule came to an end with the Norman Conquest of 1066, but the Saxons left their legacy
on England. This includes the language, culture, and politics of the land. Many of the shires
established by the Saxons are still used as boundaries today.
10. Norman occupation,its reasons.
The Normans were descended ( nəslindən idi) from Vikings who had settled in northern France. In
911, they accepted the French king as their overlord (ağa).The Normans were converted (çevrilmişdi)
into Christianity and adopted the French language and culture.
After the death of the last king of the House of Wessex, Edward the Confessor (ruled from 1042 to
1066) struggles for the throne began. The main rivals (rəqib) were Harold Godwinson, Harald
Hardrada and William of Normandy.
Harold was immediately crowned king and became Harold II. The Royal council, known as the
Witan, supported him. At the Battle of Stamford Bridge Harold’s army killed Harald Hardrada. İn
1066,the Normans,led by William crossed the English Channel and defeated the army of Harold II at
the Battle of Hastings. Harold was killed. William conquered England and then made raids on
Scotland. By 1100 the Normans controls most of Wales. William wouldn’t have won the Battle of
Hastings without his well-trained army. As a reward for their help William gave them land in
England.In return they had to promise to fight for thw King and pay taxes.
The Normans came to Britain to get riches, new lands. As the consequences of the Norman
occupation, England’s links with Denmark and Norway were broken. William got rid of all the Saxon
nobels and imposed the feudal system on England. He re-organized the church and brought men from
France to be bishops (yepiskop) and abbots.

11. Norman heritage.

The Normans were descended from Vikings who had settled in northern France. In 911, they accepted
the French king as their overlord 2 and were granted 3 the area known as Normandy. The Normans
were converted into Christianity and adopted the French language and culture.
Edward the Confessor, usually considered the last king of the House of Wessex, ruled from 1042 to
1066 and died on 5th January 1066. Dying with no son and heir, his death sparked a
series of struggles for the throne. When Edward the Confessor died childless, the main rivals for the
throne were Harold Godwinson, Harald Hardrada and William of Normandy. When Edward the
Confessor died, Harold Godwinson, was immediately crowned king and became Harold II. He
gathered an army to defend the kingdom.
Harald Hardrada was king of Norway. He invaded Yorkshire with a fleet 4of ships, but was defeated
and killed by Harold's army at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
While Harold II was in the north of England fighting Hardrada, William, Duke of Normandy invaded
Sussex. Harold rushed back south to fight him.
So, in 1066, the Normans, led by William, Duke of Normandy, crossed the English Channel, landed
in the south and defeated the army of Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. William conquered England
and then made raids on Scotland. By 1100 the Normans controls most of Wales.
William would not have won the Battle of Hastings without his welltrained army. As a reward for
their help William gave them land in England. In return they had to promise to fight for the King and
pay taxes.
It meant that William could quickly build up and pay for a large army if he was attacked. Most
Normans who were given land built castles to show the local people who was in charge. William was
crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066, but it took years more fighting to conquer the
whole country. His cruelest campaign was the 'Harrying of the North' in 1069, where he slaughtered
the inhabitants of the northeast and destroyed their food stores so that even the survivors starved to
death. The Norman Conquest changed the face of England forever. William ruled as unquestioned
conqueror and the Saxons became merely an unpaid workforce for their new lords. The Norman
Conquest also changed the history of Europe - adding the wealth of England to the military might of
Normandy made the joint-kingdom a European superpower.
Consequences • The Norman Conquest changed the face of England and western Europe forever. •
The Norman Conquest broke England's links with Denmark and Norway, and connected the country
to Normandy and Europe. •William got rid of all the Saxon nobles and imposed' the feudal system on
England. • The Normans treated women much worse than the Saxons had. • Norman-French and
Anglo-Saxon words make up the English language we use today. For example, royal, law come from
Norman-French words, but king, rules come from Saxon ones. • Tensions between the English and
their new French rulers lasted for at least three centuries.
12. William The Conqueror. His role in the development of feudalism in Britain.
William the Conqueror
Reign: 1066 – 1087
Childhood. William was born in 1028 in the city of Falaise which was part of the Duchy of
Normandy. His father was the powerful
Robert I, Duke of Normandy, but his mother was the daughter of a local tanner. His parents weren't
married, making William an illegitimate 1child. Duke of Normandy. Despite being an illegitimate
child, William grew up and was raised as the future Duke of Normandy. When William was seven
years old, his father decided to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Since William was his only son,
Robert assembled his nobles and had them swear that William would be his heir in case of his death.
When Robert died on his return trip from Jerusalem,
William was made Duke of Normandy. William was crowned Duke of Normandy in 1035. Because
he was only seven years old and an illegitimate child, many people challenged 2 his right to rule as
Duke. Over the next several years there were many attempts on William's life. For a time his great-
uncle, the Archbishop Robert, looked after William. After the archbishop died, it was mostly King
Henry I of France's support that helped William to keep his title.
Marriage. In 1050 William married Matilda of Flanders. This was a political marriage. Matilda and
William would have four sons and five daughters.
Building Castles. One of William's most lasting legacies was his castle building. He built castles
throughout England in order to maintain control. Perhaps the most famous castle William built is the
White Tower of the Tower of London.
 Domesday Book . In 1085, William ordered a full survey of the landholdings of all of England. He
had men go around the land and record who owned the land and all the property they had including
such things as livestock, farm equipment, and mills. This information was all put into a single book
called the Domesday Book.
Death . William died while leading a battle in Northern France in 1087. His oldest son Robert became
Duke of Normandy and his second son William became king of England.
His role in the development of feudalism in Britain.
in 1066, the Normans, led by William, Duke of Normandy, crossed the English Channel, landed in the
south and defeated the army of Harold
II at the Battle of Hastings. Harold was killed. William conquered England and then made raids on
Scotland.William was crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066, but it took years more
fighting to conquer the whole country. His cruelest campaign was the 'Harrying of the North' in 1069,
where he slaughtered the inhabitants of the north-east and destroyed their food stores so that even the
survivors starved3 to death. The Norman Conquest changed the face of England forever. William
ruled as unquestioned conqueror and the Saxons became merely 4 an unpaid workforce for their new
lords. The Norman Conquest also changed the history of Europe – adding the wealth of England to
the military might of Normandy made the jointkingdom a European super-power. Consequences
• The Norman Conquest changed the face of England and western Europe forever.
• The Norman Conquest broke England's links with Denmark and Norway, and connected the
country to Normandy and Europe.
• William got rid of all the Saxon nobles and imposed5 the feudal system on England.

• The new Norman landowners built castles to defend themselves against the Saxons they had
conquered.
• William re-organized the church in England. He brought men from France to be bishops and
abbots. Great cathedrals and huge monasteries were built.
• The Normans treated women much worse than the Saxons had.
• Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon words make up the English language we use today. For
example, royal, law come from NormanFrench words, but king, rules come from Saxon ones.
Tensions between the English and their new French rulers lasted for at least three centuries.
13. Magna Carta.
Magna Carta (Great Charter) was sealed at the end of John’s reign on June 15, 1215 (It was called
Articles of the Barons). By declaring the sovereign to be subject to the rule of law and documenting
the liberties held by “free men,” the Magna Carta would provide the foundation for individual rights
in Anglo-American jurisprudence. The Magna Carta was written in Latin and was really the first
constitution, in writing that existed in the history of Europe. Of the sixty three clauses, many were on
the topic of the property rights of power citizens and the barons, including limited intentions of the
farmers. The benefits of the charter were really for the elite class of people, without giving the general
citizens any voice in the government. By the 17th century, two acts
of English legislation were added: the 1628 Petition of Right and the 1679 Habeas Corpus Act. The
Habeas Corpus Act is called Clause 39 and states that “no free man shall be…imprisoned or disseized
(dispossessed)…except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.” Clause 40
states “To no one will we sell, to no one will we deny or delay right or justice”. These two acts,
including their clauses became important parts of the future legal systems of both Britain and the
United States. The Magna Carta is a significant document in the evolution of
civil rights and is considered to be the first document of human freedom. It placed England on the
road to a democratic state and introduced the lawyers in England to the concept of Human Rights as
we know it now.
Essentially the Magna Carta protected normal, everyday people from being completely controlled by
their rulers, giving them the freedom to live their lives the way they choose, own things without
fearing they will be taken away, and have freedom and independence. It also allowed the general
population to hold their rulers to account. Before the Magna Carta, the king could take whatever he
felt like from anyone, but after signing the charter, if the king tried to take something that didn’t
belong to him, he could be arrested and put in prison the same as the rest of the people in his
kingdom.
14. The Beginning of English Parliament.
Henry II was the first Angevin1 king. He belonged to the House of Anjou 2 , a province in France,
south-west of Normandy. His family name was Plantagenet, so Henry II is also known as the first
Plantagenet3 King. His wife Eleanor of Aquitaine was one of the most powerful and wealthiest
women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages. She led armies several times in her life and
was a leader of the Second Crusade. Three months after becoming duchess upon the death of her
father she married King Louis VII of France. However, Eleanor wanted an annulment4 of her
marriage, but her request was rejected by Pope Eugene III. After the birth of her second daughter
Alix, Louis agreed to an annulment, as 15 years of marriage had not produced a son. As soon as the
annulment was granted, Eleanor became engaged to the duke of Normandy, who became King Henry
II of England in 1154. Henry was her third cousin and 11 years younger. Over the next 13 years, she
bore eight children: five sons, three of whom became kings; and three daughters. However, Henry
imprisoned her in 1173 for supporting their sons’ revolt against him. She was not released until 6 July
1189, when Henry died and their second son, Richard the Lionheart1, ascended2 the throne. Henry II
appears among the most notable of English kings. He defended and enlarged of his dominions, he was
involved in two lengthy and disastrous3 personal quarrels (with his family and his best friend Thomas
Becket), and he carried out lasting administrative and judicial reforms. Royal Abbey of Our Lady of
Fontevraud, Anjou is burial place of Henry II and his family except for his favorite son John. Because
by the time John died the Plantagenet Empire was torn apart4 by rebellion war and Fontevraud was
ruled by France. Richard who succeeded to the throne after his father death was a warrior on the
Third Crusade and spent most of his time abroad. His brother, John Lackland, usurped 5 the throne
while Richard was away and became king after his death.
15.The Tudors ,Absolute Monarchy in the period of tudors.
The House of Tudor, an English royal dynasty of Welsh origin, is one of the famous dynasties in the
history of England . The reign of this royal dynasty comes from 1485 to 1603. House of Tudor gave
five sovereigns to England: 1.Henry VII
2.Henry VIII
3.Edward VI
4.Mary I
5.Elizabeth I
The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were
succeeded by the House of Stuart. The first king of Tudor dynasty Henry VII (1457-1509) lived in
France until 1485. During the reign, Henry VII reached three achievements:
1. he made the monarchy strong
2. he brought stability to England
3. he earned the respect of his subjects.
4. He managed to keep peace between England and France
Henry VIII’s reign was to be the most notable for the “break from Rome”, the nationalization of the
English Church and the beginning of the English Reformation. Kilsə reformasiyasından da danış!!
Henry VIII died in 1547, after his died Edward VI succeeded throne. Edward was a sickly boy, and in
1552 it was clear that he would not live much longer.
Mary I. Mary devoted (həsr etmək)  herself to the restoration of the Catholic religion in England. A
number of Protestants refused to change their religion were executed. Her nickname was "Bloody
Mary".
16. Henry VIII and the reason of England Reformation In Church.
Henry VIII’s reign was to be the most notable for the “break from Rome”, the nationalization of the
English Church and the beginning of the English Reformation.
He spent his most of energies  to the international relations, especially war with France.
