Course Code : LEA 102

Descriptive Title : COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Term and Academic Year : 1st Semester, AY 2022-2023

Department and Year Level : BSCRIM 2

Professor : JESSE ALVIN A. PLANTIG, MS. Crim.

Name: Fhilip O. Condada

Course/Year&Section: BS CRIM 1-B

Module I, Lesson 1

Historical Background of Policing and Different Policing Models

IV.Assessment

Directions: Use white pad papers for your answers. Your answers shall be evaluated using these criteria- content,
organization

of ideas, and language facility.

1. Summarize in your own words and note the sequence of events in the history of policing from the past to present.

 Due to the development of industrial cities in the United States from the mid 1800’s till the 1920’s policing was
established in the United States. This era of policing is referred to as the “Political Era of policing. During this era, police
represented the local politicians in the neighborhoods that they patrolled. There was no civil service system, so the police
were hired, fired and managed at the discretion of the local politicians. Politicians ran precincts as small departments.
This meant that the mission of the police was also the same mission of their local politicians. During this era, the police in
the United States had to keep the politicians pleased which led the police to handle community crime problems that
favored the local politicians. Officers were selected for their political service and the police officer owed his allegiance to
the ward boss and police captain who chose him. New officers were sent on patrol with no training and few instructions
beyond rulebook. A police officer was considered a decent job but had extremely poor job security due to political
turnover.During this era, police were on foot patrol and knew their communities very well. They knew exactly who was
supposed to be there and who wasn’t. The police recognized potential crime problems based on the intelligence they
received from members of the community and what they observed on a daily basis. Officers were intimately connected
with the social and political community. Since the radio car wasn’t implemented yet, the police used a “call box” to
report to the stationhouse. During this era, the police provided a wide variety of social services. They ran soup lines,
provided temporary lodging for newly arrived immigrant workers in station houses and even assisted the ward leader in
finding work for immigrants.During this era, police had limited supervision and an enormous amount of discretion.
Because police officers worked alone or in small groups, there was ample opportunities to shake down peddlers and
small businesses. Officers allowed gamblers, pick pocketers and thieves to go about their business in return for a share of
proceedings. This structure led to a culture of police corruption and a reform was needed.

From the end of the political era till the early 1970’s, policing in the United States went through the “Professional Era”.
The professional era rejected politics as the basis of police legitimacy. The civil service system was implemented which
ended political influences in the hiring and firing of officers. Police were no longer seen as working for the political
leaders and seen as “law enforcement”.

We are currently in the community policing era of the history of policing in the United States. The origins of the
community policing era can be traced back to numerous studies conducted by social scientists in the 1970’s and 1980’s of
what policing strategies work.The philosophy of community policing is not specifically defined and may vary based on
individual police departments. However, the underlying factors are all the same. These factors include the department
reducing crime, fear, disorder and for members of the community to feel that their police department is receptive to their
feedback.Even with tremendous advances in technology since the origins of the community policing era, it is still crucial
for the police to work in collaboration with the community to develop a sense of lawfulness in our society.

2. Restate in your own words crime control model law and explain the criminal justice system in the Philippines.

 The crime-control model emphasizes the standardized, expeditious processing of defendants through the court system
and the uniform punishment of offenders according to the severity of their crimes. Under this model, arrest and
prosecution tend to imply guilt. The due-process model focuses upon the rights of the defendant, who is presumed
innocent until proven guilty, and aims at individualizing rehabilitation programs for those found guilty. The crime-control
model leads to policies that emphasize the criminal justice system's arrest and punishment of the offender as the means
of deterring crime and repressing criminal behavior. The due-process model tends to produce a policy of minimizing
criminal justice system intervention in favor of developing and using informal community persuasive and rehabilitative
social controls. Current emphasis in the criminal justice system tends toward the due process model. This has led to an
expansion of community alternatives to punitive institutionalization. These alternatives include (1) halfway houses, which
are temporary residences for those under the supervision of parole departments, those returning to the community after
having completed their sentences, and probationers; (2) community treatment centers, used to provide a total plan to
reintegrate the offender into the community; (3) diagnostic parole and parole clinics, which screen persons for parole
eligibility either immediately after sentencing or after serving a short time in prison; and (4) work release programs,
which permit inmates to work in the community during the day and return to the institution at night. Tables compare the
models' characteristics and 29 notes are listed.

