IFRS Practice Statement 2

Making Materiality Judgements
IFRS Practice Statement 2

IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements was issued in September 2017 for
application from 14 September 2017. The text of the Basis for Conclusions is contained in
Part C of this edition.
姝 IFRS Foundation B841

CONTENTS
from paragraph
INTRODUCTION IN1
IFRS PRACTICE STATEMENT 2 MAKING MATERIALITY

JUDGEMENTS
OBJECTIVE 1
SCOPE 3
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALITY 5
Definition of material 5
Materiality judgements are pervasive 8
Judgement 11
Primary users and their information needs 13
Decisions made by primary users 16
Meeting primary users’ information needs 21
Impact of publicly available information 24
INTERACTION WITH LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS 27
MAKING MATERIALITY JUDGEMENTS 29
Overview of the materiality process 29
A four-step materiality process 33
Step 1—identify 35
Step 2—assess 40
Step 3—organise 56
Step 4—review 60
SPECIFIC TOPICS 66
Prior-period information 66
Prior-period information not previously provided 70
Summarising prior-period information 71
Errors 72
Cumulative errors 77
Information about covenants 81
Materiality judgements for interim reporting 84
Interim reporting estimates 88
APPLICATION DATE 89
APPENDIX
APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF THE IFRS PRACTICE STATEMENT 2 MAKING
MATERIALITY JUDGEMENTS ISSUED IN SEPTEMBER 2017
FOR THE BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS, SEE PART C OF THIS EDITION
BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS
B842 姝 IFRS Foundation

IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements (Practice Statement) is set out in
paragraphs 1–89. This Practice Statement should be read in the context of its objective
and Basis for Conclusions, as well as in the context of the Preface to International Financial
Reporting Standards, the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting and IFRS Standards.

Introduction
IN1 The objective of general purpose financial statements is to provide financial

information about a reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential
investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing
resources to the entity. The entity identifies the information necessary to meet
that objective by making appropriate materiality judgements.
IN2 The aim of this IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements (Practice
Statement) is to provide reporting entities with guidance on making materiality
judgements when preparing general purpose financial statements in accordance
with IFRS Standards. While some of the guidance in this Practice Statement may
be useful to entities applying the IFRS for SMEs® Standard, the Practice Statement
is not intended for those entities.
IN3 The need for materiality judgements is pervasive in the preparation of financial
statements. An entity makes materiality judgements when making decisions
about recognition and measurement as well as presentation and disclosure.
Requirements in IFRS Standards only need to be applied if their effect is material
to the complete set of financial statements.
IN4 This Practice Statement:

(a) provides an overview of the general characteristics of materiality.
(b) presents a four-step process an entity may follow in making materiality

judgements when preparing its financial statements (materiality
process). The description of the materiality process provides an overview
of the role materiality plays in the preparation of financial statements,
with a focus on the factors the entity should consider when making
materiality judgements.
(c) provides guidance on how to make materiality judgements in specific

circumstances, namely, how to make materiality judgements about
prior-period information, errors and covenants, and in the context of
interim reporting.
IN5 Whether information is material is a matter of judgement and depends on the

facts involved and the circumstances of a specific entity. This Practice Statement
illustrates the types of factors that the entity should consider when judging
whether information is material.
IN6 A Practice Statement is non-mandatory guidance developed by the International

Accounting Standards Board. It is not a Standard. Therefore, its application is
not required to state compliance with IFRS Standards.
IN7 This Practice Statement includes examples illustrating how an entity might
apply some of the guidance in the Practice Statement based on the limited facts
presented. The analysis in each example is not intended to represent the only
manner in which the guidance could be applied.

IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements
Objective
1 This IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements (Practice Statement)

provides reporting entities with non-mandatory guidance on making materiality
judgements when preparing general purpose financial statements in accordance
with IFRS Standards.
2 The guidance may also help other parties involved in financial reporting to
understand how an entity makes materiality judgements when preparing such
financial statements.
Scope
3 The Practice Statement is applicable when preparing financial statements in

accordance with IFRS Standards. It is not intended for entities applying the IFRS
for SMEs® Standard.
4 The Practice Statement provides non-mandatory guidance; therefore, its
application is not required to state compliance with IFRS Standards.
General characteristics of materiality
Definition of material
5 The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (Conceptual Framework) provides the
following definition of material information (IAS 1 Presentation of Financial
Statements and IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors
provide similar definitions1):
Information is material if omitting it or misstating it could influence decisions

that users make on the basis of financial information about a specific reporting
entity. In other words, materiality is an entity-specific aspect of relevance based on
the nature or magnitude, or both, of the items to which the information relates in
the context of an individual entity’s financial report.2
6 When making materiality judgements, an entity needs to take into account how
information could reasonably be expected to influence the primary users of its
1 See paragraph 7 of IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and paragraph 5 of IAS 8 Accounting Policies,
Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.
2 Paragraph QC11 of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (Conceptual Framework). However,
the Exposure Draft ED/2017/6 Definition of Material (Proposed amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8) (Definition
of Material ED) proposes to refine the definition of material to ‘[i]nformation is material if omitting,
misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary
users of a specific reporting entity’s general purpose financial statements make on the basis of those
financial statements’. The Definition of Material ED also identifies consequential amendments to
other IFRS Standards, including amendments to the definitions of material in the Conceptual
Framework, IAS 1 and IAS 8.

financial statements—its primary users—when they make decisions3 on the basis

of those statements (see paragraphs 13–23).4
7 The objective of financial statements is to provide financial information about a

reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and
other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity.5 The
entity identifies the information necessary to meet that objective by making
appropriate materiality judgements.
Materiality judgements are pervasive

8 The need for materiality judgements is pervasive in the preparation of financial
statements. An entity makes materiality judgements when making decisions
about recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure. Requirements in
IFRS Standards only need to be applied if their effect is material to the complete
set of financial statements,6 which includes the primary financial statements7
and the notes. However, it is inappropriate for the entity to make, or leave
uncorrected, immaterial departures from IFRS Standards to achieve a particular
presentation of its financial position, financial performance or cash flows.8
Recognition and measurement

9 IFRS Standards set out reporting requirements that the International
Accounting Standards Board (Board) has concluded will lead to financial
statements that provide information about the financial position, financial
performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to the primary users of
those statements. The entity is only required to apply recognition and
measurement requirements when the effect of applying them is material.
Example A—materiality judgements on the application of accounting

policies
Background
An entity has a policy of capitalising expenditures on items of property,

plant and equipment (PP&E) in excess of a specified threshold and
recognising any smaller amounts as an expense.
Application
IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment requires that the cost of an item of PP&E
is recognised as an asset when the criteria in paragraph 7 of IAS 16 are met.
continued...
3 Throughout this Practice Statement, the term ‘decisions’ refers to decisions about providing
resources to the entity, unless specifically indicated otherwise.
4 See paragraph 7 of IAS 1.
5 See paragraph OB2 of the Conceptual Framework.
6 In this Practice Statement the phrases ‘complete set of financial statements’ and ‘financial
statements as a whole’ are used interchangeably.
7 For the purposes of this Practice Statement, the primary financial statements comprise the
statement of financial position, statement(s) of financial performance, statement of changes in
equity and statement of cash flows.

...continued
The entity has assessed that its accounting policy—not capitalising

expenditure below a specific threshold—will not have a material effect on the
current-period financial statements or on future financial statements,
because information reflecting the capitalisation and amortisation of such
expenditure could not reasonably be expected to influence decisions made by
the primary users of the entity’s financial statements.
Provided that such a policy does not have a material effect on the financial
statements and was not set to intentionally achieve a particular presentation
of the entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows, the
entity’s financial statements comply with IAS 16. Such a policy is
nevertheless reassessed each reporting period to ensure that its effect on the
entity’s financial statements remains immaterial.
Presentation and disclosure

10 An entity need not provide a disclosure specified by an IFRS Standard if the
information resulting from that disclosure is not material. This is the case even
if the Standard contains a list of specific disclosure requirements or describes
them as ‘minimum requirements’. Conversely, the entity must consider
whether to provide information not specified by IFRS Standards if that
information is necessary for primary users to understand the impact of
particular transactions, other events and conditions on the entity’s financial
position, financial performance and cash flows.9
Example B—materiality judgements on disclosures specified by IFRS

Standards
Background
An entity presents property, plant and equipment (PP&E) as a separate line

item in its statement of financial position.
Application
IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment sets out specific disclosure requirements
for PP&E, including the disclosure of the amount of contractual
commitments for the acquisition of PP&E (paragraph 74(c) of IAS 16).
When preparing its financial statements, the entity assesses whether

disclosures specified in IAS 16 are material information. Even if PP&E is
presented as a separate line item in the statement of financial position, not
all disclosures specified in IAS 16 will automatically be required. In the
absence of any qualitative considerations (see paragraphs 46–51), if the
amount of contractual commitments for the acquisition of PP&E is not
material, the entity is not required to disclose this information.
9 See paragraphs 17(c) and 31 of IAS 1.

