Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Full Module Specification

Module Title/Course Name Mathematics-III (Matrices, Vector
Analysis & Fourier Series.)
Module Code : MTH-105
Module Level : Revised Module(2019)
Academic Year :
Module Lecturer :
Contact Address:
Counseling Hour: Before or after class or by appointment
Module Credit 3
Pre Requisites :
Co Requisites :
Duration of Module :
Grading : As outlined in the University policy
Teaching Methodology Class room lecturer, multimedia
presentation ,discussion, group
study, assignment, presentation, etc.
Method of Evaluation Attendance =10
Continuous Assessment =30
Mid-term =30
Final =30
TOTAL =100

1
 Matrices, Vector Analysis & Fourier series

 Introduction

Welcome to the Matrices, Vector Analysis & Fourier Series module.

This module is offered to the students of Engineering (Mathematics).
It is evaluated on the basis of class tests, assignments, discussions and the final
examination.

 Objectives

On completion of this course, you will be able to:

 The goal of this course is to provide you with the knowledge and skills about
Matrix, Vector, Scalar, Dot Product of two vectors, Geometrically Vector ,
Integrations Vector and Fourier Series, Sine and cosine graph, periodic function,
even function and odd function.

 Message from the Teacher:

2
 Course Contents:
Week Module Topics/Module/Chapter
Module 1 Basic Discussion about matrix
Definition of Matrix, Square matrix,
Diagonal matrix, Identity matrix,
1 Transpose of a matrix, Singular
matrix, Rank of a matrix with
example

Module 2 Matrix addition ,subtraction and

2
multiplication
3 Module 3 Adjoint of matrix.
Module 4
4
Determine the rank of a matrix.
Module 5 Definition of eigen value & eigen
5 vectors and find of eigen value &
eigen vectors of a matrix.
6 Module 6 Revision and problem solving
midterm
Week Topics/Module/Chapter Course Teacher
Module 7
Definition of Vectors, Scalars, Unit
7
vector, Null vector, Equal vector
with example.
Module 8 Find the projection of a vector.
8
Module 9 Examination (Class text) & Problem Readings
Solving Text:
9
Basic text(s):
Coordinate geometry
and vector analysics.
Module 10 Definition of Fourier Series and &
10
Determining the coefficients. Linear Algebra (Abdur
Module 11 Definition of Even function and Rahaman)
11 Odd function & Periodic function &
with example and some related math. Fourier Series
(Schaum’s outline
Module 12 Final Case Study and Revision.
12 series).
Final Exam

3
 Module-01
Matrix

Problem: Define Matrix, Square matrix, Diagonal matrix, Identity matrix, Transpose of a
matrix, Singular matrix, Nonsingular matrix, Rank of a matrix with example .

Matrix: A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers usually arranged in rows and columns
enclosed by pair of brackets.
The numbers of which a matrix composed are called entries or matrix elements.

Example: A = ( )

Square matrix: If the numbers of rows in a matrix equal to the matrix in columns, then it is
called the square matrix.
Example: A = . /.
Diagonal matrix : A square matrix all of whose elements except those of leading diagonal are
zero is called diagonal matrix.

Example : A = ( )

Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix whose diagonal are equal is called Identity matrix.

Example : A = ( )

Identity matrix / unit matrix: If each number in the principal diagonal of a square matrix is
equal to one and all the other numbers are equal to zero is called Identity matrix.

Example: A = ( )

Transpose of a matrix: If the column of a given matrix A is changed into row or the row into
column, the matrix in thus formed is called the transpose of a matrix A and it is generally
denoted by .

Example : let A = ( ) and =( ).

Problem 1:
6 2 4  1 1  2
  6 2 1 
If    1 6  4 and     then find    ,    ,  .
 3 1 6  5 1 3 

4
Solution : Given that,

6 2 4  1 1  2
   1 6  4 and   6 2 1 
 
 3 1 6  5 1 3 

6 2 4  1 1  2 
  6 2 1 
Now,    =  1 6  4   
 3 1 6  5 1 3 

 6 1 2 1 4  2  7 3 2 
  5 8  3
=  1  6 6  2  4  1 =  
 3  5 1  1 6  3  8 2 9 

6 2 4  1 1  2 
  6 2 1 
   =   1 6  4   
 3 1 6  5 1 3 

 6 1 2 1 4  2  5 1 6
   
=  1  6 6  2  4  1 =  7 4  5
 3  5 1  1 6  3   2 0 3 

 6 2 4  1 1  2 
   
Now, AB =  1 6  4 6 2 1 
 3 1 6  5 1 3 

 6  12  20 6  4  4  12  2  12
 1  36  20  1  12  4 2  6  12 
AB =  
 3  6  30 3 26  6  1  18 

38 14 2 
 
Hence AB = 15 6  4
39 11 13 
(Ans)

5
 Problem 2:
 5 7 1  3 2 1 

A   1 2  3  and B  2 3 2 show that AB  BA.

 4  2  16 1 5 1
Solution:
 5  7 1  3 2 1 
A.B   1 2  3 . 2 3 2
 4  2  16 1 5 1
 5  3  (7)  2  11 5  2  (7)  3  1 5 5 1  (7)  2  11 

  (1)  3  2  2  (3) 1 (1)  2  2  3  (3)  5 (1) 1  2  2  (3) 1 
4  3  (2)  2  (16) 1 4  2  (2)  3  (16)  5 4 1  (2)  2  (16) 1
15  14  1 10  21  5 5  14  1 
   3  4  3  2  6  15  1  4  3
12  4  16 8  6  80 4  4  16 
2 6 8 
  2  11 0 

  8  78  16
3 2 1   5  7 1
B.A  2 3 2.  1 2  3 
  
1 5 1  4  2  16
 3  5  2  (1)  1 4 3  (7)  2  2  1 (2) 3 1  2  (3)  1 (16) 
 2  5  3  (1)  2  4 2  (7)  3  2  2  (2) 2 1  3  (3)  2  (16)
 1 5  5  (1)  1 4 1 (7)  5  2  1 (2) 11  5  (3)  1 (16) 
15  2  4  21  4  2 3  6  16 
 10  3  8  14  6  4 2  9  32 
 5  5  4  7  10  2 1  15  16
17  19  19 
 15  12  39
 4 1  30

From the above we found that A.B  B.A (Pr oved )

6
Problem 3:

If [ ] and [ ] then show that

Solution:

Given that [ ] and [ ]

Now, [ ][ ]

( ) ( ) ( )
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

[ ]

[ ]

Again

[ ][ ]

[ ]

[ ]

Therefore

Problem 4:

If 0 1, then find and and show that ; where 0 1.

