10

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Optical Instruments
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 5: Optical Instruments
First Edition, 2020

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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

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 10

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Optical Instruments
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Optical
Instruments.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Optical

Instruments.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the world of Physics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine
their use in optical instruments (e.g. cameras and binoculars).
 What I Know

Pre-test
Part I. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your answer
sheet.

_____1. Which of the following optical instruments provides an image that is bigger
than that is seen by the naked eye?
A. magnifying glass C. microscope
B. endoscope D. telescope

_____2. What optical instrument creates an upright, virtual and enlarged image?
A. camera C. projector
B. binocular D. microscope

_____3. What optical instrument is a combination of mirrors and lenses that

focuses an image on a screen?
A. microscope C. projector
B. telescope D. camera

_____4. What optical instrument helps you see small living things that is not visible
to the naked eye?
A. endoscope C. telescope
B. spectrometer D. microscope

_____5. What optical device helps you see distant stars and planets?
A. kaleidoscope C. telescope
B. microscope D. camera

_____6. In the microscope, what lens gives an erect, enlarged, but virtual final
image?
A. low power objective C. high power objective
B. eyepiece D. scanner

_____7. What optical device produce a real image on a photographic film?

A. telescope C. microscope
B. camera D. kaleidoscope

_____8. What optical device is made up of converging lens that produces an image
that is upright, bigger than the object, and virtual as long as the object is
at or within the focal length of the lens?
A. microscope C. magnifying glass
B. telescope D. binocular
_____9. Which of the following pairs is matched INCORRECTLY following the part-
function pairing?
A. Lens – refracts the incoming light
B. Shutter – opening for the light to enter
C. Diaphragm – regulates the size of the aperture
D. Film – serves as a screen where the image is formed

_____10. Which of the following optical instruments works like a human eye?
A. binoculars C. telescope
B. periscope D. camera

Part II. Label the picture below by writing the correct word on the space provided.
Choose your answer from the box.

Shutter Film Lens

Diaphragm Aperture

11.
13.

12.
14.

15.

Figure 1: Diagram of a camera

 Lesson

1 Optical Instruments

The human eye is an organ in our body that helps us to see. Simple things
like watching a butterfly flutters its wings across the fields, the colors of rainbow
painted on the sky, or a child’s dress printed with colorful florals can add to the
fantastic experiences that enrich our lives immeasurably. But even how powerful the
eye is, it has still its own imperfections. It cannot see things, watch the objects behind
you, or the planets and stars. We need optical instruments to be able to see these
things. Lenses and mirrors are used to form images of objects that cannot be seen
with the human eye. In this lesson, we are going to identify ways in which the
properties of mirrors and lenses determine their use in optical instruments such as
the cameras and binoculars.

What’s In

Before we process further, let us do a simple activity.

Activity 1: Let’s Plan!

Situation I.

Look at the view outside the window. Gaze your eyes over the grass field or
across the sea. If your house is in the middle of tall structures, you may opt to look
at night sky. Draw your observation inside the box below.
Questions to Ponder
1. What objects are found at a distance?

2. Is it hard for you to look at these objects? Why?

This time choose an object from a distant. This could be a tree, a house, or a star
or moon.

3. What instrument can you use to see these objects better?

4. What type of lens is used for this instrument? Why?

 What’s New

The world of viruses and

bacteria are so small that it cannot be
seen by the naked human eye. Viruses
are very small particles that have the
ability to infect plants and animals
and make them sick. They are very
small and lightweight. They also have
the ability to survive in air, water, or
even at the surface of your skin. They
are transmitted through food or water,
shaking of hands, or coughing or
sneezing. Because of their size,
humans need instruments to help https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/299037-children-looking-at-
them see these. bacteria-from-microscope

Optical instruments help people see objects that are too small or too far. It
can even produce magnified or reduced images of objects. Optical instruments use
two or more lenses, mirrors or combination of both to meet the needs of the observer.
The right combination of lenses will be able to help you see viruses, bacteria or other
organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked human eye.

What is It

Optical Instruments and their Functions

The following are some optical instruments, their uses and functions.

