Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors (Only major representatives of the groups are shown) Group 15: Inhibitors of chitin

Group 15: Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0 (Only major representatives of the group are shown)

Mode of Action Classification

Flufenoxuron Triflumuron
Novaluron
Acephate Methamidophos
Aldicarb Oxamyl

Diflubenzuron Lufenuron Teflubenzuron 15 Benzoylureas

Methiocarb Fenitrothion

Group 16: Inhibitors of Group 17: Moulting Group 18: Ecdysone receptor agonists
Carbaryl Thiodicarb Chlorpyrifos Profenofos chitin biosynthesis, disruptors, Dipteran
type 1

Methomyl Malathion Insecticide Resistance Action Committee

Carbofuran
Pirimicarb Dimethoate
Triazophos
The Key to Resistance Management Chromafenozide Methoxyfenozide

Ø  Successive generations of a pest should not be treated with compounds from the same MoA Group. Buprofezin Cyromazine
18 Diacyl-
1A Carbamates 1B Organophosphates Ø  Not all of the current groupings are based on knowledge of a shared target protein. For further information,
Halofenozide Tebufenozide
16 Buprofezin 17 Cyromazine hydrazines
please refer to the IRAC Mode of Action Classification document.
Group 2: GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists Ø  The color scheme used here associates modes of action into broad categories based on the physiological
Group 19: Octopamine Group 20: Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors
functions affected, as an aid to understanding symptomology, speed of action and other properties of the
insecticides, and not for any resistance management purpose. Rotations for resistance management receptor agonists
2B Phenylpyrazoles Hydramethylnon
O

(Fiproles) should be based only on the numbered mode of action groups. F 3C

HN
O O
CF3 O
HN NH
O

Fipronil N
O
N O O
N N
H O
Chlordane O
O N O

Ethiprole Group 8: Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors Acequinocyl Fluacrypyrim Bifenazate

2A Cyclodiene Amitraz 19 CF 3

Endosulfan
Organochlorines Amitraz 20C Fluacrypyrim 20D Bifenazate
20A Hydramethylnon 20B Acequinocyl
Methyl
bromide 8A Alkyl Dazomet
Na2B4O7·10H2O
Group 3: Sodium channel modulators (Only major representatives of group 3A are shown) halides Cryolite
Group 21: Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors Group 22: Voltage-dependent
Borax Tartar emetic
sodium channel blockers
22A
8D Borates 8E Tartar emetic Indoxacarb
Oxadiazines
Metam
Sulfuryl Rotenone
Pyrimidifen
Bifenthrin Esfenvalerate Permethrin
Chloropicrin
8B fluoride 8C 8F Methyl isothiocyanate Fenazaquin

DDT Chloropicrin Fluorides generators

Pyridaben
21B Rotenone
lambda- Tolfenpyrad
Deltamethrin cyhalothrin
Methoxychlor Group 9: Chordotonal Group 10: Mite growth inhibitors
3A 21A METI acaricides Metaflumizone
alpha-
3B DDT, organ TRPV channel Fenpyroximate Tebufenpyrad and insecticides 22B
cypermethrin Etofenprox Pyrethroids Tefluthrin
modulators
Methoxychlor Semicarbazones
Pyrethrins
Etoxazole
Pymetrozine
Hexythiazox Group 23: Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase Group 24: Mitochondrial
Group 4: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators
9B Pyridine
Clofentezine
10B Etoxazole complex IV electron transport
AlP inhibitors
azomethine Pyrifluquinazon 10A Clofentezine,
Diflovidazin
derivatives Diflovidazin, Hexythiazox Aluminium
phosphide Zn3P2
Dinotefuran CN-
Spiromesifen
4B 4C Group 11: Microbial disruptors Includes transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins (however, specific guidance Zinc
Nicotine Sulfoxaflor for resistance management of transgenic crops is not based on rotation of modes of action) phosphide
of insect midgut Ca3P2 PH3 Cyanide
Acetamiprid Nicotine Sulfoximines salts
Nitenpyram Different B.t. products that target different insect orders may be used Spirotetramat
together without compromising their resistance management. Bacillus thuringiensis and the insecticidal proteins produced Spirodiclofen Calcium
phosphide Phosphine
Rotation between certain specific B.t. microbial products may B.t. israelensis, B.t. aitzawai, B.t. kurstaki, B.t. tenebrionis
Bacillus sphaericus
24A
provide resistance management benefits for some pests. Consult Bt crop proteins *
23 Tetronic & Tetramic acid derivatives Phosphides 24B Cyanides
Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam product-specific recommendations. Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A,
mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry 3Bb, Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1
* Where there are differences among the specific receptors within the
4D midguts of target insects, transgenic crops containing certain combinations 11B
Clothianidin 4A Flupyradifurone Triflumezopyrim 4E of these proteins provide resistance management benefits. 11A Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus sphaericus Group 25: Mitochondrial complex II Group 28: Ryanodine receptor 29: Chordotonal
Thiacloprid Butenolides Mesoionics modulators
Neonicotinoids electron transport inhibitors organ modulators –
CN N N undefined target
Group 12: Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase site
Group 5: Nicotinic acetylcholine Group 6: Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) O O
F 3C

receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators allosteric modulators O