Solution:
Given that, 0 1

Here 0 10 1
( )
[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1

Now 0 10 1
( ) ( )
[ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

7
 0 1
Therefore,
0 1 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 1 0 1

0 1

0 1 Proved.

Class Work:
4 8 1  12 10 2 
   
(i) If   1 9 4 and   6 22 1 then find    ,    ,  .
   
 5 6 1   5 11 3

2 7 9  3 1 5
  8 7 0 
(ii) If   1 5 6  and     then find B  A , B  A , B .
8 1 3  5 2 6 

6 7 2 5 6  7 
  6 7 11 
(iii) If    4 6  3 and     then find B  A , B  A , B .
 7 9 8  8 3 1 

5 4 1  1 1  2
  6 2 1 
(iv) If    1 9  4 and     then find
 3 1 10  5 1 3 

8
 Module-03

3  5 4 
 
Problem 1: Find the adjoint of the matrix   5 2  7
1 4 3 
.

Solution :

We know ,

 a11 a12 a13   a11 a 21 a31 


Adj A = Transpose of   a 21 a 22 a 23   a12 a 22 a32 
a31 a32 a33  a13 a 23 a33 

2 7 5 7 5 2
Where a11  ; a12   ; a13 
4 3 1 3 1 4

= 6-(-28) = 34 = - (15+7) = - 22 = 20-2= 18

5 4 3 4 3 5
a21   ; a22  ; a23  
4 3 1 3 1 4

= - (-15-16) =9-4 = - ( 12+5)

= 31 =5 = - 17

5 4 3 4 3 5
a31  ; a32   ; a33 
2 7 5 7 5 2

= 35 -8 = - (21-20) = 9+25

= 27 = 41 = 31

Therefore, the coefficient matrix A is

34  22 18 
   31 5  17 
27 41 31 

9
  34 31 27

  22 5 41
 18  17 31

4  6 4 
 
Problem 2: Find the adjoint of the matrix   5 6  8
8 7 5 

Solution:
 4 6 4 
Given that, A  5 6 8
8 7 5 
, - ( ). Now, finding the cofactor of matrix A
are following
a11  30  56  86
a12  (25  64)  89
a13  35  48  13
a21  (30  28)  58
a22  20  32  12
a23  (28  48)  76
a31  48  24  24
a32  (32  20)  52
a33  24  30  54
Putting these values in equation (1) we get,
86 89 13 
T

Adj A=  58 12 76 

 24 52 54 
 86 58 24 
=  89 12 52  (Ans)
 13 76 54 

10
 3  1 4 
 
Problem: Find the adjoint of the matrix   4 7  6
3 9 2 
.

Solution:

 3 1 4 
Given that, A   4 7 6 
 3 9 2 
, - ( ). Now, finding the cofactor of matrix A
are following
a11  14  54  68
a12  (8  18)  26
a13  36  21  15
a21  (2  36)  38
a22  6  12  6
a23  (27  3)  30
a31  6  28  22
a32  (18  16)  34
a33  21  4  25
Putting these values in equation (1) we get,
 68 26 15 
T

Adj A=  38 6 30 
 22 34 25 
 68 38 22
=  26 6 34  (Ans)
 15 30 25 

11
 Module-04
Singular matrix: If the value of the determinant of a matrix is equal to zero then is called
singular matrix. If A 0
Non Singular matrix: If the value of the determinant of a matrix is not equal to zero then is
called nonsingular matrix. If | |
1 2 1
 
Problem 1 : Find the inverse of the matrix   2 1 1
3 0 2

1 2 1
 
Solution : Given that ,   2 1 1
3 0 2

Now , A-1 = ,
A … (1)
A

1 2 1
Where , A 2 1 1.
3 0 2

1 1 2 1 2 1
= 1 2 + 1
0 2 3 2 3 0

= 1(2-0) -2(4-3) +1(0-3)

= 2-2-3 = -3 …(2)

we know,

 a11 a12 a13   a11 a 21 a31 


Adj A = Transpose of   a 21 a 22 a 23   a12 a 22 a32 
a31 a32 a33  a13 a 23 a33 

1 1 2 1 2 1
Where a11  ; a12   ; a13 
0 2 3 2 3 0

= 2-0=2 ; = -(4-3)= -1; = 0-3= -3

12
 2 1 1 1 1 2
a21   ; a22  ; a23  
0 2 3 2 3 0

= - (4-0)= -4; = 2-3= -1; = - (0-6)=6

2 1 1 1 1 2
a31  ; a32   ; a33 
1 1 2 1 2 1

= 2-1=1; = - (1-2)=1; = 1-4= -3

Therefore, the coefficient matrix A is

A=[ ] and adj A= [ ]

From equation (1), we get,

[ ]

6 2 4  1 1  2
  6 2 1 
Problem 2: If    1 6  4 and   
1
 then find   .
 3 1 6  5 1 3 

Solution :

1 2 1
 
Given that ,   2 1 1
3 0 2

We know that,

A-1 = ,
A … (1)
A

A  6(36  4)  2(6  12)  4(1  18)

Now,
 152  0

So, this matrix is non-singular. we can find an inverse matrix.

Now, finding the cofactor of matrix A are following

13
a11  36  4  40
a12  (6  12)  6
a13  1  18  19
a21  (12  4)  8
a22  36  12  24
a23  (6  6)  0
a31  8  24  32
a32  (24  4)  20
a33  36  2  38
6 19 
T
 40
Adj A=  8 24 0 
 32 20 38 
 40 8 32 
=  6 24 20 
 19 0 38 

From equation (1) we get,

 40 8 32 
 152 152 152 
 40 8 32   
 6 24 20  6
=
1 24 20 
A1 
152    152 152 152 
 19 0 38   
 19 0
38 
 152 152 

Now,

 40 8 32 
 152 152 152  1 1 2 
 
6 20  
A B 6 2 1 
1 24
 152 152 152  
  5 1 3 
 19 38  
0
 152 152 

14
  40 48 160 40 16 32 80 8 96 
152  152  152 152  152  152 152  152  152 
 
 6 144 100 6 48 20 12 24 60 
      
152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 
 
 19  0  190 19 38 38 114 
0 0
 152 152 152 152 152 152 
 168 24 24 
 152 152 152 
 
  238 62 96 
(Ans)
 152 152 152 
 
 171 19
1 
 152 152 

6 2 4 
 
Problem 3: If    1 6  4 then find  1 and show that AA-1 =A-1A = I.
 3 1 6 

1 2 1
 
Solution : Given that ,   2 1 1
3 0 2

We know that,

A-1 = ,
A … (1)
A

Now,

A  6(36  4)  2(6  12)  4(1  18)

 152  0

So, this matrix is non-singular. we can find an inverse matrix.

