aristotele 181

aristotele
(Zv. w. 384-322 ww.)

`filosofia iwyeba gakvirvebiT da sruldeba...

ufro didi gakvirvebiT~
aristotele

aristotele daibada TrakiaSi, qalaq stagiraSi (es qalaqi dResac arsebobs),

ris gamoc mas xSirad antikur da Sua saukuneebis literaturaSi `stagirelad~
moixseneben. igi iyo makedoneli mefis amintas II-is eqimis, nikomaqosis Svili. 17
wlis aristotele gaeSura aTens, sadac gaxda platonis akademiis mowafe. oci
wlis manZilze igi swavlobda akademiaSi, romelic mxolod platonis gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg datova. ar aris savaraudo, rom aristoteles raime radi-
kaluri msoflmxedvelobiTi konfliqti hqonoda platonTan manamde, sanam is
akademiaSi swavlobda da garkveuli periodi amis merec. cota xnis Semdeg pla-
tonis gardacvalebidan aristotele mas aseT xotbas asxams: `uRirsebs misi Seqe-
bis uflebac ki ar aqvT; man (platonma) aCvena Tavisi cxovrebiTa da moZRvrebiT
rogor SeiZleba iyo erTdroulad bednieric da keTilic~. aristotele aRar
darCa aTenSi, sadac akademiis axali lideri gaxda spevsiposi, aramed wavida
troadis qalaq asosSi, sadac daafuZna akademiis filiali. asosSi igi dauax-
lovda mmarTvel hermiass, xolo misi ZmiSvili da Svilobili, piTiasi, colad
moiyvana. ukve asosSi muSaobisas aristotele aviTarebs sakuTar damoukidebel
filosofiur ideebs, romlebic aRar Tavsdebian akademiis swavlebis CarCoebSi.
albaT am periods asaxavs cnobili frTiani gamoTqma, romelsac aristoteles
miaweren: `platoni Cemi megobaria, magram ufro didi megobaria WeSmariteba~.
Zv. w. 343-2 wlebSi aristotele moiwvia filipe II makedonelma, raTa aRezarda
misi cameti wlis Svili aleqsandre. aristotele makedoniaSi darCa aleqsandres
gamefebamde, Zv.w. 336-5 wlebSi. mas didi gavlena unda hqonoda axalgazrda
aleqsandreze, rac am ukanasknels cxovrebis bolomde gahyva. cnobilia aleqsan-
dres werili, romelic man aristoteles miswera sparseTis kampaniidan. sxvaTa So-
ris, am werilSi aleqsandre sayvedurobs Tavis maswavlebels, rom man gamoaqveyna
is filosofiuri doqtrinebi, romlebic mxolod filosofosTa viwro, ezo-
Teruli wrisaTvis unda yofiliyo gankuTvnili. Tavis mxriv, aristotele (ro-
melic miuxedavad aleqsandres axleburi kosmopolituri xedvebisa, mainc tra-
diciuli berZeni darCa viwro-polisuri politikuri gagebebiT) ar amarTlebda
Tavisi mowafis tendencias, waeSala zRvari `barbarosebsa~ da elinebs Soris.
182 aristotele

