QUANTUM MECHANICAL

MODEL OF THE ATOM

for Science Grade 9
Quarter 2/ Week 1

1
 FOREWORD

This Self Learning Kit provides helpful tips to

student in studying the behavior of electrons that
could be found outside of the nucleus of the atom.

As we all know the boundaries of knowledge are

expanding and infinite. Every student must try to
understand the new knowledge and takes part in the
discussion of what it means for the future. This module
is about some of the most important principles as very
important part in learning and understanding about
the dual nature of light and the behavior of electron/s
that could be found in a very small indivisible particle
called atom.

We know, the joy and satisfaction come from

greater awareness and understanding of the atomic
world and we wish you good luck as you set out to
capture those rewards of understanding for yourself.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session the student shall be able to :
1. Identify the properties or sub atomic particles of
atoms;
2. Explain the location of the three properties of atoms;
and
3. Recognize the significance of electrons by illustrating
its behavior, energies and the positions.

LEARNING COMPTENCY:

Explain how the quantum Mechanical Model

of the atoms describes the energies and positions
of the electrons.

1
I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:
Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What do you call the center of the atom?
a. Proton c. Nucleus
b. Electron d. Neutron
2. What is the electrical charge of Proton?
a. Positive c. negative
b. Neutral d. charge
3. Which of the three sub-atomic particles is the lightest?
a. The proton c. the electron
b. The neutron d. none of the above
4. It is said that atoms contain charged particles, why do
they not have a charge?
a. They contain the same number of protons as
electrons.
b. The charge is locked away in the nucleus.
c. They contain equal numbers of protons and
neutrons.
d. They contain the same number of electrons and
neutrons.
5. Which of the following statements about orbitals is false?
a. Orbitals are distributed in space around the nucleus.
b. Orbitals are regions in which electrons are most likely
located.
c. Orbitals show the path of the electron.
d. Orbitals are part of one model for atomic structure.
6. How many orbitals at quantum no. 3 (n=3)?
a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 2
7. What is the correct electron configuration for Aluminum?
a. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p2 c. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s3
b. 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s1 3p3 d. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

2
 8. What is the Bohr Model of Carbon having electron
configuration of
1s2 2s2 2p2?

a. b. c. d.

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

EARLY SCIENTIST

Democritus
A Greek Philosopher who lived in the 5th century BC. He
theorized that matters are composed of small indivisible particles
called atoms.

John Dalton
His Atomic Theory of Matter was based on the following
postulates:

1. Atoms are permanent and could not be broken into its

constituent.
2. All matter is made up of small indestructible particles
called atoms
3. The atom is the smallest particle that participates in
chemical reactions to form new substance with new sets
of physical and chemical properties.

John Dalton’s Atom

3
Sir Joseph John Thompson
In 1897, He found evidence using the Crooke’s Tube or
Cathode ray tube. He found out that cathode rays were
negatively charged fundamental particles. Hence, the
electron was brought to existence. And in relation to it, he
explained it that the electrons which carries a negative
electrical charge should be balanced by a positively charge
particles called protons. In relation to all of these, he
suggested the Plum Pudding Model of the Atom that an atom
is made up of positively charge particles intermingled with
negatively charged particles called electrons.

Electron Positively charged mass

https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlum_pu
dding_model&psig=AOvVaw0LD0fNVCC60tVk_LnG3Avj&ust=1593578204145000&source=imag
es&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjhxqFwoTCNDVwernp-oCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Thompson’s Plum pudding Model of atoms

Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of atoms

Nucleus
Electrons pn

Rutherford performs experiment called Scattering of Alpha

particles (which is helium by nature) and by doing it he
discovered and proposed that an atom is mostly empty space
and has a densely pack nucleus surrounded by electrons.

4
 https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FPeriodic-Table-Elements-
Color-
24%2Fdp%2FB01EK43WGK&psig=AOvVaw3Fj5KrZVbWubiuVMIxYTAv&ust=1593421721094000&source=image
s&cd=vfe&ved
=0CAMQjB1qGAoTCMDP75amo-oCFQAAAAAdAAAAABCLAQ

 Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

 Configuration of Bohr Atom
 Energy of the electrons
 Position of the electrons

THE QUANTUM-MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE ATOM

The Dual Nature of Light

In the very beginning the experiments that would lead
to the Quantum Mechanical model of the atom began
with an examination of the properties of light so we are going to
start there too first we will look at the wave nature of light and
the way light was first understood.