Now, finding the cofactor of matrix A are following

15
a11  36  4  40
a12  (6  12)  6
a13  1  18  19
a21  (12  4)  8
a22  36  12  24
a23  (6  6)  0
a31  8  24  32
a32  (24  4)  20
a33  36  2  38
6 19 
T
 40
Adj A=  8 24 0 
 32 20 38 
 40 8 32 
=  6 24 20 
 19 0 38 

From equation (1) we get,

 40 8 32 
 152 152 152 
 40 8 32   
 6 24 20  6
=
1 24 20 
A1  (Ans)
152    152 152 152 
 19 0 38   
 19 0
38 
 152 152 

 40 8 32 
 152 152 152 
6 2 4  
AA   1 6 4 
1  6 24 20 
 152 152 152 
 3 1 6   
 19 0
38 
 152 152 

1 0 0 
 0 1 0   I 3
0 0 1 

16
And,

 40 8 32 
 152 152 152 
  6 2 4
6  1 6 4 
A A 
1 24 20 
 152 152 152   
   3 1 6 
 19 0
38 
 152 152 

1 0 0 
 0 1 0   I 3
0 0 1 

Hence, AA1  A1 A  I 3 (Showed)

Module-05

Solve the following system of linear equations using inverse matrix method.

(i ) 2 x  3 y  z  12 (ii) 2 x  3 y  5 z  11 (iii) 4 x  2 y  z  16

3x  4 y  11z  46 5 x  2 y  7 z  12 6x  y  4z  0
5x  0 y  4 z  5  4x  3y  z  5 2x  y  2z  8

(iv) 2x  y  z  4 (v ) 2 x  2 y  3 z  3 (vi) x  y  2 z  20
x  2y  z  5 yz  2 x  2y  30
x  y  2z  1 x  y z  4 x  yz  0

Solution (iii):

Inverse Matrix Method:

4 x  2 y  z  16
6x  y  4z  0
2x  y  2z  8

17
Given system of linear equations can be written as in the following matrix form:
 4  2 1   x  16 
    
 6  1  4 . y    0  --------------------------------------------(1)
 2 1  2  z   8 
    
4  2 1   x 16 
     
Let A   6  1  4  ; X   y  and B   0 
 2 1  2 z 8
     
Using above matrix notation the new form of equation (1) is:
A. X  B
 A 1  A. X   A 1 .B
 I . X  A 1 .B
 X  A1.B -------------------------------------------------------(2)
We know that, Inverse of the matrix is defined by A1 , which can be written as:

1 1
A 1  . (Adjiont of A)  . (Adjiont of A)
Determinan t of A A

Here, determinant of A,

4 2 1
A  6 1  4
2 1 2
1  4 6 4 6 1
4  (2) 1
1 2 2 2 2 1
 4(2  4)  2(12  8)  1(6  2)
 24  8  8
 24
Now,

Adjoint of the matrix A

=Transpose of the cofactor matrix of A

T
 1 4 6 4 6 1 
  
 1 2 2 2 2 1 
 2 1 4 1 4 2 
=  
 1 2 2 2 2 1 
 2 1 4 1 4 2 
  
 1 4 6 4 6  1 

18
  2  4   12  8 6  2  T
 
=   4  1  8  2   4  4  
 8  1   16  6   4  12

T
 6 4 8 
 
=   3  10  8 
 9 22 8 

6  3 9 
 
=  4  10 22 
8 8 8 
 
Now from (2) we have
 x  6  3 9 16   96  0  72   168   7 
  1    1   1    
 y   4  10 22  0    64  0  176    240   10 
z 24    24   24    
   8  8 8  8  128  0  64   192   8 
x  7 , y  10, z  8 (Answer)

Rank of a matrix: let A be a matrix. Then applying some linear operation. We get some row
reducing or column reducing form. So, number of independent row or column of a matrix is
called rank of a matrix.

Example: A = ( ) ; Rank (A) = 2.

1 3 2 5 4
1 4 1 3 5 
Problem 1: Determine the rank of a matrix   
1 4 2 4 3
 
2 7 3 6 13 .

1 3 2 5 4
1 4 1 3 5 
Solution: Given that,  
1 4 2 4 3
 
2 7 3 6 13

19
 1 3 2 5 4
0 1 3  2 1 
R’2 = R2 - R1 
1 4 2 4 3
 
2 7  3 6 13

1 3 2 5 4
0 1 3  2 1 
R’3 = R3 - R1 
0 1 4  1  1
 
2 7  3 6 13 

1 3 2 5 4
0 1 3  2 1 
R’4 = R4 - 2R1 
0 1 4  1  1
 
0 1 1 4 5 

1 3 2 5 4
0 1 3  2 1 
R’’3 = R’3-R’2 
0 0 1 1  2
 
0 1 1 4 5 

1 3 2 5 4
0 1 3  2 1 
R’’4 = R’4-R’2 
0 0 1 1  2
 
0 0 2 2 4 

1 3 2 5 4
0 1 3  2 1 
R’’’4 = R4+2R3 
0 0 1 1  2
 
0 0 0 0 0

Here, Non- zero row is 3 or independent row is 3.

So, rank (A) = 3.

20
Problem 2: Find the rank of [ ].

Solution:
Operate and

Operate

[ ]

Operate

[ ]

Which is a row reduced echelon form. Since there are only two nonzero rows so ( )
Ans.
Class work:

(i) Find the rank of [ ] ; Rank (A) = 3

(ii) Find the rank of [ ] ; Rank (A) = 2

(iii) Find the rank of [ ] ; Rank (A) = 3

(iv) Determine the rank of a matrix ( )

(v) Determine the rank of a matrix ( )

(vi) Determine the rank of a matrix . /

21
Problem: Define Eigen value and Eigen vector and characteristic equation.

Eigen value and Eigen vector:

If A is an matrix, then a nonzero vector v in is called an eigen vector of A (or of the matrix

operator ) if is a scalar multiple of v; that is, Av = .v

for some scalar . The scalar . is called an eigen value of A (or of ), and v is said to be an

Characteristic equation:

If A is an matrix, then is an eigenvalue of A if and only if it satisfies the equation I  A  0

This is called the characteristic equation of A.

