The Solubility Product Principle

The Solubility Product
Principle
Solubility Product Constant, Dissolution Reaction and
Precipitation Reaction
Solubility Product Constant
What does solubility product constant means?

-is the equilibrium constant for the dissolution or dissociation of a solid substance into an
aqueous solution.
-is denoted by the symbols, Ksp
- K for equilibrium constant, sp for solubility product
Example: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
1. Write out the complete equilibrium or the dissociation reaction.
Things you need to remember in writing the dissociation reaction:

-write the ions and their charges
-if there is a subscript below the atom, put it in front of the ion
-for the polyatomic ions, move the subscript outside the parenthesis of the ion.
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
CaCO3 (s) Ca ^2+ (aq) + CO3^2- (aq)
2. Write out the solubility product expression
Things you need to remember in writing the solubility product expression:

-it is necessary to take the molarities or concentrations of the product and multiply them.
-if there are coefficient in front of any of the products, it is necessary to raise the product of that
coefficient power.
CaO3(s) Ca^2+(aq)+CO3^2-(aq)
Therefore:
Ksp=[Ca^2+] [CO3^2-]
Note: WE DO NOT INCLUDE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS IN EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSIONS.

DISSOLUTION REACTION AND PRECIPITATION REACTION
What does Dissolution means?
• In chemistry, to dissolve is to cause a solute to pass into a solution. Dissolving is

also called Dissolution. Typically, this involves a solid going into liquid phase, but
dissolution can involve other transformations as well. For example, when alloys
form, one solid dissolves into another to form a solid solution.
• Dissolution is a formation of solution by dissolving solute in solvent. Dissolution

refers to a process by which dissolved components, i.e. solutes, form a solution in a
solvent. In this process, a solution of the gas, liquid and solid in the original solvent
is formed.
DISSOLUTION REACTION AND PRECIPITATION REACTION
What does Precipitation Reaction means?
• In aqueous solution, Precipitation is the process of transforming a dissolved

substance into an insoluble solid from a super-saturated solution. The solid
formed is called the precipitate. In case of inorganic chemical reaction leading to
precipitation, the chemical reagent causing the solid to form is called the
Precipitant.
Solution
Supernate/Supernatant
Precipitate
Principle of chemical
Suspension precipitation in
aqueous solution
Application for the Solubility Product Principle
• Solubility has many practical applications in our lives such as purifying water, making drinks, and
vitamin storage. Apart from key separation issues like extraction and crystallization, in
pharmaceutical industries, solubility is also an essential property for the design of new drugs.
• Aqueous solubility gives valuable indications about the biological activity of a drug, and therefore,
is most important in pre-formulation studies.
• The solubility of a substance is defined as its ability to dissolve. There are some factors that alter
solubility, such as pressure and type of solvent, but will temperature affect the solubility of a
substance? The investigation problem is to identify whether or not the temperature of a substance
affects its ability to dissolve in another substance.
• Understanding solubility and processes that undergo is very important, this is due to the important
role that it plays in our daily life as well as in the human body.
• When it comes to oral ingestion, especially in drug delivery, it is profitable since it permits to deliver the
medicine throughout the system in order to gain positive and desired responses. Meanwhile it is seen in
the human body, it is also manifested while doing household cleaning and in automoviles. That’s why it is
essential to recognize and know what is solubility in order to be able to control, manipulate, and enhance it
as well as get informed of how life works by depending on water and chemical reactions.
• According to Rogers (2000), the solubility of a substance is a property that states the amount that will
dissolve in a certain amount of solvent. In other words, solubility refers to a substance ability to dissolve.
When the substance is dissolving, we refer to the solvent as the substance in which the solute is being
dissolved, and to the solute, which is the substance that is being dissolved. Solubility may depend and
change according to its temperature, most of the times solubility of liquids and solids tends to increase as
the temperature increases. Oppositely to that, as temperature increases, the solubility of the gases
decreases.
How to get the Ksp
Value
By: Perzeus Lhey D. Villahermosa
The molar solubility of NiCO3 is 3.74x10-4 mol/L. Calculate the
Ksp value for NiCO3
Step 1: Write the dissociation reaction of NiCO3

