Module 3 - Machine Safety

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Module 3: Basic Safety Rules and Measures in Workplace Hazards

Machine Safety
What is Machine?
Machine is a tool used to make work easier. It is an assembly of multiple parts that transmits forces, motion and
energy in a predetermined manner. Machine is a mechanically, electrically or electronically operated to perform work.

Needle – Simple Machine (Wedge) Mechanical Operated Sewing Machine

Electric Operated Sewing Machine CNC Type Sewing Machine

Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions of a Machine

A. Mechanical Motions
a. Rotating – rotational motion of machine members that can catch clothes, body parts or loose
accessories if having contact and may result to injuries or even death.
i. Nip points – in-running nip point (or points where parts of the body, clothes or loose accessories
can be caught in-between) hazards, are caused by rotating parts.

Prepared by: Engr. Vonson Sani S. Alarcon, Mechanical Engineer


Module 3: Basic Safety Rules and Measures in Workplace Hazards
Machine Safety
b. Reciprocating – machine motion either back-and-forth or up and down that may struck worker or caught
between moving parts and stationary parts.

c. Transversing – motion in straight or continuous line that may struck or caught between the worker.

B. Mechanical Actions
a. Cutting – cutting action is by rotating or reciprocating motion of machine with a sharp cutting tool that
may cut metal, wood, concrete, glass, etc. Danger exists at the point of operation where finger, arm and
any part of the body injuries occur due to sharp edges of tool, flying chips and scraps.
b. Punching – punching action is when power is applied to a slide (ram) with a sharp tool that will make
blanking, stamping or drawing to metals and other materials. Danger exists at the point of operation
where the stock (material) is inserted, held and withdrawn by hand.
c. Shearing – shearing action is when power is applied to a slide or knife to trim or cut a material using a
sharp tool. Danger exists at the point of operation where the stock (material) is inserted, held and
withdrawn by hand.
d. Bending – bending action is when power is applied to a slide to stamp or shaped the material. Danger
exists at the point of operation where the stock (material) is inserted, held and withdrawn by hand.

Machine Guarding

All moving parts of prime movers, transmission equipment and all dangerous parts of driven machinery shall be
effectively guarded, unless so constructed or located to prevent any person or object from coming or brought into contact
with them. (Rule 1200 from Occupational Safety and Health Standards – as safety standards used and prescribed by D.O.
198). Machine guarding is a safety control measure to prevent accident due to moving parts of the machines.

Requirements of effective safeguards (Rule 1200)

Prepared by: Engr. Vonson Sani S. Alarcon, Mechanical Engineer


Module 3: Basic Safety Rules and Measures in Workplace Hazards
Machine Safety
 Must prevent contact – safeguards should prevent human contact with any potentially harmful machine parts.
 Must be secured and durable – safeguards should be attached so that they are secured. Workers should not be
able to render them ineffective by tampering with or disabling them.
 Must provide protection against falling objects – safeguards should protect the machine’s moving parts to avoid
other hazards.
 Must not create new hazards – safeguards should overcome the hazards and not creating new hazards or
became as a hazard too.
 Must not create interference – safeguards should be designed properly and not to interfere the progress of
production.
 Must allow safe maintenance – safeguards should be designed with easy access of maintenance without
removing it.

Hierarchy of measures

1. Fixed enclosing guards


2. Movable (interlocked) guards or protection devices
3. Protection appliances
4. Information, instruction, training and supervision
5. Personal protective equipment

Types of machine guards

 Preventing access
o Fixed enclosing guards – for machine parts that not required access.
 Preventing dangerous motions
o Movable guards with interlocking switches – for machine parts that requires frequent access where an
interlock is connected to the guarding and controls of the machine that will stop its operation once the
guarding has been moved.
o Two hand controls – also referred to as bi-manual controls which are common in certain types of
machinery that requires the two buttons to press at the same time before the machine starts to
operate. It is to ensure that the hands of operator are at safe area.
o Pullback devices – a mechanical device attached to operator’s hands and connected to moving parts of
the machine wherein when the hands of operator is going near the point of operation, the device will
pull back the hands of the operator.
o Photoelectric curtain – infrared light beams are created around the machine or in place where hazard is
present, when the light beams are cut off, it send signal to machine controls to stop.
o Safety mats – pressure sensitive mats are placed in perimeter of a machine where when a pressure is
determined along the mats, it will send signals to machine to stop
o Pressure sensitive edges – a device which can be fixed to the edge of a moving part such as a machine
table or powered door where there is a risk of crushing or shearing hazard. A flexible sensitive edge is
depressed and will send a stop signal to the power source.
o Emergency stops – a mushroom headed button that should be easily accessible in case there is a trouble
in a machine or operator.

Prepared by: Engr. Vonson Sani S. Alarcon, Mechanical Engineer


Module 3: Basic Safety Rules and Measures in Workplace Hazards
Machine Safety
o Grab wire switches – commonly in conveyors, these is a wire near the hazard area and can be easily to
pull in case of emergency and will send stop signal to the power source.
o Telescopic trip switches – a device where deflection may cause the machine to stop. Commonly in pillar
drills where it is mounted in extended next to drill bit, if the operator has been entangled with the drill,
he will be pulled onto the antenna and stop the machine.
o Robotics application – depends on the nature of the machine and the hazard, example is computer
numerical controls (CNC) machines and machines with robotic arms.

Prepared by: Engr. Vonson Sani S. Alarcon, Mechanical Engineer


Module 3: Basic Safety Rules and Measures in Workplace Hazards
Machine Safety

Prepared by: Engr. Vonson Sani S. Alarcon, Mechanical Engineer

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