Problem 1:
Find (i) the characteristic matrix (ii) the characteristic equation (iii) the eigenvalues

 3 1
of the matrix A   
1 1 

 3 1
Solution: Given that A   
1 1 

The characteristic equation is I  A  0

=>| |

=>( )( )

=> 0

=>( )( )

=>

And the eigenvalues are

22
Problem 2:
Find (i) the characteristic matrix (ii) the characteristic equation (iii) the eigenvalues

 2 0 0  3 2 4
   
of the matrix (a) A   1 1 0  , B   2 0 2 
 1 4 0   4 2 3
   

(i) Solution:

Given that,

 2 0 0
 
A   1 1 0 
 1 4 0 
 

The characteristic matrix is:

1 0 0  2 0 0
  I  A    0  
1 0    1 1 0 

0 0 1   1 4 0 

  2 0 0
 
 1  1 0
 1  
 4

The characteristic equation is I  A  0

  2 0 0

 1   1 0  =0
 1  
 4

 1 0
   2 0
4 
    2      1  0
   0,1, 2

the eigenvalues are

23
(ii)Solution:

Given that

 3 2 4
 
B   2 0 2
 4 2 3
 

The characteristic matrix is:

1 0 0  3 2 4
  I  A    0 1 0    2 0 2 
0 0 1  4 2 3
   
   3 2 4 
 
  2  2 
 4 2   3 
 

The characteristic equation is I  A  0

   3 2 4 
 
 2  2  =0
 4 2   3 
 

   3 ( 2  3  4)  2(2  6  8)  4(4  4 )  0
    3   4  (  1)  4(  1)  16(  1)  0
 (  1)( 2  7  8)  0
    1   1   8   0
   1, 1,8

the eigenvalues are

24
Problem 3:

Find (i) the characteristic matrix (ii) the characteristic equation (iii) the eigenvalues and

(iv)the eigenvectors of the following matrices 0 1

Solution:

Given that, 0 1.

The characteristic equation is I  A  0

=>| |

=>( )( )

=> 0

=>( )( )

=>

And the eigenvalues are

Let the eigenvector of matrix A corresponding to the eigenvalues

V=. /

By definition

( )

=>. /. / . / ()

For . /. / . /

=>( )=. /

25
 x  2y  0

Let y=s be the free variable, then

y  s, x  2 y  2s,  s  R

 2s   2 
And the eigenvectors are v     s 
 s  1

For . /. / . /

=>( )=. /

x y 0

Let y=t be the free variable, then

y  t , x  y  t , t  R

 t   1
And the eigenvectors are v     t  
 t   1

26
 1  3 3
 
Problem 4: Find the Eigen value and Eigen vectors of the matrix   3  5 3
6  6 4
.

Solution:

Characteristic of A is

  1 3 3 
I  A  .   3   5  3 

  6 6   4

 1 3 3
I  A  . 3  5 3  0
6 6  4

 
 .  1 . 2    2  3(13  3  12)  3(6  30  18)  0

 
 . 3  3  22  (9  18)  3(18  36)  0


 . 3  12  16  0 
 .  2 2 (  4)  0

   2,2,4

Hence the eigen value of given matrix is .  2,2,4.

Now eigen vector of A is

 x
v   y 
 z 

For finding “v” we put,

27
 .I  Av  0...(1)

  1 3 3   x 0 
  3  5 3   y  0 
     
  6 6   4  z  0

  1x  3 y  3z  0
 3x    5y  3z  0 ….(2)

 6 x  6 y    4z  0

Now,   1  2 

 3x  3 y  3z  0

  3x  3 y  3z  0 ….(3)

 6x  6 y  6z  0

 x yz 0

Here equation (3) has two linealy independent solution.

Now let y =1, z = 0 …(4) and y = 0, z = -1 …(5)

Now from (3) & (4) we get, x = 1, y = 1, z = 0.

and from (3) & (5) we get, x = 1, y = 0, z = -1

 x 1
    0 
So, for eigen value   1  2 the eigen vector is v1  v   y 
 z   1

Again,   2  4 in equation (2) we get,

3x  3 y  3z  0

  3x  9 y  3z  0

28
  6x  6 y  0

 x yz 0 …(6)

2y  z  0

Here equation (6) has only one linealy independent solution.

Now let z = 2 , From (6) we get x = 1, y = 1, z = 2.

 x  1 
   
So, for eigen value   2  4 the eigen vector is v 2  v   y   1 
 z  2

Class work :

(i) Find the Eigen value and Eigen vectors

1  3 3
 
of the matrix   3  5 3
6  6 4
.

(ii) Find the Eigen value and Eigen vectors

 2  3 3
 
of the matrix   4  5 2
6  7 5
.

(iii) Find the Eigen value and Eigen vectors

 1  4 8 
 
of the matrix    2  7 1
 5  6 2
.

29
 Module-06
Vector Analysis

Introduction: Generally, We use two types of quantities in Mathematics and Science such as,
1. Scalars quantities.
2. Vectors quantities.
Scalars: A scalar is a quantity which has only magnitude but no direction.
Ex: Time, distance, mass, volume, temperature, real number etc.

Vectors: A vector is a quantity which has both magnitude and direction.

Ex: Displacement, velocity, momentum, acceleration etc.

Representing Vectors: The method of representing vectors is very important for

understanding of vectors. We use ray to represent a vector. We name a vector using lowercase
or uppercase letters.
 Take note that vector can be represented by both uppercase and lower case letters.
 When a vector is represented by upper case letters, we use the notation → or ←. Ex:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Modulus or magnitude of vector: The module or magnitude of vectors is a positive number

which measures the length of vector in a suitable unit.

Ex: If a,b, c etc. be the vectors, the modulus of the vector are a,b,c etc. Where | a | = a, | b | =
b, | c | = c etc. And if AB, BC, PQ, RS are the vectors, the modules are |AB |, | BC | or |PQ |,
etc.

Unit vectors: A unit vectors is a vector whose module or measure is unity, If a be any vector
and a be its module then α is an unit vector in the direction of vector a. We will denote unit
vector by the symbol a or e in this book unless state otherwise.
Similarly if b, c, d are the vector, their unit vector are respectively . The unit vector is
used for its direction only.
Thus etc.