Magnifying glass - a single lens that refracts light.

It is referred to as a positive lens.

It has a convex shape which means that the central

part of a magnifying lens is thicker than its edges.
When distant parallel light rays hit the surface of the
lens, the rays bend and converge to a point known
as the focus (or focal point). Because a magnifying
lens bend parallel incident light rays to a focus, it can
be used to start a fire!
From: <a href="https://www.vecteezy.com/free-
vector/magnifying">Magnifying Vectors by
Vecteezy</a>
 Figure 1. (a) Path of Light Reflected from the Red Beetle,
(b) Image Formation when the Beetle is Between the Focal Point and the Lens
Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)
Source: https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-8/visible-light/12-visible-light?id=toc-id-8

A magnifying glass also produces an image of an object that is bigger than

that seen by the naked eye. Imagine that you are looking at a red beetle through a
magnifying glass. The beetle looks bigger than what it actually is! When the object
you are viewing is closer to the lens than the focus, you see a virtual image
that is bigger than the object.

In Figure 1a, the red beetle is between the focus and the lens. The rays
reflected from the beetle are refracted by the magnifying glass and enter the person’s
eye. In Figure 1b, you see how the eye sees a virtual image of the beetle which is
bigger than its actual size. The more curved the convex lens is in a magnifying
glass, the greater its magnifying power.

What do you think happens when you

hold a magnifying glass up and view a distant
object? When you hold a magnifying glass up
and view a distant object, the object appears
smaller and upside down. Unlike when
viewing the ladybird close up, the distant
object is beyond the focal point of the lens,
which results in this effect.

Also, when parallel light rays hit a Figure 2. Magnifying glass creates a
magnifying glass, the magnifying glass distant scene upside-down and smaller
Source: commons.wikimedia.org
bends the light rays and concentrates it into Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0
one focal point. This is what the scouts do International
when they starting a fire, remember?
 A compound microscope consists of a combination of lenses for
magnifying an object several hundred times. It uses two
converging lenses with short focal lengths. The lens near the object
is the objective lens, while the one nearer the eye is the eyepiece.
The objective lens forms a real and enlarged inverted image. The
eyepiece, on the other hand, forms a further enlarged, erect, but
virtual final image.

A telescope allows us to see distant objects. It contains two

converging lenses, namely, the objective and the eyepiece. The
objective lens forms a real image of a very distant object within the
focus of the eyepiece lens. Meanwhile, the focal length of the
objective lens must be relatively longer than the eyepiece lens for
bigger magnification.

Digital cameras make use of a compound of lens which means

that the lens unit contains a series of convex and concave lenses
of various densities that work together to direct the light through
to the sensor to create an image.

When you press the button to take a photograph with a digital camera, an
aperture opens at the front of the camera and light streams in through the lens.
However, there is no film in a digital camera. Instead, there is a piece of electronic
equipment that captures the incoming light rays and turns them into electrical
signals. This light detector is one of two types, either a charge-coupled device (CCD)
or a CMOS image sensor. Light from the object you are capturing gets reflected into
the camera lens. This incoming "picture" hits the image sensor chip, which breaks it
up into millions of pixels. The sensor measures the color and brightness of each pixel
and stores it as a number. Your digital photograph is effectively an enormously long
string of numbers describing the exact details of each pixel it contains.

Binoculars consist of a pair of telescopes mounted together, each

having an objective lens and an eyepiece. The image formed by the
objective lens of binoculars is upside-down, and the left and right
sides are reversed. Binoculars use a system of prisms to switch
the image left to right and right to left. Then the eyepieces create
enlarged, virtual, upright images.

An endoscope is a long flexible tube that is inserted in the body

so that a doctor can observe internal passages such as a person’s
esophagus or intestine. It has a converging lens and bunches of
optical fibers that convey the image to the end of the tube, where
the image can be observed through a computer monitor or screen.
An endoscope uses the concept of total internal reflection.