O O
O Chlorantraniliprole R=Cl
O O
S
O S Cl
NC Cyantraniliprole R=CN
Sn O
Cyenopyrafen
28 Diamides
S O
Sn Sn O

Spinetoram Spinosad Abamectin R1 = major component R2 = Ethyl

minor component R2 = Methyl
H
O
N
H
N
H
N
N Cl Cl Cl O
major component R = H, 5,6 single
major component R = H
O
H
Lepimectin O
H
R
N
O
O O
minor component R = CH3, 5,6 double HO S
minor component R = CH3 O O O
O
Fenbutatin I HN
Tetradifon
R2
Diafenthiuron Azocyclotin Propargite Cyflumetofen
N
O
O
H O
H
O
O O
oxide Pyflubumide Flonicamid
O O R1

O O O
O
H
R
OH H
Milbemectin Sn
O
O
Flubendiamide
OH H

12A
O O

12D
O
O OH
12B Organotin 12C
HN

25A beta-Ketonitrile
OH H
H H

Emamectin N OH

benzoate R1 =
O
H
O
major component R = Ethyl
Diafenthiuron Cyhexatin Tetradifon 25B Carboxanilides
CF3
29 Flonicamid
miticides Propargite derivatives
F
OH H
O O OH minor component R = Methyl CF3

5 Spinosyns 6 Avermectins, Milbemycins

Group 13: Uncouplers of oxidative phos- Group 14: Nicotinic acetylcholine O
O
O
Bromopropylate
phorylation via disruption of proton gradient receptor (nAChR) channel blockers O
O OH
O
OH

Cl Cl Cl S
Group 7: Juvenile hormone mimics O
H O
H
O OH Cl
O O

N CaSX
Cl O Cl CF3
Br O OH
CN O S O
O CCl3
(Lime sulfur)
S O
Hydroprene R1 = ethyl, R2 = H F3C O
S Sulfurs
Methoprene R1 = isopropyl, R2 – OCH3 N S S Azadirachtin Dicofol Pyridalyl
N
OH S
O Cl N
O NH2 SO 3Na
S
O2N O O
Sulfluramid S
S
Chlorfenapyr Thiocyclam
Fenoxycarb Pyriproxyfen
Bensultap
S NH 2 S O N
O
O N S
GS-omega/ Group UN: Compounds
Kinoprene R1 = propargyl, R2 = H N N kappa
13 Pyrroles, NO2
H Cl O
SO3Na
O
Cl
O
HXTXHv1a of unknown or uncertain
7B Fenoxycarb Dinitrophenols, DNOC 14 Nereistoxin Thiosultap- N S
peptide mode of action
7A Juvenile hormone analogues 7C Pyriproxyfen Cartap
hydrochloride sodium
O

Sulfluramid analogues Benzoximate Chinomethionat

Targeted Physiology Use of Groups and Sub-Groups: •  Sub-groups provide differentiation between compounds that may bind at the same target site but are structurally different enough that Poster Notes:
•  Alternations, sequences or rotations of compounds between MoA groups reduces selection for target site resistance. risk of metabolic cross-resistance is lower than for close chemical analogs. •  Groups 26 and 27 are unassigned.
Nerve & Muscle
•  Applications are arranged into MoA spray windows defined by crop growth stage and pest biology. •  Cross-resistance potential between sub-groups is higher than between groups, so rotation between sub-groups should be considered •  The poster is for educational purposes only. Information presented is accurate to the best of
Growth & Development •  Several sprays of a compound may be possible within each spray window, but successive generations of a pest should not only when there are no alternatives, and only if cross-resistance does not exist, following consultation with local expert advice. These our knowledge at the time of publication, but IRAC or its member companies cannot accept
be treated with compounds from the same MoA group. exceptions are not sustainable, and alternative options should be sought. responsibility for how this information is used or interpreted. Advice should always be sought
Respiration
•  Local expert advice should always be followed with regard to spray windows and timing. •  Sub-group 3B: DDT is no longer used in agriculture and therefore this is only applicable for the control of insect vectors of human from local experts or advisors, and health and safety recommendations followed.
Midgut •  Actives in groups 8 (Miscellaneous non-specific multi-site inhibitors), 13 (Uncouplers) and UN are thought not to share a disease, such as mosquitoes, because of a lack of alternatives.
•  Representative compounds are shown. Please visit www.irac-online.org for the complete
common target site and therefore may be freely rotated with each other unless there is reason to expect cross-resistance. •  Sub-group10A: Hexythiazox is grouped with clofentezine because they exhibit cross-resistance even though they are structurally IRAC classification.
Unknown or Non-specific •  Sub-groups represent distinct structural classes believed to have the same mode of action. distinct, and the target site for these compounds is unknown. Diflovidazin has been added to this group because it is a close analogue
of clofentezine and is expected to have the same mode of action.

IRAC document protected by © Copyright Poster Edition 6.1, April 2016. Based on the MoA Classification Version 8.1