Example C—materiality judgements that lead to the disclosure of

information in addition to the specific disclosure requirements in IFRS
Standards
Background
An entity has its main operations in a country that, as part of an

international agreement, is committed to introducing regulations to reduce
the use of carbon-based energy. The regulations had not yet been enacted in
the national legislation of that country at the end of the reporting period.
The entity owns a coal-fired power station in that country. During the
reporting period, the entity recorded an impairment loss on its coal-fired
power station, reducing the carrying amount of the power station to its
recoverable amount. No goodwill or intangible assets with an indefinite
useful life were included in the cash-generating unit.
Application
Paragraph 132 of IAS 36 Impairment of Assets does not require an entity to

disclose the assumptions used to determine the recoverable amount of a
tangible asset, unless goodwill or intangible assets with an indefinite useful
life are included in the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit.
Nevertheless, the entity has concluded that the assumptions about the
likelihood of national enactment of regulations to reduce the use of
carbon-based energy, as well as about the enactment plan, it considered in
measuring the recoverable amount of its coal-fired power station could
reasonably be expected to influence decisions primary users make on the
basis of the entity’s financial statements. Hence, information about those
assumptions is necessary for primary users to understand the impact of the
impairment on the entity’s financial position, financial performance and
cash flows. Therefore, even though not specifically required by IAS 36, the
entity concludes that its assumptions about the likelihood of national
enactment of regulations to reduce the use of carbon-based energy, as well as
about the enactment plan, constitute material information and discloses
those assumptions in its financial statements.
Judgement
11 When assessing whether information is material to the financial statements, an
entity applies judgement to decide whether the information could reasonably be
expected to influence decisions that primary users make on the basis of those
financial statements. When applying such judgement, the entity considers both
its specific circumstances and how the information provided in the financial
statements responds to the information needs of primary users.
12 Because an entity’s circumstances change over time, materiality judgements are

reassessed at each reporting date in the light of those changed circumstances.
Primary users and their information needs

13 When making materiality judgements, an entity needs to consider the impact
information could reasonably be expected to have on the primary users of its

financial statements. Those primary users are existing and potential investors,
lenders and other creditors—those users who cannot require entities to provide
information directly to them and must rely on general purpose financial
statements for much of the financial information they need.10 In addition to
those primary users, other parties, such as the entity’s management, regulators
and members of the public, may be interested in financial information about
the entity and may find the financial statements useful. However, the financial
statements are not primarily directed at these other parties.11
14 Because primary users include potential investors, lenders and other creditors, it
would be inappropriate for an entity to narrow the information provided in its
financial statements by focusing only on the information needs of existing
investors, lenders and other creditors.
Example D—existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors
Background
An entity is 100 per cent owned by its parent. Its parent provides the entity
with semi-finished products that the entity assembles and sells back to the
parent. The entity is entirely financed by its parent. The current users of the
entity’s financial statements include the parent and the entity’s creditors
(mainly local suppliers).
Application
The entity refers to the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting to identify
the primary users of its financial statements—existing and potential
investors, lenders and other creditors who cannot require the entity to
provide information directly to them and must rely on general purpose
financial statements. When making materiality judgements in the
preparation of its financial statements, the entity does not reduce its
disclosures to only those of interest to its parent or its existing creditors. The
entity also considers the information needs of potential investors, lenders
and other creditors when making those judgements.
15 When making materiality judgements, an entity also considers that primary

users are expected to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic
activities and to review and analyse the information included in the financial
statements diligently.12
Decisions made by primary users

16 An entity needs to consider what type of decisions its primary users make on the
basis of the financial statements and, consequently, what information they need
to make those decisions.
17 The primary users of an entity’s financial statements make decisions about

providing resources to the entity. Those decisions involve: buying, selling or

11 See paragraphs OB9 and OB10 of the Conceptual Framework.
12 See paragraph QC32 of the Conceptual Framework.

holding equity and debt instruments, providing or settling loans and other
forms of credit,13 and exercising rights while holding investments (such as the
right to vote on or otherwise influence management’s actions that affect the use
of the entity’s economic resources).14 Such decisions depend on the returns that
primary users expect from an investment in those instruments.
18 The expectations existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors
have about returns, in turn, depend on their assessment of the amount, timing
and uncertainty of the future net cash inflows to an entity,15 together with their
assessment of management’s stewardship of the entity’s resources.16
19 Consequently, an entity’s primary users need information about:

(a) the resources of the entity (assets), claims against the entity (liabilities
and equity) and changes in those resources and claims (income and
expenses); and
(b) how efficiently and effectively the entity’s management and governing
board have discharged their responsibility to use the entity’s resources.17
20 Financial information can make a difference in decisions if it has predictive

value, confirmatory value or both.18 When making materiality judgements, an
entity needs to assess whether information could reasonably be expected to
influence primary users’ decisions, rather than assessing whether that
information alone could reasonably be expected to change their decisions.
Meeting primary users’ information needs

21 The objective of financial statements is to provide primary users with financial
information that is useful to them in making decisions about providing
resources to an entity. However, general purpose financial statements do not,
and cannot, provide all the information that primary users need.19 Therefore,
the entity aims to meet the common information needs of its primary users. It
does not aim to address specialised information needs—information needs that
are unique to particular users.

14 The International Accounting Standards Board (Board) considers primary users’ resource allocation
decisions to include decisions needed to exercise rights while holding investments, such as rights to
vote on or otherwise influence management’s actions that affect the use of the entity’s economic
resources. The Board has tentatively decided to clarify this point, which was previously implicit in
the phrase ‘decisions to hold equity instruments’, as part of its deliberations on the revised
Conceptual Framework.
16 Paragraph 1.3 of the Exposure Draft ED/2015/3 Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
(Conceptual Framework ED) proposed to reintroduce the term ‘stewardship’ and to explain
explicitly that investors’, creditors’ and other lenders’ expectations about returns also depend on
their assessment of management’s stewardship of the entity’s resources. The Board has tentatively
decided to confirm this as part of its deliberations on the revised Conceptual Framework.

Example E—primary users’ unique or individual information requests
Background
Twenty investors each hold 5 per cent of an entity’s voting rights. One of
these investors is particularly interested in information about the entity’s
expenditure in a specific location because that investor operates another
business in that location. Such information could not reasonably be
expected to influence decisions that other primary users make on the basis
of the entity’s financial statements.
Application
In making its materiality judgements, the entity does not need to consider
the specific information needs of that single investor. The entity concludes
that information about its expenditure in the specific location is immaterial
information for its primary users as a group and therefore decides not to
provide it in its financial statements.
22 To meet the common information needs of its primary users, an entity first
separately identifies the information needs that are shared by users within one
of the three categories of primary users defined in the Conceptual Framework—for
example investors (existing and potential)—then repeats the assessment for the
two remaining categories—namely lenders (existing and potential) and other
creditors (existing and potential). The total of the information needs identified
is the set of common information needs the entity aims to meet.
23 In other words, the assessment of common information needs does not require
identifying information needs shared across all existing and potential investors,
lenders and other creditors. Some of the identified information needs will be
common to all three categories, but others may be specific to only one or two of
those categories. If an entity were to focus only on those information needs that
are common to all categories of primary users, it might exclude information
that meets the needs of only one category.
Impact of publicly available information

24 The primary users of financial statements generally consider information from
sources other than just the financial statements. For example, they might also
consider other sections of the annual report, information about the industry an
entity operates in, its competitors and the state of the economy, the entity’s
press releases as well as other documents the entity has published.
25 However, the financial statements are required to be a comprehensive document

that provides information about the financial position, financial performance
and cash flows of an entity that is useful to primary users in making decisions
about providing resources to the entity. Consequently, the entity assesses
whether information is material to the financial statements, regardless of
whether such information is also publicly available from another source.
26 Moreover, public availability of information does not relieve an entity of the

obligation to provide material information in its financial statements.

