Applying van’t Hoff equation,

i # WB # R # T
p =
MB # V
3 × 0.025 g × 0.0821 L atm K 1 mol 1 × 298 K
= = 5.27 × 10–3 atm
174 g mol 1  2 L

Multiple Choice Questions [1 mark]

Choose and write the correct option(s) in the following questions.
1. A solution of amalgam of mercury with sodium contains
Solute Solvent Solute Solvent
(a) Solid Solid (b) Solid Liquid
(c) Liquid Solid (d) Liquid Liquid
2. One kilogram of sea water sample contains 6 mg of dissolved O2. The concentration of O2 in ppm in
the sample is
(a) 0.06 (b) 60 (c) 6 (d) 0.6
3. Mole fraction of the solute in a 1.0 molal aqueous solution is:
(a) 0.1770 (b) 0.0177 (c) 0.0344 (d) 1.7700
4. At what concentration does the solution of ethylene glycol used as an antifreeze?
(a) 35% volume by volume (b) 35% mass by volume
(c) 35% mass by mass (d) 35 ppm
5. On dissolving sugar in water at room temperature solution feels cool to touch. Under which of the
following cases dissolution of sugar will be most rapid? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Sugar crystals in cold water. (b) Sugar crystals in hot water.
(c) Powdered sugar in cold water. (d) Powdered sugar in hot water.

6. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent is __________.
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) less than the rate of crystallisation (b) greater than the rate of crystallisation
(c) equal to the rate of crystallisation (d) zero
7. Which of the following factor(s) affect the solubility of a gaseous solute in the fixed volume of liquid
solvent? [NCERT Exemplar]
(i) nature and solute    (ii) temperature  (iii) pressure
(a) (i) and (iii) at constant T (b) (i) and (ii) at constant P
(c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (iii) only
8. The value of Henry’s constant KH is _____________. [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) greater for gases with higher solubility. (b) greater for gases with lower solubility.
(c) constant for all gases. (d) not related to the solubility of gases.
9. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is due to
____________. [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) low temperature (b) low atmospheric pressure
(c) high atmospheric pressure (d) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure
10. A solution of chloroform in diethylether:
(a) obeys Raoult’s law (b) shows a positive deviation from Raoult’s law
(c) shows a negative deviation from Raoult’s law (d) behaves like a near ideal solution
11. Considering the formation, breaking and strength of hydrogen bond, predict which of the following
mixtures will show a positive deviation from Raoult’s law? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Methanol and acetone. (b) Chloroform and acetone.
(c) Nitric acid and water. (d) Phenol and aniline.

78 Xam idea Chemistry–XII

 12. Intermolecular forces between two benzene molecules are nearly of same strength as those between
two toluene molecules. For a mixture of benzene and toluene, which of the following are not true?
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) D mix H = zero (b) D mix V = zero
(c) These will form minimum boiling azeotrope (d) These will not form ideal solution
13. The system that forms maximum boiling azeotropes is:
(a) ethyl alcohol-water (b) benzene-toluene
(c) acetone-chloroform (d) carbon disulphide-acetone
14. At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of a concentrated solution of a substance _____________.
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) is higher than that of a dilute solution.
(b) is lower than that of a dilute solution.
(c) is same as that of a dilute solution.
(d) cannot be compared with osmotic pressure of dilute solution.
15. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt solution to prepare pickle, shrivels because
_____________. [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) it gains water due to osmosis. (b) it loses water due to reverse osmosis.
(c) it gains water due to reverse osmosis. (d) it loses water due to osmosis.
16. If we place the blood cells in a solution containing less than 0.9% (m/V) sodium chloride. They would
swell. This is because
(a) the solution is hypotonic (b) the solution is isotonic
(c) the solution is hypertonic (d) none of these
17. Which of the following colligative property is used to calculate the molar mass of biomolecules?
(a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure (b) Elevation in boiling point
(c) Depression in freezing point (d) Osmotic pressure
18. Which of the following statements is false? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Units of atmospheric pressure and osmotic pressure are the same.
(b) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a region of
lower concentration of solute to a region of higher concentration.
(c) The value of molal depression constant depends on nature of solvent.
(d) Relative lowering of vapour pressure, is a dimensionless quantity.
19. The values of Van’t Hoff factors for KCl, NaCl and K2SO4, respectively, are _____________.
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) 2, 2 and 2 (b) 2, 2 and 3 (c) 1, 1 and 2 (d) 1, 1 and 1
20. The value of van’t Hoff factor for ethanoic acid in benzene is
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.5 (c) 0.5 (d) 2
21. Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) 1.0 M NaOH (b) 1.0 M Na2SO4 (c) 1.0 M NH4NO3 (d) 1.0 M KNO3
22. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M MgCl2
solution is _____________. [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) the same (b) about twice (c) about three times (d) about six times
23. Molal elevation constant is calculated from the enthalpy of vapourisation (DvapH) and boiling point
of the pure solvent (T0) using the relation:
M A RT 02 1000 RT 02
(a) Kb = (b) Kb =
1000 D vap H M A D vap H
D vap H 1000 M A T 02
(c) Kb = (d) Kb =
1000 M A RT 02 D vap H R

Solutions 79
 24. Which of the following statements is false? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Two different solutions of sucrose of same molality prepared in different solvents will have the same
depression in freezing point.
(b) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the equation p = CRT ( where C is the molarity of the solution).
(c) Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M aqueous solutions of barium chloride, potassium
chloride, acetic acid and sucrose is
BaCl2 > KCl > CH3COOH > sucrose.
(d) According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure exerted by a volatile component of a solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.

Answers
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a), (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (c), (d) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (a)

Assertion-Reason Questions
In the following questions, two statements are given—one labeled Assertion (A) and the other labeled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a)  Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
the Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect statement.
(d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is correct statement.