makedoniuri wlebis Semdeg aristotele savaraudod dabrunda Tavis mSob-

liur stagiraSi, romelic aleqsandrem Tavisi maswavleblis pativsacemad xe-
laxla ganaSena.
Zv.w. 335-4 wlebSi aristotele dabrunda aTenSi, sadac daaarsa sakuTari sko-
la, radgan Tavisi ukve sakmaod originaluri filosofiuri Sexedulebebi ar
aZlevda mas saSualebas, dabruneboda platonis akademias. axali skola mdeba-
reobda qalaqis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, likeionSi, apolon likeosis taZris si-
axloves. ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom filosofosebi Tavis skolebs RmerTebis an
gmirebis (akademosic, saidanac momdinareobs sityva akademia, RvTiur rangSi ayva-
nili berZeni gmiri iyo) saxelebs ukavSirebdnen: filosofosoba, Teoretikosoba
xom yvelaze RvTaebriv saqmianobad iTvleboda adamianisTvis; TviT sityva `Teo-
riac~ amas aRniSnavs: `xedavde RmerTebs~ anda `xedavde RvTaebrivad~ (berZn.
`Teos~ – RmerTi da `orao~ – vxedav). aristotelem Tavisi skola miuZRvna muzebs.
skolas sxvanairad uwodebdnen peripatoss, xolo mis wevrebs peripatetikosebs,
rac asaxavs im tradicias, rom moswavleebi da maswavleblebi seirnobdnen
(berZnulad `peripate~-obdnen) likeionis baRSi da ase msjelobdnen filo-
sofiur ideebze. sainteresoa, rom TviT sityva `skola~ momdinareobs erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi aristoteleseuli gagebidan `sqole~, rac niSnavs `mocaleobas~
– anu mecnierebebisa da filosofiisTvis aucilebelia `mocaleoba~; es termini
Cven rusTavelisgan gvaxsovs da mijnurobas ukavSirdeba; kavSiri ar aris
SemTxveviTi: filosofiac xom `sibrZnis trfialebad~ SeiZleba iTargmnos.
aristoteles skolas hyavda maswavleblebi, hqonda biblioTeka, leqciebi
regularulad tardeboda.
Zv.w. 323 wels aleqsandre gardaicvala. aTenSi daiwyo reaqcia makedonelTa
batonobis winaaRmdeg, rac aristotelesac, rogorc aleqsandresTan daaxlove-
bul pirs, Seexo. mas, iseve rogorc sokrates, brali dasdes `araRvTismosaobaSi~
(`asebia~). aristotelem, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `ixsna aTenelebi meore
danaSaulisagan filosofiis winaaRmdeg~ da, sokratesagan gansxvavebiT, datova
aTeni. man darCenili cxovreba gaatara Tavisi dedis mamulSi, evboas qalaq
qalkisSi, sadac avadmyofobiT gardaicvala Zv. w. 322 wels.
aristoteles Txzulebebi or nawilad iyofa: 1. egzoTeruli (`ekdedomenoi
logoi~), anu gareSe publikisTvis `gacemuli naSromebi~ da 2. pedagogiuri anu
ezoTeruli naSromebi, romlebic gankuTvnili iyo likeionis studentebis viwro
wrisaTvis, ZiriTadad isini swored saleqcio Canawerebs, konspeqtebs war-
moadgenen (albaT SeuZlebelia daadgino, es Tavad maswavleblis konspeqtebi iyo,
Tu studentebis saleqcio Canawerebi). aristoteles pirveli tipis Sromebi dia-
logis saxiT iyo dawerili, platonis dialogebis msgavsad, da literaturul
momxiblvelobas ar iyvnen moklebulni; maT stils maRal Sefasebas aZlevda cice-
roni. am naSromebma Cvenamde, samwuxarod, ver moaRwies. rac Seexeba meore tipis
naSromebs, maTi vrceli korpusia Semonaxuli. es aristoteles ganasxvavebs pla-
tonisagan, vinaidan platonis SemTxvevaSi piriqiTaa: SemorCa mxolod egzoTer-
uli, farTo publikisTvis gankuTvnili naSromebi – dialogebi – xolo Sida wri-
saTvis dawerili teqstebi daikarga. amiT aixsneba is, rom gansxvavebiT platonis
nawarmoebebisagan, aristoteles teqstebi ufro mkacrad mecnierulia: Segnebuli
terminTSemoqmedeba da terminebis sizustis dacva ufro Tanmimdevrulad aris
ganxorcielebuli; samagierod isini moklebulia platonis nawarmoebebis mxat-
vrul-ritorikul simdidres. aristoteles es ezoTeruli naSromebi pirvelad
gamoaqveyna andronikos rodoselma (Zv.w. 60-50 wlebi).
aristoteles memkvidreobas savaraudod sam periodad yofen. pirvel periods
miakuTvneben im naSromebs, romlebSic aSkaraa platonis gavlena; maTSi aristote-
le srulad iziarebs Tavisi maswavleblis im ideebsac, romlebsac SemdgomSi
aristotele 183

daupirispirda (magaliTad, sulis da ideebis Teoriis Sesaxeb). meore periodis

naSromebSi platonis gavlena isev mniSnvnelovania, magram ukve Cans aristoteles
kritikuli damokidebulebac akademiis tradiciasTan; am periods miakuTvneben,
magaliTad, mis naSroms `filosofiis Sesaxeb~. mesame periodis naSromebs
akavSireben aristoteles likeionSi moRvaweobis periodTan. maTSi ukve aSkaraa
aristoteles sakuTari, idiosinkretuli meTodi, originaluri midgoma
filosofiisadmi. ZiriTadi rac ganasxvavebs mas platonisagan meTodologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, aris is, rom aristotele xiluli samyaros, fizikuri realobis
Seswavlas aucilebel safuZvlad miiCnevs filosofiisTvis. amdenad, igi arnaxul
Zalisxmevas mimarTavs bunebis, fizikuri samyaros mecnieruli klasifikaciisaT-
vis. empiriul kvlevas masTan gacilebiT didi yuradReba eqceoda, vidre pla-
tonis akademiaSi. es aristoteles aaxlovebs Tanamedrove mecnierebasTan. ra Tqma
unda, fizikuri realobis Seswavla ar iyo filosofiis `kenwero~ – es ukanask-
neli aristotelesTvis, iseve rogorc platonisTvis, iyo uxilavi, meta-fizikuri
samyaros Wvreta, magram fizika, empiriuli kvleva iyo aucilebeli fesvi, romel-
zedac Semdgomi, ufro maRali codna unda amozrdiliyo. sapirispirod, platon-
isaTvis fizikuri samyaro, rogorc cvalebadi da daudgromeli, ar iyo
filosofiuri Semecnebis sagani, ramdenadac, misi azriT, myari codna mxolod
imazea SesaZlebeli, rac Tavad myari da ucvlelia – anu maradiuli ideebi. goeTe
aristoteles filosofias moxdenilad adarebda piramidas, romelic zecisken
safexurebiT miiwevs miwaze damyarebuli vrceli saZirkvelidan, xolo platonis
filosofias obelisks anda cecxlis als, romelic miwidan pirdapir zecaSia
atyorcnili gradaciebis gareSe.
aristoteles bolo `likeionuri~ periodis teqstebs Tematikis mixedviT ase
yofen:
a) logikuri xasiaTis naSromebi
b) naSromebi fizikis Sesaxeb (anu naturaluri filosofia)
g) metafizika (rac, erTis mxriv, niSnavs `fizikis mere~ da gamoxatavs aristo-
teles skolis kurikulumSi am Temis Semdgomobas empiriuli samyaros swavle-
basTan SedarebiT; meores mxriv, ki niSnavs `fizikis miRmiers~, anu imas, rom igi
exeba aramaterialur sagnebs, umTavresad ki _ Tavad uxilav RmerTs)
d) eTika da politika
e) esTetika, istoria da literatura.
aristotele SeiZleba CaiTvalos logikis, rogorc samecniero disciplinis,
fuZemdeblad. aristotelem Seqmna formalur-Teoriuli logika, anu man
ganixila logika da misi wesebi TavisTavad, mowyvetilad yovelgvari ontolo-
giuri datvirTvisagan. Tumca Secdoma iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom azrovnebis for-
mebis, logikuri wesebis aRmoCena aristotelesTan saboloo jamSi damoukide-
beli iyo realobis Secnobis amocanisagan. mas logikuri wesebi sWirdeboda
rogorc instrumenti filosofiisTvis, realobis SecnobisaTvis da ara rogorc
TviTmkmari disciplina, rogorc es aris dRes. logikis arsi aris silogizmSi,
anu `msjelobaSi, rodesac raRac winadadebebi (wanamZRvrebi) winaswar aris
gacxadebuli, da am winaswari gancxadebebidan logikuri aucileblobiT gamom-
dinareobs sxva gancxadeba (daskvna), rac manamde ar iyo Tqmuli~. aseTi msjelo-
bisas aucilebelia or winadadebas raRac akavSirebdes erTmaneTTan, es
makavSirebeli ki aris saSuali termini (`to meson~). magaliTad, am or winadade-
baSi 1. `yvela CogburTeli sportsmenia~ da 2. `andre agassi CogburTelia~ saSu-
ali termini aris `CogburTeli~; am saSualis meSveobiT logikuri aucileblo-
biT viRebT axal, aqamde arTqmul winadadebas: `andre agassi sportsmenia~.
aristotele silogizmis sam formas asxvavebda:
184 aristotele