1 NiCO3 (s) ⇌ 1 Ni+2 (aq) + 1CO3-2 (aq)
(since the molar ratio is 1:1:1, the concentration of Nickel and Carbonate is also equal to the
molar solubility)
Thus:
[NiCO3] = [Ni+2] = [CO3-2]
3.74x10-4 = [Ni+2] = [CO3-2]
Step 2: Write the equilibrium expression of NiCO3.
[NiCO3] ⇌ [Ni+2] + [CO3-2 ]
(to write the equilibrium expression for any k value, it is equal to the products divided by the
reactants)
[Ni+2] [CO3−2]
Thus: Ksp =
[NiCO3]
(Keep in mind that solids and liquids are not included in the equilibrium expression, so we are
not going to include [NiCO3] )
Thus:
Ksp = [Ni+2]1 [CO3-2 ]1
Step 3: Solve for the concentration of each product.
Step 4: Solve for Ksp.
Ksp = [Ni+2] [CO3-2 ]
Ksp = [3.74x10-4][3.74x10-4]
Ksp = 1.4x10-7
The molar solubility of Ca(OH)2 is 6.875x10-3 mol/L. Calculate the
Ksp value for Ca(OH)2.
Step 1: Write the dissociation reaction
2 (s) ⇌ Ca+2 (aq) + 2 OH-1 (aq)

1 Ca(OH) 1
Step 2: Write the equilibrium expression
[Ca(OH)2] ⇌ [Ca +2 ]1 + [OH-1 ] 2

Ksp = [Ca +2 ]1 [OH-1 ] 2
Step 3: Solve for the concentration of each product.
[Ca(OH)2] = 6.875x10-3 M
[Ca+2] = 6.875x10-3 M
[OH-1] = 1.375x10-2 M
6.875x10−3 mol Ca(OH)! 2 mol OH
!
x " #$% &' () = 1.375x10-2
!
Step 4: Solve for Ksp.

Ksp = [Ca +2] [OH-1]2
Ksp = [6.875x10-3] [1.375x10-2]2
Ksp = 1.3x10-6
The solubility of Ca3(PO4)2 is 5.1x10-5 g/L. Calculate the Ksp value
for Ca3(PO4)2 .
1 Ca3(PO4)2 (s)⇌ 3 Ca+2(aq) + 2 PO4-3(aq)

Ksp = [Ca +2 ]3 [PO4-3]2
Notice that the solubility is not in moles! 5.1x10-5 g/L
Convert it to moles:
5.1x10−5 g Ca3(PO4)2 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2
x 310.18 g Ca = 1.644x10-7 M
! 3(PO4)2
The solubility of Ca3(PO4)2 is 5.1x10-5 g/L. Calculate the Ksp value for
Ca3(PO4)2 .
1 Ca3(PO4)2 (s)⇌ 3 Ca+2(aq) + 2 PO4-3(aq)
Ksp = [Ca +2 ]3 [PO4-3]2
Notice that the solubility is not in moles! 5.1x10-5 g/L
Convert it to moles:
5.1x10−5 g Ca3(PO4)2 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2
x = 1.644x10-7 M
! 310.18 g Ca3(PO4)2
Ca – 3 (40.08) = 120.24
P – 2 (30.97376200) = 61.947524
O – 8 (15.999) = 127.992
Ca3(PO4)2 = 310.179 or 310.18 g/mol
Ca3(PO4)2 .
1 Ca3(PO4)2 (s)⇌ 3 Ca+2(aq) + 2 PO4-3(aq)
Ksp = [Ca +2 ]3 [PO4-3]2
Ca3(PO4)2 = 1.644x10-7 M
1.644x10−7 mol Ca3(PO4)2 3 mol Ca+2

[Ca +2 ]= x = 4.932x10-7M
" 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2
1.644x10−7 mol Ca3(PO4)2 2 mol PO4−3