İn Germany, Martin Luter argued with the Pope. He left the Roman Church and protestants followed
his example. Henry VIII was sided with the Pope. Later he himself quarreled with the Pope in order to
carry out the first steps towards the “reforming” of the Church of England.
The real causes of the Reformation were many, but the immediate cause of Henry’s break with the
Pope was, however, his marriage with Catherine of Aragon.
In 1529,the struggle for the Reformation of the Church began.
The main cause of the Reformation was Henry's wish to get divorce with his wife, but the whole
process was much deeper — Henry, advised by Cardinal Wolsey, wanted to make the Royal Power
absolute, so he used the Reformation Parliament to accomplish this.
The Reformation Parliament (1529—1536) stayed for seven years until the separation from Rome
was almost completed. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 recognized the Anglican Church as the official
church in the country with Henry VIII as its head. Archbishop Cranmer pronounced Henry's marriage
with Catherine invalid and Henry married Anne Boleyn.
The Reformation Parliament also forbade any appeals to the Pope. The English Church fortune and
power now became a part of the state. In 1536 a second Act of Succession (vərəsəlik) allowed Henry
an extraordinary freedom to name his heir. As a result of the royal supremacy, all religious questions
became political.
In the churches the service was to be in English instead of Latin, and every parish church was to have
an English Bible.
The English translation of the Bible appeared in 1539 and encouraged a freedom of thought and eased
the next stage of the Reformation. Henry 7 was dead in 1547 .
17. Golden age of Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603, the last of the Tudor monarchs.
The Elizabethan era is considered the "Golden Age" in English history.
She never married. Nicknamed the "Virgin Queen"
Towards end of her reign , a series of economic and military problems weakend her popularity.
Childhood of Elizabeth I.
Elizabeth was born on September 7th 1533, the second daughter of King Henry VIII.
Elizabeth was two when her mother, Anne Boleyn was executed for treason and adultery; the
marriage was declared invalid and Elizabeth declared illegitimate.
She received an excellent education, proving very good at languages.
Elizabeth's position became very difficult under the rule of her siblings.
Queen Elizabeth I.
📌In 1558 Elizabeth I came to the English throne and became the last monarch of Tudor.
📌Elizabeth  assembled a Privy Council and promoted a number of key advisors: one, William Cecil
(later Lord Burghley)
📌 When she succeded the throne, her first consern was to secure a  United Church and to make a
peace between the Protestants and the Catholics of the country.
📌The Elizabethan Age was a period darling sailors and great writers.
📌The period is also called the Golden Age, for these years saw England rise to the status of world
power thanks to voyages of exploration and economic expansion. At the same time, "English
Renaissance" occurred
📌Towards the end of Elizabeth's long reign problems began to grow: poor harvests, high inflation
damaging both the economic situation and belief in the queen, failed military actions in Ireland
📌On Elizabeth’s death in 1603, the Crown passed to James Stuart, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Religion. The English monarch was head of a, largely Protestant, English church.
The Act of Supremacy in 1559 began a process of gradual reform, effectively creating the Church of
England.
The Act of Uniformity ordered all subjects to attend church on Sundays.
War and Peace 📌Spain decided to evade England
and restore Catholic Church. Philip of Spain declared war on England and sent a fleet, the Armada,
with 22,000 soldiers in order to invade the country.
📌 In 1588 the Spanish fleet was practically destroyed and for a long time England had no rivals on
the sea.
18. English Renaissance
The English Renaissance 1 was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early
16th century to the early 17th century. It started in northern Italy in the fourteenth century. This era in
English cultural history is sometimes referred to as “the age of Shakespeare” or “the Elizabethan era.
The term Renaissance means “Rebirth”. The English Renaissance differs from the Italian Renaissance
in several ways. First, the dominant art forms of the English Renaissance. Were literature and music,
and the Visual arts were much less significant than in the Italian Renaissance. The English period
began far later than the Italian, which is usually considered to begin with Dante, Petrarch and Giotto
in the early 1300s, and was moving into Mannerism and the Baroque by the 1550s or earlier. In
contrast, the English Renaissance can only be said to begin in the 1520s, and continued until perhaps
1620.
Music
The Italian and English Renaissances were similar in sharing a specific musical aesthetic. In an irony
of history, a military invasion from a Catholic country—Spain—failed in that year, but a cultural
invasion, from Italy, succeeded. Poetry.
Theater. English Renaissance theatre is English drama written between the Reformation and the
closure of the theatres in 1642. It may also be called early modern English theatre. It includes the
drama of William Shakespeare along with many other famous dramatists. The establishment of large
and profitable public theatres was an essential factor in the success of English Renaissance. The
crucial initiating development was the building of The Theatre by James Burbage and John Brayne in
Shoreditch in 1576. The Theatre was rapidly followed by the nearby Curtain Theatre (1577), the Rose
(1587), the Swan (1595), the Globe (1599), the Fortune (1600), and the Red Bull (1604). Genres of
the period included the history play, which depicted English or European history. Shakespeare’s plays
about the lives of kings, such as “Richard III” and “Henry V”, belong to this category, as do
Christopher Marlowe’s “Edward II” and George Peele’s “Famous Chronicle of King Edward the
First”. Tragedy was a popular genre. Marlowe’s tragedies were exceptionally popular, such as “Dr.
Faustus” and “The Jew of Malta”. The audiences particularly liked revenge dramas, such as Thomas
Kyd’s “The Spanish Tragedy”. Comedies were common, too. A sub-genre developed in this period
was the city comedy, which deals satirically with life in London after the fashion of Roman New
Comedy. Examples are Thomas Dekker’s “The Shoemaker’s Holiday” and Thomas Middleton’s “A
Chaste Maid in Cheapside”. Visual arts. English art was to be dominated by portraiture, and then later
landscape art, for centuries to come. The significant English invention was the portrait miniature.
Though the form was developed in England by foreign artists, by the late 16th century natives such as
Nicolas Hilliard and Isaac Oliver produced the finest work, even as the best producers of larger
portraits in oil were still foreigners. The portrait miniature had spread all over Europe by the 18th
century. The portraiture of Elizabeth I was carefully controlled, and developed into an elaborate and
wholly un-realist iconic style, that has succeeded in creating enduring images. Science. The age was
accompanied by the birth of modern science, mathematics, astronomy etc. In the 4th decade of 16th
century, Copernicus replaced Aristotle’s system with the sun, instead of earth at the center of the
universe. In astronomy, Harvey discovered circulation of blood in 1628. In addition to this, there was
the use of clocks, telescopes, thermometers, compasses, microscopes etc. Hence there was a
considerable development in the scientific field.
Poets such as Edmund Spenser and John Milton produced works that demonstrated an increased
interest in understanding English Christian beliefs, such as the allegorical representation of the Tudor
Dynasty in “The Faerie Queene”2 and the retelling of mankind’s fall from paradise in “Paradise Lost”
3 ; playwrights, such as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, composed theatrical
representations of the English take on life, death, and history. During period of the Tudor Dynasty,
philosophers like Sir Thomas More and Sir Francis Bacon published their own ideas about humanity
and In 1588, Nicholas Yonge published in England the “Musica transalpina”- a collection of Italian
madrigals – that became rather popular.
19. Great Britain in the 21th Centuary. Current problems
As one of the main countries in Europe the United Kingdom has considerable influence on
international politics. One of the most important political institutions are Prime Minister’s office and
Foreign and Commonwealt office. The Cabinet also has an important role in British foreign politcy.
This model called “Core executive” . Britain is one of
the EU( European union: Europena economic Community have some members . But Britain did not
join the Union. Harold Macmillan- the prime minister had realized the mistake in 1960s). British
companies are important part of European market. A referendum with more than 30 million people
voting for that UK should leave or remain in the European Union in 2016.
“Transition Period” ( keçid dövrü) refers to a period of time after 29 March 2019, to 31 December
2020 to prepare the new post -Brexit ( it is a word that is used as a short hand way of saying the UK
leaving the EU)
İn this century, Britain’ s international policy includes several military intervations.
İn 2000, Britain had military operation in Serra Leone civil war.
İn 2001, september 11 happened terrorist attack.
İn 2011, happened some conflicts in Libya.
Happened some political changes in the country:
1.İn 2007, Gordon Brown replaced Tony Blair as prime minister
2.İn 2014, a referandum in Scotland rejected leave from the UK.
3.İn 2016, UK voted to leave the European Union.
The country faced some iternal challanges too:
1.In 2015 Bomb attack happened on London’s transport network.
2.In 2017 At Manchester arena after american singer Ariana Grande’s concert happened terrorist
attack .
20. British population, ethnic minorities,immigrants, religion
İmigrants together with natives make the ethnic groups in Great Britain. Romans, Angli-Saxon and
Celts settled in Great Britain before the 11th century.
The ethnic groups in the United Kingdom include white, balck British or Afro-Caribbean and İndian.
White Europeans;
The majority of the White Europeans (64%) in the United Kingdom is between the age of 16 and 64.
Religion- White European are predominantly Christians. The white European also dominantes other
etnic groups in the political, social, and economic sectors in Great Britain.
Black British and Afro Caribbean
•European brought Africans to work as slaves in New World.
Great Britain, France and Netherlands have the highest number of Afro-Carribean. İn the United
Kingdom, the Black British form 3% of thə total population. They speak a variety of english dialect.
The majority of Black british have faced a racism.
İndians;
The culture is characterized by philosophy, literature, architecture and music.
Religion- Most of İndian people in the United Kingdom are buddhists and Hindus. Their dressing and
clothing are unique and different. Women wear saris while mdn wear angarkhs. Their food often
icludes rice, wheat flour.
21. The role of Great Britain in world economy, employment, current problems, development
and achievements.
In the 19th century, British industry helped to make the country the most powerful nation in the
world.
Major Industries: machine tools, electric power equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft,
motor vehicles and parts, electronics, metals, chemicals, paper and paper products, clothing.
Agricultural Products: cereals, oilseed, potatoes, cattle, sheep, poultry, fish.
Natural Resources: coal, natural gas, zinc, gold, salt, chalk.
Major Exports: manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals, food, tobacco.
Major Imports: manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, foodstuffs. Currency: British pound.
The UK isn’t a very big country, but it does have a large economy. Historically, most people in
Britain worked on the land. But very few people work in this primary industry today – about one in
every hundred. The majority of people living in Britain work in the service industry, which includes
retail, healthcare and education.
Along with New York, London is one of the biggest centres for international finance in the world.
Other industries that are important for the UK, because of the large amount of money they make for
the country, include: the manufacture of cars, aerospace , the media, energy, tourism. Employment in
the UK.
The employment rate of mothers in England has increased to 73.7% between 1996 and 2017. Mothers
with children aged between 1 and 12 years old are more likely to be in part-time employment than
full-time employment. As couple families have more children, the father is in fulltime work and the
mother in part-time work.
In the 21th century, Britain’s international policy includes several military interventions. In 2000,
Britain had military operation in Sierra Leone Civil War. Prime Minister Tony Blair offered the US
President Bush British support for a campaign against international terrorism. The
RAF (Royal Air Force) joined in strikes against targets in Afghanistan.
British troops were deployed as part of a NATO force. The country witnessed some internal
challenges too. In 2015 in London bombings, 52 people were killed and about 700 were injured in
suicide bomb attacks on London’s transport network. In 2006, Russian defector Alexander Litvinenko
was murdered in London. He had been ingested radioactive polonium. In 2017, Khalid Masood killed
five people, including a police officer, and injured 45. Later, in June, three terrorists drove a van at
people on London Bridge. As a result 8 were killed and 48 injured.