The Philippine Government has organized and established institutions which serve to maintain peace and order. These
institutions are responsible for preventing crimes, enforcement of laws, and apprehension and prosecution of those who
violate the law. If the courts of law find them guilty of committing a crime, they shall be confined in order for those
people to be rehabilitated and to be reintegrated into the community as law abiding citizens. Thesei nstitutions
organized by the Government haveincorporated themselves in order to establish a Criminal Justice System. This system is
composed of the Law Enforcement, Prosecution, Court, Corrections and the Mobilized Community. Law Enforcement
effects the arrest of those people who violated thelaw.TheProsecution considers thebackground to determine whether
the person arrested for violating a law should be prosecuted. The Court is the cornerstone of the system wherein it
determines whether the person charged with a criminal offence is guilty or not. When the courts oflaw find an individual
guilty of violating the law,a sentence shall be imposed upon him,not to change the crimanalʼsattitude,but as a
penalty.When a person has been proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt, he or she must be placed in confinement for
the protection of the criminal and for the communityʼs welfare. Criminals are considered prisoners while they serve their
sentences imposed by the court for transgressing the law

3. Contrast and compare the crime control model and due process model. (20 points)

 There are multiple models for criminal justice which are used throughout the world. However, the two major models
used in the United States are the crime control model and the due process model. Both models were developed by
Herbert Packer, a criminologist who wanted to ascertain the priorities and motivations of criminal justice systems were in
making their decisions regarding criminals and their actions.

The definition of the crime control model is a system in which the primary goal of the criminal justice system is to
prevent and control the committing of crimes. It is a conservative approach to crime that focuses on protecting society
from criminals and criminal actions by regulating criminal conduct and justice. The underlying idea is that by punishing
those who commit or who are suspected of committing crimes, the rest of the populace will not commit crimes as
frequently. The seven key concerns of the crime control model are,Swift and strict punishment for crimes,Expedited
trial,Arrest or charges themselves imply the guilt of the accused, who is presumed guilty,Effectiveness of the criminal
justice system as a direct means of criminal control activity,Decrease in the importance of individual rights, especially of
criminal rights,Belief that individuals are naturally deviant and must be kept under strict control,Routineness and
uniformity of the criminal justice system process, from factfinding to trial to sentencing to the administration of the
punishment. Crime control model examples include .Aggressive crime control strategies include profiling, arrests made
for investigational purposes, and lengthy detention before accusation. These can result in presuppositions of the guilt of
individuals who have not even been charged with crimes but fit an existing demographic profile. For example, the
heightened frequency of searches of people who appeared to have Middle Eastern ethnicity in airports after the attacks
on 9/11 were elements of crime control theory.Three-strikes law in California, criminals who have been charged three
times with felonies or misdemeanors are punished significantly. The intended result of this law is that individuals who
have committed crimes in the past will commit fewer crimes in the future, and that crime levels in the general community
will be reduced as well.

The due process model of criminal justice is built upon the idea that each individual has a right to a trial that has due
process. This means that all evidence, incriminatory and exonerating, have been considered before a decision is made
regarding the accused. This model is a liberal approach to criminal justice.The six major concerns of the due process
model arePresumption of the innocence of the accused,Long court battles and strict rules to ensure that the decision of
the courts is not an error,Allowance of many appeals,Rights of the accused,Rehabilitation of convicted individuals rather
than punishment, and a decision based upon the law as well as ,the individual situation of the accused,Effectiveness of
the community in curbing criminal actions.Due Process Examples,There are many examples of applications of the due
process model.
4. Differentiate the U.S justice system to the Philippine justice system. (20 points)

 The Philippines and the United States have a shared history, which is why English is the main language used in
business, law, government, and education in the Philippines, and is common in everyday communications. The
Philippines has also modeled its government institutions on those of the United States. And most Philippine laws, official
notices and court decisions – including those promulgated by the Supreme Court – are in English. Even the Philippine
Constitution is virtually a duplicate of the Constitution of the United States, specifically the portion containing the Bill of
Rights.

The federal court system has three main levels: district courts (the trial court), circuit courts which are the first level of
appeal, and the Supreme Court of the United States, the final level of appeal in the federal system.