LCD projectors work by using three liquid crystal panels, a lamp,

a prism, and filters to create the image on the screen. From there
the LCD panels send the light through the dichroic prism which
recombines the light and sends it out the main lens in the LCD
projector to the surface against which it is projected.
 Figure 3. Image Formation by a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Projectors
Source: commons.wikimedia.org
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International

The spectrometer uses the principle of diffraction to create a

spectrum of colors emitted by a light source. This aids scientists
and engineers in identifying different substances.

Reprinted with permission from DepEd Science Grade 10 Teachers Guide p158-159.

Comparing the Human Eye and the Film Camera

The human eye and a camera are similar in the way they operate. Both capture
the image using the same principles. Both possess components to regulate the
amount of light incident to it. Both can focus the light and capture the image.
However, the two are different in a number of ways. Refer to Figure 4 and the
succeeding table to learn about how the human eye can be compared to a film
camera.
 Camera Part Eye Part Description/ Function
Film Retina Light sensitive screen that retains the
image
Diaphragm Iris Controls the amount of light entering
by reducing the opening
Aperture Pupil Merely an opening; a portion in the
middle of the instrument that
appears black since no light is exiting
from it
Lens Cornea & Lens Focuses the image
Black Paint Choroid Reduces internal reflection

What’s More

Direction: In this section, you will be tasked to construct an improvised optical

instrument. You will either create a Pinhole Camera or a Periscope. Read the
instructions in this activity and decide which improvised instrument will you work
on.

Activity 2-A: Let’s Use!

Option 1: A Pinhole Camera

Pinhole camera is the earliest form of cameras. It works by letting the light
travel through a small hole in a dark box to form a picture on the other side of the
camera. This is the foundation of the cameras we have today.

Task: Construct a pinhole camera and explain the factors that affect image formed

Materials:
empty milk can (370 mL) black construction paper nail
glue hammer wax paper

Procedure:
1. Get a milk can and clean it. Make a tiny hole in the center of its bottom with
a nail and hammer.
2. Make a tube out of the black construction paper. The tube must fit into the
can. Cover the other end of the tube with a wax paper.
3. Point the pinhole to a distant object such as a tree or an electrical post.
Observe the image formed on the wax paper. You can move the tube back and
forth to get a clearer image.

Activity adapted from Module 4 Optical Instrument Project EASE pp. 7-8.

Link for more Information: http://art151.blogspot.com/2007/09/how-to-build-

pinhole-viewer-with-milk.html
Option 2: Periscope

Periscope is a device used for observation that prevents direct line-of-sight

observation from observer’s position. It works by reflecting the light from an object
from the top of the device. The mirrors are position at a 45 degree angle. The light
that enters through the device is reflected to the identically angled mirror until it
reaches the bottom. This provides the image we see.

Task: Construct a periscope and explain the factors that affect image formed

Materials:
Empty cereal box (or any box available) 2 plane mirrors about 2”x2”
Glue Masking tape
Scissors Ruler
Cutter

Procedure:
1. Download a copy of periscope template at
http://www.webinnate.co.uk/science/docs/periscope_pattern.pdf and print
it. Glue it on the cardboard.
2. Cut out the template along the solid lines. Careful not to cut out the end flaps.
3. Score down the dotted lines using a ruler and a cutter. Fold it inwards.
4. Fold the periscope over to make a tube. Secure with glue and masking tape.
5. Insert the mirror into each opening of the periscope. Glue it.
6. Tape the edges of the periscope. Test your periscope.
 Activity 2-B: Let’s Analyze!

Name: ____________________________________________________
Option: _______ Name of Optical Instrument: _________________________________

Draw the device you made inside the box. Pasting a picture of the actual device is
optional.

1. Give a brief description of the device you made.

2. What problem did you encounter while using the device?

3. How did you solve it?

Questions to Ponder

1. Why is black paper used as lining inside the box or pipe?

2. Camera is compared to the eye. Draw the parts of the camera. Label
its parts and functions.

What I Have Learned

1. Optical device uses the properties of mirrors and lenses.

2. These optical devices include microscope, telescope, pinhole camera,
periscope, and others.
3. A telescope is an instrument that makes far objects appear closer to the
observer. It collects light from the distant object and brings that light to a
focus where the second device magnifies the image and bring it to the eye.
4. Periscope is a device used for observation that prevents direct line-of-sight
observation from observer’s position.
5. Microscopes uses a combination of lenses to magnify an image that allows you
to see things that the human naked eye cannot able to see.
 What I Can Do

Activity 3: Let’s Apply!