There happened some political changes in the country. In 2007, Gordon
Brown replaced Tony Blair as Prime Minister and leader of the Labour Party. In May 2010,
Conservative Party won the general election but without an overall majority in the House of
Commons. The same year, the UK ended operations in Afghanistan. In 2015, in May, the
Conservative Party won general election. In 2016, in a national referendum in June, the UK voted to
leave the European Union. Prime Minister David Cameron resigned, and was succeeded by former
home secretary, Theresa May.
Britain became center of some interesting social and cultural events too.
Queen Elizabeth II celebrated her Golden Jubilee in 2002 and her Diamond Jubilee in 2012. She
became the longest-UK monarch ever in 2015 and in 2017, she celebrated her Sapphire Jubilee – 65
years.
In 2012, Britain hosted the Summer Olympics and Paralympics. In 2011, Prince William married
Kate Middleton and in 2013, The Duchess of Cambridge gave birth to a son George – heir to the
throne.
22. How Britain is run.
The United Kingdom is parliamentary monarchy. The head of state is the monarch—the king or
queen. The head of government is the Prime Minister.
The political system in Great Britain is divided among three branches: the legislative branch, the
executive branch and the judicial branch. The legislative branch is represented by Monarch and
Parliament, which consists of two chambers, or houses: the House Lords and the House of Commons.
Parliament in Britain has existed since 1265.
Having been organized in the reign of King Henry III under the
Leading of Simon de Montfort. The House of Lords consist of Spiritual Lords and Temporal Lords.
The number of members of the House of Lords is not fixed. There are 791 Lords. The House of
Commons is elective chamber and the members of this house are elected by a general elections. The
whole country is divided into constituencies.
Members of the House of Commons are elected for 5 years.
Parliament’s main function is to make laws.İf the bill is approved,it is sent to the House if Lord.İf it
doesn’t like it,it is postponed for 1 year.İf the House of Commons accept the bill again,House of
Lords cannot reject it. This laws are adopted only with the approval of the Queen.
The executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the leader of the
political party that has won the elections. The Prime minister appoints the ministers to compose the
government. All Government Ministers have to be a member of either the House of Commons or the
House of Lords.
The judicial branch of the political system of the UK is presented by
Courts. Generally they are divided into Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Crown Court and
Magistrates’ courts.
Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and implemented in October
2009, replacing the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords. It consists of 12 justices.These
judges are appointed by the monarch for life. Court of Appeal is
Presented by civil and criminal divisions. The Civil division hears appeals from the High Court,
county courts and certain special courts.The Criminal Division considers complaints against
individual in the Crown Courts. It includes England and Wales.
Crown Court is a court that considers murders and crimes. There is a jury of 12 people.
Magistrates’ Courts- all criminal case begin at a magistrates’ court. Summary offences are smaller
crimes that can be punished with fines, short-term imprisonment,community sentences ets.
23.The Legislative power in UK
The Unted Kingdom is a constitutional parliamentary monarchy. The head of state is monarch-the
king and queen. The head of government is the Prime Minister.
The political system in Great Britain is divided into 3 branches:
The Legislative branch
The Executive branch
The Judicial branch
THE LEGİSLATİVE BRANCH:
This is represented by monarch and prliament, which consists of two chambers or houses.
The House Lords
The House of Commons
Parliament in Britain has existed since 1265. This parliament is the oldest parliament in the world.
This parliament has organized by Simon de Montford . The sessions of the parliament are opened in
the House Lords by queen or king.
THE HOUSE LORDS:
Is consists of Spritual Lords and Temporal Lords . There are 791 lords in the House Lords.
THE HOUSE OF COMMONS:
Is elected chamber. The member of this chamber are elected by a general elections. The whole
country is divided into constituencies. Members are elected during 5 years. And now ,there are 650
members. The main function of the parliament is to make laws. A bill is proposed by House of lords,
if it bill,it is sent to the House of Lords. If it doesn’t like bill,it has right to postpone bill for one year.
After one year, The House of Commons passes the bill again,The House of Lords can’t reject it..
24.The Executive Power in UK.
The Unted Kingdom is a constitutional parliamentary monarchy. The head of state is monarch-the
king and queen. The head of government is the Prime Minister.
The political system in Great Britain is divided into 3 branches:
The Legislative branch
The Executive branch
The Judicial branch
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH:
This branch is headed by Prime Minister. He is appointed by the king or queen. The prime minister
is leader of political party. The prime minister appoints the ministers to compose the government
All ministers in the Government must be member of same chamber. And every government
department have to have at least one minister in the Lords. The numbers changes,but usually it will be
 around 120, the 20 or so most senior being Cabinet Ministers. The main function of Executive branch
is to administrate the laws
The Cabinet:
This is a formal body. Ministers of cabinet are elected by Prime Ministers. Most members are leaders
of government departments with the title Secretary of State.
According to constitution the head of the state is monarch,who us the member of the Royal family.
This person receives a weekly oral report from the Prime Minister. This tradition has started in 1714
with King George I.
The most important person in the British political system is the Prime Minister. The first Prime
Minister was Sir Robert Walpole(1721-1742). The current Prime Minister is Theresa
May(since2016). She is only the second woman to hold the post.
25. Judicial Power in UK.
The Unted Kingdom is a constitutional parliamentary monarchy. The head of state is monarch-the
king and queen. The head of government is the Prime Minister.
The political system in Great Britain is divided into 3 branches:
The Legislative branch
The Executive branch
The Judicial branch
The Judicial branch:
The Judicial branch of political system of the UK is presented by courts. They are divided into 4
group:
1. Supreme Court
2. Court of Appeal
3. Crown Court
4. Magistrates’ Court
SUPREME COURT:
Is highest judicial body of the UK. This court was established by the constitutional reform act in
2005 and realized in October 2009. It consists of 12 justices. It hears(baxir) civil appeals(mulki
muracietler) from all 4 countries and criminal appeals from England, Wales, Northern Ireland.
COURT OF APPEAL:
Is presented by civil and criminal divisions. The civil division hears appeals from high court, country
court and certain special courts. The criminal division hears appeals by person who convicted
(mehkum edilmisdir) in the Crown Courts.
CROWN COURT:
Crown court is a court that deals with very serious crimes such as murder or rape. Located in 90
centers in England and Wales. It has 12 members and is randomly selected by the locals
MAGİSTRATES’ COURT:
Is the most common type of law court in England and Wales. Almost all criminal proceedings start at
a magistrates’ court. These crimes were issues that could be solved by the magistrates’ court-
community sentences,fines,short custodial sentences.
26. Political parties (Conservative Party, Labour Party, Liberal Party).
THE CONSERVATİVE PARTY:
İs emerged to defend the interests of the king in struggle with parliament ,of the conservative gentry
and clergy of church of England. They were called tories It means Irish Thief . The other group
consisted of merchants and Scottish Presbyterians who helped them to win in civil war againist king.
They were called Whiggamores and then as a short name Whing has used Today this party identified
with the idea of economic freedom and mainly with the idea of resistance to change. This party
emphasizes the importance of law and order, it is disciplined and does not allow any disagreement
with king.
Benjamin Disraeli was a great orator and a great politician. He created a new party of conservatives.
THE LABOUR PARTY:
İs the party of social justice. This party was founded outside parliament. This is stimulated by work of
socialist propagandists(sosialist tebligatcilari) and trade unions(hemkarlar ittifaqi). Its aim was to
protect legal rights of the unions. In 1990 ,when party was formed its name was Labour
Representative Commitee. In 1906 it was called Labour
LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY:
In 1981 new party was formed to try to break the dominance of the conservative and labour party.
They wanted that people join them who is dissapointed for politics of conservative and labour party.
Some members of theese parties left their parties to join to new party. After unsuccessful results of the
1987 election this party joined with social Democratic Party(1988).
The main goal of the Liberal Party is -to build a liberal democratic society where everyone is free and
secure, free from poverty and ignorance.
27.Prime Minister of the UK (duties and responsibilities). Current PM Boris Johnson.
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political
leader of the United Kingdom and the Head of HER Majesty’s Government. By the 1830s, the Prime
Minister became “first among equals” in the Cabinet and Head of Her Majesty’s Government. By the
turn of the 20th century, the modern Premiership had emerged; it had become the pre-eminent
position in the constitutional hierarchy, Parliament and Cabinet. Recent acts and political changes
made some limits on the Premier’s authority. As the “Head of Her Majesty’s Government ”, the
modern Prime Minister is the highest political authority in the United Kingdom: he leads a major
political party in the House of Commons and the leader of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister appoints
and may dismiss all other
Cabinet members. He acts as the public “face” and “voice” of Her Majesty’s Government, both at
home and abroad. The first Prime Minister was Sir Robert Walpole who served from 1721-1742. The
current Prime Minister is Theresa May. She is the second woman to hold the post. Margaret Thatcher
became Britain’s first woman Prime Minister. She earned the nickname of “Iron Lady”. Theresa Mary
May was born on 1 October 1956. She is a British politician serving as Prime Minister of the United
Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2016. She served as Home Secretary from 2010
to 2016. May was first elected Member of Parliament (MP). May publicly stated her support for the
UK remaining in the EU during the 2016 referendum campaign, but did not campaign in the
referendum and criticised aspects of the EU in a speech. She also stated that there were definitely
things they could do as members of the European Union that she thought it would keep them more
safe.
Boris Johnson became Prime Minister on 24 July 2019. He was previously Foreign Secretary from
2016 to 2018. He was elected
Conservative MP in May 2015. In 2019, Johnson was elected Conservative leader and appointed
prime minister. He re-opened Brexit negotiations. The Supreme Court ruled the action unlawful later
that month. After agreeing to a revised Brexit withdrawal agreement with the EU, which replaced the
Irish backstop with a new Northern Ireland Protocol.
The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on the UK. His government responded with various
emergency powers. Johnson reacted slowly to the outbreak and resisted introducing lockdown
measures, although the vaccination programme was the world’s first.
28. The House of Windsor. Royal Family
During XX century ,kings and queens have played great role doing different duties of constitutional
monarchy. They acted as figureheads increasing public morale during I and II world war and they
decided that,they must give some information about important events to the world.
George V adopted the new medium of radio at Christmas.
The coronation ceremony was broadcasted on television for the first time in 1953
World wide web has been used for the past seven years to provide audience with information about
Royal family.
Royal family.Queen Elizabeth II:
Queen Elizabeth II is monarch and queen of united state of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ,head
of the armed forces. The Great Britain was formed by act of Union between England and Scotland on
1st April in 1707
She is queen of Canada ,Australia,New Zealand,Grenada etc. In some countries she is represented by
Governeors-general. 16 countries which she is queen are known as commonwealth Realms and their
population is more than 134 millions.
The life of Queen Elizabeth II:
She was born on 21st april in 1926. She was fist child of the Duke and Duchess of York. She was
educated privately at home. On her 10th birthday ,she learned that her uncle wasn’t going to do his
duties because of one woman who he loves. Then her father came to the throne. Elizabeth II assumed
official duties at the age of 16. After the death of her father ,she ascended the throne of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland. Despite the difficult circumstances,she decided to stay at Buckingham palace.
On her 21st birthday ,she gave her famous apeech to devote her services to her country. In her speech
she said: My whole life, whether it be long or short ,shall be devoted to your service.
In 1947 Elizabeth II married Philip. They have 4 children: Anne,Princess Royal, Andrew, Edward.
Queen Elizabeth’s Rights:
She could disband the army
She could dismiss all the officiers
She could sell off all our ships-of-war and all our naval stores
She could make every citizen in the UK,make or female,a peer
She could dismiss most of the civil servants,and she could pardon all offenders
Her majesty’s actual rights as a Queen are only three:
The right to be consulted by the Prime Minister
To encourage certain courses of action
To warn against others 134 millions.