1. Assertion (A) : Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature.

Reason (R) : The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.
2. Assertion (A) : The solubility of a gas in a liquid increases with increase of pressure.
Reason (R) : The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas.
3. Assertion (A) : Raoult’s law is a special case of Henry’s law.
Reason (R) : Higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the
liquid.
4. Assertion (A) : Non-ideal solutions always form azeotropes.
Reason (R) : Boiling point of an azeotrope may be higher or lower than boiling points of both
components.
5. Assertion (A) : If more volatile liquid is added to another liquid, vapour pressure of solution will be
greater than that of pure solvent.
Reason (R) : Vapour pressure of solution is entirely due to solvent molecules.
6. Assertion (A) : The vapour pressure of a liquid decreases if some non-volatile solute is dissolved in it.
Reason (R) : The relative lowering of vapour pressure of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is
equal to the mole fraction of the solute in the solution.
7. Assertion (A) : The boiling point of pure solvent is always higher than the boiling point of solution.
Reason (R) : The vapour pressure of the solvent decreases in the presence of non-volatile solute.
8. Assertion (A) : When NaCl is added to water a depression in freezing point is observed.
Reason (R) : The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes depression in the freezing point.

80 Xam idea Chemistry–XII

 9. Assertion (A) : When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane, the
solvent molecules pass through it from pure solvent side to the solution side.  
Reason (R) : Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration solution to a region of
low concentration solution.
10. Assertion (A) : Lowering of vapour pressure is directly proportional to osmotic pressure of the solution.
Reason (R) : Osmotic pressure is a colligative property.
11. Assertion (A) : Molecular mass of polymers cannot be calculated using boiling point or freezing point
method.
Reason (R) : Polymers solutions do not possess a constant boiling point or freezing point.

12. Assertion (A) : The boiling point of 0.1 M urea solution is less than that of 0.1 M KCl solution.
Reason (R) : Elevation of boiling point is directly proportional to the number of species present in the

solution.

Answers
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a)

Passage-based/Case-based Questions
Read the given passages and answer the questions that follow.

PASSAGE–1
The spontaneous flow of the solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a pure solvent to a solution or
from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution is called osmosis. The phenomenon of osmosis can be demonstrated
by taking two eggs of the same size. In an egg, the membrane below the shell and around the egg material is semi-
permeable. The outer hard shell can be removed by putting the egg in dilute hydrochloric acid. After removing the
hard shell, one egg is placed in distilled water and the other in a saturated salt solution. After some time, the egg
placed in distilled water swells-up while the egg placed in salt solution shrinks.
The external pressure applied to stop the osmosis is termed as osmotic pressure (a Colligative property). Reverse
osmosis takes place when the applied external pressure becomes larger than the osmotic pressure.

1. What do you expect to happen when red blood corpuscles (RBC’s) are placed in 0.5% NaCl solution?
Ans. RBC’s are isotonic with 0.9% NaCl solution, so they will swell and may even burst when placed in 0.5%
NaCl solution.
2. Which one of the following will have higher osmotic pressure in 1 M KCl or 1 M urea solution?
Ans. 1 M KCl will have higher osmotic pressure because its dissociates to give K+ and Cl– ions while urea does
not dissociate into ions in the solution.
3. Name one SPM which can be used in the process of reverse osmosis.
Ans. Cellulose acetate placed on a suitable support.
4. What are isotonic solutions?
Ans. Solutions having equal osmotic pressure are called isotonic solutions.
5. Write van’t Hoff equation for dilute solution.
Ans. pV = nRT,
Where, p
 = Osmotic pressure, n = Number of moles, V = Volume of solution in litre, R = Gas constant,
T = Temperature

Solutions 81
 PASSAGE–2
A solution which obeys Raoult’s law strictly is called an ideal solution, while a solution which shows deviations
from Raoult’s law is called a non-ideal solution or real solution. Suppose the molecules of the solvent and solute are
represented by A and B respectively, and let gAB, gAA and gBB are the attractive forces between A—B, A—A and B—B
respectively. An ideal solution of the components A and B is defined as the solution in which the intermolecular
interactions between the components A—B are of the same magnitude as the intermolecular interactions found in
the pure components A—A and B—B. Similarly,a non- ideal solution of the components A and B is defined as the
solution in which the intermolecular interactions between the components A—B are of the different magnitude as
the intermolecular interactions found in the pure components A—A and B—B.
1. What type of liquids form the ideal solution?
Ans. Liquids that have similar structures and polarities form ideal solutions.
2. Give one example of an ideal solution.
Ans. Benzene + Toluene
3. Write two characteristics of non-ideal solution.
Ans. DHmix ≠ 0, DVmix ≠ 0.
4. On mixing liquid A and liquid B, volume of the resulting solution decreases, what type of deviation
from Raoult’s law is shown by?
Ans. The solution will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
5. Which type of deviation will be shown by the solution, if gAB < gAA.
Ans. Solution will show positive deviation.

Very Short Answer Questions [1 mark]

Q. 1. Define mole fraction. [CBSE Delhi 2012]
Ans. Mole fraction of a component in a solution may be defined as the ratio of moles of that component to the
total number of moles of all the components present in the solution.
Q. 2. How does the molarity of a solution change with temperature?
Ans. Molarity decreases with increase in temperature as volume of solution increases with increase in temperature.
Q. 3. When and why is molality preferred over molarity in handling solutions in chemistry?
Ans. Molality is preferred in studies that involves changes in temperature as in some of the colligative
properties of solutions. This is because molality depends on masses of solvent which do not change
with temperature.
Q. 4. The dissolution of ammonium chloride in water is an endothermic process but still it dissolves in
water readily. Why? [HOTS]
Ans. This is because of entropy change. In this case, DS is +ve.
NH4Cl(aq) NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
The ions that were held together in crystalline solid are free and moving in all possible directions. Its
entropy has increased and this makes TDS > DH, i.e., DG = –ve.
Q. 5. Why are the aquatic species more comfortable in cold water in comparison to warm water?
[CBSE 2019 (56/2/3), (56/4/1)]
Ans. At a given pressure, the solubility of oxygen in water increases with decrease in temperature. Presence of
more oxygen at lower temperature makes the aquatic species more comfortable in cold water.
Q. 6. What is the similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law? [CBSE Delhi 2014]
Ans. The similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law is that in both the laws, the partial vapour pressure of
the volatile component or gas is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
Q. 7. What type of liquids form ideal solutions?
Ans. Liquids that have similar structures and polarities form ideal solutions.