Objective: Use the appropriate optical device in a particular situation

What device should I use?

Optical device to
Situation Reason
be used
1. A soldier is on the field doing
his daily routine. He spotted a
man walking at a distance. He
wanted to know what the man
is doing without going near
him.

2. The teacher is presenting her

lesson in front of her class.
She prepared a PowerPoint
presentation to be used
during class discussion.

3. You visit a beach resort near

you to enjoy your summer
vacation. You wanted to take
the memories with you back
home.

4. A group of scientists have

discovered a new nebula
lightyears away from earth.
They wanted to observe the
activity of the nebula.

5. Scientists are tasked to look

for a vaccine for COVID-19
but they wanted to know the
structure of the virus. They
also wanted to observe how
the virus works.
 Assessment

Part I. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your answer
sheet.
1. What optical instrument creates an upright, virtual and enlarged image?
A. camera B. projector C. binocular D. microscope

2. What optical device helps you see distant stars and planets?
A. camera B. telescope C. microscope D. kaleidoscope

3. What optical instrument helps you see small living things that is not visible
to the naked eye?
A. telescope B. endoscope C. microscope D. spectrometer

4. Which of the following optical instrument provides an image that is bigger

than that is seen by the naked eye?
A. magnifying glass C. microscope
B. endoscope D. telescope

5. What optical instrument is a combination of mirrors and lenses that

focuses an image on a screen?
A. microscope B. projector C. telescope D. camera

Part II. Label the picture below by writing the correct word on the space provided.

6.
8.

7. 9.

10.

Diagram of a camera

Parts of the Camera Function

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
 Additional Activities

This time, my dear learner, let us apply what you have learned into real life
situations. This will be done for you to appreciate the lesson as it finds relevance in
our existence here on earth.

Let’s Go!
Optical devices holds a promising future in the era of digital technology. One
of this is the use of optical fiber. The following is an excerpt from an article entitled
Optical Fiber Communication: telecommunications from https://www.electronics-
notes.com/articles/connectivity/fibre-optics/optical-fibre-telecommunications-
basics.php.
Since the earliest days of telecommunications there has been an ever
increasing need to transmit more data even faster. Initially single line wires
were used. These gave way to coaxial cables that enabled several channels to
transmit over the same cable. However, these systems were limited in
bandwidth and optical systems were investigated.
Optical communications became a possibility after the first lasers were
developed in the 1960s. The next piece of the jigsaw fell into place when the
first optical fibers with a sufficiently low loss for communications purposes
were developed in the 1970s. Then, during the late 1970s a considerable
amount of research was undertaken. This resulted in the installation of the
first optical fiber telecommunications system. It ran over a distance of 45 km
and used a wavelength of 0.5 mm and had a data rate of just 45 Mbps - a
fraction of what is possible today.
Since then, considerable improvements have been made in the
technology. Data rates have improved and in addition to this the performance
of the optical fiber has been improved to enable much greater distances to be
achieved between repeaters. As an indication of this the speeds that can now
be achieved along through a fiber optic system exceed 10 Tbps (Terabyte per
second).
When the first fiber optic transmission systems were being developed,
it was thought that the fiber optic cabling and technology would be
prohibitively expensive. However, this has not been the case and costs have
fallen to the extent that fiber optics now provides the only viable option for
many telecommunications applications. In addition to this it is also used in
many local area networks where speed is a major requirement.

What is the future of telecommunications in the advancements of optical fibers?

 Answer Key

Pretest
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. D
11. Shutter
12. Film
13. Diaphragm
14. Aperture
15. Lens

Activity 1: Let’s Plan

Answers may vary

Activity 2: Let’s Analyze!