saSuali termini (b) subieqtia pirvel wanamZRvarSi da Semasmeneli (predikati)

meoreSi: mag. Tu b aris c da a aris b da maSin a aris c (zemo SemTxveva agassize).
saSuali termini Semasmenelia orive wanamZRvarSi: Tu a aris b da c ar aris b,
maSin c ar aris a. mag. yvela Tevzi wyalSi cxovrobs; Jirafi wyalSi ar cxovrobs;
maSasadame: Jirafi Tevzi ar aris.
saSuali termini subieqtia orive wanamZRvarSi: Tu b aris a da b aris c, maSin a
aris c. mag. yvela yvavi Savia; yvela yvavi frinvelia; daskvna: zogi frinveli Savia.
es aris deduqciis, anu aucileblobiTi gamomdinareobis meTodi.
ra Tqma unda, aristotele iazrebda imas, rom wanamZRvrebi TavisTavad
moiTxovda damtkicebas. magram, Tu yvela wanamZRvars dasabuTebas davuwyebT, ma-
Sin mivalT e.w. `mankier usasrulobamde~. maSasadame, aristotele miiCnevda, rom
nebismieri logikuri msjelobisaTvis saWiroa winaswari, a priori principebis Se-
muSaveba, romlebsac viRebT ukve ara deduqciiT, aramed winaswari intuiciiT.
erTi aseTi a priori principia kontradiqciis principi, anu is, rom Tu or wi-
nadadebaSi erT-erTi amtkicebs imas, rasac meore uaryofs, ar SeiZleba orive wi-
nadadeba marTali iyos, aramed erTi iqneba marTali, meore mcdari. aseve, silo-
gizmis umTavresi wanamZRvrebi aristotelesTvis efuZnebian ara deduqcias, ara-
med induqcias, anu dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul codnas. magaliTad, wanamZRvari
`yvela yvavi Savia~ ar efuZneba raime silogizms, aramed empiriul dakvirvebas,
rom TeTri yvavi jer aravis unaxavs.
logika, rogorc vTqviT, aris aristotelesTvis instrumenti samyaros Secno-
bisaTvis. rogoria aristoteles danaxuli samyaros suraTi? aristoteles
samyaro iyofa or nawilad: mTvarisqveSa samyaro, sadac yvelaferi ibadeba da
ixrwneba, da ase dausruleblad, da mTvariszeda samyaro, sadac aris maradiuli
materialuri sxeulebi – planetebi, TiToeuli sakuTari sferoTi, xolo sul
maRla, varskvlavebis sfero: anu, rogorc ZvelqarTulad uwodebdnen `cTo-
milni~ (planetac modis zmnidan `planaomai~ – `vcdebi~) da `ucTomelni~ –
varskvlavebi. ratom ase? imitom, rom empiriuli dakvirvebiT planetebis moZ-
raoba met cvalebadobas aCvenebs, zogi maTgani, magaliTad marsi, raRac ucnaur
manevrebsac akeTebs caze, maSin, rodesac varskvlavebi ucvlelni rCebian; xolo
rac metad aris ucvleli, miT metad aris RvTaebrivi.
mTvarisqveSa samyaro Sedgeba oTxi stiqiisagan: cecxlis, wylis, haerisa da mi-
wisagan, xolo ciuri sxeulebi Sedgebian sxva, ufro maRali elementis – eTerisa-
gan (e.w. `kvintesencia~ anu mexuTe elementi). samyaros centrSi aris dedamiwa da
swored mis garSemo brunaven planetaruli sferoebi. xiluli samyaros es su-
raTi ZiriTadi iyo Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi, manamde, sanam kopernikma da
galileom axleburi xedva ar wamoayenes.
aristotele gaemijna platonis Teorias materialuri samyarosagan damou-
kideblad arsebuli ideebis Sesaxeb. misTvis ideebi (aristotele iyenebs termin
`formas~ (`morfes~) ufro, vidre `ideas~) gancalkevebulad ar arseboben, aramed
arian materiaSi, aZleven materias gansazRvrulobas. aristoteles filosofias
`hilemorfizmsac~ uwodeben, anu materiisa (hile) da formis (morfe) erToblio-
bis filosofias. forma misTvis aris materiis Tviseba. am TvisebebSi aristotele
ganasxvavebda i) arsebiT Tvisebebs, anu iseT Tvisebebs, romlebic gansazRvraven ama
Tu im realobis fundamentur raobas, rac aucileblad gansazRvravs am realobas
da uromlisodac es realoba veRar iarsebebs mocemuli saxeliT; da ii) SemTxveviT
Tvisebebs, romlebic SeiZleba icvlebodes ise, rom TviT realoba amiT Tavis
fundamentur xasiaTs da saxelis ganmsazRvrel Tvisebebs ar icvlides. magali-
Tad, amoburculoba cxviris aucilebeli, arsebiTi Tvisebaa, ise rom, Tu Tviseba
`amoburculobas~ gavauqmebT, maSin gauqmdeba TviT cxviric; samagierod Tviseba
`TeTri~ mxolod SemTxveviTi Tvisebaa da igi SeiZleba icvlebodes (magaliTad,
aristotele 185