A null vector: A null vector is a vector whose module or magnitude is zero and is denoted by
0.
| ⃗ | = 0, we define a as a zero vector.

Coplanar Vectors: A system of vector is said to be coplanar if their support are parallel to the
same plane.

Addition vectors: Let a and b be two given vectors. Taken any point 0 as the origin draw
OA= a, = b such that the terminal (end) point a initial point of b.

30
The vector OB= c is said to be the some of the vector a and b.
Then
The definition here is equivalent to the parallelogram law of vector addition.
Cor. a+0 = a
[Note: in the definition of vector addition sign“+ ” and the equality sign “ = ” are taken from
the ordinary algebra. These symbols stand for things different from those of the algebra
The triangle law of addition is true for all kinds of vector quantities. In vector algebra the sum
of the two sides of a triangle is equal to the third side of the triangle .
Which is not true for any triangle in Geometry.

Ex.01: Prove the diagonal of a parallelogram bisects each other.

Solution:

Let ABCD be the given parallelogram. and be the diagonal which are intersecting at 0.
Let
From
Or,
Then ( ) is any scalar,
Again
∴ ( ), y is any scalar
Now, from
∴
Or, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
As and bare non collinear
Then
Solve
∴ ( ) ( )
Hence 0 is the middle point of and

31
Ex.02: Using vectors prove that the line joining the mid points of two sides of a triangle is
parallel and half the length of the third line.
Solution:

Let be any triangle

and be the mid points of and
We have to show that is parallel to
and .
Let be the position vectors of A, B, C. So vector of
and position vector of
Now, – and

( )
Since difference between and are only constant and direction of same.
So, is parallel to
Again, ( )
∴| | | | (Proved)

Ex.3: Using vectors, prove that any triangle

() ( ) and ( )

Solution:
(i) Let be any triangle and .
∴

∴ ()
Multiplying both sides by , we get
( )
( )( )[From equation (i)]

( )

∴ (Proved)

32
(ii) Let be any triangle and .
∴

∴ ()
Multiplying both sides by , we get
( )
( )( )[From equation (i)]

( )

∴ (Proved)

(iii)Let be any triangle and .

∴

∴ ()
Multiplying both sides by , we get
( )
( ).( )[From equation (i)]

( )

∴ (Proved)


Ex.4: Determine the angles  ,  , and  which the vector r  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ
Makes with the positive directions of the coordinate axes and show that
Cos 2  Cos 2   Cos 2  1.
Solution:

x
Cos   
Referring to the fig. triangle is a right angle angled triangle with right angle at A. r
∴
Similarly from right angle triangle OBP and OCP
y z
Cos    and Cos   
r r

Also r  r  x 2  y 2  z 2
x y z
Then Cos    , Cos    , Cos    from which  ,  ,  can be obtained.
r r r
33
From this it follows that
x2  y2  z 2
Cos   Cos   Cos  
2 2 2
 1.
r2 
The numbers Cos , Cos , Cos are called the direction cosines of the vector OP .

Ex.5: Prove that, for any triangle ,

Solution :
Let represent the sides of
Then we have,
( )
Take the cross product of seperately with (1) then,
( ) ( )
( )
( )
∴
( – ) ( – ) ( – )

( )

Possible Question:
1. Define vectors, Scalars, Modulus or magnitude of a vector, Unit vector, null vector .

34
 Module-08
VECTOR ANALYSIS

Components of vectors:
The vectors A1iˆ, A2 ˆj and A3 kˆ are called the rectangular component vectors or simply

components vector of A in the x, y, and z directions respectively. A1 , A2 , and A3 are

called the rectangular components or simply components of A in the x, y, and z directions
respectively.

The sum or resultant of A1iˆ, A2 ˆj and A3 kˆ is the vector A so that we can write

A  A1iˆ  A2 ˆj  A3 kˆ .
 
The magnitude of A is A  A  A 21  A 2 2  A 2 3 .

In particular, the position vector or radius vector r from 0 to the point x, y, z  is written
 
r  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ , and has magnitude r  r  x 2  y 2  z 2 .

Laws of vector algebra:

   
1: A  B  B  A Commutative law for addition
     
2: A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  C Associative law for addition
 
3: Am  mA Commutative law for multiplication
 

4: m nA  (mn) A
 


Associative law for multiplication
5: m  n A  mA  nA Distributive law
 
 
6: m A  B  mA  mB

Distributive

Solved problem:
Ex.1: Prove that the magnitude of the vector ⃗= ̂ ̂ ̂ is

A A  A 1A 2 A 3
2 2 2


     
 2   2 2
Solution: By the Pythagorean Theorem OP  OQ  QP where OP denotes the

magnitude of vector OP etc.
 
2 2  2
Similarly, OQ  OR  RQ
   OR  RQ  QP
 2  2  2 2
Then OP or

A 2  A 21  A 2 2  A 2 3 i.e. A  A  A 21  A 2 2  A 2 3

35
Ex.2: If ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + ̂- ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ 3 ̂ , find⃗⃗⃗
̂+ + ⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ .

Solution: Given that,

⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + ̂- ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ 3̂
̂+ +
Now ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ( ̂ + ̂- ̂ ) ( ̂ + +̂ 3̂)
̂ + ̂- ̂ ̂ + ̂+3 ̂
̂ ̂ ̂
Again ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ( ̂ + ̂- ̂ ) ( ̂ + + ̂ 3̂)
̂ + ̂- ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂

Ex.3: If ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + ̂- ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ 3 ̂ , find the magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗ also find ⃗⃗⃗
̂+ + ⃗⃗⃗ .

Solution: Given that,

⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + ̂- ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + ̂+3 ̂
Now, the magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗
|⃗⃗⃗ | √ ( ) √ √
And the magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗
|⃗⃗⃗ | √( ) √ √
And ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ( ̂ + ̂+3 ̂ ) ( ̂ + ̂- ̂ )
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂

Ex. 4: Find the magnitude of the resultant of vectors,

⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + -̂ ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + +̂ 3 ̂

Solution:
Given that,
⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂

And ⃗⃗⃗ ̂+ + ̂ 3̂
Let ⃗ is the resultant vector of vectors ⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗
∴ ⃗ =⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗ ( ̂ + ̂- ̂ ) ( ̂ + + ̂ 3̂)
̂ + -̂ 2 ̂

∴R = |⃗ | = √ ( ) =√ =√ =7

Ex. 5: Find the unit vector parallel to the vector ⃗ ̂- ̂+8 ̂ .