The life of Queen Elizabeth II:
She was born on 21st april in 1926. She was fist child of the Duke and Duchess of York. She was
educated privately at home. On her 10th birthday ,she learned that her uncle wasn’t going to do his
duties because of one woman who he loves. Then her father came to the throne. Elizabeth II assumed
official duties at the age of 16. After the death of her father ,she ascended the throne of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland. Despite the difficult circumstances,she decided to stay at Buckingham palace.
On her 21st birthday ,she gave her famous apeech to devote her services to her country. In her speech
she said: My whole life, whether it be long or short ,shall be devoted to your service.
In 1947 Elizabeth II married Philip. They have 4 children: Anne,Princess Royal, Andrew, Edward.
Queen Elizabeth’s Rights:
She could disband the army
She could dismiss all the officiers
She could sell off all our ships-of-war and all our naval stores
She could make every citizen in the UK,make or female,a peer
She could dismiss most of the civil servants,and she could pardon all offenders
Her majesty’s actual rights as a Queen are only three:
The right to be consulted by the Prime Minister
To encourage certain courses of action
To warn against others.
29. Britain system of education:the principles of formation of the primary, secondary education.
Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16. But further education is not
compulsory.The school year in UK begins early September and runs untill the following July.Also
there are some private and boarding schools in this country.Parents pay fees for their children to
attend these schools.These types of schools give opportunities to be involved in music, drama, art,
sport etc. Comprehensive schools (ümumitəhsil) usually accept pupils without reference to ability.
There are 5 stages of education in UK:
Pre-primary education-it’s preparation for primary education. Pupils learn about primary math,
alphabet, simple things.
Primary education-students between the ages of 5 and 11 or 13 attend this schools.It is presented by
infant school (from 5 till 7) and junior schools (from 7 till 11 or 12).By the way, senior schools are a
fine preparation for university.
Secondary education or Britain Public schools usually start at the age of 11 or 12.Its pupils are
prepared for the national General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations at the age
16, then for AS Levels, then A-Levels.
Further education is post compulsory education, that is distinct from the education offered in
universities.It is primarily taught in FE colleges.Many students take AS and A level qualifications in
years 12 and 13 after completing their GCSE.
Higher education-there are 3 main levels of HE courses.Postgraduate courses lead to higher
degrees,diplomas and certificates.Undergraduate courses include first degrees (honour and
ordinary).Other undergraduate courses include all other higher education courses such as SVQ, HND
etc.
30. Cultural Life And Lifestyle In Britain (Cinema, Theatre, Music, Art)
The way of life in Great Britain is very different from ours. It is the result of the different social and
historical development of Britain as an island country. They enjoy being British and see themselves as
a different nation. The British don´t like to show their emotions and feelings in public like the
Americans do. British people are very polite.If you listen to a conversation between two British
people, there are a lot of expressions like “Thank you”, “I am sorry”, or “Excuse me”.
People in Britain shake hands only when they are introduced for the first time or after they see each
other after a long time.
The British say their best characteristic are culture, courtesy and consideration for the needs of others.
Still there is one thing that is typically British: a strong attachment to tradition and desire to keep their
countries’ uniqueness. Britain is a land built on tradition. English hospitality is gracious and beautiful.
The Englishman’s home is his castle” is a well-known saying, and it is true that English people prefer
small houses, built to house one family, perhaps with a small garden.
The Englishman loves jokes, especially when they are familiar and reliable.
Theatre and Cinema in Britain
The theatre has always been very strong in Britain. Its centre of course is London. But every large
town in the country has its theatres. Even small towns often have “repertory” theatres.
British theatre has such a fine acting tradition that Hollywood is forever raiding its talent for people to
star in films. Cinema-going is a regular habit for a much larger number of people than is theatre-
going.
The cinema in Britain is often regarded as not quite part of “the arts” at all – it is simply
entertainment. Partly for this reason, Britain is unique among the large European countries in giving
almost no financial help to its film industry.
British film directors often have to go to Hollywood because the resources they need are not available
in Britain. As a result, comparatively few films of quality are made in the country.
Some of the films which Britain does manage to make become highly respected around the world.
British Music And Arts. Music in the British Isles, from the earliest recorded times until the Baroque
and the rise of recognizably modern classical music, was a diverse and rich culture.
Each of the major nations of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales retained unique forms of music
and of instrumentation, but British music was highly
Influenced by continental developments, while British composers made an important contribution to
many of the major movements in early music in Europe, including the polyphony of the Arts Nova
and laid some of the foundations of later national and international classical music.
Musicians from the British Isles also developed some distinctive forms of music, including Celtic
chant.
English madrigals, lute ayres and masques in the Renaissance era led particularly to English language
opera Ayres in the early Baroque period of the later seventeenth century.
Church music and religious music was profoundly affected by the Protestant Reformation.
Folk –dance music was popular in the 80s, with the British Counrty Blues Band and Tiger Moth.
British artists, writers, musicians and architects exert a poweful influence abroad. Notable figures
include sculptors Henry Moore and Anthony Caro, painters Francis Bacon and Graham Sutherland
and among younger artists, Richard Smith.
Literature presents great diversity. Among novelists of worldwide reputation are Graham Greene,
Angus Wilson, William Golding, Iris Murdoch and Murrel Spark.
31. Custom and traditions (Superstitions) and 32. Holidays in Britain
The British have a strong attachment to their traditions and customs.
Queen Elizabeth the First provided one of these examples of discarding the old supplanting it with the
new. Tradition decreed that she should take up her quill and make a check in ink against the name of
each person whom it was her pleasure to appoint. There was no pen handy. So Elizabeth the First,
with one of her knitting needles ,pricked a little hole in the parchment beside each favored name. That
is the reason why today Queen Elizabeth the Second appoints sheriffs of England by pricking holes in
the listing of their names.
Gardening: Much leisure time is spent in individualistic pursuits, of which the most popular is
gardening. Most English people love gardens and this is probably one reason why so many people
prefer to live in houses rather than flats. Although the task of keeping a garden is so essentially
individual, for many people gardening is the foundation of social and competitive relationships.
Wedding and Superstitions: The choice of date is important. May is traditionally unlucky for
weddings and many modern couples marry between Easter and late May. At most formal weddings
brides still get married in virginal white –many other colours are considered unlucky.
A bride will also ensure that her wedding outfit includes “something old, something new; something
borrowed, something blue “.”old “maintains her link with the past;” new” symbolizes the future;”
borrowed” gives her a link with the present; and” blue” symbolizes her purity. Even a modern bride
will observe the taboos about wearing her dress before the ceremony. The groom mustn’t see her in it
until she enters the church. The most important item is the wedding cake.
Dancing. Dancing is popular, and public dancehalls are an important element in the folklore and
courtship procedures of all.At the beginning of each dance a man chooses a girl from the mass and
will ask the same girl to dance with him again if he finds her company agreeable, but the girl may
refuse.If a couple like one another the young man may offer an invitation to go to a cinema on some
future night and this invitation may be succeeded by others.
Public Holidays
England and Wales. Most public holidays in the United Kingdom are also known as “Bank Holidays ”
but on many of these shops stay open.
These holidays are:
~New Year’s Day (January 1st)
~Good Friday
~Easter Monday
~May Day (first Monday in May),
~Spring Bank Holiday(last Monday in May)August Bank Holiday(last Monday in August)
~Christmas Day (December 25th)
~Boxing Day(December 26th).
Scotland.
The Scots do not usually celebrate Good Friday or Boxing Day. In the winter they concentrate on
Hogmanay .Their bank holidays can also be more variable than south of the border, with Spring and
Autumn Holidays replacing some of the fixed date bank holidays in England.
Scotland has also own festivals, celebrating the birthday of their national poet with Burns suppers on
January 25th, and their national saint on St Andrew’s Day, November 30th.
Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland has several additional festivals :
~St Patrick’s Day in Catholic communities(March 17th)
~Orange Day, in Protestant communities, ~the Battle of the Boyne(July 12th)
Easter.
At Easter the British celebrate the idea of the birth by giving each other chocolate Easter eggs, which
are opened and eaten on Easter Sunday.
On Good Friday bakers sell hot cross buns,  Easter Monday is a holiday and many people travel to the
seaside for the day or go and watch one of the many sporting events as football or horse-racing. Egg-
rolling is a traditional Easter pastime which still flourishes in Nothern England. Scotland, Ulster, the
Isle of Man, and consists of rolling coloured , hard boiled eggs down a slope until they are eaten by
their owners.
Christmas.
It takes place December 25th. For most British families, this is the most important festival of the year,
it combines the Christian celebration of the birth of Christ, with the traditional festivities of winter.
Most families decorate their house with brightly-coloured paper or holly, and they usually have a
Christmas tree with coloured lights and decorations. There are a lot of traditions connected with
Christmas and the most important one is the giving presents. At some time on Christmas Day the
family will sit down to a big turkey dinner followed by Christmas pudding. Later in the afternoon they
may watch the Queen on TV as she delivers her traditional Christmas message to the United kingdom
and the Commonwealth.
Halloween. Halloween means “holy evening” and takes place on October 31st. Although it is a much
more important festival in the USA than in Britain, it is celebrated by many people in the United
Kingdom. It is particularly connected with witches and ghosts.
At parties people dress up in strange costumes and pretend they are witches. They cut horrible faces in
pumpkins and other vegetables and put a candle inside, which shines through their eyes. In recent
years children dressed in white sheets knock on doors at Halloween and ask if you would like a
“trick”or ”treat ” .If you give them something nice, a “treat ”, they go away. However, if you don’t,
they play a “trick” on you, such as making a lot of noise or spilling flour on your front doorstep.
St Valentine’s Day (February 14th).
St Valentine was a priest who lived in Rome and died for his faith in AD170. His feast happens to fall
on February 14th – the traditional day for lovers. But this is mere coincidence. He was not noted for
helping lovers in distress and was not therefore the true patron saint of lovers. There used to be a
custom in England on St Valentine’s Day, mentioned by Chaucer, Shakespeare and Pepys; the names
of young unmarried men and girls were mixed up and drawn out by chance. The person of the
opposite sex whose name came put after yours was your chosen “Valentine” for the year. In our own
time the Valentine tradition has undergone a sort of revival in Britain. 
33. Prominent people of Great Britain ( the most essential figures of the British
literature,music,art etc.)
- Bunun konspekti 30-cu sual ilə eynilik təşkil edir demək olar ki.
34. The relationship between Great Britain and Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan–United Kingdom relations, are foreign relations between Azerbaijan and the United
Kingdom. The Embassy of Great Britain in Azerbaijan opened in 1992. The Embassy of the Republic
of Azerbaijan in London opened in 1994. Both countries are members of the Council of Europe,
the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.Relations between Azerbaijan and the UK
have evolved during most the late 19th and early of the 20th centuries (oil boom). Azerbaijan was a
part of the Russian Empire at that time. In this context, the beginning of the 20th century is marked by
60 million rubles investment of English companies to the oil enterprises in Baku. In
1904, Baku satisfied England’s 74 percent of requirements for petrol. The history of Azerbaijani–
British relations dates back to the British expedition, sent from Baghdad to Baku, to prevent
Azerbaijan’s valuable oilfields falling under the control of Germany and the Ottoman Empire.
Nicknamed the Dunsterforce, it was commanded by General Lionel Dunsterville. The Dunsterforce
arrived in Baku in August 1918. Diplomatic relations.The two countries have had official diplomatic
relations since March 11, 1992. The independence of Azerbaijan was recognized by Great Britain on
December 31, 1991. The first official visit of the President of AzerbaijanHeydar Aliyev to Great
Britain was on February 22–25, 1994.The first official visit of Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher to Azerbaijan was in September 1992. On July 19–24, 1998, President Heydar Aliyev made
his second official visit to Great Britain and met with Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and
Prime minister of Great Britain Tony Blair. Cultural relations.The basis of cultural collaboration
between Azerbaijan and the UK was established on February 23, 1994. This date is marked by signing
of the Agreement on cooperation in the sphere of education, science and culture between two
countries. The Agreement was signed by President Heydar Aliyev and Prime Minister John Major.