[PO4 -3] = x = 3.288x10-7M
" 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2
Ca3(PO4)2 .
[Ca +2 ] = 4.932x10-7M
[PO4-3] = 3.288x10-7M
Ksp = [Ca +2 ]3 [PO4-3]2
= [4.932x10-7]3 [3.288x10-7]2
Ksp = 1.3x10-32
Solving for the molar
solubility/ ion concentration
How to solve the
concentration/molar solubility
if the ksp is known?
Ice table/ chart
• A strategy or method used to organize information in a reaction.
• ICE tables are composed of the concentrations of molecules in solution in
different stages of a reaction, and are usually used to calculate the K, or
equilibrium constant expression of a reaction.
ICE is a simple acronym for the titles of the first column of the table.
• I stands for initial concentration. This row contains the initial concentrations of
products and reactants.
• C stands for the change in concentration. This is the concentration change
required for the reaction to reach equilibrium. It is the difference between the
equilibrium and initial rows. The concentrations in this row are, unlike the other
rows, expressed with either an appropriate positive (+) or negative (-) sign and a
variable; this is because this row represents an increase or decrease (or no change)
in concentration.
• E is for the concentration when the reaction is at equilibrium. This is the
summation of the initial and change rows. Once this row is completed, its contents
can be plugged into the equilibrium constant equation to solve for K.
The Ksp for MgCO3 at 25°C is 2.0 × 10-8. What are the ion
concentrations in a saturated solution at this temperature?
Step 1: Write the dissociation reaction and balance equation the reaction
1 1
Step 2: Create a ICE table/chart
Step 3: Write the Ksp expression and solve for the ion concentrations.
The ion concentrations are represented by X
So the ion concentrations are 1.41x10^-4 M.

The Ksp value of AgBr is 5x10-13 . Calculate the molar solubility of AgBr.
Step 1: Write the dissociation reaction and balance the equation.
Step 2: Create a ICE table/chart.

Step 3: Write the Ksp expression and solve for the answer.
Concentration/ molar solubility is represented by X.
So the molar solubility of the AgBr is 7.07x10^-7 M.

The Ksp value of Ca(OH)2 is 8.0x10^-6. Calculate the concentration of
Ca(OH)2.
Step 1: Write the dissociation reaction and balance the equation.
Step 2: Create a ICE table/chart.

Step 3: Write the ksp expression and solve for the concentration.
So the concentration of Ca(OH)2 is 1.3x10^-2 M.

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The Solubility Product

What does solubility product constant means?

Example: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

1. Write out the complete equilibrium or the dissociation reaction.

Things you need to remember in writing the dissociation reaction:

CaCO3 (s) Ca ^2+ (aq) + CO3^2- (aq)

2. Write out the solubility product expression

Things you need to remember in writing the solubility product expression:

Note: WE DO NOT INCLUDE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS IN EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSIONS.

What does Dissolution means?

• In chemistry, to dissolve is to cause a solute to pass into a solution. Dissolving is

• Dissolution is a formation of solution by dissolving solute in solvent. Dissolution

• In aqueous solution, Precipitation is the process of transforming a dissolved

Step 1: Write the dissociation reaction of NiCO3

Step 1: Write the dissociation reaction

2 (s) ⇌ Ca+2 (aq) + 2 OH-1 (aq)

[Ca(OH)2] ⇌ [Ca +2 ]1 + [OH-1 ] 2

Step 4: Solve for Ksp.

1 Ca3(PO4)2 (s)⇌ 3 Ca+2(aq) + 2 PO4-3(aq)

1.644x10−7 mol Ca3(PO4)2 3 mol Ca+2

1.644x10−7 mol Ca3(PO4)2 2 mol PO4−3

Ksp = [Ca +2 ]3 [PO4-3]2

The ion concentrations are represented by X

So the ion concentrations are 1.41x10^-4 M.

Step 2: Create a ICE table/chart.

Concentration/ molar solubility is represented by X.

So the molar solubility of the AgBr is 7.07x10^-7 M.

Step 1: Write the dissociation reaction and balance the equation.

Step 2: Create a ICE table/chart.

So the concentration of Ca(OH)2 is 1.3x10^-2 M.

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