Example F—impact of an entity’s press release on materiality

judgements
Background
An entity undertook a business combination in the reporting period. The

acquisition doubled the size of the entity’s operations in one of its main
markets. On the acquisition date, the entity issued a press release providing
an extensive explanation of the primary reasons for the business
combination and a description of how it obtained control over the acquired
business, together with other information related to the acquisition.
Application
In preparing its financial statements, the entity first considered the

disclosure requirements in IFRS 3 Business Combinations. Paragraph B64(d) of
IFRS 3 requires an entity to disclose, for each business combination that
occurs during the reporting period, ‘the primary reasons for the business
combination and a description of how the acquirer obtained control of the
acquiree’.
The entity concludes that information about the business combination is

material because the acquisition is expected to have a significant impact on
the entity’s operations, due to the overall size of the transaction compared
with the size of the entity. In these circumstances, even though information
relating to the primary reasons for the business combination and the
description of how it obtained control is already included in a public
statement, the entity needs to provide the information in its financial
statements.
Interaction with local laws and regulations
27 An entity’s financial statements must comply with the requirements in IFRS

Standards, including requirements related to materiality (materiality
requirements), for the entity to state its compliance with those Standards.
Hence, an entity that wishes to state compliance with IFRS Standards cannot
provide less information than the information required by the Standards, even if
local laws and regulations permit otherwise.
28 Nevertheless, local laws and regulations may specify requirements that affect
what information is provided in the financial statements. In such
circumstances, providing information to meet local legal or regulatory
requirements is permitted by IFRS Standards, even if that information is not
material according to the materiality requirements in the Standards. However,
such information must not obscure information that is material according to
IFRS Standards.20
20 See paragraph 30A of IAS 1 and paragraph BC30F of the Basis for Conclusions on IAS 1.

Example G—information that is immaterial according to IFRS Standards

required by local laws and regulations
Background
An entity is a food retailer operating in country ABC. In country ABC,

investments in research and development (R&D) are generally limited across
the industry; nonetheless, the government requires all entities to disclose, in
their financial statements, the aggregate amount of R&D expenditure
incurred during the period.
In the current reporting period, the entity recognised a small amount of

expenditure on R&D activities as an expense. No R&D expenditure was
capitalised during the period.
When preparing its financial statements, the entity assessed the disclosure of
information about R&D expenditure incurred during the period as
immaterial, for IFRS purposes.
Application
To comply with local regulations, the entity discloses in its financial

statements information about R&D expenditure incurred during the period.
IFRS Standards permit the entity to disclose that information in its financial
statements, but the entity needs to organise its disclosures to ensure that
material information is not obscured.
Example H—information that is material according to IFRS Standards

not required by local laws and regulations
Background
An entity operates in a country where the government requires the

disclosure of the details of property, plant and equipment (PP&E) disposals,
but only if their carrying amounts exceed a specified percentage of total
assets.
In the current reporting period, the entity disposed of PP&E below the
threshold specified in the local regulation. This transaction was with a
related party, which paid the entity less than the fair value of the item
disposed.
When preparing its financial statements, the entity applied judgement and
concluded that information about the details of the disposal was material,
mainly because of the terms of the transaction and the fact it was with a
related party.
Application
To comply with IFRS Standards, the entity discloses details of that disposal
even though local regulations require disclosure of PP&E disposals only if
their carrying amount exceeds a specified percentage of total assets.

Making materiality judgements
Overview of the materiality process

29 An entity may find it helpful to follow a systematic process in making
materiality judgements when preparing its financial statements. The four-step
process described in the following paragraphs is an example of such a process.
This description provides an overview of the role materiality plays in the
preparation of financial statements, with a focus on the factors the entity should
consider when making materiality judgements. In this Practice Statement, this
four-step process is called the ‘materiality process’.
30 The materiality process describes how an entity could assess whether

information is material for the purposes of presentation and disclosure, as well
as for recognition and measurement. The process illustrates one possible way to
make materiality judgements, but it incorporates the materiality requirements
an entity must apply to state compliance with IFRS Standards. The materiality
process considers potential omission and potential misstatement of
information, as well as unnecessary inclusion of immaterial information and
whether immaterial information obscures material information. In all cases,
the entity needs to focus on how the information could reasonably be expected
to influence decisions of the primary users of its financial statements.
31 Judgement is involved in assessing materiality when preparing financial

statements. The materiality process is designed as a practice guide to help an
entity apply judgement in an efficient and effective way.
32 The materiality process is not intended to describe the assessment of materiality

for local legal and regulatory purposes. An entity refers to its local requirements
to assess whether it is compliant with local laws and regulations.
A four-step materiality process

33 The steps identified as a possible approach to the assessment of materiality in
the preparation of the financial statements are, in summary:
(a) Step 1—identify. Identify information that has the potential to be

material.
(b) Step 2—assess. Assess whether the information identified in Step 1 is, in
fact, material.
(c) Step 3—organise. Organise the information within the draft financial
statements in a way that communicates the information clearly and
concisely to primary users.
(d) Step 4—review. Review the draft financial statements to determine

whether all material information has been identified and materiality
considered from a wide perspective and in aggregate, on the basis of the
complete set of financial statements.
34 When preparing its financial statements, an entity may rely on materiality

assessments from prior periods, provided that it reconsiders them in the light of
any change in circumstances and of any new or updated information.

Diagram—the four-step materiality process
Step 1 Requirements Knowledge about primary users’

Identify of IFRS Standards common information needs
Step 2 Quantitative Qualitative

Assess factors factors
entity-specific
and external
Step 3 Organise the information within

Organise the draft financial statements
Step 4 Review the draft

Review financial statements
Step 1—identify
35 An entity identifies information about its transactions, other events and
conditions that primary users might need to understand to make decisions
about providing resources to the entity.
36 In identifying this information, an entity considers, as a starting point, the

requirements of the IFRS Standards applicable to its transactions, other events
and conditions. This is the starting point because, when developing a Standard,
the Board identifies the information it expects will meet the needs of a broad
range of primary users for a wide variety of entities in a range of
circumstances.21
37 When the Board develops a Standard, it also considers the balance between the
benefits of providing information and the costs of complying with the
requirements in that Standard. However, the cost of applying the requirements
in the Standards is not a factor for an entity to consider when making

materiality judgements—the entity should not consider the cost of complying

with requirements in IFRS Standards, unless there is explicit permission in the
Standards.
38 An entity also considers its primary users’ common information needs (as
explained in paragraphs 21–23) to identify any information—in addition to that
specified in IFRS Standards—necessary to enable primary users to understand the
impact of the entity’s transactions, other events and conditions on the entity’s
financial position, financial performance and cash flows (see paragraph 10).
Existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors need information
about the resources of the entity (assets), claims against the entity (liabilities and
equity) and changes in those resources and claims (income and expenses), and
information that will help them assess how efficiently and effectively the
entity’s management and governing board have discharged their responsibility
to use the entity’s resources.22
39 The output of Step 1 is a set of potentially material information.
Step 2—assess
40 An entity assesses whether the potentially material information identified in
Step 1 is, in fact, material. In making this assessment, the entity needs to
consider whether its primary users could reasonably be expected to be
influenced by the information when making decisions about providing
resources to the entity on the basis of the financial statements. The entity
performs this assessment in the context of the financial statements as a whole.
41 An entity might conclude that an item of information is material for various

reasons. Those reasons include the item’s nature or size, or a combination of
both, judged in relation to the particular circumstances of the entity.23
Therefore, making materiality judgements involves both quantitative and
qualitative considerations. It would not be appropriate for the entity to rely on
purely numerical guidelines or to apply a uniform quantitative threshold for
materiality (see paragraphs 53–55).
42 The following paragraphs describe some common ‘materiality factors’ that an

entity should use to help identify when an item of information is material.
These factors are organised into the following categories:
(a) quantitative; and
(b) qualitative—either entity-specific or external.
43 The output of Step 2 is a preliminary set of material information. For

presentation and disclosure, this involves decisions about what information an
entity needs to provide in its financial statements, and in how much detail24
(including identifying appropriate levels of aggregation an entity provides in the
financial statements). For recognition and measurement, the output of Step 2
involves the identification of information that, if not recognised or otherwise
misstated, could reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions.