Solution:
Given that,⃗⃗⃗ ̂ 8̂
-̂ +
Now, |⃗ | √ ( ) √ √
Let be the unit vector of ⃗

36
 ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
∴ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗ | √ √ √ √

Ex. 6: Find magnitude and unit vector of the vector ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ . Also find the direction
cosines of .

Solution:
Let ̂ ̂ ̂
Magnitude √( ) √
Divide it by | | √
̅
= ̂+ ̂ ̂ = unit vector parallel to⃗
√ √ √ √
Direction cosines are
√ √ √

Ex.7: Find a unit vector parallel to the resultant of vectors,⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + -̂ ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + ̂+3 ̂

Solution:
Given that,
⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂

And ⃗⃗⃗ ̂+ + ̂ 3̂
Let ⃗ is the resultant vector of vectors ⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗
∴ ⃗ =⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗ ( ̂ + -̂ ̂ ) ( ̂ + +̂ 3 ̂ )
̂ + -̂ 2 ̂

∴R = |⃗ | = √ ( ) =√ =√ =7
Then a unit vector parallel to the resultant vector.
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
∴⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗ |

Ex.8: Find a unit vector u parallel to the resultant R of vectors,⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + ̂- ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ ̂
+ + ̂ 7̂
:
Given that,
⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + ̂- ̂
And ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + ̂+7 ̂
Let⃗ is the resultant vector of vectors⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗
∴ ⃗⃗⃗ =⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗ ( ̂ + -̂ ̂ ) ( ̂ + +̂ 7 ̂ ) ̂ + +̂ ̂

∴R = |⃗ | = √ =√ =√
Then a unit vector parallel to the resultant vector.
⃗⃗
Then u is equal to|⃗⃗ | . That is,

37
 ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
∴ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗ | √ √ √ √
Solved problem:

1) Determine the angles  ,  , and  which the vector S

Makes with the positive directions of the coordinate axes and show that

2). Find a unit vector u parallel to the resultant R of vectors ,

⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + -̂ ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ - +̂ 2 ̂

3). Find the resultant vector of the following vectors

⃗⃗⃗ -̂ +̂ 8 ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ +̂ 6 +̂ 9 ̂

4). Find unit vector⃗⃗⃗ ̂ -2 ̂- ̂

Module-09
SCALAR PRODUCT OR DOT PRODUCT

Definition: The scalar or dot product of two vectors a and b (read a dot b) is defined as the
product of the magnitudes of a and b and the cosine of the angle Ө between them.
Symbolically we define as

From the definition we also write

Thus we notice that the commutative law holds for the scalar product of two vectors.
The sign of the product is positive or negative according as is acute or obtuse.

1. Geometrical interpretation of scalar product of vectors.

Let the two vectors a and b be represented by and respectively. is drawn

perpendicular to
Now | | | | | | | |
ON projection of OB on

∴Hence the dot product of the two

Vectors and
The scalar product of two vectors is the product of the length (or
modulus) of one vector and projection of other upon it.

Properties of Dot product of vectors.

(1) If then then

(2)If , then ,∴

38
(3) If then ∴
If the dot product of to vectors is zero, then the vectors are perpendicular (orthogonal) to each
other.
(4) If a= b, then = 0.

The square of vector is equal to the square of its modulus.

Orthogonal vector Triads ̂ ̂ ̂
The three unit vectors ̂ ̂ ̂ are perpendicular to each other.
Then ̂ ̂= 1.1 cos0= 1
Similarly
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
∴ ̂̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Again ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ =0

Angle between two vector a and b

If is the angle between the vectors and ,

or, | || |
∴ = | || |

Two vector will be perpendicular if a.b=0.

Some example:
Problem-1: Find the angle between the vectors ̂ ̂ ̂ and ̂ ̂– ̂ .

Solution:
Let be the angle between and .
Then

√ √ √
√( ) √( ) √
=( ̂ ̂ ̂)( ̂ ̂– ̂ ) = -10
∴
∴ ( )

39
Problem 2: Find the angle between two vectors 5i – j + k and i + j – k.

Solution:

a = 5i – j + k and
b =i+j–k
The dot product is articulated as
a.b = (5i – j + k)(i + j – k)
a.b = (5)(1) + (-1)(1) + (1)(-1)
a.b = 5-1-1
a.b = 3
The Magnitude of vectors is given by

The angle between two vectors is

Problem-3: Find the angle between two vectors a = (3; 4) and b = (4; 3).
Solution: Calculate dot product of vectors:
a·b = 3 · 4 + 4 · 3 = 12 + 12 = 24.
Calculate vectors magnitude:
|a| = √32 + 42 = √9 + 16 = √25 = 5
|b| = √42 + 32 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5
Calculate the angle between vectors:
a·b 24 24
cos α = = = = 0.96
|a| · |b| 5·5 25

40
Problem-4: Find the scalar product of the vectors ( ) and( ) and also find the angle
between them.
Solution :
Let ̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂– ̂
∴ √( ) √( ) √
∴ √( ) √ √
( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂– ̂) (– )
∴ √ √

∴ ( )

Problem-5:.Show that the vectors ( ) and ( ) are perpendicular ( orthogonal) or

not.
Solution:
Let ̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂– ̂
∴ √( ) √( ) √
∴ √( ) √ √
∴ ( ̂ ̂ ̂ )( ̂ ̂– ̂ ) (– )
The given vectors are not perpendicular because

 
Problem-6: Find the projection of the vector A  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ on the vector B  4iˆ  4 ˆj  7 kˆ

Solution:
Given vectors

A  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ

B  4iˆ  4 ˆj  7 kˆ
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
We know projection vector ⃗ on vector ⃗ …………………..(i)
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
∴⃗ ⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂ ). ( ̂ ̂ ̂ )=4+8-7 5
√ ( ) ( ) √( )=√33
()
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
Projection vector ⃗ on vector ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
| | √

Problem-7: Find the projection of the vector – – on the vector –

Solution:
Let, e be the unit vector in the direction b.
Projection on ( – – ) (√ )
√ √

41
 =√ √ √
= √

For practice:
1) What is vector and unit vector?
2) Define dot product and cross product with diagram.
3) Vectors A and B are given by and . Find the dot product of
the two vectors.
4) Vectors A and B are given by and . Find the dot
product of the two vectors.
5) Determine the angle between and .

6) Determine the angle between and .