The justice system in the Philippines is mixed legal system of civil, common, Islamic, and customary law. The formal
system of trials, appeals, and prisons is similar to that of the United States.

5. Express ideas to the due process in your own understanding, and give an example. (20 points)

 Due process includes here, inter alia, provisions ensuring an accused person a fair and public trial before a competent
tribunal, the right to be present at the trial, and the right to be heard in his or her own defence. Due process includes
both the right to a fair trial and the right to an effective remedy. An example of due process is when a citizen is being
arrested for a crime, they must be given notice of this crime, when the court case will be held, and given the right to an
attorney

6. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of 'reactive' and 'proactive' approaches to police investigation? (20
points)

A fully funded safe systems approach entails roads being treated with barriers, pedestrian bridges, etc. as well as
appropriate speed management to avoid road users being exposed to intolerable physical forces in crashes. The practical
reality for most developed as well as low and middle income countries, is that this will not occur for some years. In the
interim, we must select works and locations which provide the best road safety gains from limited resources. Significant
controversy remains as to how to do this best, with the debate polarising around two alternatives: the reactive or black
spots approach based on known crash history versus the proactive approach based on engineering deficiencies identified
by various means of audit and road ratings. This paper presents a review of evidence and process analysis to comment
on the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The polarisation of the debate has led to absolutist answers of
one option being always superior. The reactive approach works well only if reliable data on crash type, location and
severity exist; it has the advantage of accommodating variation of crash history which may depend on non-engineering
factors such as being several hours from a major city causing greater fatigue risk or proximity to hotels adding to drink-
driving risk. Road assessments have the advantage of not relying on reliable crash data, which for many countries do not
exist, and are the only option for new or re-engineered roads. Road assessments are currently more intimately connected
to safe systems principles, although it is not clear that this is an inherent rather than historical advantage. This paper
suggests that there are circumstances in which each approach is superior, and recommends a decision process for
determining which to employ, in addition to consideration of a combined approach.

7. Analyze the New York Police Department Rank Structure and compare it to the Rank Structure of the Philippine

National Police. (20 points)