23 See paragraph 7 of IAS 1 and paragraph 5 of IAS 8.

Quantitative factors
44 An entity ordinarily assesses whether information is quantitatively material by
considering the size of the impact of the transaction, other event or condition
against measures of the entity’s financial position, financial performance and
cash flows. The entity makes this assessment by considering not only the size of
the impact it recognises in its primary financial statements but also any
unrecognised items that could ultimately affect primary users’ overall
perception of the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash
flows (eg contingent liabilities or contingent assets). The entity needs to assess
whether the impact is of such a size that information about the transaction,
other event or condition could reasonably be expected to influence its primary
users’ decisions about providing resources to the entity.
45 Identifying the measures against which an entity makes this quantitative

assessment is a matter of judgement. That judgement depends on which
measures are of great interest to the primary users of the entity’s financial
statements. Examples include measures of the entity’s revenues, the entity’s
profitability, financial position ratios and cash flow measures.
Qualitative factors
46 For the purposes of this Practice Statement, qualitative factors are
characteristics of an entity’s transactions, other events or conditions, or of their
context, that, if present, make information more likely to influence the
decisions of the primary users of the entity’s financial statements. The mere
presence of a qualitative factor will not necessarily make the information
material, but is likely to increase primary users’ interest in that information.
47 In making materiality judgements, an entity considers both entity-specific and

external qualitative factors. These factors are described separately in the
following paragraphs. However, in practice, the entity may need to consider
them together.
48 An entity-specific qualitative factor is a characteristic of the entity’s transaction,

other event or condition. Examples of such factors include, but are not limited
to:
(a) involvement of a related party of the entity;

(b) uncommon, or non-standard, features of a transaction or other event or
condition; or
(c) unexpected variation or unexpected changes in trends. In some
circumstances, the entity might consider a quantitatively immaterial
amount as material because of the unexpected variation compared to the
prior-period amount provided in its financial statements.
49 The relevance of information to the primary users of an entity’s financial

statements can also be affected by the context in which the entity operates. An
external qualitative factor is a characteristic of the context in which the entity’s
transaction, other event or condition occur that, if present, makes information
more likely to influence the primary users’ decisions. Characteristics of the
entity’s context that might represent external qualitative factors include, but

are not limited to, the entity’s geographical location, its industry sector, or the
state of the economy or economies in which the entity operates.
50 Due to the nature of external qualitative factors, entities operating in the same
context might share a number of external qualitative factors. Moreover,
external qualitative factors could remain constant over time or could vary.
51 In some circumstances, if an entity is not exposed to a risk to which other

entities in its industry are exposed, that fact could reasonably be expected to
influence its primary users’ decisions; that is, information about the lack of
exposure to that particular risk could be material information.
Interaction of qualitative and quantitative factors

52 An entity could identify an item of information as material on the basis of one or
more materiality factors. In general, the more factors that apply to a particular
item, or the more significant those factors are, the more likely it is that the item
is material.
53 Although there is no hierarchy among materiality factors, assessing an item of

information from a quantitative perspective first could be an efficient approach
to assessing materiality. If an entity identifies an item of information as
material solely on the basis of the size of the impact of the transaction, other
event or condition, the entity does not need to assess that item of information
further against other materiality factors. In these circumstances, a quantitative
threshold—a specified level, rate or amount of one of the measures used in
assessing size—can be a helpful tool in making a materiality judgement.
However, a quantitative assessment alone is not always sufficient to conclude
that an item of information is not material. The entity should further assess the
presence of qualitative factors.
54 The presence of a qualitative factor lowers the thresholds for the quantitative
assessment. The more significant the qualitative factors, the lower those
quantitative thresholds will be. However, in some cases an entity might decide
that, despite the presence of qualitative factors, an item of information is not
material because its effect on the financial statements is so small that it could
not reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions.
55 In some other circumstances, an item of information could reasonably be

expected to influence primary users’ decisions regardless of its size—a
quantitative threshold could even reduce to zero. This might happen when
information about a transaction, other event or condition is highly scrutinised
by the primary users of an entity’s financial statements. Moreover, a
quantitative assessment is not always possible: non-numeric information might
only be assessed from a qualitative perspective.

Example I—information about a related party transaction assessed as

material
Background
An entity has identified measures of its profitability as the measures of great

interest to the primary users of its financial statements. In the current
reporting period, the entity signed a five-year contract with company ABC.
Company ABC will provide the entity with maintenance services for the
entity’s offices for an annual fee. Company ABC is controlled by a member of
the entity’s key management personnel. Hence, company ABC is a related
party of the entity.
Application
IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures requires an entity to disclose, for each related
party transaction that occurred during the period, the nature of the related
party relationship as well as information about the transaction and
outstanding balances, including commitments, necessary for users to
understand the potential effect of the relationship on the financial
statements.
When preparing its financial statements, the entity assessed whether

information about the transaction with company ABC was material.
The entity started its assessment from a quantitative perspective and

evaluated the impact of the related party transaction against measures of the
entity’s profitability. Having initially concluded that the impact of the
related party transaction was not material from a purely quantitative
perspective, the entity further assessed the presence of any qualitative
factors.
As the Board noted in developing IAS 24, related parties may enter into
transactions that unrelated parties would not enter into, and the
transactions may be priced at amounts that differ from the price for
transactions between unrelated parties.
The entity identified the fact that the maintenance agreement was concluded
with a related party as a characteristic that makes information about that
transaction more likely to influence the decisions of its primary users.
The entity further assessed the transaction from a quantitative perspective to

determine whether the impact of the transaction could reasonably be
expected to influence primary users’ decisions when considered with the fact
that the transaction was with a related party (ie the presence of a qualitative
factor lowers the quantitative threshold). Having considered that the
transaction was with a related party, the entity concluded that the impact
was large enough to reasonably be expected to influence primary users’
decisions. Hence, the entity assessed information about the transaction with
company ABC as material and disclosed that information in its financial
statements.

Example J—information about a related party transaction assessed as

immaterial
Background

interest to the primary users of its financial statements. The entity owns a
large fleet of vehicles. In the current reporting period, the entity sold an
almost fully depreciated vehicle to company DEF. The entity transferred the
vehicle for total consideration consistent with its market value and its
carrying amount. Company DEF is controlled by a member of the entity’s
key management personnel. Hence, company DEF is a related party of the
entity.
Application
When preparing its financial statements, the entity assessed whether

information about the transaction with company DEF was material.
As in Example I, the entity started its assessment from a quantitative

perspective and evaluated the impact of the related party transaction against
measures of the entity’s profitability. Having initially concluded that the
impact of the related party transaction was not material from a purely
quantitative perspective, the entity further assessed the presence of any
qualitative factors.
The entity transferred the vehicle for a total consideration consistent with its
market value and its carrying amount. However, the entity identified the
fact that the vehicle was sold to a related party as a characteristic that makes
information about that transaction more likely to influence the decisions of
its primary users.
The entity further assessed the transaction from a quantitative perspective

but concluded that its impact was too small to reasonably be expected to
influence primary users’ decisions, even when considered with the fact that
the transaction was with a related party. Information about the transaction
with company DEF was consequently assessed as immaterial and not
disclosed in the entity’s financial statements.
Example K—influence of external qualitative factors on materiality

judgements
Background
An international bank holds a very small amount of debt originating from a

country whose national economy is currently experiencing severe financial
difficulties. Other international banks that operate in the same sector as the
entity hold significant amounts of debt originating from that country and,
hence, are significantly affected by the financial difficulties in that country.
continued...

...continued
Application
Paragraph 31 of IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures requires an entity to

disclose information that enables users of its financial statements to evaluate
the nature and extent of risk arising from financial instruments to which the
entity is exposed at the end of the reporting period.
When preparing its financial statements, the bank assessed whether the fact
that it holds a very small amount of debt originating from that country was
material information.
In making that assessment, the bank considered the exposure to that

particular debt faced by other international banks operating in the same
sector (external qualitative factor).
In these circumstances, the fact that the bank is holding a very small amount
of debt (or even no debt at all) originating from that country, while other
international banks operating in the same sector have significant holdings,
provides the entity’s primary users with useful information about how
effective management has been at protecting the bank’s resources from
unfavourable effects of the economic conditions in that country.
The bank assessed the information about the lack of exposure to that
particular debt as material and disclosed that information in its financial
statements.
Step 3—organise
56 Classifying, characterising and presenting information clearly and concisely
makes it understandable.25 An entity exercises judgement when deciding how to
communicate information clearly and concisely. For example, the entity is more
likely to clearly and concisely communicate the material information identified
in Step 2 by organising it to:
(a) emphasise material matters;
(b) tailor information to the entity’s own circumstances;

(c) describe the entity’s transactions, other events and conditions as simply
and directly as possible without omitting material information and
without unnecessarily increasing the length of the financial statements;
(d) highlight relationships between different pieces of information;
(e) provide information in a format that is appropriate for its type, eg

tabular or narrative;
(f) provide information in a way that maximises, to the extent possible,

comparability among entities and across reporting periods;
(g) avoid or minimise duplication of information in different parts of the
financial statements; and

(h) ensure material information is not obscured by immaterial information.
57 Financial statements are less understandable for primary users if information is

organised in an unclear manner. Similarly, financial statements are less
understandable if an entity aggregates material items that have different
natures or functions, or if material information is obscured,26 for example, by an
excessive amount of immaterial information.
58 Furthermore, an entity considers the different roles of primary financial

statements and notes in deciding whether to present an item of information
separately in the primary financial statements, to aggregate it with other
information or to disclose the information in the notes.
59 The output of Step 3 is the draft financial statements.
Step 4—review
60 An entity needs to assess whether information is material both individually and
in combination with other information27 in the context of its financial
statements as a whole. Even if information is judged not to be material on its
own, it might be material when considered in combination with other
information in the complete set of financial statements.
61 When reviewing its draft financial statements, an entity draws on its knowledge
and experience of its transactions, other events and conditions to identify
whether all material information has been provided in the financial statements,
and with appropriate prominence.
62 This review gives an entity the opportunity to ‘step back’ and consider the
information provided from a wider perspective and in aggregate. This enables
the entity to consider the overall picture of its financial position, financial
performance and cash flows. In performing this review, the entity also considers
whether:
(a) all relevant relationships between different items of information have

been identified. Identifying new relationships between information
might lead to that information being identified as material for the first
time.
(b) items of information that are individually immaterial, when considered
together, could nevertheless reasonably be expected to influence primary
users’ decisions.
(c) the information in the financial statements is communicated in an
effective and understandable way, and organised to avoid obscuring
material information.
(d) the financial statements provide a fair presentation of the entity’s

financial position, financial performance and cash flows.28
26 See paragraph 30A of IAS 1.