mzis moqmedebis Sedegad wiTelSi gadavides) ise, rom TviT `cxvirobas~ araferi
daakldeba. kidev rom gavimeoroT, aristotelesTvis Tvisebebi ar arseboben Ta-
visTavad, materiis gareSe. magaliTad, universaluri cxenobis idea ar aris ze-
caSi arsebuli realoba, romelSic miwieri cxeni monawileobs, platonis Te-
oriis msgavsad, aramed igi mxolod mentaluri konstruqciaa, romelsac adamiani
agebs empiriuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze: naxavs mraval cxens da gamoyofs
maTSi arsebiT Tvisebebs, rac gansazRvravs maT `cxenobas~ da ara maT `bukefal~-
obas (aleqsandres cxenis saxeli) an `lurja~-obas (arsenas cxenis saxeli). es ka-
maTi platonsa da aristoteles Soris gagrZelda Sua saukuneebis evropul
filosofiaSic: erT banakSi iyvnen nominalistebi, romlebsac aristoteles
msgavsad universaliebi (`cxenoba~, `magidoba~ a.S.) miaCndaT mentalur konstru-
qciebad, da meore banakSi realistebi, romlebsac miaCndaT, rom universaliebi
obieqturad, Tumca uxilavad, arseboben materiisagan damoukideblad.
aristotele mivida yovelgvar formas da Tvisebas moklebuli pirveladi ma-
teriis (berZn. `prote hile~; laT. materia prima) gaazrebamde: pirveladi materia
aris sruli potenciuroba, romelsac SeuZlia miiRos nebismieri forma. forma
aris aqtualizacia materiis potenciisa. potenciis aqtualizacia, anu SesaZle-
blobis realizacia aris erT-erTi umTavresi aspeqti aristoteles filosofi-
aSi.
filosofia gulisxmobs mizezTa Seswavlas. anu, filosofia aris ara mxolod
empiriul realobaze dakvirveba da misi aRwera, aramed SekiTxvebis dasma Tu
`ratom xdeba ase?~ `raa mizezi?~ da am SekiTxvebiT aRmoCena axali ramis, iseTis,
rac Tavad empiriul dakvirvebaSi araa mza saxiT mocemuli. mizezebs Soris aris-
totele ganarCevda oTx ZiriTads: materialurs, moqmedebiTs, formalurs da
saboloos. martivi magaliTisTvis, rkina da xe arian xistariani danis materi-
aluri mizezebi; xelosani, romelic maT aZlevs Sesabamis formas, aris moqmedeb-
iTi mizezi, xolo mis gonebaSi arsebuli forma, ris mixedviTac igi warmarTavs
Tavis zemoqmedebas materiaze, aris formaluri mizezi; rac Seexeba saboloo
mizezs, es iqneba Wra, radgan danis saboloo daniSnuleba Wraa. zogjer Znelia
mkafiod gamijno formaluri da saboloo mizezebi aristotelesTan. yvela arse-
bas aqvs potenciis aqtualobad qcevis sakuTari gza, sakuTari daniSnuleba,
berZnulad `telos~-i. aristoteles cnobili termini `en-teleqia~ niSnavs, rom
sagani asrulebs Tavis daniSnulebas, aris Tavis `telosSi~. magaliTad, cecxlis
bunebrivi enteleqiaa midiodes zeviT, kaklis Teslis – amovides kaklis xed da
moisxas kaklebi, Tvalis enteleqiaa xedva, planetis enteleqiaa moZraobdes
wriulad, raTa ganmeorebadobiT da ciklurobiT mibaZos ucvlel maradisobas.
amdenad, moZraobebi bunebaSi, aristotelesaTvis, ar aris SemTxveviTi, aramed
teleologiuri, mizanmimarTuli.
aristotele daakvirda moZraobebis bunebas da SeniSna, rom yvelaferi rac
moZraobs, moZraobs raRac sxva moZravis meSveobiT. magram ase mivalT kvlav mank-
ier usasrulobamde. maS ra unda iyos is, rac amoZravebs sxvebs da TviTon rCeba
uZravi? aseTi ram aristotelesTvis aris RmerTi (`kinoun akinetos~ – uZravi ma-
moZravebeli), igi aris mTeli samyaros moZraobis formaluri da saboloo mize-
zi. ramdenadac materiam ar SeiZleba sxva rame aamoZravos, Tuki igi Tavad ar amo-
Zravdeba da ramdenadac pirveli mizezi amoZravebs ise, rom TviT uZravad rCeba,
maSasadame pirveli mizezi aris aramaterialuri, sufTa forma. ai, es erTaderTi
formaa aristotelesTvis materiisagan mocilebuli – Tavad RmerTi, uZravi ma-
moZravebeli. amiT, arsebiTad, isic platoniviT obieqturi idealisti rCeba.
Tumca, platonis miTologiuri demiurgosisagan gansxvavebiT, aristoteles
RmerTi ar aris samyaros Semqmneli, an winaswar mocemuli qaosis momwesrigebeli,
aramed ukve mzad arsebuli samyaros mamoZravebeli mizezi. samyaro maradiulad
186 aristotele