82 Xam idea Chemistry–XII

 Q. 8. Write two characteristics of non-ideal solution. [CBSE 2019 (56/5/2)]
Ans. D mix H ! 0 and D mix V ! 0
Q. 9. Under what condition do non-ideal solutions show negative deviations?
Ans. When the new forces of interaction between the components are stronger than those in the pure components,
then non-ideal solutions show negative deviations.
Q. 10. What are maximum boiling azeotropes? Give one example.
Ans. Maximum boiling azeotropes are those which boil at higher temperature than boiling point of each
component in pure state, e.g., 68% nitric acid and 32% water by mass.
Q. 11. Why is the vapour pressure of a solution of glucose in water lower than that of water?
[NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. This is due to decrease in the escaping tendency of the water molecules from the surface of solution as some
of the surface area is occupied by non-volatile solute, glucose particles.
Q. 12. Define molal depression constant or cryoscopic constant.
Ans. It is the depression in freezing point when 1 mole of non-volatile solute is dissolved in 1000 g of solvent.
Q. 13. What do you understand by the term that Kf for water is 1.86 K kg mol–1?
Ans. It means that the freezing point of water is lowered by 1.86 K when 1 mole of non-volatile solute is
dissolved in 1 kg of water.
Q. 14. What is an antifreeze?
Ans. A substance such as ethylene glycol which is added to water to lower its freezing point is called an antifreeze.
It is named so as it delays freezing.
Q. 15. What is de-icing agent? How does it work?
Ans. Common salt is called de-icing agent as it lowers the freezing point of water to such an extent that it does
not freeze to form ice. Thus, it is used to clear snow from roads.
Q. 16. Why is glycol and water mixture used in car radiators in cold countries? [HOTS]
Ans. Ethylene glycol lowers the freezing point of water. Due to this, coolant in radiators will not freeze.
Otherwise, radiator will burst due to freezing of coolant (water).
Q. 17. What are isotonic solutions? [CBSE Delhi 2012, 2014]
Ans. The solutions of the same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions.
Q. 18. How is it that measurement of osmotic pressures is more widely used for determining molar masses
of macromolecules than the elevation in boiling point or depression in freezing point of their
solutions? [CBSE (AI) 2009]
Ans. The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over elevation in boiling point or depression in freezing
point for determining molar masses of macromolecules because
(i) Osmotic pressure is measured at the room temperature and the molarity of solution is used instead of
molality.
(ii) Compared to other colligative properties, its magnitude is large even for very dilute solutions.
Q. 19. What is the van’t Hoff factor for a compound which undergo dimerisation in an organic solvent?
Ans. 2X X2
Number of moles of particles after association 1
i = =
Number of moles of particles before association 2

Q. 20. What would be the value of van’t Hoff factor for a dilute solution of K2SO4 in water?
Ans. In dilute solution, K2SO4 2K+ + SO42–
Number of moles of particles after dissociation 3
van’t Hoff factor, i = = = 3.
Number of moles of particles before dissociation 1

Q. 21. Out of two 0.1 molal aqueous solutions of glucose and of potassium chloride, which one will have a
higher boiling point and why? [CBSE (F) 2013, 2019 (56/3/2)]
Ans. 0.1 m KCl solution will have higher boiling point as KCl dissociates in the solution.

Solutions 83
 Q. 22. What will happen to freezing point of a potassium iodide aqueous solution when mercuric iodide is
added to solution? [HOTS]
Ans. HgI2 + 2KI K2HgI4
Mercuric iodide forms a complex with potassium iodide, therefore, the number of solute particles (KI) in
the solution decreases resulting in the decrease in the value of DTf , i.e., depression in the freezing point. As
a result, the freezing point (Tf = T of + DTf ) of the solution will increase.
Q. 23. Why is osmotic pressure of 1 M KCl higher than 1 M urea solution?
Ans. This is because KCl dissociates to give K+ and Cl– ions while urea being a molecular solid does not
dissociate into ions in the solution.

Short Answer Questions–I [2 marks]

Q. 1. Explain the solubility rule “like dissolves like” in terms of intermolecular forces that exist in solutions.
Ans. A substance (solute) dissolves in a solvent if the intermolecular interactions are similar in both the
components; for example, polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non polar solutes in non polar
solvents and thus we can say “like dissolves like”.
Q. 2. State Henry’s law. Write its one application. What is the effect of temperature on solubility of gases
in liquid? [CBSE (F) 2016]
Ans. It states that the partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas
(x) in the solution.
p ∝ x or p = KH x     where KH is the Henry’s constant.
Application of Henry’s law:
To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
Effect of temperature on solubility:
As dissolution is an exothermic process, therefore, according to Le Chatelier’s principle solubility should
decrease with rise in temperature.
Q. 3. Henry’s law constant (KH) for the solution of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 ×105 mm Hg.
Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg. [CBSE (F) 2013]
Ans. Here, KH = 4.27 × 105 mm Hg, p = 760 mm Hg
According to Henry’s law, p = K H xCH
4

p 760 mm Hg
∴ xCH = = = 1.78 # 10 –3
4 K H 4.27 # 105 mm Hg
Mole fraction of methane in benzene, xCH = 1.78 × 10–3.
4

Q. 4. State Raoult’s law for the solution containing volatile components. What is the similarity between
Raoult’s law and Henry’s law? [CBSE Delhi 2014; 2020 (56/5/1)]
Ans. It states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction. According to Raoult’s law, for a volatile component, A of the
solution PA \ x A or PA = P A0 xA, where P A0 is the vapour pressure of pure component A.
If one of the component is so volatile that it exist as a gas then according to Henry’s law p = KHx, where
KH is the Henry law constant i.e., the partial vapour pressure of the volatile component (gas) is directly
proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
Thus the similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law is that in both the laws, the partial vapour
pressure of the volatile component or gas is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
Q. 5. State the following:
(i) Raoult’s law in its general form in reference to solutions.
(ii) Henry’s law about partial pressure of a gas in a mixture. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
Ans. (i) Raoult’s law: It states that for any solution, the partial pressure of each volatile component in the
solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
(ii) Henry’s law: It states that the partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase (P) is proportional to its mole
fraction (x) in the solution.