7) Determine if the following vectors are orthogonal:

8).how that the vector a = 3i+2j-6k and b = 4i – 3j + k are perpendicular to each other

Module-10
VECTOR PRODUCT OR CROSS PRODUCT

Definition: The vector product of two vectors and (real a cross b) is a vector whose
Magnitude is , being the angle between the rotation is made from to .
i.e ̂
Where ̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to and .

Geometrical interpretation of the cross product of two vectors.

Given two non-parallel vectors and .

Angle between them is .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
We can construct a parallelogram out of OA and OB as adjacent sides of it.
We can get another vector c whose magnitude is equal to the area of the
parallelogram = The rotation is being made from to (angle of
rotation is less than180°).Therefore the Vector ̂
Where n is a unit vector normal to the plane containing the vector and at
along .Thus is called the cross product of two vector a and b and the
rotation is made from to .
i.e θ̂
If the rotation is made from b to a then ̂the direction of unit vector is along

i.e. in the negative direction of .

42
Hence ( ̂) ( )
Hence
The commutative law for vector product of vector is not valid.

Right handed system of Rectangular co-ordinate Axes.

Let OX, OY, OZ be the three mutually perpendicular axes meeting at O.
Let , be the unit vectors in the direction of OX, OY, OZ respectively
If the rotation of vectors is from to , to and to then
̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂ ( )
̂× ̂ =̂
if the rotation of vector is from ̂ to ̂ , ̂ to ̂ and ̂ to ̂,then
̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂, (2)
̂ ̂ ̂
Now from (1) and (2)
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ( )
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Again we have
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

iˆ ˆj kˆ
   
Ex.1. If A  A1iˆ  A2 ˆj  A3kˆ and B  B1iˆ  B2 ˆj  B3 kˆ , Prove that A  B  A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
Solution:
 
 
A  B  A1iˆ  A2 ˆj  A3 kˆ  B1iˆ  B2 ˆj  B3kˆ 
    
 A1iˆ  B1iˆ  B2 ˆj  B3 kˆ  A2 ˆj  B1iˆ  B2 ˆj  B3 kˆ  A3 kˆ  B1iˆ  B2 ˆj  B3 kˆ 
  A B  A B iˆ   A B  A B  ˆj   A B  A B kˆ
2 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 2 1

iˆ ˆj kˆ
 A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3

Ex.2. Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors ̂ ̂ ̂ and ̂– ̂ ̂
Solution:
Let ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂– ̂ ̂) ( ̂– ̂– ̂ )
( ̂ – ̂ – ̂)
. Hence the required unit vector =√( )
( ̂ – ̂– ̂ )
= √
=√ √ √

43
Ex3. Determine a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of
 
A  2iˆ  6 ˆj  3kˆ and B  4iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ.
Solution:
   
A  B is a vector perpendicular to the plane of A and B .
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 
A  B  2  6  3  15iˆ  10 ˆj  30kˆ
4 3 1
 
  A B 15iˆ  10 ˆj  30kˆ 3 2 6
A unit vector parallel to A  B is     iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
A B 152   102  302 7 7 7

Another unit vector, opposite in direction, is

 3iˆ  2 ˆj  6kˆ.
7
Ex.3. Find the cross product of the two vectors –
–
∴ ( ) ( – )

= –
Ex.4. Find the of the angle between the vectors and –

Solution:
Let θ be the angle between them. Then
∴a b = ab ̂ or
√( ) √
( ) √
–
∴| | √( ) √
√ √
∴⁡ =( )(√
=( )(√
√ ) √ )

Ex.5.Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors and –

Solution:
Let ( ) ( – ) ( – – )
( –– )
Hence the required unit vector | | √( )
( – – )
√ √ √ √

44
Ex.6. Determine a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of
 
A  2iˆ  6 ˆj  3kˆ and B  4iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ.
   
Solution: A  B is a vector perpendicular to the plane of A and B .
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 
A  B  2  6  3  15iˆ  10 ˆj  30kˆ
4 3 1
 
  A B 15iˆ  10 ˆj  30kˆ 3 2 6
A unit vector parallel to A  B is     iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
A B 152   102  302 7 7 7

Another unit vector, opposite in direction, is

 3iˆ  2 ˆj  6kˆ.
7

For practice:
1. Find
a A  B, b B  A, c A  B  A  B 
         
A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ and B  iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ, Find
2. In any triangle prove that –

( ) ( ) ( )

– – –
( ) ( ) ( )

Vector application
Ordinary derivatives of vectors:   
 R Ru  u   Ru 
Let Ru  be a vector depending on a single scalar variable u . Then  .
u u
Where u denotes an increment in u ( see adjoining fig ).

The ordinary derivative of the vector Ru  with respect to the scalar u is given by
   
dR R Ru  u   Ru 
 lim  lim if the limit exists.
du u 0 u u 0 u

45
 
Problem 1: If Ru   xu iˆ  y u  ˆj  z u kˆ, where x, y, and z differentiable functions of a

dR dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
scalar are u , prove that  i j k.
du du du du
Solution:
  
dR Ru  u   Ru 
 lim
du u 0 u

 lim
  
xu  u iˆ  y u  u  ˆj  z u  u kˆ  xu iˆ  y u  ˆj  z u kˆ 
u 0 u
xu  u   xu  ˆ y u  u   y u  ˆ z u  u   z u  ˆ
 lim i j k
u 0 u u u
dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
 i j k
du du du

Problem 2: A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are

x  e t , y  2Cos 3t , z  2Sin3t , where t is the time.
(a) Determine its velocity and acceleration at any time.
(b) Find the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at t  0 .

Solution:
 
(a) The position vector r of the particle is r  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ  e  t iˆ  2Cos 3tˆj  2Sin3tkˆ.

 dr
Then the velocity is v   e t iˆ  6 Sin3tˆj  6Cos 3tkˆ
dt

d 2r
And the acceleration is aˆ  2  e t iˆ  18Cos 3tˆj  18Sin3tkˆ .
dt
 
dr d 2r
(b) At t  0,  iˆ  6kˆ and 2  iˆ  18 ˆj.
dt dt

46
Then magnitude of velocity at t  0 is  12  62  37
Magnitude of acceleration at t  0 is 12   182 
325
Problem 3: A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are
where is time.
(a) Determine its velocity and acceleration at any time.
(b) Magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at

Solution:

(a) Given that

Let the position vector of the particle is

̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗
∴ Velocity ⃗ = ( ̂ ̂ ̂)

̂ ̂ ̂
⃗
Acceleration ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂)

̂ ̂ ̂
(b) Magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at
Magnitude of velocity = |⃗ | √( ) ( ) ( )
and Magnitude of acceleration =|⃗ | √( ) ( ) ( )

Problem 4: A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are

where is time.
(a) Determine its velocity and acceleration at any time.
(b) Magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at
Solution:
(a) Given that

Let the position vector of the particle is

̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗
∴ Velocity ⃗ = ( ̂ ̂ ̂)
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗
Acceleration ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂)
̂ ̂
⃗
(b)At then the velocity is, ⃗ = ̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂
∴ Magnitude of velocity = |⃗ | √( ) ( ) √

47
 ⃗
At then the acceleration is, ⃗ = ̂ ̂ ̂
∴Magnitude of acceleration =|⃗ | √( ) √

Problem 5: A particle moves along the curve where is time.