27 See paragraph 7 of IAS 1 and paragraph 5 of IAS 8.

63 The review may lead to:

(a) additional information being provided in the financial statements;
(b) greater disaggregation of information that had already been identified as

material;
(c) information that had already been identified as immaterial being
removed from the financial statements to avoid obscuring material
information; or
(d) information being reorganised within the financial statements.
64 The review in Step 4 may also lead an entity to question the assessment
performed in Step 2 and decide to re-perform that assessment. As a result of
re-performing its assessment in Step 2, the entity might conclude that
information previously identified as material is, in fact, immaterial, and remove
it from the financial statements.
65 The output of Step 4 is the final financial statements.
Specific topics
Prior-period information
66 An entity makes materiality judgements on the complete set of financial
statements, including prior-period29 information provided in the financial
statements.
67 IFRS Standards require an entity to present information in respect of the

preceding period for all amounts reported in the current-period financial
statements.30 Furthermore, the Standards require the entity to provide
prior-period information for narrative and descriptive information if it is
relevant to understanding the current-period financial statements.31 Finally, the
Standards require the entity to present, as a minimum, two statements of
financial position, two statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive
income, two statements of profit or loss (if presented separately), two statements
of cash flows, two statements of changes in equity, and related notes.32 These
requirements are the minimum comparative information identified by the
Standards.33
68 Assessing whether prior-period information is material to the current-period

financial statements might lead an entity to:
(a) provide more prior-period information than was provided in the
prior-period financial statements (see paragraph 70); or
29 For this Practice Statement, ‘prior-period’ should be read as ‘prior-periods’ if financial statements
include amounts and disclosures for more than one prior period.
30 Except when IFRS Standards permit or require otherwise. See paragraph 38 of IAS 1.
32 See paragraph 38A of IAS 1.
33 Paragraph 10(f) of IAS 1 also requires an entity to provide a statement of financial position as at the
beginning of the preceding period when the entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or
makes a retrospective restatement of items in its financial statements, or when it reclassifies items
in its financial statements in accordance with paragraphs 40A–40D of IAS 1.

(b) provide less prior-period information than was provided in the

prior-period financial statements (see paragraph 71).
69 An entity also needs to consider any local laws or regulations, in respect of the
prior-period information to be provided in financial statements, when making
decisions on what prior-period information to provide in the current-period
financial statements. Those local laws or regulations might require the entity to
provide in the financial statements prior-period information in addition to the
minimum comparative information required by the Standards. The Standards
permit the inclusion of such additional information, but require that it is
prepared in accordance with the Standards34 and does not obscure material
information.35 However, an entity that wishes to state compliance with IFRS
Standards cannot provide less information than required by the Standards, even
if local laws and regulations permit otherwise.
Prior-period information not previously provided

70 An entity must provide prior-period information needed to understand the
current-period financial statements,36 regardless of whether that information
was provided in the prior-period financial statements—this requirement is not
conditional on whether the prior-period information was provided in the
prior-period financial statements. Consequently, the inclusion of prior-period
information not previously included would be required if this is necessary for
the primary users to understand the current-period financial statements.
Example L—prior-period information not previously provided
Background
In the prior period, an entity had a very small amount of debt outstanding.
Information about this debt was appropriately assessed as immaterial in the
prior period, and so the entity did not disclose any maturity analysis
showing the remaining contractual maturities or other information that
would otherwise be required by paragraph 39(a) of IFRS 7 Financial Instruments:
Disclosures.
In the current period, the entity issued a large amount of debt. The entity
concluded that information about debt maturity was material information
and disclosed it, in the form of a table, in the current-period financial
statements.
Application
The entity might conclude that including a prior-period debt maturity

analysis in the financial statements would be necessary for primary users to
understand the current-period financial statements. In these circumstances,
a narrative description of the maturity of the prior-period balances of the
outstanding debt might be sufficient.
34 See paragraph 38C of IAS 1.

35 See paragraph 30A of IAS 1 and paragraph BC30F of the Basis for Conclusions on IAS 1.

Summarising prior-period information

71 Except to the extent required to comply with any local laws or regulations
affecting the preparation of financial statements or their audit, an entity does
not automatically reproduce in the current-period financial statements all the
information provided in the prior-period financial statements. Instead, the
entity may summarise prior-period information, retaining the information
necessary for primary users to understand the current-period financial
statements.
Example M—summarising prior-period information
Background
An entity disclosed, in the prior-period financial statements, details of a legal

dispute which led to the recognition, in that period, of a provision. In
accordance with IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets the
entity disclosed in the prior-period financial statements a detailed
description of uncertainties about the amount and timing of possible cash
outflows, in respect of the dispute, together with the major assumptions
made concerning future events.
Most of the uncertainties have been resolved in the current period, and, even
though the liability has not been settled, a court pronouncement confirmed
the amount already recognised in the financial statements by the entity.
The entity considered the relevant local laws, regulations and other reporting
requirements and concluded that there were no locally prescribed
obligations relating to the inclusion of prior-period information in the
current-period financial statements.
Application
In these circumstances, on the basis of the requirements in IFRS Standards,

the entity may not need to reproduce in the current-period financial
statements all of the information about the legal dispute provided in the
prior-period financial statements. Because most of the uncertainties have
been resolved, users of the financial statements for the current period may
no longer need detailed information about those uncertainties. Instead,
information about those uncertainties might be summarised and updated to
reflect the current-period events and circumstances and the resolution of
previously reported uncertainties.
Errors
72 Errors are omissions from and/or misstatements in an entity’s financial
statements arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information that
is available, or could reasonably be expected to be obtained.37 Material errors are
errors that individually or collectively could reasonably be expected to influence
decisions that primary users make on the basis of those financial statements.
37 See paragraph 5 of IAS 8 (derived from the definition of prior-period errors).

Errors may affect narrative descriptions disclosed in the notes as well as

amounts reported in the primary financial statements or in the notes.
73 An entity must correct all material errors, as well as any immaterial errors made
intentionally to achieve a particular presentation of its financial position,
financial performance or cash flows, to ensure compliance with IFRS
Standards.38 The entity should refer to IAS 8 for guidance on how to correct an
error.
74 Immaterial errors, if not made intentionally to achieve a particular

presentation, do not need to be corrected to ensure compliance with IFRS
Standards. However, correcting all errors (including those that are not material)
in the preparation of the financial statements lowers the risk that immaterial
errors will accumulate over reporting periods and become material.
75 An entity assesses whether an error is material by applying the same

considerations as outlined in the description of the materiality process. Making
materiality judgements about errors involves both quantitative and qualitative
considerations. The entity identifies information that, if misstated or omitted,
could reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions (as described
in Step 1 and Step 2 of the materiality process). The entity also considers
whether any identified errors are material on a collective basis (as described in
Step 4 of the materiality process).
76 If an error is judged not to be material on its own, it might be regarded as

material when considered in combination with other information. However, in
general, if an error is individually assessed as material to an entity’s financial
statements, the existence of other errors that affect the entity’s financial
position, financial performance or cash flows in the opposite way, does not
make the error immaterial, nor does it eliminate the need to correct the error.
Example N—individual and collective assessment of errors
Background

interest to the primary users of its financial statements. During the current
reporting period, the entity recognised:
(a) an expense accrual of CU100(a) that should not have been recognised.
The accrual affected the line item ‘cost of services’.
(b) the reversal of a provision of CU80 recognised in the previous period
that should not have been reversed. The reversal affected the line
item ‘other operating income (expense)’.
continued...

...continued
Application
In assessing whether these errors are material to its financial statements, the
entity did not identify the presence of any qualitative factors and thus made
its materiality judgement solely from a quantitative perspective. The entity
concluded that both errors were individually material because of their
impact on its profit.
In these circumstances, it would be inappropriate to consider the

quantitative effect of the errors on a net basis, ie as a CU20 overstatement of
expenses, thereby concluding that the identified errors do not need to be
corrected. If an error is individually assessed as material to the entity’s
financial statements, the existence of other errors that affect the entity’s
financial position, financial performance or cash flows in an opposite way,
does not eliminate the need to correct it, or make the error immaterial.
(a) In this example, currency amounts are denominated in ‘currency units’ (CU).
Cumulative errors
77 An entity may, over a number of reporting periods, accumulate errors that were
immaterial, both in individual prior periods and cumulatively over all prior
periods. Uncorrected errors that have accumulated over more than one period
are sometimes called ‘cumulative errors’.
78 Materiality judgements about cumulative errors in prior-period financial

statements that an entity made at the time those statements were authorised for
issue need not be revisited in subsequent periods unless the entity failed to use,
or misused, information that:
(a) was available when financial statements for those periods were
authorised for issue; and
(b) could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into
account in the preparation of those financial statements.39
79 To assess whether a cumulative error has become material to the current-period

financial statements, an entity considers whether, in the current period:
(a) the entity’s circumstances have changed, leading to a different
materiality assessment for the current period; or
(b) further accumulation of a current-period error onto the cumulative error
has occurred.
80 An entity must correct cumulative errors if they have become material to the
current-period financial statements.

Example O—current-period assessment of cumulative errors
Background
An entity, three years ago, purchased a plant. The plant has a useful life of
50 years and a residual value amounting to 20 per cent of the plant cost.
The entity started to use the plant three years ago, but has not recognised
any depreciation for it (cumulative error). In each prior period, the entity
assessed the error of not depreciating its plant as being individually and
cumulatively immaterial to the financial statements for that period. There is
no indication that the materiality judgements of prior periods were wrong.
In the current period, the entity started depreciating the plant.
In the same period, the entity experienced a significant reduction in

profitability (the type of circumstance referred to in paragraph 79(a) of the
Practice Statement).
Application
When making its materiality judgements in the preparation of the

current-period financial statements, the entity concluded that the cumulative
error was material to the current-period financial statements.
In this scenario, the entity does not need to revisit the materiality
assessments it made in prior periods. However, because in the current
period the cumulative error has become material to the current-period
financial statements, the entity must apply the requirements in IAS 8 to
correct it.
Information about covenants

81 An entity assesses the materiality of information about the existence and terms
of a loan agreement clause (covenant), or of a covenant breach, to decide
whether to provide information related to the covenant in the financial
statements. This assessment is made in the same way as for other information,
that is, by considering whether that information could reasonably be expected
to influence decisions that its primary users make on the basis of the entity’s
financial statements (see ‘A four-step materiality process’, from paragraph 33).
82 In particular, when a covenant exists, an entity considers both:

(a) the consequences of a breach occurring, that is, the impact a covenant
breach would have on the entity’s financial position, financial
performance and cash flows. If those consequences would affect the
entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows in a way
that could reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions,
then the information about the existence of the covenant and its terms is
likely to be material. Conversely, if the consequences of a covenant
breach would not affect the entity’s financial position, financial
performance or cash flows in such a way, then disclosures about the
covenant might not be needed.

(b) the likelihood of a covenant breach occurring. The more likely it is that
a covenant breach would occur, the more likely it is that information
about the existence and terms of the covenant would be material.
83 In assessing whether information about a covenant is material, a combination of

the considerations in paragraph 82(a)–82(b) applies. Information about a
covenant for which the consequences of a breach would affect an entity’s
financial position, financial performance or cash flows in a way that could
reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions, but for which
there is only a remote likelihood of the breach occurring, is not material.
Example P—assessing whether information about covenants is material
Background
An entity has rapidly grown over the past five years and recently suffered
some liquidity problems. A long-term loan was granted to the entity in the
current reporting period. The loan agreement includes a clause that requires
the entity to maintain a ratio of debt to equity below a specified threshold,
to be measured at each reporting date (the covenant). According to the loan
agreement, the debt-to-equity ratio has to be calculated on the basis of debt
and equity figures as presented in the entity’s IFRS financial statements. If
the entity breaches the covenant, the entire loan becomes payable on
demand. The disclosure of covenant terms in an entity’s financial statements
is not required by any local laws or regulations.
Application
Paragraph 31 of IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures requires an entity to

disclose information that enables users of its financial statements to evaluate
the nature and extent of risk arising from financial instruments to which the
entity is exposed at the end of the reporting period.
In the preparation of its financial statements, the entity assesses whether

information about the existence of the covenant and its terms is material
information, considering both the consequences and the likelihood of a
breach occurring.
In these circumstances, the entity concluded that, considering its recent

liquidity problem, any acceleration of the long-term loan repayment plan
(the consequence of the covenant breach occurring) would affect the entity’s
financial position and cash flows in a way that could reasonably be expected
to influence primary users’ decisions.
The entity also considered the likelihood of a breach occurring.

continued...

...continued
Scenario 1—the lender defined the covenant threshold on the basis of

the three-year business plan prepared by the entity, adding a 10 per
cent tolerance to the forecast figures
In this scenario, even though the entity has historically met its past business
plans, it assessed the likelihood of a breach occurring as higher than remote.
Therefore, information about the existence of the covenant and its terms was
assessed as material and disclosed in the entity’s financial statements.
Scenario 2—the lender defined the covenant threshold on the basis of
the three-year business plan prepared by the entity, adding a 200 per
cent tolerance to the forecast figures
In this scenario, the entity assessed the likelihood of a breach occurring as

remote, on the basis of its historical track record of meeting its past business
plans and the magnitude of the tolerance included in the covenant
threshold. Therefore, although the consequences of the covenant breach
would affect the entity’s financial position and cash flows in a way that
could reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions, the entity
concluded that information about the existence of the covenant and its
terms was not material.
Materiality judgements for interim reporting

84 An entity makes materiality judgements in preparing both annual financial
statements and interim financial reports prepared in accordance with IAS 34
Interim Financial Reporting. In either case, the entity could apply the materiality
process described in paragraphs 29–65. For its interim financial report, the
entity considers the same materiality factors as in its annual assessment.
However, it takes into consideration that the time period and the purpose of an
interim financial report differ from those of the annual financial statements.
85 In making materiality judgements on its interim financial report, an entity

focuses on the period covered by that report, that is:
(a) it assesses whether information in the interim financial report is
material in relation to the interim period financial data, not annual
data.40
(b) it applies the materiality factors on the basis of both the current interim
period data and also, whenever there is more than one interim period (eg
in the case of quarterly reporting), the data for the current financial year
to date.41
(c) it may consider whether to provide in the interim financial report
information that is expected to be material to the annual financial
statements. However, information that is expected to be material to the
40 See paragraphs 23 and 25 of IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting.

41 Paragraph 20 of IAS 34 requires an entity to include in the interim financial report the statements
of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for both periods, the current interim period and
the current financial year to date.

annual financial statements need not be provided in the interim

financial report if it is not material to the interim financial report.
Example Q—information that is expected to be material to the annual

financial statements
Background
An entity sells mainly standardised products to private customers in its home

market. In the first half of the reporting period, 98 per cent of the entity’s
revenue was generated by sales of Product X. The remaining revenue was
principally derived from a pilot sale of a new product line—Product Y—that
the entity planned to launch in the third quarter of the year. The entity
expects revenue from Product Y to increase significantly by the end of the
annual reporting period, so that Product Y will provide approximately
20 per cent of the entity’s revenue for the full annual period.
Application
Paragraph 114 of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers requires an

entity to disaggregate revenue recognised from contracts into categories that
depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash
flows are affected by economic factors.
The entity did not identify any qualitative factors that made the amount of
revenues from Product Y material to the interim period.
In these circumstances, the entity concluded that the information about

disaggregation of revenue by product lines was not material to the interim
financial report and did not disclose it. In the preparation of the interim
financial report, the entity is not required to disaggregate its revenue by
product lines even if a greater level of disaggregation is expected to be
required for the subsequent annual financial statements. In other words,
although the entity expects that revenue by product lines will be material
information for the annual financial statements, that fact does not influence
the materiality assessment in the preparation of the entity’s interim
financial report.
86 Similarly, an entity may consider whether to provide information in the annual

financial statements that is only material to the interim financial report.
However, if information is material to the interim financial report, it need not
be presented or disclosed subsequently in the annual financial statements if it is
not material to those statements.