Signing of the agreement had a positive impact on British Council’s activity in Azerbaijan. Economic
relarions.At the root of economic cooperation between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the United
Kingdom lies the energy industry. The UK is the largest foreign investor in Azerbaijan. There are
around 400 British companies in Azerbaijan. BP actively participates in the field of exploration of oil
and natural gas in such projects as Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli, Shah Deniz and Shah Deniz-2.
35. Geographical outline of the USA(general )
The United States of America is the world’s third largest country in size and nearly the third largest in
terms of population. Located in North America, the country is bordered on the west by the Pacific
Ocean and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Along the northern border is Canada and the southern
border is Mexico. There are 50 states and the District of Columbia.
PEOPLE & CULTURE Throughout its history, the United States has been a nation of immigrants.
The population is diverse with people from all over the world seeking refuge and a better way of
life.The country is divided into six regions: New England, the mid-Atlantic, the South, the Midwest,
the Southwest, and the West. European settlers came to New England in search of religious freedom. 
NATURE .The landscape varies across the large country from tropical beaches in Florida to peaks in
the Rocky Mountains, from rolling prairie lands and barren deserts in the West to dense wilderness
areas in the Northeast and Northwest. Interspersed throughout are the Great Lakes, the Grand Canyon,
the majestic Yosemite Valley, and the mighty Mississippi River.The wildlife is as diverse as the
landscape. Mammals such as bison once roamed freely across the plains, but now live only in
preserves. Black bears, grizzlies, and polar bears are the largest carnivores. 
GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY Citizens over the age of 18 years old vote to elect the President
and Vice President of United States everyfour years. The president lives in the White House in the
capital city of Washington, D.C.There are two houses of Congress: the Senate and the House of
Representatives. There are 100 senators, two from each of the 50 states and each serves a six-year
term. There are 435 representatives who must be elected every two years.
HISTORY For centuries native peoples lived across the vast expanse that would become the United
States. In the early 17th century, settlers moved from Europe to the New World, established colonies,
and displaced the native peoples.

36. National symbols of the USA.

The American Flag-Many people around the world know the American flag. It has three names: Old
Glory, Stars and Stripes and the Star-Spangled Banner. The flag has three colors and represents
freedom and justice in the United State. Here are 13 red and white stripes, representing the original 13
states in the U.S.A. There is also a field of blue with 50 white stars, each star representing one of the
American states. People put up flags on special holidays.Also government office buildings put up a
flag.
Liberty Bell-The Liberty Bell was cast in English in 1752 for the Pennsylvania Statehouse. Damaged
in transit, it was recast in Philadelphia in 1753. 3. The words “Proclaim liberty throughout all the
land”. The bell was rung on July 8, 1776, for the fist public reading of the Declaration of
Independence. The Bell rang on July 8, 1835,that caused the death of Chief Justice John Marshall.
Now it is in the Independence Hall of Philadelphia.
The Great Seal of the United States
The newly independent United States needed an emblem and national coat of arms. The Continental
Congress charged this important mission to 3 men– Franklin, Adams and Jefferson. Difficult than
anticipated; it took six years and the combined efforts of 14 men before the Great Seal of the U.S.
became a reality on June 20, 1782. Symbolically the seal reflects the beliefs and values that the
Founding Fathers attached to the new nation and wished to pass on to their descendants. The colours
are adopted from the American flag: Red – hardiness and valour, and Blue signifies vigilance,
perseverance and justice.
The olive branch and the arrows symbolize that the power of peace and war. Two important buildings
in Washington are also famous national symbol of the country. They are the U.S. Capitol and White
House.
37. Discovery of America (the history of discovery and interesting facts).
İt was Christopher Columbus who trying to reach the Indian lands by the Western way. He was born
in Italy near the town Genoa. He wanted to learn everything about the discoveries and made voyages
to Porto Santa, Madeira, Guinea and so on. When Columbus said his idea to the King of Portugal, to
the Queen of Spain his plan was laughed at.So he had to wait for another 11 years.Finally, On August
3, 1492 with 3 ships under his command sailed west from Spain.
Thinking he had reached a group of islands in İndia, he called the people on the first island on which
he landed «los Indios», or in English «Indians». Columbus, of course, never saw the continent of
United States and never knew he had discovered a new continent. When Columbus came to Spain he
was met like a royal person. But his joy did not last long.He died on May 21, in 1506. After his death
another Italian voyager Amerigo Vespucci proved that the lands had been discovered was a new
continent and by the name of Amerigo Vespucci the new land was called America.İn 1947, a
Venetian sailor named John Cabot arrived in Newfoundland on a mission for the British king. Cabot’s
journey was later to provide the basis for British claims to North America. It also opened the way to
the rich fishing grounds off George’s Banks. In 1513 a group of men under Juan Ponce de Leon
landed on the Florida coast near the present city of St. Augustine.

38. Native Americans (the formation of the native Indian tribes and their particular features).
The original inhabitants of the American continent were the Indians with well-shaped societies. Prior
to Columbus 280 distinct aboriginal societies existed in North America. The first Indian group called
the Adenans started to build burial sites and fortifications around 600 B.C. The Adenans are thought
to have been disappeared or displaced by different group. The group known as Hopewellians was
considered civilized people. The remains of the mounds still exist in Southern Ohio are the mark of
their culture. The Hopewellians were great traders. While working across a wide region of hundreds
of kilometers they used and exchanged tools and different materials. After the Hopewellians’
disappearance by 500 A.D. another group of Indian tribes known as Mississippians emerged. They
say that population of the Cahokia City, Missouri was approximately 20,000 in the early XII century.
Like the first Indian groups the Mississippians also constructed mounds. One of the great mounds was
build at the center of the city which was 30 meters high. This tribe was engaged in hunting, trading
and agriculture in order to meet their demands. Around the year 900 one more Indian tribe began to
construct stone and adobe pueblos. The name of that tribe was Anasazi and they were considered
ancestors of the modern Hopi Indians.İt is believed that in 1,000 B.C. one more group of American
Indians lived in the north west of the Pacific Ocean. At the beginning of European colonization the
number of Native Americans ranges from two to eighteen million. But population has decreased for
different reasons. Diseases, especially smallpox caused a strict decline of Indian population in the
1600s.
Customs and culture of the Native Americans were quite many- coloured. The Native American tribes
such as the Incas and the Aztecs did a lot to world culture and the welfare of the human beings. They
cultivated peanuts, peppers, com, potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins, pineapples, cocoa, other vegetables
and fruits. The women were engaged in farming and it was their duty to distribute food, but the men
hunted and went to the war. To protect certain texts some North American tribes worked out a type of
hieroglyphics. Another remarkable accomplishment of the Native Americans was the discovery of a
good deal of drugs which is considered progress in medical science.
39. British colonies of Americans
British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the English and the Scots) began
in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia, and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout
the Americas. The English, and later the British, were among the most important colonizers of the
Americas, and their American empire came to surpass the Spanish American colonies in military and
economic might. Three types of colonies were established in the English overseas possessions in
America of the 17th century and continued into the British Empire at the height of its power in the
17th century. These were charter colonies, proprietary colonies, and royal colonies. A group of 13
British American coloniescollectively broke from the British Empire in the 1770s through a
successful revolution, establishing the modern United States. After the end of the Napoleonic
Wars (1803–15), the remaining British territories in North America were slowly granted
more responsible government. In 1838 the Durham Reportrecommended full responsible government
for Canada, but this was not fully implemented for another decade. Eventually, with
the Confederation of Canada, the Canadian colonies were granted significant autonomy and became
a self-governingDominion in 1867. Other colonies in the Americas followed at a much slower pace.
In this way, two countries in North America, ten in the Caribbean, and one in South America have
received their independence from Great Britain or the later United Kingdom. All of these, except
the United States, are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and nine are Commonwealth
realms. The eight current British overseas territories in the Americas have varying degrees of self-
goEventually.
40. Formation of American nation(immigration).
The United States prides itself on being a nation of immigrants, and the nation has a long history of
successfully absorbing people from across the globe. The successful integration of immigrants and
their children contributes to economic vitality and to a vibrant and ever-changing culture. Americans
have offered opportunities to immigrants and their children to better themselves and to be fully
incorporated into U.S. society, and in exchange immigrants have become Americans—embracing an
American identity and citizenship, protecting the United States through service in its military,
fostering technological innovation, harvesting its crops, and enriching everything from the nation’s
cuisine to its universities, music, and art.e United States is currently experiencing a “historic flow of
unskilled immigration,” warned Stephen Miller in a bruising news conference last week that saw the
White House senior policy adviser harangue a CNN reporter over the famous Emma Lazarus poem on
the base of the Statue of Liberty. Miller, who is also the chief wordsmith behind President Donald
Trump’s revanchist agenda, speaks with the conviction of a true believer.The great immigration wave
that delivered some 40 million newcomers to the United States between 1830 and 1940 was
comprised largely of unskilled workers with minimal English-language proficiency. For every thirdor
fourth-generation white ethnic family, there is a stunning success story, but in the aggregate,
theirancestors experienced little economic mobility in their own lifetimes. Many of them had little
interest in even being American; they came to earn money and return home.In other words, the
immigrants who arrived in 2000 came to resemble more closely the immigrants of 1900—not the
poorest of the poor, who can’t afford to make the journey to the United States; not highly skilled or
educated workers, but often possessed of some exposure to industry or agriculture.
41. The Boston Tea Party( the reason and consequences)
The Boston Tea Party is characterized as a single episode in the history of the USA being one of the
protests against British rules. The powerful East India Company facing with critical financial state
appealed to the British government which granted it a monopoly on tea exported to the colonies. The
British power also allowed the East India Company to supply retailers directly bypassing colonial
wholesalers who had previously sold it. So tea was imported illegally, duty-free by the agents of the
East India Company and this company scared the independent colonial merchants that they would
eliminate them. For the illegal tea trade and for the monopolistic practice colonial traders joined the
radicals agitating for independence. Besides this, towns mass rejection of buying English goods began
in some districts and towns. In Boston, the tea agents with the support of the British government
brought a good deal of tea to Boston. On the night of December 16, 1773, about 50 Boston working
men disguised as Indians headed by Samuel Adams and got in 3 British ships and threw their
342chests of tea into the water of Boston harbour. In history it came to be known as a Boston Tea
Party. It was condemned as an ac of vandalism by Britain. In such a case English government closed
Boston harbour for trade. For it in 1775 rebel took place in all the 13 colonies. The colonies
demanded British government to conceal taxes on goods and not to impose taxes on goods without
their agreement. But the king considered these actions as mutiny and ordered his troops to resist them
for their disobedience. But «Intolerable Acts» whish were accepted after the Boston Tea Party caused
the colonies to unite against the British rules.
42. The war of independence (the military conflict between British and American colonists,its
reasons and consequences)
The war happened in 1775 was a revolutionary war of American people against English power for
their independence. Fast increasing in population, abd needing more land for settlement, various
colonies claimed the right to extend their boundaries.
Another serious cause of that independence war was the financial policy of the British government,
which needed more money to support its growing empire. Acceptance of the Molasses Act of 1733
placed a prohibitive duty, or tax, on the import of rum and molasses from non-English areas.
Merchants and town meetings protested the law. According to the «Stamp Act» stamps be affixed to
all newspapers, or other legal documents to be used for «defending, protecting and securing» the
colonies. Containing the prominent men, the members of the organizations called themselves the
«Sons of Liberty».
On June 8, the Massachusetts Assembly invited all the colonies to appoint delegates to the so-called
Stamp Act Congress in New York, held in October 1765, to consider appeals for relief from the king
and Parliament.
In 1767 passages of Townshend Acts created new discord. British Chancellor of the Exchequer
reduced British taxes by making more efficient the collection of duties. On March 5, 1770 antagonism
between citizens and British soldiers appeared. In case of opposition Parliament in 1770 made a
strategic retreat and repealed all the Townshend duties except on tea. The action of Parliament meant
that the colonists had won a major concession.
For an unhappy state of the colonies representatives met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774.
Chosen by provincial congresses it was called First Continental Congress. All the colonies except
Georgia sent one delegate and the total number was 55. When news reached General Thomas Gage
that Massachusetts, he sent a strong detail from the garrison to confiscate these munitions. The british
troops reached the village of Lexington on April 19, 1775 and saw a grim band of 70 Minutemen.
After a little time, British troops stepped to Concord. They destroyed everything. Second Continental
Congress met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 10, 1775. By May15, the Congress appointed
Colonel George Washington of Virginia as commander-in-chief of the American forces. Congress
ordered American expeditions to march into Canada.
In November 1775, Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, offered freedom to all slaves who would
fight for the British. On January 3, 1777, Washington attacked the British at Princeton, regaining most
of the territory occupied by the British.
In 1777 General William Howe defeated the American army at Brandywine in Pennsylvania and
occupied Philadelphia. On October 17, 1777 Burgoyne surrendered his entire army. France began to
help the colonies in May 1776. On February 6, 1778, America and France signed a «Treaty of Amity
and Commerce», in which France recognized America. In 1779 Spain, entered the conflict on the side
of France, but not as an ally of the Americans.
On May 12 General Benjamin Lincoln surrounded the city and its 5,000 troops. It was the greatest
American defeat. On September 3, 1783 peace treaty was signed. Known as the Treaty of Paris, this
peace settlement acknowledged the independence, freedom and sovereignty of the 13 former colonies.

43. Declaration of independence

As is known under the pressure of people on July 4, 1776 Congress adopted “The Declaration of
Independence” on freedom of colonies and their full independence. The Declaration of
Independence is also regarded an announcement that 13 English colonies lived on the eastern sea-
shores of North America considered themselves free of English power and its King George III. The
author of this document is Thomas Jefferson, a well known thinker and advanced figure of XVII
century American Revolution.
The declaration says:
We hold this truth to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are given by their
Creator with certain unalienable right, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
Happiness.
Declaration of İndependence is the culmination of more than a century and half of colonial life,
during which the settlers in North America developed their unique notions of government, a process
in which they gradually stopped being Englishmen and became Americans.
Declaration of Independence adopted in 1776 is considered to be a very important document for its
valuable features.
It should be noted that American democracy has been outlined in the Declaration of Independence
that certain truth are self-evident, that people are created equal, that they are given with inalienable
rights, that the purpose of government is to protect these rights. Thus, to struggle for American
independence was to fight on behalf of one’s own natural right. And Thomas Jefferson’s statement of
the right of mankind became a light for future generation, not only in the USA but all over the world.
44. G.Washington and other important figures in the struggle for the independence of the
American colonies)
45. Civil War (the reasons and consequencies)
The economic and political contradictions between North and South caused the civil war in
America. In 1858 Lincoln opposed Stephen A. Douglas for election to the U.S. Senate from Illinois.
Known as the «Little Giant» senator Douglas, wanted to gain the presidency in 1856. His opponent
was Abraham Lincoln. In the end, Douglas won the election by a small margin. However, in the
presidential election of 1860 the Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln as its candidate.
Whereas the Whig Party handled the question of slavery expansion, the Republican Party opposed it.
Their first demand was that slavery be removed from all the territories. At this point southerners split
from the party and nominated Vice President John C. Breckenridge for president. Stephen A. Douglas
was the nominee of northern Democrats. And Constitutional Union Party nominated John C. Bell for
president. So Lincoln and Douglas competed in the North, Breckenridge and Bell in the South.
After Lincoln’s election South Carolina decided to secede from the Union. In 1861 six more
Southern States had seceded. The seven states adopted a temporary constitution for the Confederate
States of America. The remaining southern states remained in the Union. Lincoln objected to
secession and considered it legally void. But the South didn’t accept it, and on April 12, 1861, guns
opened fire on the federal troops at Fort Sumter in South Carolina, harbor.
In response to the shelling of Ford Sumter, Virginia seceded on April 17, and Arkansas, Tennessee
and North Carolina followed quickly. With Virginia went Colonel Robert E. Lee, who declined the
command of the Union Army. So each side entered the war with high hopes for an early victory. The
North had the greater wealth, a good deal of arms, clothing, the network of railways and other
supplies. The South had the advantages too. The most important was geography. The South was
fighting a defensive war on its own territory.
During the war Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of the Southern coasts. Union forces conducted two
remarkable operations. Firstly, they occupied New Orleans, Louisiana. In the Mississippi Valley, the
Union forces won a lot of victories. They occupied almost all the western part of the state. Union
forces under General Ulysses S. Grant resisted a sudden Confederate attack at Shiloh. In 1862 Union
troops captured Richmond. But in the Seven Day’s Battles between June 25 and July 1, The Union
troops withdrew, both sides had many losses.
The bloodiest day of that war happened in Maryland, on September 17, 1862. The Union and
Confederate Armies met at Antietam Greek. After the Union army victory at Antietam, Lincoln
accepted Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that from January 1, 1863, all slaves in states
rebelling against the Union were free.
Another terrible battle took place in July 1863 at Gettysburg. Robert E. Lee wanted to win a
victory over the Union Army. But he couldn’t. The Battle of Gettysburg is considered a turning point
in the American Civil War.
On November 19, 1863, Lincoln made his Gettysburg Address, the most famous address in the US
history. In 1863 Grant captured Vicksburg. After this victory Lincoln made Grant commander-in-
chief of all Union forces.
In the West, Union forces gained control of Tennessee. At this point General William occupied the
state capital of Atlanta. By February 1865, he had taken Charleston, South Carolina, where the first
shots of the Civil War had been fired. On March 1865, Grant abandoned Richmond and on April 1865
it was surrounded by Union Armies, Lee surrendered to Grant.
Although fighting continued elsewhere for several months, the Civil War was over.
46. The role of A.Linkoln in history of the USA.
Lincoln was born February 12, 1809, two years after the British Slave Trade Act.Lincoln was one of
the most famous and influential presidents in American history. He had a history of arguing against
slavery even before he was a senator and lost his second senate race because of his outspoken
opposition to the expansion of slavery into the western territories in public debates held before the
election.When he was elected president, seven southern slave states seceded from the union to form
the Confederate States of America before he had even officially taken office. the Civil War began on
April 12, 1860 and became the bloodiest war in American history. The nation split in two with eleven
states and a handful of territories ultimately joining the confederacy.On January 1, 1863 Lincoln used
his powers as commander in chief of the armed forces to issue the Emancipation Proclamation,
freeing all slaves in the rebel states of the confederacy. Because this was not a law passed in congress,
but a proclamation made as a part of a war strategy, only 3 million of the 4 million slaves in the
United States and its territories were legally freed by this proclamation. Many of those were not freed
in reality as they were living in confederate territory. However, this encouraged many to escape as
longstanding laws which required the return of runaway slaves to their masters were overturned. The
remainder of the slaves were freed by states’ laws or through the ratification of the 13th Amendment
to the constitution.On November 19, 1863 he gave one of the most famous (and one of the shortest)
speeches in American History, The Gettysburg Address. It was only months after Union forces had
triumphed over the Confederacy and the country was still torn apart. His speech focused on the unity
of the United States and equality for all as guaranteed in the constitution.Abraham Lincoln was a
lawyer and used his knowledge of the law to greatly expand the reach of presidential authority. He
also turned one of the foundational ideas of American government on it’s head through abolition of
the slaves. Before the Civil War, states had been the most powerful political entities. Due to the
founding fathers’ fear of powerful federal governments, they had set up a system in which people’s
rights were thought to be protected by the states against the excesses of a tyrannical federal state.
After the Civil War, in which millions of slaves had been given rights directly by the federal
government against the wishes of many states, the opposite became true.He then became the first
American president to be assassinated. Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, an actor and
confederate spy, in Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C on April 14, 1865. He was shot in the back of
the head at point blank range, fell quickly into a coma and died at 7:22 on the morning of April 15,
1965.
47.Branches of Government in the USA.
There are three branches of the government in the USA: legislative, executive and judicial. The
reason of the power division in the USA is that the framers( qurucu) of the Constitution didn’t want
one person to have too much authority over the government. While under the rule of the British king
they learned that this could be a bad system. But it was a need for a strong centralized government.
The framers wrote the Constitution to provide for three separate branches of government. Each has its
own responsibilities. At the same time they work together to run the country smoothly(problem
çıxarmadan). They are regularly interested in the rights of citizens. This is done through checks and
balances( bu yoxlamalar vasitəsilə edilir) . It means that a branch may use its power to check the
powers of the other two branches. It helps to maintain a balance of power among them( bu onlar
arasında gücün bərabərliyini qorumağa kömək edir).
48. Legislative Branch of US political system
The Constitution established this branch and gave Congress the power to make laws.
Congress has two parts: The House of Representatives and The Senate. Its primary duty is to write,
debate bills. Then these bills are passed on to the President for approval.
Other powers of Congress include:
Make laws controlling trade between states and other countries.
Make laws about taxes and borrowing money.
It can also declare( elan etmək ) war on other countries.
 Each Congress lasts for two years. When the two years are over, new members of Congress are
elected. Congress meets once every year.
States are represented in the House and the Senate. In the House representation is based on the
number of people living in each state. There are 435 representatives in the House. Representatives
must be at least 25 years old, be a U.S citizen for the past 7 years, live in the state they represent.
Representatives serve a term of two years. When the term is over, people can choose a new
representative or keep the same one. There is no limit on the number of terms. The House has special
jobs that only it can do. It can start laws that make people pay taxes. If a government official commits
a crime against the country, the House can punish this person before the Senate.
Each of the 50 States sends two people to the Senate. There are a total of hundred senators This
means each state has equal representation in the Senate. Each senator serves a term of six years.
Senators must be at least 30 years old, be a U.S citizen for the past 9 years, live in the state they
represent. The Senate has special jobs that only it can do. It can say yes or no to any treaties the
president makes, say yes or no to any people the president recommends for jobs, can hold a
trial( məhkəməyə vermək )for a government official who does sth very wrong.
49. Executive branch of US political system
This branch of government includes:
President- leader of the country and commands the military.
Vice President(prezident köməkçisi)- president of the Senate and becomes president if the president
can’t do his job.
Departments- department heads advise the president on issues and help carry out(yerinə yetirmək)
policies.
Independent Agencies- help carry out policy or provide special services.
The president is the head of the executive branch and plays a large role in making America’s laws.
His job is to approve the laws that Congress creates. When the Senate and the House approve a
bill,they sent it to the President. If he agrees with the laws, he signs it. If the president doesn’t like a
bill, he can refuse to sign it. When he does this, it is called a veto. Despite all of his power, the
president cannot write bills. He serves as the American Head of State. He meets with the leaders of
the other countries and can make treaties with them.
The president is also the Chief of the government. Also, the president is the official head of the
U.S military. The president and the vice president are the only officials chosen by the entire country.
In order to be elected, one must be a natural-born U.S citizen and have lived in the U.S for at least 14
years. When elected, the president serves a term of four years. The most one president can serve is
two terms, for a total of eight years. Other authorities of the president include: the president
conducts(idarə etmək) foreign affairs, appoints(təyin etmək) diplomats, cabinet members, federal
judges with the advice of the Senate.