Originating from a merging of the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police, the Philippine National
Police (PNP) is the civilian national police force of the Philippines. The following is a brief history of the PNP and the
organizational structure that it holds today. Pursuant to Republic Act No. 6975 as amended by Republic Act No. 8551,
The PNP in under the administrative control and operational supervision of the National Police Commission. Meanwhile,
the NAPOLCOM is an attached agency of the Department of the Interior and Local Government for policy and program
coordination. The Secretary of the Interior and Local government is mandated to be the Ex- Officio Chairman of
NAPOLCOM. THE PNP ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREIn order to accomplish the mission, powers and functions of the
PNP, its structure was provided for as follows:The PNP Command Group is headed by the Chief PNP who is vested with
the power to command and direct the PNP. He is also assisted by two Deputies assigned to the administration of the PNP
and one for operations side.The Chief of the Directorial Staff serves as the Chief Operations Officer of the PNP. He
coordinates, supervises, and directs the Directorial Staff and the PNP units in the performance of their respective
functions.The Internal Affairs Service (IAS) is headed by a Inspector General who assists the Chief PNP in ensuring
operational readiness and investigates infractions of the regulations committed by the members of the PNP.The Human
Rights Affairs Office (HRAO) is headed by a senior police commissioned officer who serves as a manager of the facility
that will supervise the implementation of the guidelines and policies on human rights laws.The Center for Police Strategy
Management (CPSM) serves as the Central facility of the PNP in coordinating and integrating all strategy management
processes, sustaining its strategy execution and management, and instilling in the organization a culture of strategy
focus.The Directorial Staff is composed of 16 directorates. Every Director in each unit has also his defined function in line
with his specialization as follows:The Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM). The director
optimizes the utilization of personnel resources both from the PNP- uniformed and non- uniformed personnel.The
Directorate for Intelligence (DI). The director manages the gathering/collating of intelligence objectives through effective
management of all intelligence and counter-intelligence activities of the PNP. He also serves as the linkage of all
foreigners with official transactions with the chief PNP.The Directorate for Operations (DO). The director exercises the
command, the control, the direction, the coordination and the supervision of all activities on PNP operations such as
deployment and employment of personnel.The Directorate for Logistics (DL). The director administers and manages
material resources needed for the PNP operations.The Directorate for Plans (DPL). The director plans and programs
strategic PNP operations. He also represents the PNP in the inter-agency and international affairs on peace and
order.The Directorate for Comptrollership (DC). The director administers and manages the fiscal financial resources.The
Directorate for Police-Community Relations (DPCR). The director formulates and implements community –related
activities, programs and projects. He also supervises the PNP Salaam Police Center to undertake close monitoring,
networking and liaisoning activities with the Muslim communities in addressing terrorism and lawless violence in their
respective areas to guarantee that the Muslims are not discriminated, oppressed or singled-out.The Directorate for
Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM). The director coordinates. Controls and supervises all investigation
activities.The Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development (DHRDD). The director formulates policies on
matters pertaining to human resources and doctrine development.The Directorate for Research and Development (DRD).
The director engages in research and development and does testing and evaluation of self-reliant projects.The
Directorate for Information and Communications Technology Management (DICTM). The director integrates and
standardizes all the PNP information systems and resources to further improve the frontline services.Five (5) Directorates
for Integrated Police Operations (DIPOs). The Directors of the clustered areas for Integrated Police Operations, namely:
Eastern Mindanao, Western Mindanao, Visayas, Southern and Northern Luzon are given the responsibility to direct and
to supervise the conduct of integrated anti-criminality, internal security, counter- terrorism operations, to promote inter-
operability with the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and to provide a system to promote regional socio-economic
development.There are 23 National Support Units of the PNP. Eleven (11) of which are administrative while twelve (12)
are operational in nature. The eleven Administrative Units are as follows. While most people are used to watching New
York City police officers, captains, sergeants and lieutenants chase down criminals in all forms of popular fiction, but it
creates some confusion about what each rank actually does. In reality, the NYPD has an hierarchy with each rank
carrying out specific duties, more driven by paperwork and supervisory roles than by pounding a beat on the street. The
basic structure of the NYPD, from lowest rank to highest, is: recruit officer, probationary police officer, police officer,
detective, sergeant, lieutenant, captain, deputy inspector, inspector, deputy chief, assistant chief, bureau chief, chief of
department. The NYPD also divides its police force into enforcement bureaus, which have their own precincts, patrol
areas, units and detectives, often with specific focuses and duties. This provides officers with the opportunity to work in
areas that include housing, internal affairs, operations, community affairs, or juvenile justice. The starting salary for an
NYPD officer is $42,500 as of 2018 with the average pay after 5.5 years of service reaching $85,292.

8. What is your assessment in our policing system nowadays?(20 points)

 One essential element in improving police effectiveness is reducing response time through developing command-and-
control systems for metropolitan departments, installing police callboxes for public use, and creating single telephone
numbers for each large department. Philippine courts would become more efficient in processing criminal cases with the
establishment of a second Grand Jury. Stricter gun control laws, juvenile delinquency prevention programs, and general
police-initiated crime prevention efforts could reduce the opportunities for crime. While the Philippine correctional
system differs greatly from that in the United States, there is a growing movement toward rehabilitation of adult and
juvenile offenders.

V. Enrichment Activities/Output

1. New York Police Department

2. KOBAN

Instructions:

 Research the best pictures about NYPD and KOBAN. Make a collage on your own personal design and put
a description about the collage you make.

 Use a long sized bond paper (1) for NYPD, and (1) for KOBAN.

KOBAN
The smallest organizational unit in the Japanese police system. Police stations
in Japan divide their areas into separate patrol zones, and the Koban of each
zone is a base for assigned police officers to operate. Another special thing is
that Koban opens 24/24 to ensure the safety of its residents

New York Police Department

The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is structured into numerous bureaus and units. As a whole, the NYPD is
headed by the Police Commissioner, a civilian administrator appointed by the Mayor, with the senior sworn
uniformed officer of the service titled "Chief of Department". The Police Commissioner appoints a number of Deputy
and Assistant Commissioners. The department is divided into twenty bureaus, six of which are enforcement bureaus.
Each enforcement bureau is further sub-divided into sections, divisions, and units, and into patrol boroughs,
precincts, and detective squads. Each Bureau is commanded by a Bureau Chief (such as the Chief of Patrol and the
Chief of Housing). There are also a number of specialized units (such as the Technical Assistance Response Unit) that
are not part of any of the Bureaus and report to the Chief of the department.