84 Xam idea Chemistry–XII

 Q. 6. Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics. [CBSE Delhi 2014]
Ans. A solution which obeys Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration is called ideal solution. The
important characteristics of an ideal solution are
(i) The enthalpy of mixing of pure components to form the solution is zero i.e., ∆mixH = 0
(ii) The volume of mixing is zero i.e., ∆mixV = 0
Q. 7. State Raoult’s law for the solution containing volatile components. Write two differences between an
ideal solution and a non-ideal solution. [CBSE Panchkula 2015]
Ans. Raoult’s law states that for a solution of volatile liquids the partial vapour pressure of each component is
directly proportional to its mole fraction.
Differences between Ideal and non-Ideal solutions
S.No. Ideal solution Non-Ideal solution
(i) Obeys Raoult’s law over entire range of Does not obey Raoult’s law over entire range of
concentration i.e., PA = PoA xA; PB = PoB xB concentration, i.e., PA ≠ PoA xA; PB ≠ PoB xB
(ii) ∆mix H = 0; ∆mix V = 0 ∆mix H ≠ 0; ∆mix V ≠ 0
(iii) Does not form azeotrope. Forms azeotrope.
(Any two)
Q. 8. Write two differences between a solution showing positive deviation and a solution showing negative
deviation from Raoult’s law. [CBSE East 2016]
Ans.
Solutions showing positive deviation Solution showing negative deviation
from Raoult’s law from Raoult’s law
(i) PA > PAoxA and PB > PBoxB (i) PA < PAoxA and PB < PBoxB
(ii) ∆mix H > 0, ∆mix V > 0 (ii) ∆mix H < 0, ∆mix V < 0
(iii) Form minimum boiling azeotropes. (iii) Form maximum boiling azeotropes.
(Any two)
Q. 9. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing non-volatile solute. What type of deviation from Raoult’s
law is shown by a solution of chloroform and acetone and why? [CBSE (F) 2017]
Ans. It states that the relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of solute when solvent alone
is volatile and is expressed as
p oA – pTotal
= xB
p oA
A solution of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law. This is because
chloroform molecule is able to form H–bond with acetone molecule as shown below.
CH3 Cl
C O .................. H—C—Cl
CH3 Cl
It decreases the escaping tendency of molecules of each component from the surface of solution and
consequently the vapour pressure decreases resulting in negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
Q. 10. (i) Why is an increase in temperature observed on mixing chloroform and acetone?
[CBSE 2019 (56/2/3)]
(ii) Why does sodium chloride solution freeze at a lower temperature than water? [CBSE (F) 2013]
Ans. (i) The bonds between chloroform molecules and molecules of acetone are dipole-dipole interactions
but on mixing, the chloroform and acetone molecules, they start forming hydrogen bonds which are
stronger bonds resulting in the release of energy. This gives rise to an increase in temperature.
(ii) When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, the vapour pressure decreases. As a result, the
solvent freezes at a lower temperature.
Q. 11. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s law? Give
an example. [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Ans. Azeotropes are binary liquid mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at
a constant temperature.

Solutions 85
 Maximum boiling azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s law. A mixture of 68% nitric
acid and 32% water by mass is an example of maximum boiling azeotrope.
Q. 12. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? What type of azeotrope is
formed by mixing ethanol and acetone? [CBSE (F) 2013]
Ans. A mixture of ethanol and acetone shows positive deviation and the azeotrope formed by this mixture is
minimum boiling azeotrope.
Q. 13. (i) Gas (A) is more soluble in water than Gas (B) at the same temperature. Which one of the
two gases will have the higher value of KH (Henry’s constant) and why?
(ii) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling
azeotropes? [CBSE Central 2016]
Ans. (i) According to Henry’s law, p = KH x, i.e., higher the value of KH lower is the solubility of the gas in
the liquid. Therefore, Gas B will have higher value of KH than gas A.
(ii) Negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
Q. 14. Derive the relationship between relative lowering of vapour pressure and molar mass of the solute.
[CBSE Chennai 2015]
Ans. From Raoult’s law we have, p = pA + pB
If solute B is non-volatile, then
p = p A or p = p oA x A
p = p oA (1 –xB) = p oA – p oA xB
p oA xB = p oA – p
p oA – p Dp nB
= xB or =
p oA p oA n A + nB
For a dilute solution nB << nA, so nB can be neglected in denominator in comparison to nA.
Dp nB WB /MB WB # M A
= n = =
p oA A WA / M A MB # WA
p A # WB # M A
o

MB =
Dp # WA
Q. 15. When 1.5 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of benzene, the boiling point of benzene
raised from 353.23 K to 353.93 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
(Kb for benzene = 2.52 K kg mol–1) [CBSE Chennai 2015]
Ans. ∆Tb = 353.93 K – 353.23 K = 0.7 K
Substituting WB = 1.5 g, WA = 90 g, ∆Tb = 0.7 K, Kb = 2.52 K kg mol–1 in the expression
Kb # WB # 1000
MB = , we get
DTb # WA
2.52 # 1.5 × 1000
MB =
0.7 # 90
MB = 60 g mol–1
Q. 16. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 60 g of glucose (Molar mass = 180 g mol–1) in
250 g of water. (Kf of water = 1.86 K kg mol–1) [CBSE Delhi 2018]
Ans. Here, WB = 60 g, MB = 180 g mol–1, WA = 250 g, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1
Substituting these values in the expression
K f × WB × 1000
3 Tf = , we get
MB × WA
1.86 × 60 × 1000
3 Tf = = 2.48 K
180× 250
Freezing point of solution, Tf = Tf° – DTf = 273.15 K – 2.48 K = 270.67 K