da ucvlelad aris mocemuli, iseve rogorc misi mamoZravebeli RmerTi. samyaro

ar Seqmnila, igi rogorc mTlianoba, RmerTis Tanamaradiulia. arsebebi,
cxovelebis da mcenareebis saxeobebi maradiulad aseTebi iyo. aristoteles am
Sexedulebas, romelic ZiriTadad miiRes neoplatonikosebma, SemdgomSi mkveT-
rad daupirispirdnen qristianebi Tavisi ideiT samyaros ex nihilo anu arafrisgan
Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
aristoteles RmerTi aris goneba, romelic fiqrobs sakuTar fiqrs (`noesis
noeseos~ – fiqris fiqri) da ar aris mimarTuli samyarosaken, ase vTqvaT, `ar
zrunavs~ samyaroze. rom warmovidginoT, Tu rogor amoZravebs samyaros RmerTi,
SeiZleba moviyvanoT magaliTad Seyvarebulis `moZraoba~, miswrafeba sayvareli
adamianisadmi, rodesac es ukanaskneli SeiZleba arc amCnevdes mas.
sainteresoa, ra damokidebuleba aris RvTiur gonebasa da adamianis gonebas
Soris? aristotelesTan cxadi pasuxi amaze ar aris, rac sxvadasxva interpre-
taciis safuZvels iZleva. aristotelesTvis adamianis suli ar aris damoukide-
beli adamianis sxeulisagan, aramed, rogorc nebismieri forma, warmoadgens am
sxeulis enteleqias, anu sxeulis potenciis aqtualizacias. magaliTad, yuris
aqtualizaciaa smena, Tvalis – xedva, cxviris – ynosva a.S., anu es Tvisebebi imanen-
turad dakavSirebulni arian sxeulTan da maT gareSe ar arseboben. imis sailus-
traciod, rom sxeuli da misi Tviseba ganuyoflebi arian, aristoteles moyavs
amdagvari magaliTebi: Cven rom gavzardoT sxeulze zemoqmedebis intensivoba,
magaliTad zedmetad kaSkaSa Suqi mivanaToT Tvals, an gemis sayvirs mivadoT
yuri – aseT dros daziandeba da ganadgurdeba rogorc grZnobis aRqmis organo,
ise is Tviseba, romelic mas axasiaTebda (kaci dabrmavdeba an dayruvdeba). magram,
fiqrobs aristotele, aris adamianSi erTi Tviseba, erTi funqcia, rodesac am
funqciis intensivobis gazrdiT ar ziandeba materialuri sxeuli da es Tvisebaa
azrovneba. azrovnebis intensifikacia, gansxvavebiT Suqisa da xmis intensifi-
kaciisagan ar iwvevs raimes dazianebas adamianSi. maSasadame, aristotele akeTebs
daskvnas, rom swored es, goneba, aris adamianSi aramaterialuri da RvTiuri. ma-
gram aris Tu ara es goneba individualuri? anu, adamiani rom warmovidginoT
oTaxad, aris Tu ara goneba am oTaxis naTurasaviT, misi ganuyofeli nawili, Tu
igi ufro hgavs mzis Suqs, romelic ar ekuTvnis oTaxs, aramed sarkmelidan Se-
modis da garedan anaTebs mas? aristotele albaT ufro meore Sexedulebisken
ixreba, rodesac ambobs, rom `goneba sarkmelidan (berZn. `TuraTen~) Semodis~. es
Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxia adamianis mokvdavoba-ukvdavobis TvalsazrisiT:
Tu goneba, romelic erTaderTia ukvdavi da aramaterialuri adamianSi, ar aris
adamianis piradi goneba, aramed RvTiuri gonebis moqmedebaa masSi, maSin adamiani
gamodis mokvdavi. magram, Tuki piriqiT, es goneba aris individualuri, maSin ga-
modis, rom adamianSi aris Tavisi sakuTari iseTi ram, rac ar mokvdeba sxeulTan
erTad. am kiTxvaze mkafio pasuxi ar aris aristoteles teqstebSi, amitom misi in-
terpretatorebi rogorc Zvelad, ise axlac gansxvavebul poziciebze dganan.
didi laTini Teologi, sqolastikis mwvervali Toma aqvineli, rogorc aristo-
teles `naTlia~, aqristianebs Tavis warmarT maswavlebels da individualuri,
ukvdavi inteleqtebis Sexedulebas amyarebs.
aristoteles eTika efuZneba realobis miseul teleologiur xedvas. adamian-
sac, misi azriT, aqvs sakuTari telosi, rac aris Rirseuli cxovreba, siqveleebis
an saTnoebebis SeZena. es ki SeuZlebelia azrovnebis gareSe. emocia arc Rirsebaa
da arc mankiereba. Cven ar gvadanaSauleben imisTvis, rom gagviCnda brazis gancda,
aramed imisTvis, rom ar movTokeT igi da ar davumorCileT gonebas. Tu gonebis
moqmedeba aristotelesTan identuria RmerTis moqmedebasTan, maSin pirdapir
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom mankiereba aris rodesac emociuri impulsebi ar emor-
Cileba RmerTs. maSasadame, SeuZlebelia Rirseba arCevanis gareSe. rogorc aris-
aristotele 187