5
The Wave Nature of Light

Light is electromagnetic radiation characterized by

amplitude (intensity or brightness) and wavelength (distance
between peaks), frequency (n) the number of waves that pass a
certain point in a given period of time the relationship between
frequency (f) and wavelength is (l) in which light has a speed of c
= a constant (speed of light 3.00 x 108 m/s). For visible light,
wavelength (l) or frequency (f) determines color. https://
everettcc.instructure.com/courses/966606/files/38719590

https://sites.google.com/a/coe.edu/principles-of-structural-chemistry/

The Electromagnetic Spectrum of visible light (as shown

above) is only a tiny portion of the entire electromagnetic
spectrum. Shortest wavelength have highest frequency (and
energy) and longest wavelength have the lowest energy

6
The Particle Nature of Light

So light is a wave and matter is a particle (called

photon) the classical view of light is that it was purely a wave
phenomenon. So of course it can’t be that simple there was an
observation that challenged this view called the
Photoelectric effect.
https://everettcc.instructure.com/courses/966606/files/38719590

Phenomenon in which electrically charged particles

mainly electrons are released from or within a material
when it absorbs electromagnetic radiation. The effect is often
defined as the ejection of electrons from metal plate when
light falls on it. Which means that light is a particle because it
ejected electron/s which is/are particles. https://
www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect

The Bohr Model

Bohr also stated that while the electron is circling the nucleus
in the stationary state, no radiation is emitted. In his model the
only time radiation is emitted or absorbed is when the electron
transitions from one energy level state to another.

This process had already begun with the breaking down

of the barrier between light as a wave and matter as a particle.
Einstein showed that light behaves as a particle and the Bohr
model is the beginning to the process of treating matter
(electrons) as a wave. The discovery of the particle nature of light
was a breakthrough that began to challenge the classical view
that light was only a wave.

Similarly, certain observations about atoms began to

suggest a wave nature for particles. The most significant of the
observations was atomic spectroscopy, the study of
electromagnetic radiation. When atoms absorb energy (heat,
light, electricity) they can re-emit that energy as light, think of a
neon sign. Different atoms emit light of a characteristic color.

7
 Mercury Helium Hydrogen

https://everettcc.instructure.com/courses/966606/files/38719590

More so, in Quantum Mechanical Model, it is worth knowing

first on the properties of atoms which are protons (positive
charge), neutrons (0 charge), & electrons (negative charge).
Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom while
electrons are most likely located in the region known as orbitals in
which it is also found in the Energy level/Electron shell surrounding
the nucleus.

It should be noted also that the following are the orbitals s, p,

d, f of which the electrons are most likely located and there
should be a maximum number of electrons that can be
accommodated by each orbital which follows, s=2e, p=6e,
d=10e, & f=14e. Moreover, each orbital can also be
accommodated lesser number of electrons with respect to
their maximum number.

8
Configuration of Bohr Atom of Carbon
atomic no. (Z)=6, 1s2 2s2 2p2

Higher energy level

energy Electron jumps up when
it absorbs energy

electron Lower energy

level
An electron absorbs energy when it jumps to a higher energy level

Photon (particle of light)

Higher
energy level
Electron jumps down as it
releases energy and emits
photon (particle of light)
Lower
energy level
An electron emits a photon when it jumps down to a lower energy
level

9
Energy and Position of Electrons
Energy and position of electrons can be can be described
using Electronic Configuration. Below is the guide in
performing the distribution of electrons and for convenient sake,
the direction of the arrow should be strictly followed.

https://www.quora.com/How-can-I-easily-remember-the-electronic-configurations-of-all-of-
the-elements-in-terms-of-s-p-d-and-f

Like in the case of Magnesium (Z=12), Z is the symbol of

atomic number which could be found at the upper left hand
corner of Mg in the Periodic Table of Elements. The electronic
configuration is

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

Numerical coefficient Exponent

*The numerical coefficient represents the energy level (n).

*The numerical exponent the number of electrons in each
orbital.

*The sum of the numerical exponents correspond to the

Atomic no. (Z) of the atom which refers to the number of
electrons, in the case of the above example Mg, Z=12

10
 Configuration of Bohr Atom of Magnesium
including the energy and position of electrons.

https://science.blurtit.com/523427/how-to-draw-a-magnesium-atom

ACTIVITY:

Show the electronic configuration, the

configuration of Bohr Atom and the position of electrons
of Sodium atom, Na, Z=11.

11
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST TEST:

Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. What do you call the central mass of the atom?
a. Proton c. nucleus
b. Electron d. neutron
2. What is the electrical charge of Neutron?
a. Positive c. negative
b. Zero d. all of the above
3. Which of the three sub-atomic particles are found outside
of the nucleus?
a. The proton
b. The neutron
c. The electron
d. None of the three subatomic particles
4. It is said that atoms contain charged particles, why do
they not have a charge?
a. They contain the same number of protons and
electrons.
b. The charge is locked away in the nucleus.
c. They contain equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
d. They contain the same number of electrons and
neutrons.
5. Which of the following statements about orbitals is true?
a. Orbitals are distributed in space around the nucleus.
b. Orbitals are regions in which electrons are most likely
located.
c. Orbitals show the path of the electron.
d. Orbitals are part of one model for atomic structure.
6. What are the orbitals at energy level 4 or quantum no. 4
(n=4)?
a. 4s 4p b.3s 3p 3d c. 4s 4p 4d 4f d. 4p 4d

12
7. What is the correct electron configuration for Phosphorus,
Z=15?
a. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p2
b. 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s1 3p3
c. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s3
d. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
8. What is the Bohr Model of Boron, Z=5, having electron
configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p1?

a. b. c. d.

9. What are the orbitals at n=5?

a. 5s b. 5p & 5d c. 5d & 5f d. 5s, 5p, 5d, & 5f
10. How many electrons that can be held at p orbitals?
a. 8 b. 10 c. 6 d. 2

13
References:

Emil F Soriano, et.al, Chemistry for the New Millennium, pp.67-73

Ma. Cristina D. Padolina, et.al., Conceptual and Functional Chemistry,
pp. 80-86
https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia
.org%2Fwiki%2FPlum_pudding_model&psig=AOvVaw
0LD0fNVCC60tVk_LnG3Avj&ust=1593578204145000&source=images&c
d=vfe&ved=0CAkQjhxqFwoTCNDVwernp- oCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazo
n.com%2FPeriodic-Table-Elements-Color-
24%2Fdp%2FB01EK43WGK&psig=AOvVaw3Fj5KrZVbWubiuVMIxYTAv&ust
=1593421721094000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved
=0CAMQjB1qGAoTCMDP75amooCFQAAAAAdAAAAABCLAQ
https://everettcc.instructure.com/courses/966606/files/38719590
https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-effect
https://www.quora.com/How-can-I-easily-remember-the-electronic-configurations-
of-all-of-the-elements-in-terms-of-s-p-d-and-f
https://science.blurtit.com/523427/how-to-draw-a-magnesium-atom

14
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

MANASSES V. JABALDE
Writer

MANASSES V. JABALDE
Illustrator/Lay-out Artist
_____________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO
SEGUNDINO B. DELES, JR.
MANASSES B. JABALDE

BETA QA TEAM
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO
SEGUNDINO B. DELES, JR.
MANASSES B. JABALDE
EUFRATES G. ANSOK, JR.
LEONREY L. VAILOCES

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning
competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and
illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

15
SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHOR
The author, is a Secondary School teacher of ANSWERS KEY
Negros Oriental High School teaching Physics and
Chemistry is trying to develop this module to help the Pre-Test Post Test
students to conceptualize the atomic realm of 1. c 1. c c
matter even in this very difficult times were the whole 2. a 2. b b
world is being disturbed by a deadly Coronavirus 3. c 3. cc
causing worries on parents and students with regards 4. a 4. a a
to Education. 5. c 5. b b
6. c 6. cc
On the other hand, try to look around. What
7. d 7. dd
do we see? What do all of these things have in
8. a 8. d d
common? Not so many, but, all matter in the
9. d d
universe, everything around us is made of the same
10.cc
basic particle.
Atoms are the building blocks of the universe
made up of protons and neutrons inside a central
nucleus, surrounded by orbiting electrons. This
model of the atom below is the one most
people learn in chemistry classes at school, called the planetary
model, which is a model of the atom which is describe like a solar
system with the central mass acting as the sun and the electrons acting
as the planets.

AUTHOR, ILLUSTRATOR, LAY- OUT ARTIST

Author: MR. MANASSES V. JABALDE finished Bachelor of

Science in Physics and Industrial Chemistry at Foundation
University. Currently, teaching at Negros Oriental High School
and designated as Overall Chairman for the Committee on
Student Welfare and Discipline. The above named person had
also participated in the Division Lesson Plan Writing in
Science (Chemistry) in the Division of Negros Oriental.

16