86 Xam idea Chemistry–XII

 Q. 17. Define the term osmotic pressure. Describe how the molecular mass of a substance can be determined
by a method based on measurement of osmotic pressure. [CBSE Delhi 2012]
Ans. Osmotic pressure (p) is defined as the extra pressure that must be applied to the solution side in order to
prevent the flow of solvent molecules into it through a semipermeable membrane.
According to van’t Hoff equation
nB
p = RT
V
where p is the osmotic pressure, R is the gas constant and V is the volume of solution in litres containing
nB moles of the solute.
If WB grams of the solute of molar mass, MB is present in the solution, then
WB
nB = and we can write
MB
WB # R # T WB # R # T
p =   or
MB =
MB # V r #V
Thus, knowing WB, T, p and V, the molecular mass of the solute, MB can be calculated.
Q. 18. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water has an osmotic
pressure of 0.335 torr at 25°C. Assuming that the gene fragment is a non-electrolyte, calculate its
molar mass. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
WB R T
# #
Ans. MB = ....(i)
r#V
Here, WB = 8.95 mg = 8.95 × 10–3g , R = 0.0821 L atm mol–1 K–1
0.335
T = 25°C = (25 + 273) K = 298 K, π = 0.335 torr = atm
760
V = 35 mL = 35 × 10–3 L
Substituting these values in the equation (i), we get

8.95 # 10 –3 g # 0.0821 L atm mol –1 K –1 # 298K # 760

MB = –3
= 14193.3 g mol –1
0.335 atm # 35 # 10 L
Q. 19. Give reasons: [CBSE 2019 (56/2/1)]
(i) Cooking is faster in pressure cooker than in cooking pan.
(ii) Red Blood Cells (RBC) shrink when placed in saline water but swell in distilled water.
Ans. (i) The use of pressure cooker reduces cooking time because the weight over the lid does not allow the
steam to go out. As a result, pressure inside the cooker becomes high. Higher the pressure, higher is
the boiling point and faster is the cooking.
(ii) As the concentration of saline solution is higher than the concentration inside the cell. Thus water
will move outside the cytoplasm and the cell will shrink while, distilled water is hypotonic, when
RBCs are placed in distilled water, water will enter the cell through simple diffusion and lead to cell
swelling.
Q. 20. (i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What
type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change in
temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y?
(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)? Give reason.
[CBSE Allahabad 2015]
Ans. (i)  The solution will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

 Temperature will rise.

(ii) Due to osmosis water enters into the cell and blood cell will swell.

Solutions 87
 Q. 21. Define the following terms:
(i) Abnormal molar mass
(ii) van’t Hoff factor (i) [CBSE Delhi 2017]
Ans. (i) When the molar mass of a substance determined by using any of the colligative properties comes out to be
different than the theoretically expected molar mass, the substance said to show abnormal molar mass.
(ii) van’t Hoff factor (i) gives the extent of association or dissociation of the solute particles in the solution.
It may be defined as the ratio of observed colligative property to calculated colligative property.
Observed colligative property
i=
Calculated colligative property
Q. 22. Will the elevation in boiling point be same if 0.1 mol of sodium chloride or 0.1 mol of sugar is dissolved
in 1 L of water? Explain. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016] [HOTS]
Ans. No, the elevation in boiling point is not the same. NaCl, being an electrolyte, dissociates almost completely
to give Na+ and Cl– ions whereas glucose, being non-electrolyte does not dissociate. Hence, the number of
particles in 0.1 M NaCl solution is nearly double than 0.1 M glucose solution. Elevation in boiling point
being a colligative property, is therefore, nearly twice for 0.1 M NaCl solution than for 0.1 M glucose solution.

Short Answer Questions–II [3 marks]

Q. 1. At 25°C the saturated vapour pressure of water is 3.165 kPa (23.75 mm Hg). Find the saturated
vapour pressure of a 5% aqueous solution of urea (carbamide) at the same temperature.
(Molar mass of urea = 60.05 g mol–1) [CBSE (F) 2012]
–1 –1 o
Ans. WB = 5 g, WA = 95 g, MB = 60.05 g mol , MA = 18 g mol , p A = 3.165 kPa
Substituting the values in the expression
p oA – p WB # M A
o = , we get
pA MB # WA
3.165 kPa – p 5 g × 18 g mol –1
= = 0.015
3.165 kPa 60.05 g mol –1 # 95 g
p = 3.165 kPa – 0.015 × 3.165 kPa
p = 3.118 kPa
Q. 2. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 2 g of Na2SO4 (M = 142 g mol–1) was dissolved in 50 g of
water, assuming Na2SO4 undergoes complete ionisation.
(Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol–1) [CBSE North 2016]
Ans. i = = 3 ` Na 2 SO 4 2Na + SO 4 j
3 + 2–
1
Given, WB = 2 g, WA = 50 g, MB = 142 g mol–1, Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1
i # Kb # WB # 1000
Substituting the values in the expression, DTb =
MB # WA
3 # 0.52 # 2 # 1000
              DTb = = 0.439 K
142 # 50
So, boiling point of solution, Tb = Tb0 + DTb
= 373.15 K + 0.439 K = 373.589 K
Q. 3. A solution of glucose (Molar mass = 180 g mol–1) in water has a boiling point of 100.20°C. Calculate
the freezing point of the same solution. Molal constants for water Kf and Kb are 1.86 K kg mol–1 and
0.512 K kg mol–1 respectively. [CBSE (F) 2017]
Ans. ∆Tb = 100.20°C – 100°C = 0.20°C or 0.20 K
∆Tb = Kb . m ⇒ m = ∆Tb /Kb

88 Xam idea Chemistry–XII

 0.20 K
m = or m = 0.39 mol kg –1
0.512 K kg mol –1
∆Tf = Kf m
∆Tf = 1.86 K kg mol–1 × 0.39 mol kg–1 = 0.725 K
Tf = T 0f – DTf
= 273.15 K – 0.725 K = 272.425 K
Q. 4. Calculate the freezing point of a solution when 3 g of CaCl2 (M = 111 g mol–1) was dissolved in 100 g
of water, assuming CaCl2 undergoes complete ionisation. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
[CBSE East 2016]
3
Ans. Here, WB = 3 g, i = = 3 (CaCl 2 " Ca + 2Cl ) , WA = 100 g, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol , MB = 111 g mol–1
2+ – –1
1
Substituting these values in the expression,
i # K f # WB # 1000
DTf = , we get
MB # WA
3 × 1.86 × 3 × 1000
DTf = = 1.508 K
111 × 100
Freezing point of solution,
Tf = Tfo – DTf
= 273.15 K – 1.508 K = 271.642 K
Q. 5. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point of 1.62 K.
Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute (associated or dissociated).
(Given: Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol–1, Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol–1) [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Ans. The given quantities are
WB = 3.9 g, WA = 49 g, DTf = 1.62 K, MB = 122 g mol–1 and Kf = 4.9 K kg mol–1
Substituting these values in the equation,
K f # WB # 1000
MB = , we get
DTf # WA
4.9 × 3.9 ×1000
MB =
1.62 × 49
MB = 240.74 g mol–1
Thus, observed molecular mass of benzoic acid in benzene = 240.74 g mol–1
Normal molecular mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol–1
Normal molecular mass
i =
Observed molecular mass
122 g mol –1
i = = 0.507
240.74 g mol –1
As i < 1, therefore, benzoic acid will undergo association in benzene.
Q. 6. Calculate the mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 g mol–1) to be dissolved in 37.2 g of water to lower the
freezing point by 2°C, assuming that NaCl undergoes complete dissociation.
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1) [CBSE (F) 2015]
+ – 2
Ans. NaCl Na + Cl , i = = 2
1
Substituting Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1, WA = 37.2 g, MB = 58.5 g mol–1, i = 2, DTf = 2°C or 2 K in the equation,
DTf # MB # WA
WB = , we get
i # K f # 1000
2 × 58.5 × 37.2
WB = = 1.17 g
2 × 1.86 × 1000

Solutions 89
 Q. 7. At 300 K, 30 g of glucose, C6H12O6 present per litre in its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar.
If the osmotic pressure of another glucose solution is 1.52 bar at the same temperature, calculate the
concentration of the other solution. [CBSE 2019 (56/4/2)]
WB  R  T
Ans.         CRT
MB  V
30 # R # 300
4.98 = = 50R ...(i)
180 # 1
1.52 = C × R × 300 = 300CR ...(ii)
Dividing equation (ii) by (i), we get
300CR 1.52
=   ⇒  C = 0.051 M
50R 4.98
Q. 8. A solution containing 1.9 g per 100 mL of KCl (M = 74.5 g mol–1) is isotonic with a solution containing
3 g per 100 mL of urea (M = 60 g mol–1). Calculate the degree of dissociation of KCl solution. Assume
that both the solutions have same temperature. [CBSE 2019 (56/2/1)]
Ans. Isotonic solutions are those solutions which have the same osmotic pressure. If the osmotic pressures are
equal at the same temperature, concentrations must also be equal. So,
For non-electrolyte Urea; r = CRT
For electrolyte KCl; r = i CRT
Thus, Curea RT = iCKCl RT
Curea = iCKCl
3 × 1000
Curea   0.5 M
60  100
1.9 × 1000
CKCl   0.25 M
74.5  100
So, 0.5 = i × 0.25
  i = 2.0
+
Now, KCl K + Cl –
0.25    0   0
0.25 – a  a   a
Total moles after dissociation = 0.25 – a + a + a
Total number of moles after dissociation
i=
Total number of moles before dissociation
0.25 + a 0.25 + a
i =   ⇒   2.0 =
0.25 0.25
  a = 0.25 or a = 25%
Q. 9. Given alongside is the sketch of a Piston
plant for carrying out a process.
(i) Name the process occurring
in the given plant. Fresh water Sea water
Container Container
(ii) To which container does the
net flow of solvent take place?
(iii) Name one SPM which can be SPM
used in this plant.
(iv) Give one practical use of the plant.
Ans. (i) Reverse osmosis.
(ii) Fresh water container.
(iii) Cellulose acetate placed on a suitable support.
(iv) Desalination of sea water.

90 Xam idea Chemistry–XII

Long Answer Questions [5 marks]
Q. 1. (i) Define the following terms:
(a) Molarity
(b) Molal elevation constant (Kb)
(ii) A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass = 60 g mol–1) per litre of solution in water has
the same osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol–l)
in water. Calculate the mass of glucose present in one litre of its solution.
[CBSE (AI) 2014]
Ans. (i) (a) Molarity may be defined as number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution.
Moles of solute
Molarity =
Volume of solution (in litre)
(b) Molal elevation constant may be defined as the elevation in boiling point when one mole of solute
is dissolved in 1000 grams of the solvent.
WB # R # T
(ii) Osmotic pressure, r =
MB # V
15 # R # T
Osmotic pressure of urea solution =
60 # 1
WB # R # T
Osmotic pressure of glucose solution =
180 # 1
As, Osmotic pressure of urea solution = Osmotic pressure of glucose solution
15 # R # T WB # R # T
Therefore, =
60 # 1 180 # 1
15 # 180
Mass of glucose, WB = = 45 g
60
Q. 2. (i) Explain why on addition of 1 mol glucose to 1 litre water the boiling point of water increases.
(ii) Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 × 108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the number
of moles of CO2 in 500 ml of soda water when packed under 2.53 × 105 Pa at the same
temperature. [CBSE (AI) 2017C]
Ans. (i) On addition of glucose, a non-volatile solute to water (a volatile solvent) the vapour pressure of water
decreases. In order to make the solution boil, its vapour pressure must be increased by raising the
temperature above the boiling point of pure water. In other words, there is an increase in the boiling
point of water.
pCO2
(ii) According to Henry’s law, pCO2 = KH # xCO2 or xCO2 =
KH
2.53 × 105 Pa
\ xCO2 = 8
= 1.51 × 10 –3
1.67 × 10 Pa
Mass of water = Density of water × volume of water
= 1 g mL–1 × 500 mL = 500 g
Mass of water 500 g
Moles of water, n = = = 27.78 mol
Molar mass 18 g mol –1
nCO2 nCO2
xCO2 = = n or nCO2 = xCO2 # nH2 O
nH2 O + nCO2 H2 O

nCO2 = 1.51 × 10–3 × 27.78 mol

= 0.042 mol

Solutions 91
 Q. 3. (i) Define the following terms:
(a) Azeotrope (b) Osmotic pressure
(c) Colligative properties
(ii) Calculate the molarity of 9.8% (w/w) solution of H2SO4 if the density of the solution is
1.02 g mL–1. (Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98 g mol–1) [CBSE (F) 2014]
Ans. (i) (a) The binary mixtures of liquids having same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a
constant temperature are called azeotropes.
(b) The excess of pressure which must be applied to the solution side to prevent the passage of solvent
into it through a semipermeable membrane is called osmotic pressure.
(c) The properties of solutions which depend only on the number of solute particles in the solution
but independent of their nature are called colligative properties.
(ii) Let the mass of solution = 100 g
∴ Mass of H2SO4 = 9.8 g
Mass of H 2 SO 4 9.8 g
Number of mole of H2SO4 = = = 0.1 mol
Molar Mass 98 g mol –1
Mass of solution 100 g 100
Volume of solution =
= = mL
Density of solution 1.02 g mL–1 1.02
100 1 1
= mL # = L
1.02 1000 mL L –1 10 .2
Moles of solute
Molarity =
Volume of solution (in L)
0.1 mol
= = 1.02 mol L–1 or 1.02 M
1L
10.2
Q. 4. Discuss biological and industrial importance of osmosis.
Ans. The process of osmosis is of great biological and industrial importance as is evident from the following
examples:
(i) Movement of water from soil into plant roots and subsequently into upper portion of the plant occurs
partly due to osmosis.
(ii) Preservation of meat against bacterial action by adding salt.
(iii) Preservation of fruits against bacterial action by adding sugar. Bacterium in canned fruit loses water
through the process of osmosis, shrivels and dies.
(iv) Reverse osmosis is used for desalination of water.
Q. 5. (i) When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in 100 g of CS2, the freezing point lowered by 0.383
K. Calculate the formula of sulphur (Sx).
[Kf for CS2 = 3.83 K kg mol–1, Atomic mass of Sulphur = 32 g mol–1]
(ii) Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9 % sodium chloride solution. What happens if we place
blood cells in a solution containing
(a) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
(b) 0.4% sodium chloride solution? [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Ans. (i) Here, WB = 2.56 g, WA = 100 g, DTf = 0.383 K, Kf = 3.83 K kg mol–1
Substituting these values in the expression, we get
K f × WB × 1000
MB =
DTf × WA
3.83 × 2.56 × 1000
MB = = 256 g mol–1
100 × 0.383

92 Xam idea Chemistry–XII

 Now, molecular mass of Sx = x × 32 = 256
256
x = =8
32
Therefore, formula of sulphur = S8
(ii) (a) Water will flow out of the cell and they would shrink.
(b) Water will flow into the cell and they would swell.
Q. 6. (i) Why a person suffering from high blood pressure is advised to take minimum quantity
of common salt?
(ii) 2 g of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows a depression in
freezing point equal to 1.62 K. Molal depression constant for benzene is 4.9 K kg mol–1. What
is the percentage association of acid if it forms dimer in solution? [CBSE 2019 (56/5/2)]
Ans. (i) Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the concentration of the solutes. Our body fluid contains
a number of solutes. On taking large amount of common salt, Na+ and Cl– ions enter into the body
fluid thereby raising the concentration of the solutes. As a result, osmotic pressure increases which
may rupture the blood cells.
(ii) The given quantities are
WB = 2 g, WA = 25 g, DTf = 1.62 K, Kf = 4.9 K kg mol–1
K f # WB # 1000
Substituting these values in equation MB = , we get
DTf # WA
4.9 × 2 × 1000
      MB = = 241.98 g mol –1
1.62 × 25
Thus, observed molecular mass of benzoic acid in benzene = 241.98 g mol–1
Normal molecular mass of C6H5COOH = 122 g mol–1
Normal molecular mass 122 g mol –1
\ i = = = 0.504
Observed molecular mass 241.98 g mol –1
i = 0.504 ...(i)
If a represents the degree of association of solute then we would have (1 – a) mole of benzoic acid
a
left in unassociated form and corresponding as associated moles of benzoic acid at equilibrium.
2
Now, consider the following equilibrium for the acid:
2(C6H5COOH)   (C6H5COOH)2
  1 mol 0
a
(1 – a) mol        mol
2
Thus, total number of moles of particles at equilibrium
a a
= 1 – a + = 1 –
2 2
Total number of moles of particles after association
i =
Number of moles of particles before association
a
1–
2 a
i = = 1 – …(ii)
1 2
From (i) and (ii), we have
a
  0.504 = 1 –
2
a
= 1 – 0.504 = 0.496
2
or a = 0.496 × 2 = 0.992
Therefore, degree of association of benzoic acid in benzene is 99.2%.