Example R—information that is only material to the interim financial

report
Background
An entity has identified measures of its profitability and cash flows as the
measures of great interest to the primary users of its financial statements.
During the interim period, the entity constructed a new chemical handling
process to enable it to comply with environmental requirements for the
production and storage of dangerous chemicals. Such an item of property,
plant and equipment (PP&E) qualifies for recognition as an asset in
accordance with paragraph 11 of IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment.
Application
Paragraph 74(b) of IAS 16 requires the disclosure of the expenditure

recognised in the carrying amount of an item of PP&E in the course of its
construction.
In the preparation of the interim financial report, the entity assessed, both
from a quantitative and qualitative perspective, the information about
expenditure recognised in the carrying amount of the chemical handling
process, concluded that information was material to the interim financial
report and disclosed it.
The entity incurred no further expenditure related to the chemical handling

process in the second half of the annual reporting period. In the preparation
of its annual financial statements, the entity assessed the expenditure
recognised in the carrying amount of the chemical handling process against
its annual profitability and cash flow measures and concluded that this
information was not material to the annual financial statements. In
reaching that conclusion, the entity did not identify any qualitative factors
leading to a different assessment.
The entity is not required to disclose information about the expenditure

recognised in the carrying amount of its chemical handling process in its
annual financial statements.
87 In assessing materiality, an entity also considers the purpose of interim financial

reports, which differs from the purpose of annual financial statements. An
interim financial report is intended to provide an update on the latest complete
set of annual financial statements.42 Information that is material to the interim
period, but was already provided in the latest annual financial statements, does
not need to be reproduced in the interim financial report, unless something new
occurs or an update is needed.43
Interim reporting estimates

88 When an entity concludes that information about estimation uncertainty is
material, the entity needs to disclose that information. Measurements included

43 See paragraphs 15–15A of IAS 34.

in interim financial reports often rely more on estimates than measurements

included in the annual financial statements.44 That fact does not, in itself, make
the estimated measurements material. Nevertheless, relying on estimates for
interim financial data to a greater extent than for annual financial data might
result in more disclosures about such uncertainties being material, and thus
being provided in the interim financial report, compared with the annual
Application date
89 This Practice Statement does not change any requirements in IFRS Standards or
introduce any new requirements. An entity that chooses to apply the guidance
in the Practice Statement is permitted to apply it to financial statements
prepared from 14 September 2017.

Appendix
References to the Conceptual Framework for Financial
Reporting and IFRS Standards
Extracts from the Conceptual Framework for Financial

Reporting45
Paragraph OB2
Referred to in paragraphs 7 and 17 of the Practice Statement
The objective of general purpose financial reporting is to provide financial

information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential
investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing
resources to the entity. Those decisions involve buying, selling or holding equity
and debt instruments, and providing or settling loans and other forms of credit.
Paragraph OB3
Referred to in paragraph 18 of the Practice Statement
Decisions by existing and potential investors about buying, selling or holding

equity and debt instruments depend on the returns that they expect from an
investment in those instruments, for example dividends, principal and interest
payments or market price increases. Similarly, decisions by existing and
potential lenders and other creditors about providing or settling loans and other
forms of credit depend on the principal and interest payments or other returns
that they expect. Investors’, lenders’ and other creditors’ expectations about
returns depend on their assessment of the amount, timing and uncertainty of
(the prospects for) future net cash inflows to the entity. Consequently, existing
and potential investors, lenders and other creditors need information to help
them assess the prospects for future net cash inflows to an entity.
Paragraph OB4
To assess an entity’s prospects for future net cash inflows, existing and potential
investors, lenders and other creditors need information about the resources of
the entity, claims against the entity, and how efficiently and effectively the
entity’s management and governing board have discharged their responsibilities
to use the entity’s resources. Examples of such responsibilities include
protecting the entity’s resources from unfavourable effects of economic factors
such as price and technological changes and ensuring that the entity complies
with applicable laws, regulations and contractual provisions. Information about
management’s discharge of its responsibilities is also useful for decisions by
existing investors, lenders and other creditors who have the right to vote on or
otherwise influence management’s actions.
45 References to the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting in this Practice Statement will be
updated once the revised Conceptual Framework is issued.

Paragraph OB5
Many existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors cannot
require reporting entities to provide information directly to them and must rely
on general purpose financial reports for much of the financial information they
need. Consequently, they are the primary users to whom general purpose
financial reports are directed.
Paragraph OB6
However, general purpose financial reports do not and cannot provide all of the
information that existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors
need. Those users need to consider pertinent information from other sources,
for example, general economic conditions and expectations, political events and
political climate, and industry and company outlooks.
Paragraph OB8
Individual primary users have different, and possibly conflicting, information

needs and desires. The Board, in developing financial reporting standards, will
seek to provide the information set that will meet the needs of the maximum
number of primary users. However, focusing on common information needs
does not prevent the reporting entity from including additional information
that is most useful to a particular subset of primary users.
Paragraph OB9
The management of a reporting entity is also interested in financial information

about the entity. However, management need not rely on general purpose
financial reports because it is able to obtain the financial information it needs
internally.
Paragraph OB10
Other parties, such as regulators and members of the public other than
investors, lenders and other creditors, may also find general purpose financial
reports useful. However, those reports are not primarily directed to these other
groups.
Paragraph QC7
Financial information is capable of making a difference in decisions if it has

predictive value, confirmatory value or both.

Paragraph QC11
Information is material if omitting it or misstating it could influence decisions

that users make on the basis of financial information about a specific reporting
entity. In other words, materiality is an entity-specific aspect of relevance based
on the nature or magnitude, or both, of the items to which the information
relates in the context of an individual entity’s financial report. Consequently,
the Board cannot specify a uniform quantitative threshold for materiality or
predetermine what could be material in a particular situation.
Paragraph QC30
Classifying, characterising and presenting information clearly and concisely

makes it understandable.
Paragraph QC32
Financial reports are prepared for users who have a reasonable knowledge of
business and economic activities and who review and analyse the information
diligently. At times, even well-informed and diligent users may need to seek the
aid of an adviser to understand information about complex economic
phenomena.

Extracts from IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements
Paragraph 7 (and paragraph 5 of IAS 8)
Referred to in paragraphs 5, 41 and 60 of the Practice Statement
Material Omissions or misstatements of items are material if they could,

individually or collectively, influence the economic decisions that users make
on the basis of the financial statements. Materiality depends on the size and
nature of the omission or misstatement judged in the surrounding
circumstances. The size or nature of the item, or a combination of both, could
be the determining factor.
Paragraph 7
Assessing whether an omission or misstatement could influence economic

decisions of users, and so be material, requires consideration of the
characteristics of those users. […] Therefore, the assessment needs to take into
account how users with such attributes could reasonably be expected to be
influenced in making economic decisions.
Paragraph 15
Financial statements shall present fairly the financial position, financial

performance and cash flows of an entity. Fair presentation requires the
faithful representation of the effects of transactions, other events and
conditions in accordance with the definitions and recognition criteria for
assets, liabilities, income and expenses set out in the Framework. The
application of IFRSs, with additional disclosure when necessary, is
presumed to result in financial statements that achieve a fair
presentation.
Paragraph 17
In virtually all circumstances, an entity achieves a fair presentation by

compliance with applicable IFRSs. A fair presentation also requires an entity:
(a) to select and apply accounting policies in accordance with IAS 8

Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. IAS 8 sets out a
hierarchy of authoritative guidance that management considers in the
absence of an IFRS that specifically applies to an item.
(b) to present information, including accounting policies, in a manner that
provides relevant, reliable, comparable and understandable information.
(c) to provide additional disclosures when compliance with the specific
requirements in IFRSs is insufficient to enable users to understand the
impact of particular transactions, other events and conditions on the
entity’s financial position and financial performance.

Paragraph 29
An entity shall present separately each material class of similar items. An

entity shall present separately items of a dissimilar nature or function
unless they are immaterial.
Paragraph 30A
When applying this and other IFRSs an entity shall decide, taking into
consideration all relevant facts and circumstances, how it aggregates
information in the financial statements, which include the notes. An entity
shall not reduce the understandability of its financial statements by obscuring
material information with immaterial information or by aggregating material
items that have different natures or functions.
Paragraph 31
Some IFRSs specify information that is required to be included in the financial

statements, which include the notes. An entity need not provide a specific
disclosure required by an IFRS if the information resulting from that disclosure
is not material. This is the case even if the IFRS contains a list of specific
requirements or describes them as minimum requirements. An entity shall also
consider whether to provide additional disclosures when compliance with the
specific requirements in IFRS is insufficient to enable users of financial
statements to understand the impact of particular transactions, other events
and conditions on the entity’s financial position and financial performance.
Paragraph 38
Except when IFRSs permit or require otherwise, an entity shall present

comparative information in respect of the preceding period for all
amounts reported in the current period’s financial statements. An entity
shall include comparative information for narrative and descriptive
information if it is relevant to understanding the current period’s
Paragraph 38A
An entity shall present, as a minimum, two statements of financial

position, two statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive
income, two separate statements of profit or loss (if presented), two
statements of cash flows and two statements of changes in equity, and
related notes.