totele ambobs: `Rirsebebi gamomdinareobs arCevanidan, an SeuZlebelni arian ar-

Cevanis gareSe~. aseve Rirsebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos Cveni bunebrivi monacemebi,
aramed is, Tu rogor viyenebT am monacemebs. maSasadame, Rirseba ar aris monacemi,
aramed Cvevis (berZn. `eTos~) gamomuSaveba, rac miiRweva ZalisxmeviT. aristo-
telesTvis is ki ar aris Rirseuli, vinc erTxel Caidens Rirseul saqciels, ara-
med is, vinc gamudmebuli ZalisxmeviT Rirseul qcevas sakuTar CveulebaSi
gadazrdis, sakuTari xasiaTis nawilad aqcevs. eTosi, saidanac modis sityva eTika,
xom swored xasiaTs, qcevis maneras aRniSnavs. Rirseba aristotelesTvis da-
kavSirebulia oqros Sualedis povnasTan ukiduresobebs Soris. magaliTad
guluxvobis Rirseba aris oqros Sualedi mflangvelobasa da siZunwes Soris,
anda vaJkacobis Rirseba aris oqros Sualedi ugunur riskianobas/TavzexelaRe-
bulobasa da simxdales Soris. anu Rirseba aris Sualedi naklsa da gadaWarbebas
Soris. platonisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis eTikuri Teoria ukiduresad in-
teleqtualizirebuli iyo (kerZod, platoni miiCnevda, rom adamianma Tuki icis
ra aris keTili, mas araferi dauSlis gaakeTos kidec igi, da rom ukeTurobis
mizezi mxoloddamxolod ucodinrobaa), aristotele daakvirda adamianis nebis
sisustesac, rac misi moraluri Teoriis realisturobaze metyvelebs: anu, ada-
mianma SeiZleba icodes ra aris keTili, magram susti nebis gamo (berZn. `akrasia~ –
sisuste) mainc ar akeTos is. eTika da politika organul kavSirSia aristo-
telesTan, radganac adamiani misTvis pirvel rigSi aris `politikuri cocxali
arseba~ (berZn. `zoon politikon~), rac niSnavs, rom Rirseuli adamiani unda iyos
sakuTari sazogadoebis (polisis) aqtiuri wevri; is vinc ar aris Rirseuli mo-
qalaqe, ar asrulebs Tavis bunebriv, adamianur daniSnulebas, wydeba Tavis te-
loss.
am mimoxilvis daskvniT nawils davuTmobT aristoteles Sexedulebebs poezi-
aze, kerZod berZnul dramaze.
Tavisi Sexedulebebi poeziis raobaze aristoteles Camoyalibebuli aqvs naS-
romSi `poetika~. es aris pirveli sistematuri samecniero naSromi poeturi
xelovnebis raobis Sesaxeb. manamdeli msjelobebi am Temaze, platonTan an isok-
ratesTan, aris SedarebiT fragmentuli da usistemo. aristotele Seecada
saxeobebisa da gvarebis mixedviT klasifikaciis meSveobiT Caetarebina poeturi
xelovnebis analizi, raTa aRmoeCina am xelovnebis anu `teqnes~ raoba. misi azriT,
poeturi xelovnebis safuZvelSi devs realobis `mibaZva~ (berZn. `mimesisi~). Tu
platonTan es `mibaZva~ uaryofiTad aris Sefasebuli, ramdenadac ar asaxavs
realobas adeqvaturad, iseTad rogoric is sinamdvileSi aris, aristotelesTan,
piriqiT, `mimesisi~ yuradRebis centrSia da poeturi xelovnebis Rirsebas gan-
sazRvravs. aristoteles azriT, swored mibaZviTaa, rom adamianebi iReben pirve-
lad Semecnebas da amisgan sixaruls ganicdian. im faqtidan, rom adamianebi TviT
sazizRari cxovelebis gamosaxulebebis yurebisas siamovnebas iReben, aristo-
telem daaskvna, rom es siamovneba gamowveulia msgavsebis aRmoCenis, Semecnebis
sixarulidan. amdenad, baZvisas msgavsebis aRmoCena aristotelesTvis SemecnebiTi,
logikuri aqtia, romelic pasuxobs adamianis bunebriv moTxovnilebas – gaigos,
Seimecnos realoba (aristoteles `metafizika~ swored am grandiozuli fraziT
iwyeba: `yvela adamians, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, aqvs swrafva Semecnebisken~).
platonisagan gansxvavebiT, aristotele naklebad uyurebs poezias rogorc
eqstatur, ara inteleqtismier da mxolod grZnobisken mimarTul sagans, romel-
sac qmnian dionisurad Sepyrobili, STagonebaSi myofi poetebi. misTvis poezia
rogorc poetis, ise misi auditoriis mxridan, aris inteleqtualur-SemecnebiTi
aqti da efuZneba adamianis Tandayolil (`sumfuton~ – `Tan-Sebunebebul~) Tvise-
bas – mibaZos realobas.
188 aristotele