Questions to Ponder
1. The use of black color (e.g. black construction paper) helps in the absorption
of light. In telescope and microscopes, the black colored paper absorbs the
light that enters in the device. It also lowers the chance of reflecting light
within the device and cause pain to the eyes of the observer.
2.

shutter
diaphragm

film
aperture

lens
Activity 3: Let’s Apply!
Optical device to
Situation Reason
be used
1. A soldier is on the field doing his
daily routine. He spotted a man
provide enlarged images of
walking at a distance. He wanted Binoculars
distant objects
to know what the man is doing
without going near him.
2. The teacher is presenting her
lesson in front of her class. She
projects an image onto a
prepared a PowerPoint Projector
large surface
presentation to be used during
class discussion.
3. You visit a beach resort near you
helps to create and preserve
to enjoy your summer vacation.
Camera memories of historical
You wanted to take the memories
and/or sentimental value
with you back home.
4. A group of scientists have
discovered a new nebula
used to see objects that are
lightyears away from earth. They Telescope
far away
wanted to observe the activity of
the nebula.
5. Scientists are task to look for a
used to view the cellular
vaccine for COVID-19 but they
structures of specimens
wanted to know the structure of Microscope
that are relatively very small
the virus. They also wanted to
in size
observe how the virus works.

Assessment
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B

Parts of the
Function
Camera
6. Shutter excludes unnecessary light that enters into the camera
7. Film receives the image
8. Diaphragm regulates the amount of light that enters the camera
9. Aperture allows light to enter into the camera
10. Lens bends light that enters into the camera

Additional Activities

Answers may vary depending on how he/she understand the topic.

Rubrics:
The following are suggested rubrics in grading the works of the learners. This may
be use throughout the use of this module.

Picture and Drawings

Category 3 points 2 points 1 points

Mechanics The drawing has all the Some parts not The drawing has
parts ask for. It is drawn properly. no clear parts
properly and correctly There are parts being asked for. It
labeled. that are is wrongly labeled.
improperly
labeled.
Organization The content is well- The content is Content is not
organized and used somewhat organized. Colors
colors to identify organized. Colors are unpleasant.
components. Colors are used.
are complimentary.

Neatness and The work is neat done. Use colors and Use fonts and
Attractiveness Makes excellent use of fonts to enhance colors but these
fonts and colors to presentation. often distracts
enhance presentation. from the
presentation
content.

Essay

Category 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 points

Key All main parts Several main Some main Several main
Concepts were identified parts were parts were parts were
and supported identified. Most identified missed with
with facts, parts were with little
examples, etc. supported with sufficient supporting
facts and support. data provided.
examples.
Organization Essay is Essay The main idea Ideas were
logically somewhat and flow of unorganized
organized and deviates from essay is poor. and vague. No
well-structured. the central particular flow
idea. was followed.
Mechanics Excellent use of Written work is Written work Written work
capitalization, relatively free has several has serious
structure, from error with errors in and persistent
spelling, and minimal errors. words. errors in
punctuations. words.
Neatness The work is free Work has Work is Work is
from erasure. minimal tolerable illegible.
erasures. untidy.
References
“How do I build a telescope at home?” February 8, 2001. Accessed May 24, 2020.
HowStuffWorks.com. <https://science.howstuffworks.com/question568.htm>
23 May

“Make a Pinhole Camera.” Pinhole Camera, June 14, 2019.

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/books/pinhole-camera/.

“Optical Fibre Communication: Telecommunications” Electronics Notes -

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/fibre-
optics/optical-fibre-telecommunications-basics.php

From Science 10 Learners Material Unit 2 Module 3, pp. 209-212, by H. Acosta et

al., 2015, Pasig City, Philippines, Department of Education.

From Science 10 Teachers Guide Unit 2 Module 3, pp. 158-160, by H. Acosta et al.,
2015, Pasig City, Philippines, Department of Education.

Project EASE (2011). Module 4 - Optical Instruments. pp 7-9.

Ruff, Bess. “How to Make a Microscope.” September 23, 2019. Accessed May 24,
2020. https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Microscope

Wills, Brian. “Making a Periscope for Kids.” March 7, 2017. Accessed May 23, 2020.
https://www.cnhs.org/ourpages/auto/2018/5/9/54422247/Periscope.pdf
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph