General Chemistry: Chapter 13: Solutions and Their Physical Properties
General Chemistry: Chapter 13: Solutions and Their Physical Properties
General Chemistry: Chapter 13: Solutions and Their Physical Properties
Khurshid Ayub
King Faisal University
Prentice-Hall © 2002
https://sites.google.com/site/engchem142/
Contents
1 + 2 + 3 + …n = 1
Mole % i = i 100%
ΔHb ΔHc
ΔHa
• Ideal solution
– Forces are similar between all
combinations of components.
ΔHsoln = 0
ΔHsoln < 0
ΔHsoln > 0
saturated
Supersaturated Unsaturated
C 100 mL
Pgas = = = 4.25 atm
k 23.54 ml N2/atm
• Roault, 1880s.
– Dissolved solute lowers vapor pressure of solvent.
– The partial pressure exerted by solvent vapor above an
ideal solution is the product of the mole fraction of
solvent in the solution and the vapor pressure of the
pure solvent at a given temperature.
PA = A P°A
πV = nRT
n
π= RT = M RT
V
ΔTf = -Kf m
ΔTb = -Kb m
π = -i M RT
ΔTf = -i Kf m
ΔTb = -i Kb m
• 1923
– Ions in solution do not
behave independently.
– Each ion is surrounded
by others of opposite
charge.
– Ion mobility is reduced
by the drag of the ionic
atmosphere.
Stationary Phase
silicon gum
alumina
silica
Mobile Phase
solvent
gas