aristotelem Camoayaliba im moTxovnaTa sia, romelTa dacvac aucilebelia

poeturi xelovnebis nimuSis Sesaqmnelad. `poetikis~ Cvenamde moRweul nawilSi
ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba tragedias da Cvenc masze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
tragediis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia poetisaTvis mibaZvis sagani iyos seriozuli,
dasrulebuli moqmedeba; mibaZvis saSualeba – mxatvrulad mimzidveli, damatk-
bobeli sityva; mibaZva unda moxdes ara Txrobis saxiT, rogorc es aris eposSi,
aramed moqmedebis, dramis (berZn. `dramein~ – moqmedeba) saxiT. tragediis mizani
aris gamoiwvios mayurebelSi da msmenelSi eldis (SiSis) da TanagZnobis emociebi
da am gziT Seqmnas masSi ganwmendis, `kaTarsisis~ SegrZneba. seriozuli moqmede-
bis nimuSebad, romlebsac unda mibaZos poetma, aristetele asaxelebda miTolo-
giur siuJetebs. magaliTad, klitemnestras mier sakuTari qmris, agamemnonis
mkvleloba da Semdeg orestesis mier dedis, klitemnestras SurisZiebiTi mkvle-
loba. poets ar aqvs ufleba Secvalos miTis siuJeti, anu ar SeuZlia, magaliTad,
gamoiyvanos iseTi klitemnestra, romelic ar klavs qmars, an iseTi oidiposi, ro-
melic ar irTavs colad sakuTar dedas, magram man unda SeZlos mxatvrulad daa-
muSavos mocemuli siuJeti. aq eZleva mis originalobas gasaqani.
tragikuli nawarmoebi unda warmoadgendes erT mTlianobas, romelic mkafiod
gansazRvruli nawilebisagan Sedgeba. tragedia, rogorc realobis mibaZva, imave
teleologiur, anu enteleqiur sqemaSia Casmuli, rogorc bunebis obieqtebi:
rogorc xes aqvs Tavisi ganviTarebis mizez-Sedegobrivad dakavSirebuli sta-
diebi Teslidan zrdasrul xemde, ise tragediasac aqvs mizez-Sedegobrivad da-
kavSirebuli nawilebi, saboloo miznamde – mayurebelSi eldisa da sibralulis
gamowvevamde, da, amis Sedegad, kaTarsisamde. is nawili, romlis amogdebac ar iw-
vevs mTelis darRvevas, ar aris mizez-Sedegobriobis jaWvis mdgeni, amdenad arc
ekuTvnis organulad mTels da misi amoRebac arafers daaklebs tragedias. mTli-
anobaSi: nawilebis mowesrigebulobaSi da maT organul erTianobaSi xedavda
aristotele mxatvruli nawarmoebis silamazes (`to kalon~).
tragediis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris umniSvnelovanesia `peripetia~ – anu
erTi mdgomareobidan ucabedi cvaleba sxva mdgomareobamde: magaliTad, rodesac
macne gaamJRavnebs oidiposis warmomavlobis saidumlos, da is igebs, rom saku-
Tari mama mouklavs da deda ki colad SeurTavs, mTeli moqmedeba icvleba, anu
ganicdis peripetias. tragediis meore umniSvnelovanesi mdgenia `cnoba~/“gamJ-
Ravneba~ (`anagnorisis~), anu umecrebis mdgomareobidan gadasvla gagebamde, Se-
mecnebamde, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs siyvarulidan siZulvilze gadasvlas, an
piriqiT. magaliTad, medeas mier iasonis gadawyvetilebis gageba, an iasonis mier
medeas sazareli qmedebis gageba. zogjer, rogorc es aris oidiposis SemTxvevaSi,
peripetia da anagnorisisi erTmaneTs emTxveva. msgavsi SemTxvevebi, aristoteles
azriT, aRmoCenis yvelaze efeqtur formas warmoadgens. swored amas mohyveba
tragikuli efeqti, rac iwvevs sibralulisa da eldis gancdebs.
aristotele ganasxvavebs mxatvrul realobas istoriuli realobisagan da
pirvels garkveul upiratesobas aniWebs meoresTan SedarebiT. igi ambobs, rom
poezia `ufro filosofiuri da ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre istoria, radgan igi
(poezia) Seexeba zogadobebs, xolo istoria erTeul xdomilebebs~. marTlac, is-
toria mogviTxrobs, Tu ra gaakeTa ama Tu im kacma, mag. alkibiadesma, ama Tu im
dros, maSin roca poeti gveubneba, Tu zogadad ama da am xasiaTis, Tvisebebis ada-
miani ras gaakeTebs aucileblad anda savaraudod ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi. anu poeti
asaxavs ara imas, rac moxda, aramed imas, rac SesaZlebelia (`eikos~) an aucilebe-
lia (`anagkaios~) rom moxdes. personaJis xasiaTisa da misi qmedebebis Sesatyviso-
bis principi daculi unda iyos tragediaSic. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, poe-
turi gamonagoni, ase vTqvaT, `tyuili~, SesaZlebelia ufro adekvaturad as-
axavdes fsiqologiur realobas, vidre realuri istoriuli faqtebi, ramde-
aristotele 189