50. The judicial power and its particular role.
There are three branches of the government in the USA: legislative, executive and judicial. Each has
its own responsibilities and at the same time they work together to make the country run smoothly and
to assure that the rights of citizens are not ignored or disallowed.
The legislative branch of government is madeup of the Congress and government agencies.
Its primary duty is to write, debate, and pass bills, which are then passed on to the President for
approval. This branch of government includes: President,Vice President,Departments,Independent
agencies.
The primary duty of this branch to approve the laws and manage the country.
Judicial Branch
The judicial branch of the government is established in Article III of the Constitution with the creation
of the Supreme Court. This court is the highest court in the country and is empowered with the
judicial powers of the government. There are lower federal courts but they were not created by the
Constitution. Courts decide arguments about the meaning of laws, how they are applied, and whether
they break the rules of the Constitution. A court’s authority to decide constitutionality is called
judicial review. The Supreme Court’s most important responsibility is to decide cases that raise
questions of constitutional interpretation. The judicial review puts the Supreme Court in an important
role in the American political system. The Supreme Court is made up of nine Justices. One of these is
the Chief Justice. They are appointed by the President and must be approved by the Senate. Justices
have their jobs for life, unless they resign, retire, or are impeached (removed, as described in the
Constitution). There are no official qualifications for Justices, but all have been trained in the law.
Many Justices served as members of Congress, governors, or members of the President’s
Cabinet.Once a person has been approved by the Senate and sworn in as A Supreme Court Justice,
s/he remains in the job for life. The only way a Justice may leave the job is to resign, retire, die, or be
impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate. No Justice has ever been removed by
impeachment. The number of Supreme Court Justices has changed over the years. Most cases do not
start in the Supreme Court. Usually, cases are first brought in front of lower (state or federal) courts.
If a case starts at the local level and the losing party does not think that justice was served with that
court’s decision, the party may appeal the case or bring it to a higher court. If the higher court agrees
with the lower court, the party may then ask that the case be taken to the Supreme Court. Only cases
involving federal or constitutional law are brought to the highest court in the land.
51. Political parties. Democratic and Rebublican party in USA
Republican party:
Republican party is considered as a major party in the US. The roots of Semicratic Party lay in the
opposition to slavery. Some opponents of slavery looked to polictical methods for attacking
institution. Antislavery men launched the Liberty Party in 1840. This people later opposed the
expansion of slavery in the US. That is why in 1848,Free soil Party is emerged. In 1850 the existing
two party system broke up.
The republican party was formed in protest of the 1854 bill. The bill provided the questions of slavery
In Kansas and Nebraska would be left to residents. Later their rivals disturbed the 1820 treaty. Both
sides agreed to ban slavery.
Until 1860 reublicans were in a strong position. In 1860 Abraham Lincoln won the four-party
presidental race. Lincoln’s victory led to the separation of the southern regions from the union. They
preached slavery. As a result 11 states seceded from the union. During civil war,Reublicans removed
slavery. They adopted the economy program they had promised on the 1860 platform . These were
main proceedings. The homestead act
The Morril land Grand act
Higher tariff duties
Federal aid for a transcontinental railroad
Encouragement of a national banking system.
Republicans in common front that produced a congressional program providing blacks with
citizenship ,equal rights and the vote . In 1870 there were new sources of factionalism in the
Republican party. First of them was the corruption associated with the administration of Ulyses U.
Grant. Anti-Grang republicans organized the Liberal Republican party and nominated Horace Greely
againist Grant in 1872. But he went down to defead.
Democratic Party:
The democraty party emerged in 1828. It is called the party of the people. It represented salve owners,
part of northern bourgeoisie,a group of petty bourgeoisie and farmers. In 1962 the president John F
Kennedy said in his state of Union Adress that: “ The strong America can’t neglect the aspirations of
its citizens -welfare of the needy ,the health care of the elderly, the education of the young. For we
aren’t developing the naton’s wealth for its own sake. Wealth is the means-and the people are the
ends” The Democratic party is the oldest political party in the world now. It is founded by Tomas
Jeferson. There is a place for the young and the old,for the rich and the poor. It is difficult to fix an
exact birthday for this party. The most consistent date is May 3 1792.
There were some laws that were outside the constitution. There were laws guaranteeing freedom of
press ,religion and speech. The persons in the convention didn’t provide important guarantees. Tomas
Jeferson wasn’t in the convention ,but when he saw mistake,he wrote a letter to his friends in the
country and state:” A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to every government on earth”.
Jeferson served 2 different terms and was followed by James Madison in 1808. He believed in the
inherent worth of common man. “ Every man and every body of men on earth possess the right of
self-government”.
Arkansas’s son,President Bill Clinton said in 1992 that:” The democratic party believes every man
and woman should be able to live their life, which is given by.
52. President of the USA(the position of the president,his duties and responsibilities)
The president is the head of the executive branch and plays a large role in making America’s laws.
His job is to approve the laws that Congress creates. When the Senate and the House approve a bill,
they sent it to the President. If he agrees with the law, he signs it and the law goes into effect. If the
President does not like a bill, he can refuse to sign it. When he does this, it is called a veto. If the
President vetoes a bill, it will most likely never become a law. Congress can override a veto, but to do
so two-thirds of the members of Congress must vote against the President. Despite all of his power,
the President cannot write bills.
    He can propose a bill, but a member of Congress must submit it for him. In addition to playing a
key role in the lawmaking process, the President has several duties. He serves as the American Head
of State, meaning that he meets with the leaders of other countries and can make treaties with them.
However, the Senate must approve any treaty before it becomes official.
    The President is also the Chief of the Government. That means that he is technically the boss of
every government worker. Also, the President is the official head of the U.S. military. He can
authorize the use of troops overseas without declaring war. To officially declare war, though, he must
get the approval of the Congress. The President and the Vice-President are the only officials chosen
by the entire country. Not just anyone can be President, though. In order to be elected, one must be a
natural – born U.S. citizen and have lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years. When elected, the President
serves a term of four years. The most one President can serve is two terms, for a total of eight years.
The President’s Cabinet:
When the President wants advice he asks a group of people called the Cabinet. The purpose of the
Cabinet is to advise the President. They are the President’s closest and most trusted advisors. The
Cabinet includes the Vice President, the heads of 15 executive branch departments, and other
Government officials chosen by the President. They are directly and fully responsible to
President.And President appoints them for an indefinite time.The Cabinet meets at least once a week
to discuss matters that effect the United States. The 14 Secretaries from the executive departments and
the Attorney General are nominated by the President and they must be approved by a majority vote
(51 votes) of the Senate. Nominees can not be a number of Congresses or hold any other elected
office. The departments in the US are the following:
1. Department of State (1789): It works with other countries.
2. Department of the Treasure (1789): Supervises the collection of taxes and the printing of money.
3. Department of Defense (1947): Oversees the armed forces.
4. Department of Justice (1870): Enforces the U.S. Government’s laws.
5. Department of the Interior (1849): Protects natural resources and wildlife.
6. Department of Agriculture (1862): Ensures a healthy food supply and provides support for
farmers.
7. Department of Commerce (1903): Promotes business and job opportunities for all Americans,
responsible for all copyrights, patents, and trademarks; and oversees matters related to oceans,
weather, and technology.
8. Department of Labor (1913): Oversees the interests of U.S. workers.
9. Department of Health and Human Services (1953): Looks after people’s health and provides
services including conducting medical research,
10. Department of Housing and Urban Development (1965): Oversees housing needs, and focuses
on improving and developing communities.
11. Department of Transportation (1966): Oversees the nation’s transportation system including
highways, railroads, ports, and air travel.
12. Department of Energy (1977): Researches and develops energy systems that are friendly to the
environment, but are not too expensive.
13. Department of Education (1979): Establishes guidelines and provides leadership to address
American education
14. Department of Veterans Affairs (1988): Operates programs for veterans and their families.
15. Department of Homeland Security (2003): Works to prevent terrorist attacks within the United
States, minimize the damage from potential attacks and natural disasters.
53. The American system of education:the main four principles of the formation of the
elementary,secondary education.
In 1642 Americans took their first steps toward establishing a system of public schools.In 1647 the
colony of Massachusetts passed a law that required every town to provide its children with schools
and school masters. Within forty years all of the American colonies had followed Massachusetts’
example. 
    After the years of America independence thousands of school districts were created, a vast number
of well-equipped school buildings were built. American children were required to spend a large
percentage of their childhood hours in public schools. By the 1980s all states provided free education
for children between the ages of six and eighteen.
    During the early national period, Thomas Jefferson became an aggressive advocate for the need to
create a large-scale system of public schools.At that time permanent funds were created to support the
building of schools and the employment of school masters. In some stares, lotteries were organized to
provide funds.
Since the late nineteenth century Americans have been in agreement, for example, that their
educational system should be universal. Until into the 1960s a number of states and districts
maintained separate schools and colleges for black students, situation that had been declared
unconstitutional in a long series of Supreme Courth decisions since the mid-1950s. A «right to
education» belonged to all children and youth who resided within the boundaries of the United States
and its territories. In some states and districts, the «right to education» begins at age five, when
children may enter kindergarten. In other, it begins at age six. The «right to education» also has meant
that school systems must provide for the needs of exceptional students.
 Americans have been in agreement also, that their education system will be decentralized. In the
United States there has been no federal ministry of education established to organize and to oversee a
national education system .According to the US Constitution, federal and state judicial decisions, and
federal and state legislation, school districts have had great freedom in shaping their own programs
and personnel policies.
Americans in the past century have also assumed that their schools will be comprehensive,
especially at the secondary (high school) level. There has been a broad agreement in American society
that public education will not follow a strictly defined course of study, but instead will offer a variety
of options from which students may choose. Providing education for a heterogeneous group of
students has involved taking account of various levels of intelligence, various career aspirations and
various interests.
In the past century Americans have assumed that their system of public education must be managed
by professional educators and administrators – that is, that education will be professional. Teachers
often had received their positions through political patronage and, often were forced to supplement
their limited salaries by taking on concurrent jobs. After the advent of compulsory education laws,
that situation changed. Teachers ceased to be «school keepers» and became «educators». In a period
of a little more than one hundred years, Americans have developed the expectation that they can look
to their schools to provide a cluster of experts. When expectations have not been fulfilled, angers have
risen. They have complained about «progressive education» and they have required teachers to sign
political loyalty oaths
. Within the system of education created in the United States – a system that is universal,
decentralized, comprehensive, and professional – a number of structural issues provide the health of
American education.
54. Customs and traditions in USA
American culture encompasses the customs and traditions of the United States. “Culture encompasses
religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is
right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones, and a
million other things,” said Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in
London.The United States is the third largest country in the world with a population of more than 325
million, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. A child is born every 8 seconds, and a person dies
every 12 seconds.In addition to Native Americans who were already living on the continent, the
population of the United States was built on immigration from other countries. Despite recent
moves to close the U.S. Traditions   Although in the grand scheme of things, America is a relatively
young nation, in its 237 year (as of 2013) history it has created and nurtured its own flourishing
traditions and customs. Thanksgiving and the 4th July are known the world over, but there are other
peculiarities that make up American culture. For example, the voting of the presidential election only
ever takes place on a Tuesday. The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, confused?