Solutions 93
 Q. 7. (i) Give reasons for the following:
(a) At higher altitudes, people suffer from a disease called anoxia. In this disease, they become
weak and cannot think clearly. [CBSE 2019 (56/4/1)]
(b) When mercuric iodide is added to an aqueous solution of KI, the freezing point is raised.
(ii) 0.6 mL of acetic acid (CH3COOH), having density 1.06 g mL–1, is dissolved in 1 litre of
water. The depression in freezing point observed for this strength of acid was 0.0205°C.
Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and the dissociation constant of acid.
Ans. (i) (a) At higher altitudes, partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at ground level, so that oxygen
concentration becomes less in blood or tissues. Hence, people suffer from anoxia.
(b) Due to the formation of complex K2[HgI4], number of particles in the solution decreases and
hence the freezing point is raised.
(ii) Mass = Density × Volume
\   Mass of acetic acid = 1.06 g mL–1 × 0.6 mL = 0.636 g
Mass of acetic acid 0.636 g
Number of moles of acetic acid = = = 0.0106 mol
Molar mass 60 g mol –1
Mass of water = 1 g mL–1 × 1000 mL = 1000 g
Number of moles of acetic acid
Molality = × 1000
Mass of water in grams
0.0106
= × 1000 = 0.0106 mol kg–1
1000
DTf = Kf . m
= 1.86 K kg mol–1 × 0.0106 mol kg–1
= 0.0197 K
Observed freezing point 0.0205 K
van’t Hoff Factor (i) = =
Calculated freezing point 0 .0197 K
i = 1.041 ...(i)
If a is the degree of dissociation of acetic acid, then we would have n(1 – a) moles of undissociated
acid, na moles of CH3COO– and na moles of H+ ions at equilibrium.
  CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO–
   n mol 0      0
  n(1 – a) na mol    na mol
Thus, total moles of particles = n – na + na + na = n(1 + a)
Total number of moles of particles after dissociation
i =
Number of moles of particles before dissociation
n (1 + a)
i = n = 1 + a ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
1.041 = 1 + a  ⇒  a = 1.041 – 1 = 0.041
[CH3 COO  ][ H  ]
Ka =
[CH3 COOH]
[CH3COO–] = n(1 – a) = 0.0106 (1 – 0.041) = 0.0106 × 0.959
[H+] = na = 0.0106 × 0.041
[CH3COO–] = na = 0.0106 × 0.041
0.0106 # 0.041 # 0.0106 # 0.041
   ∴ Ka =
0.0106 # 0.959
= 1.86 × 10–5

94 Xam idea Chemistry–XII

Self-Assessment Test
Time allowed: 1 hour Max. marks: 30
Choose and write the correct answer for each of the following. (3 × 1 = 3)
1. Consider the figure and mark the correct option.
(a) water will move from side (A) to side (B) if a Piston (A) Piston (B)
pressure lower than osmotic pressure is applied on
piston (B). SPM
(b) water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a
pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied
Concentrated
on piston (B).
sodium
Fresh water
(c) water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a (A)
chloride
pressure equal to osmotic pressure is applied on solution in
water (B)
piston (B).
(d) water will move from side (A) to side (B) if pressure
equal to osmotic pressure is applied on piston (A).
2. 23 g of ethanol is dissolved in 36 g of water. The mole fraction of ethanol is
(a) 2 (b) 0.5
(c) 0.2 (d) 0.8
3. We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labelled as ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with concentrations
0.1 M, 0.01 M and 0.001 M, respectively. The value of van’t Hoff factor for these solutions
will be in the order ___________.
(a) iA < iB < iC (b) iA > iB > iC
(c) iA = iB = iC (d) iA < iB > iC

In the following questions, two statements are given—one labeled Assertion (A) and the other labeled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a)  Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
the Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect statement.
(d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is correct statement. (3 × 1 = 3)
4. Assertion (A) : The boiling point of 0.1 M urea solution is less than that of 0.1 M KCl
solution.
Reason (R) : Elevation of boiling point is directly proportional to the number of species
present in the solution.
5. Assertion (A) : If one component of a solution obeys Raoult’s law over a certain range of
composition, the other component will not obey Henry’s law in that range.
Reason (R) : Raoult’s law is a special case of Henry’s law.
6. Assertion (A) : If more and more solute is added to a solvent, the freezing point of the
solution keeps on reducing.
Reason (R) : Presence of large amount of the solid solute does not allow the solution to
freeze.

Solutions 95
 Answer the following questions:
7. Which one of these has the highest freezing point? (1)
(i) 1 M glucose (ii) 1 M NaCl (iii) 1 M CaCl2
8. What are minimum boiling azeotropes? Give one example. (1)
9. Explain why
(i) A decrease in temperature is observed on mixing ethanol and acetone.
(ii) Potassium chloride solution freezes at a lower temperature than water. (2)
10. Draw the graph between vapour pressure and temperature and explain the elevation in boiling
point of a solvent in solution. (2)
11. Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. Explain how molarity value of a
solution can be converted into its molality. (2)
12. CCl4 and water are immiscible whereas ethanol and water are miscible in all proportions.
Correlate this behaviour with molecular structure of these compounds. (2)
13. Calculate the boiling point of a 1 M aqueous solution (density 1.04 g mL–1) of potassium chloride
(Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol–1, Atomic masses: K = 39 u, Cl = 35.5 u)
Assume, potassium chloride is completely dissociated in solution. (3)
14. A decimolar solution of potassium ferrocyanide is 50% dissociated at 300 K. Calculate the
osmotic pressure of the solution. (R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1). (3)
15. What mass of NaCl must be dissolved in 65.0 g of water to lower the freezing point of water by
7.50°C? The freezing point depression constant (Kf) for water is 1.86 C/m. Assume van’t Hoff
factor for NaCl is 1.87. (Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g). (3)
16. (i) Calculate the molality of a sulphuric acid solution in which the mole fraction of water is
0.85.
(ii) The graphical representation of vapour pressures of pBo
two component system as a function of composition
+ pB
is given alongside. p oA p = pA
Vapour pressure

By graphic inspection, answer the following

questions:
(a) Are the A–B interactions weaker, stronger or of pB
pA
the same magnitude as A–A and B–B?
(b) 
Name the type of deviation shown by this
system from Raoult’s law.
(c) Predict the sign of DmixH for this system.
xA = 1 Mole fraction xA = 0
(d) Predict the sign of DmixV for this system. xB = 0 xB = 1
xB
(e) Give an example of such a system. xA

(f) What type of azeotrope will this system form, if possible? (5)
Answers
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (i) 13. 374.227 K 14. 7.384 atm 15. 8.199 g 16. (i) 9.8 m
zzz

96 Xam idea Chemistry–XII