nadac poetis mier personaJis qmedebis aRweras Tavis Singanani logika aqvs,
Tavisi zogadi mizan-Sedegobrioba, romelsac SemTxveviTi movlenebi ar
abrkolebs. anu poeti ufro filosofiuria vidre istorikosi, ramdenadac igi
wvdeba Sesabamisobis zogad princips da ar asaxavs erTeul xdomilebas, romelic
realobaSi ki moxda, magram SemTxveviTi movlenebis gamo masSi Sinagani logika da
Sesabamisobis principi ar ganxorcielebula.
aristotele exeba poeturi enis, gamosaxvis formebis sakiTxsac: rogori unda
iyos tragediis ena? aristotelesTvis, mas unda axasiaTebdes keTilSobileba
(`semnotes~), uCveuloba, ucxooba (`qsenikon~), rac msmenelSi gansakuTrebul
efeqts iwvevs. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas igi aniWebs metaforebs, ramdenadac
isini ormag efeqts iwveven: akvirveben msmenels, da aniWeben mas msgavsebis aRmoCe-
nis siamovnebas. swored metaforebSi xedavda aristotele poetisaTvis Tavisi
originalobis gamoCenis saukeTeso saSualebas: `mxolod amas ver gadmoiRebs [po-
eti] sxvisgan; es (e.i. metaforis mofiqreba) aris niSani mxolod sakuTari niWisa –
marTlac, kargad rom gadmosce azri metaforiT, unda SegeZlos sagnebs Soris
msgavsebis aRmoCena~.
aristotele dramis istoriis sakiTxsac exeba. misi azriT, tragedia momdi-
nareobs dionises sadidebeli ritualebidan, diTirambis momRerlebis improvi-
zaciebidan, maSin rodesac komedia momdinareobs falikuri simRerebis momRer-
lebis improvizaciebidan.
`poetikis~ meore wigni, rogorc Cans, Seexeboda `kaTarsisis~ bunebis analizs
da aseve, komedias, magram samwuxarod am nawilma Cvenamde ver moaRwia. aristo-
teles `poetikis~ es dakarguli nawili da misi SesaZlo saxifaTo mniSvneloba
Sua saukuneebis kaTolikuri eklesiisTvis Seadgens cnobili italieli mwerali-
mediaevistis umberto ekos bestseleris `vardis saxelis~ mTavar Temas.
bolos vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi aristotele ukve Sua-saukuneebSi didi
popularobiT sargeblobda. misi logikuri naSromebi, ioane damaskeliseul
gadamuSavebaSi, orjer iyo naTargmni meTerTmete-meTormete saukuneebSi efrem
mciresa da arsen iyalToelis mier. udidesi qarTveli filosofosi ioane
petriwi, miuxedavad Tavisi platonisturi poziciisa da aristoteles zogi ide-
isadmi kritikuli damokidebulebisa, filosofosofas `aristotelobas~ uwo-
debda (`mewada mearistotelura~); arc aris gasakviri: petriwisTvis xom filo-
sofosoba, iseve rogorc stagirelisTvis, adamianis saukeTeso moRvaweoba, ada-
mianis umSvenieresi mizanswrafva iyo, da iqneb bednier damTxvevaze metia saxeli
`aristotele~-s etimologia: `ariston~-“saukeTeso~; `telos~-“mizani~,
`daniSnuleba~.

Txzulebebi:
logikuri xasiaTis Sromebi: kategoriebi (terminTa 10 klasifikacia);
ganmartebis Sesaxeb (winadadebebi, WeSmariteba, modalobebi); winare
analitika (silogisturi logika); Semdgomi analitika (mecnieruli meTodi
da silogizmi); `topika~ (efeqturi argumentis Camoyalibebis da kamaTis
wesebi); sofisturi uaryofebi (araformaluri logikuri cTomilebebi).
fizikuri xasiaTis Sromebi: fizika (ganixilavs cvlilebas, moZraobas,
cariel sivrces, dros); cis Sesaxeb (cis struqtura, dedamiwa, stiqiebi);
warmoSobis Sesaxeb; meteorologia (kometebis warmoSoba, amindi, bunebrivi
katastrofebi).
fsiqologiuri xasiaTis Sromebi: sulis Sesaxeb (ganixilavs sulis Tvisebebs,
grZnobebs, gonebas, warmodgenas); mexsierebis, gaxsenebis, sizmrebis da
winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaxeb
190 aristotele

naSromebi bunebis istoriaze: cxovelebis istoria (fizikuri/fsiqikuri

Tvisebebi, Cvevebi); cxovelebis nawilebis Sbesaxeb;. cxovelebis moZraobis
Sesaxeb; cxovelebis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb; cxovelebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb;.
mcire traqtatebi; problemebi
filosofiuri Sromebi: metafizika (arsi, mizezi forma, potenciuroba); ni-
komaqes eTika (suli, bedniereba, saTnoeba, megobroba); evdemosis eTika; didi
eTika; politika (saukeTeso saxelmwifoebi, konstituciebi, revoluciebi);
ritorika (sasamarTlo da politikuri debatebis elementebi); poetika (tra-
gedia, epikuri poezia)