Paragraph 38C
An entity may present comparative information in addition to the minimum

comparative financial statements required by IFRSs, as long as that information
is prepared in accordance with IFRSs. This comparative information may consist
of one or more statements referred to in paragraph 10, but need not comprise a
complete set of financial statements. When this is the case, the entity shall
present related note information for those additional statements.
Paragraph BC30F of the Basis for Conclusions
Paragraph 30A was added to IAS 1 to highlight that when an entity decides how
it aggregates information in the financial statements, it should take into
consideration all relevant facts and circumstances. Paragraph 30A emphasises
that an entity should not reduce the understandability of its financial
statements by providing immaterial information that obscures the material
information in financial statements or by aggregating material items that have
different natures or functions. Obscuring material information with immaterial
information in financial statements makes the material information less visible
and therefore makes the financial statements less understandable.
The amendments do not actually prohibit entities from disclosing immaterial
information, because the Board thinks that such a requirement would not be
operational; however, the amendments emphasise that disclosure should not
result in material information being obscured.

Extracts from IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting

Estimates and Errors
Paragraph 5 (and paragraph 7 of IAS 1)
Material Omissions or misstatements of items are material if they could,

individually or collectively, influence the economic decisions that users
make on the basis of the financial statements. Materiality depends on the
size and nature of the omission or misstatement judged in the
surrounding circumstances. The size or nature of the item, or a
combination of both, could be the determining factor.
Paragraph 5
Prior period errors are omissions from, and misstatements in, the entity’s
financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from a failure
to use, or misuse of, reliable information that:
(a) was available when financial statements for those periods were
authorised for issue; and
(b) could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken

into account in the preparation and presentation of those
Such errors include the effects of mathematical mistakes, mistakes

in applying accounting policies, oversights or misinterpretations
of facts, and fraud.
Paragraph 8
IFRSs set out accounting policies that the IASB has concluded result in financial
statements containing relevant and reliable information about the transactions,
other events and conditions to which they apply. Those policies need not be
applied when the effect of applying them is immaterial. However, it is
inappropriate to make, or leave uncorrected, immaterial departures from IFRSs
to achieve a particular presentation of an entity’s financial position, financial
performance or cash flows.
Paragraph 41
Errors can arise in respect of the recognition, measurement, presentation or

disclosure of elements of financial statements. Financial statements do not
comply with IFRSs if they contain either material errors or immaterial errors
made intentionally to achieve a particular presentation of an entity’s financial
position, financial performance or cash flows. Potential current period errors
discovered in that period are corrected before the financial statements are
authorised for issue. However, material errors are sometimes not discovered

until a subsequent period, and these prior period errors are corrected in the
comparative information presented in the financial statements for that
subsequent period (see paragraphs 42–47).

Extracts from IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting
Paragraph 6
In the interest of timeliness and cost considerations and to avoid repetition of

information previously reported, an entity may be required to or may elect to
provide less information at interim dates as compared with its annual financial
statements. This Standard defines the minimum content of an interim financial
report as including condensed financial statements and selected explanatory
notes. The interim financial report is intended to provide an update on the
latest complete set of annual financial statements. Accordingly, it focuses on
new activities, events, and circumstances and does not duplicate information
previously reported.
Paragraph 15
An entity shall include in its interim financial report an explanation of events

and transactions that are significant to an understanding of the changes in
financial position and performance of the entity since the end of the last annual
reporting period. Information disclosed in relation to those events and
transactions shall update the relevant information presented in the most recent
annual financial report.
Paragraph 15A
A user of an entity’s interim financial report will have access to the most recent
annual financial report of that entity. Therefore, it is unnecessary for the notes
to an interim financial report to provide relatively insignificant updates to the
information that was reported in the notes in the most recent annual financial
report.
Paragraph 20
Interim reports shall include interim financial statements (condensed or

complete) for periods as follows:
(a) statement of financial position as of the end of the current interim

period and a comparative statement of financial position as of the
end of the immediately preceding financial year.
(b) statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for
the current interim period and cumulatively for the current
financial year to date, with comparative statements of profit or
loss and other comprehensive income for the comparable interim
periods (current and year-to-date) of the immediately preceding
financial year. As permitted by IAS 1 (as amended in 2011), an
interim report may present for each period a statement or
statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.

(c) statement of changes in equity cumulatively for the current

financial year to date, with a comparative statement for the
comparable year-to-date period of the immediately preceding
financial year.
(d) statement of cash flows cumulatively for the current financial year
to date, with a comparative statement for the comparable
year-to-date period of the immediately preceding financial year.
Paragraph 23
In deciding how to recognise, measure, classify, or disclose an item for

interim financial reporting purposes, materiality shall be assessed in
relation to the interim period financial data. In making assessments of
materiality, it shall be recognised that interim measurements may rely on
estimates to a greater extent than measurements of annual financial
data.
Paragraph 25
While judgement is always required in assessing materiality, this Standard bases

the recognition and disclosure decision on data for the interim period by itself
for reasons of understandability of the interim figures. Thus, for example,
unusual items, changes in accounting policies or estimates, and errors are
recognised and disclosed on the basis of materiality in relation to interim period
data to avoid misleading inferences that might result from non-disclosure. The
overriding goal is to ensure that an interim financial report includes all
information that is relevant to understanding an entity’s financial position and
performance during the interim period.
Paragraph 41
The measurement procedures to be followed in an interim financial

report shall be designed to ensure that the resulting information is
reliable and that all material financial information that is relevant to an
understanding of the financial position or performance of the entity is
appropriately disclosed. While measurements in both annual and
interim financial reports are often based on reasonable estimates, the
preparation of interim financial reports generally will require a greater
use of estimation methods than annual financial reports.

Approval by the Board of the IFRS Practice Statement 2

Making Materiality Judgements issued in September 2017
The IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements was approved for issue by 12 of
12 members of the International Accounting Standards Board.46
Hans Hoogervorst Chairman
Suzanne Lloyd Vice-Chair
Stephen Cooper
Martin Edelmann
Françoise Flores
Amaro Luiz De Oliveira Gomes
Gary Kabureck
Takatsugu Ochi
Darrel Scott
Thomas Scott
Chungwoo Suh
Mary Tokar
46 Stephen Cooper was a member of the Board when the IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality
Judgements was balloted.

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Making Materiality Judgements

IFRS Practice Statement 2

Making Materiality Judgements

姝 IFRS Foundation B841

IFRS PRACTICE STATEMENT 2 MAKING MATERIALITY

FOR THE BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS, SEE PART C OF THIS EDITION

BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS

B842 姝 IFRS Foundation

姝 IFRS Foundation B843

IN1 The objective of general purpose financial statements is to provide financial

IN4 This Practice Statement:

(b) presents a four-step process an entity may follow in making materiality

(c) provides guidance on how to make materiality judgements in specific

IN5 Whether information is material is a matter of judgement and depends on the

IN6 A Practice Statement is non-mandatory guidance developed by the International

B844 姝 IFRS Foundation

IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements

1 This IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements (Practice Statement)

3 The Practice Statement is applicable when preparing financial statements in

General characteristics of materiality

Information is material if omitting it or misstating it could influence decisions

姝 IFRS Foundation B845

financial statements—its primary users—when they make decisions3 on the basis

7 The objective of financial statements is to provide financial information about a

Materiality judgements are pervasive

Recognition and measurement

Example A—materiality judgements on the application of accounting

An entity has a policy of capitalising expenditures on items of property,

B846 姝 IFRS Foundation

The entity has assessed that its accounting policy—not capitalising

Presentation and disclosure

Example B—materiality judgements on disclosures specified by IFRS

An entity presents property, plant and equipment (PP&E) as a separate line

When preparing its financial statements, the entity assesses whether

9 See paragraphs 17(c) and 31 of IAS 1.

姝 IFRS Foundation B847

Example C—materiality judgements that lead to the disclosure of

An entity has its main operations in a country that, as part of an

Paragraph 132 of IAS 36 Impairment of Assets does not require an entity to

12 Because an entity’s circumstances change over time, materiality judgements are

Primary users and their information needs

B848 姝 IFRS Foundation

Example D—existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors

15 When making materiality judgements, an entity also considers that primary

Decisions made by primary users

17 The primary users of an entity’s financial statements make decisions about

10 See paragraph OB5 of the Conceptual Framework.

姝 IFRS Foundation B849

19 Consequently, an entity’s primary users need information about:

20 Financial information can make a difference in decisions if it has predictive

Meeting primary users’ information needs

13 See paragraph OB2 of the Conceptual Framework.

B850 姝 IFRS Foundation

Example E—primary users’ unique or individual information requests

Impact of publicly available information

25 However, the financial statements are required to be a comprehensive document

26 Moreover, public availability of information does not relieve an entity of the

姝 IFRS Foundation B851

Example F—impact of an entity’s press release on materiality

An entity undertook a business combination in the reporting period. The