Therefore November 2nd is the earliest date it can fall on and November 8th the latest. Groundhog
Day, made famous by the 90s comedy film of the same name, is the 2nd February. Folklore has it that
if, when a groundhog emerges from its burrow on the 2nd of February it is cloudy, then spring will
come early. If it is sunny, however, the groundhog will upon seeing its shadow retreat back
underground and winter weather will continue for another 6 weeks.Finally, there is a need to discuss
the diversity of arts in the United States. The arts culture of the US extends far beyond television
shows and movies. This can be proved by the fact that New York is known for being home to
Broadway, and the whole American nation has a very distinct theatrical history. The folk art of
Americans is revealed in the popularity of hand-made items. As for American music, it encompasses
many styles and genres, including jazz, western and country music as well as rock ‘n’ roll and blues.
55. Holidays in US(unique and general)
56. Cultural life and lifestyle in the usa
Whatever the social – economic – psychological causes, the United States today is the most
entertained country in the world. At the same time new came along – fresh marvels of reproduction
and transmission that include cable, satellite, computer constructions and so on. The fusion of
entertainment and the press is as solid as that between the other media and government. A sports
section running thirty-two pages is not uncommon in a major newspaper. Each issue of the
distinguished New Yorker magazine lists hundreds of diversions in and around Manhattan, by name
or title, address and telephone number. Directories like Cue are published in most big cities;
prosperous periodicals like Chicago and Los Angeles are encyclopedias of current fare.
In 1905 a new medium was born, one that would become the most gigantic of the entertainment
industry until overtaken by the electronic revolution. In that year The Great Train Robbery ushered in
the motion picture. Demand for pictures increased rapidly; within ten years of the first crude films,
D.W. Griffith produces The Birth of a Nation. It marked the beginning of modern movie making, and
for the first time brought a socially significant subject to the screen. The story, based on Thomas
Dixon’s novel The Classman, dealt with antagonisms of the reconstruction era.
The media have become a kind of second government as well. That is, a songand-dance man is
elected United States senator. A former actor and actress occupy the White House. An actor is
appointed ambassador to Mexico. An airport is named after another actor. A newscaster is elected to
Congress. A school is named after a first baseman a highway after a comedian, and a town after a
radio program. The famous film star is elected as a governor of the state. At last, a character actor in
Star Trek is invited to join NASA’s board of directors. When the movie The Right Stuff premiered in
Washington, there was, according to the Los Angeles Times, the recurring recognition that the world
of Washington and the world of the movies are somehow intertwined.
The first American theater was established in Williamsburg in 1716. Yet even when proscriptions
were lifted, the theater did not exactly mushroom. It was 1820 before Shakespearean plays were
produced, and then it took an English star appearing as Richard III to attract enough customers to
make a go of it.
The first circus in America came along around the same time. In 1828 two black men, Picayune
Butter and a colleague known as Old Corn Meal introduced a new style of music that led to the
development of the minstrel show, with its comic elements, songs, dances. It was a purely American
concoction, in which blacks were personified by whites in black face, just as a century later the
toprated program of the land was Amos and Andy, in which scores of black characters were played by
two Caucasians. Famous minstrel groups included Christy’s Minstrel, Primrose and West, and Lew
Dockstader’s troupe, where singer Al Jolson got his start I show business.
Some of the popular songs published late into the century, if broadcast today, cause a radio or
television station to lose its license on grounds of their titles alone: Gib Me Dat Watermelon (1896);
All Coons Look Alike to Me (1896); Coon, Coon, Coon, I Wish My Color Would Fad, and so on.
Between 1892 and 1917 the country was entertained by such songs as: Let a Smile Be Your
Umbrella, Maxie, Don’t Take a Taxi; You Can’t Give Your Heart to Someone Else, etc.
The theater flourished in the middle of the nineteenth century. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s best-
selling novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, published in 1852, was dramatized a year later in the history of
world theater. The play, dealing with the evils of Slavery, involved different characters (Uncle Tom,
Little Eva, Simon Legree). Following the Civil War rustic theater emerged as a favorite
entertainment.
The onset of World War I created few ripples to disturb the flow of entertainment. Out of sixty-
four major stage productions in the war years 19141918, only four dealt with war. The comedy «Our
American Cousin» was famous at that time. In 1917 the first Pulitzer prize for drama was awarded to
a frothy comedy, Why Marry? From the turn of the century to the eve of World War I social concerns
barely surfaced in most entertainment. The first powerful theatrical trust was formed in 1895, when
seven leading producer-managers established the firm of Klaw and Erlanger. In 1905 David Belasco
produced. The Girl of Golden West, which became the source of Puccini’s opera of the same name. It
premiered in Milan in 1910.
Gradually, toward the end of the 1800s and into the new century, America began to exploit its own
creative instincts, as it had already done with the minstrel show. Jazz, claimed to be the only art form
truly indigenous to the United States, was born and raised n New Orleans. Originally it was played by
black brass bands at parades and in funeral processions.
Social drama suddenly accelerated in the 1930s and 1940s with the emergence of playwrights like
Clifford Odets, Elmer Rice, Lillian Hellman and so on. Marc Blitzstein’s The Cradle will Rock dealt
with unions and bosses; John Wexli’s The Last Mile with capital punishment; Arthur Miller’s Death
of a Salesman with aspects of the American dream of success. Films, too, reflected social concerns,
over an even wider spectrum.
Christianity (belief in the teachings of Jesus Christ) has always been the dominant American faith.
Today, about 86% of Americans are Christians (approximately 59% Protestants and 27% Catholics).
However, this is a nation with great religious diversity. American Christians are divided into many
different groups, including Roman Catholic, the various national denominations of the Eastern
Orthodox churches, and hundreds of different Protestant denominations and sects. The largest
Protestant groups are the Southern Baptist Convention, the United Methodist Church, and the
National Baptist Convention. Among the non-Christian religions, Judaism is the largest, with roughly
2% of the population. In addition, the USA has a great variety of other religions, including about 5
million Muslims, nearly 2 million Buddhists, and about 800,000 Hindus. Americans are proud of their
nation’s religious diversity and of the religious freedom that all enjoy.
57. Multiculturalizm in USA
The Northeast region is largely industrialised and life here is fast-paced. The region is home to some
of the largest U.S. cities like New York, Boston, Philadelphia and the U.S.
Capital Washington DC. Northeasterners have a sense of regional pride for their states’ association
with the original 13 colonies. Their colonial pride is evident in their professional sports teams; the
names of teams in this region make specific references to American history.
In the West, however, time moves a little slower and life is more relaxed. Westerners often prioritise
happiness and personal endeavours over career success and achievement. People living on the West
Coast are known for their love of the outdoors and their care for the environment.
The South is perhaps the most distinct region of the United States. Much of the South’s history deals
with slavery and the American Civil War. Southerners emphasise family, religion, and conservative
values. People here are known for their “Southern hospitality.” Southerners share a feeling of pride
for their region and country which forms a strong sense of community and brings people together.
The Midwest is in some ways a blend of the other three regions. People here value hard work and
individuality. These states are filled with some of the country’s largest cities, yet outside those cities
and suburbs there is mostly farmland. The Midwest is sometimes referred to as “America’s
Breadbasket” for its fertile soil and extensive farmland.
58. United States of America today
The USA is the third largest country in the world in population, and it is the fourth largest country in
area. The area of the USA is over 9,4 million square kilometers,the population is about 280 mln. The
capital of America is Washington and the form of government is republic. The country lies in the
central part of the North American continent with the Atlantic Ocean to the East, the Pacific to the
West, Canada to the North, and Mexico to the South. The United States of America is divided into 50
states and the District of Columbia, the seat of the national government.Today America is a rich
country. Compared to other countries,the United States has much more than the world’s average
wealth. The high US national income is achieved through high worker productivity.
Being powerful both politically and economically US has close relations with different countries of
the world. More recently, the US economy has entered a postindustrial phase. As is known American
has got good relations with Azerbaijan in the oil sector. The warm relations appeared between
Azerbaijan and the US after the «Contract of the Century» was signed. So, on September 20, 1994
Azerbaijan and Consortium of foreign oil companies signed a production sharing contract . On
September 26th, after the contract was signed, Heydar Aliyev and US President Bill Clinton met in
New York City. This event can be considered as a vocal role of the United States of America. Today
the USA pursues a strong foreign policy. The US wishes to establish and sustain a world order that
ensures its national security as against the other great powers; encourages other nations, especially the
smaller ones.The most important and interesting fact is that no country’s history has been more
closely bound to immigration than that of the United States. During the first 15 years of the 20th
century over 13 million people came to the United States, many passing through Ellis Island. As a
result of this immigration, the US today has one of the world’s most varied population. That is why it
is often called «a nation of immigrants ».
59. Prominent people of the USA
In America they have literally millions of famous Americans, but I write the most noteworthy ones.
Donald Trump US business magnate, investor, television personality and 45th president of the US.
Trump upset political predictions to beat Hilary Clinton. His policies include travel bans from Muslim
countries and building a wall between Mexico and the United States.Barack Obama The first black
US president. After only one year as president, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in the hope he
would be able to promote greater international co-operation.Thomas Edison. Edison was one of the
most prolific inventors of all time. He helped to usher in the electricity revolution inventing the
electric light bulb and providing one of the first domestic electricity networks in the world. Mark
Twain. Although better known by his pen name, Twain’s birth name was actually Samuel Langhorne
Clemens. He was an American author and humorist made famous by his ‘great American novel’
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. William Faulkner called Twain the father of American literature.
Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway was an American author and journalist who had a strong influence
on 20th Century fiction. In 1954 he won the Nobel Prize in literature and to this day many of his
works are known as American classics. Hemingway had four wives in his lifetime and tragically
committed suicide in 1961. Neil Armstrong. A famous American astronaut, Armstrong was the first
person to walk on the moon. Armstrong was a very humble person and was referred to as a reluctant
American Hero. Before becoming an astronaut Armstrong was an officer in the U.S Navy and served
in the Korean War.Bill Gates.Bill Gates is the current chairman and former CEO of the world’s
largest personal-computer software company, Microsoft. A Company he co-founded with Paul Allen.
According to the Bloomberg Billionaires List, Gates is the world’s richest person this year – a title he
also held in 2007. Time magazine named Gates one of the 100 people who most influenced the 20th
century.George Washington served as Commander in Chief of the American forces during the War of
Independence. His tactical skills helped the American army defeat the British despite losing some
battles. George Washington also served as first US president.Abraham Lincoln was US president
1861-1865. He led the union into a civil war to prevent a split between states in the north and south.
During the war, Lincoln also promoted a bill to end slavery in the United States.
60. Relationship between Azerbaijan and USA
Relationship between Azerbaijan and the United States is based on equality, mutual respect, and
history of successful cooperation on energy security, peacekeeping operations, counterterrorism, and
other areas.
The United States recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on December 25, 1991, and the
diplomatic relations were established on February 28, 1992. The Embassy of Azerbaijan in the United
States and the U.S. Embassy in Azerbaijan have been operating since March 6, 1992, and March 16,
1992, respectively. The Consulate General of Azerbaijan in Los Angeles was established on August 9,
2005. Since 2010, Azerbaijan has Honorary Consulate operating in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Some 86 documents were signed between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the United States, and the
appropriate normative-legal basis for cooperation has been established.
Since 1993, high-level reciprocal visits have taken place. The first official visit to the United States of
America was paid by the late President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, in 1997. The
last presidential-level visit to the United States was a working visit by the President of Azerbaijan
Ilham Aliyev on March 30-April 1, 2016.
Cooperation between Azerbaijan and the United States on defense and security is one of the main
directions of bilateral relations. Since 2002, the United States has been providing its support to
Azerbaijan in the security area.
Cooperation between Azerbaijan and the United States in the field of energy began in 1994 with
“Contract of the Century”. The United States has also supported Azerbaijan’s contribution to
Europe’s energy security. The United States has repeatedly stated its commitment to the Southern Gas
Corridor and supports the efforts of Azerbaijan and its international partners to complete the project.