Find the components of its velocity and acceleration at in the direction ̂ ̂ ̂

Solution:
Velocity


dr d
dt dt
   
2t 2 iˆ  t 2  4t ˆj  3t  5kˆ 
 4tiˆ  2t  4 ˆj  3kˆ
 4iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ at t  1

̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Unit vector in the direction ̂ ̂ ̂ is
√( ) ( ) ( ) √
Then the component of the velocity in the given direction is
  
4iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ . iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ 41   2 3  32 16
  
8 14
14 14 14 7

Acceleration
 
d 2 r d  dr  d ˆ
 2   
dt dt  dt  dt

4ti  2t  4 ˆj  3kˆ  4iˆ  2 ˆj  0kˆ 
At then the acceleration ̂ ̂

Then the component of the acceleration in the given direction is

  
4iˆ  2 ˆj  0kˆ . iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ 4 1  2  3  0 2   2  14
  
14 14 14 7

Module-11
Fourier series
Fourier series: The trigonometric series
f  x   a0  a1 cos x  a2 cos 2 x   an cos nx   b1 sin x  b2 sin 2 x   bn sin nx 

 a0    an cos nx  bn sin nx 
n 1

Is a Fourier series if its coefficients a0 , an and bn are given by the following formulas:
1  1 
 f  x  dx  f  v  dv
2 
a0 
2 
1  1 
an   f  x  cos nx dx   f  v  cos nv dv(n  1, 2,3, )
    

48
 1  1 
f  x  sin nx dx  f  v  sin nv dv(n  1, 2,3, )
   
bn 

Where f  x  is any single-valued function defined on the interval   ,   .

Fourier cosine and sine series:
A function f  x  is called even if f ( x)  f ( x).
If f  x  is an even function, then
 
f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
0

  0

  f   x  d (  x)   f  x  dx
0

 0

   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
0

 0
 
  f  x  dx   f  x  dx
0 0

 2  f  x  dx
0

Thus if f  x  is an even, we have

1 
a0  .2  f  x  dx
2 0
1 
  f  x  dx
 0

1 
f  v  dv


0

Also if f  x  is an even,
1 
an 
   f  x  cos nx dx


1 
  f   x  cos n(-x) d ( x)

1 
  f  x  cos nx dx

1 

   f  x  cos nx dx


2 

  f  x  cos nx dx
0

2 
f  v  cos nv dv


0

But

49
 1 
bn 
   f  x  sin nx dx


1 
f   x  sin n(-x) d (  x)
 


1 
f  x  -sin nx - dx
 


1 
f  x  sin nx dx




 bn
2bn  0 or bn  0.
Therefore, if f  x  is an even, then we have

f ( x)  a0   an cos nx
n 1

  
  
1 2

 0
f (v)dv   n 1
0
f (v) cos nv dv cos nx

Which represents the function f  x  in a series of cosines and therefore it is known as Fourier
cosine series in the interval  0,   .
A function f  x  is called odd if f ( x)   f ( x).
Thus if f  x  is an odd, we have
1 
f  x  dx
2 
a0 

1 
f   x  d ( x)
2 


1 
f  x  dx
2 


1 
f  x  dx
2 


  an
 2a0  0 or a 0  0.
Also if f  x  is an odd,

50
 1 
an 
   f  x  cos nx dx


1 
  f   x  cos n(-x) d ( x)

1 
 f  x  cos nx - dx
 


1 
f  x  cos nx dx
 



1 
f  x  cos nx dx


0

 an
2an  0, or a n  0.
But Finally,
1 
bn   f  x  sin nx dx
 

1 
  f   x  sin n(-x) d (  x)

1 
   f  x  -sin nx - dx

1 
  f  x  -sin nx  dx

1 

   f  x  sin nx dx


2 

  f  x  sin nx dx
0

2 

  f  v  sin nv dv
0

Therefore, if f  x  is an odd, then we have


f ( x)   bn sin nx
n 1

  
 
2
  n 1
0
f (v) sin nv dv sin nx

Which represents the function f  x  in a series of sine and therefore it is known as Fourier
sine series in the interval  0,   .
These Fourier cosine and sine series are also called half range Fourier cosine series and half
range Fourier sine series respectively since in these cases the function f  x  is defined in the
interval  0,   which is the half of the interval   ,   .

Fourier series:
51
Suppose, f(x) be defined in the interval (-L, L) and f(x) has the period 2L. The Fourier series
a 
 n x n x 
corresponding to f(x) is defined by 0    an cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  L L 
Where, the Fourier co-efficient a0 , an and bn are
1 L
a0   f  x  dx
L L
1 L n x
an   f  x  cos dx
L L L
1 L n x
bn   f  x  sin dx ; n  0,1, 2.......
L L L

Half range Fourier sine series:

a0  0
an  0
1 L n x
bn   f  x  sin dx ; n  0,1, 2.......
L  L L

Half range Fourier cosine series:

bn  0
1 L
f  x  dx
L  L
a0 

1 L n x
an   f  x  cos dx ; n  0,1, 2........
L L L

Example 1: Find the Fourier series for the function

0 if -5 < x <0
f ( x)   .
3 if 0 < x <5
Solution: Here, period 2 L  10  L  5
The Fourier series is,
a 
 n x n x 
f ( x)  0    an cos  bn sin ..........(1)
2 n1  5 5 
Where
1 5
a0   f  x  dx
5 5
1 5 n x
an   f  x  cos dx
5 5 5
1 5 n x
bn   f  x  sin dx
5 5 5
Now

52
 1 5
f  x  dx
5 5
a0 

1 0 1 5
  f  x  d ( x)   f  x  d ( x)
5 5 5 0
1 0 1 5
  0. d ( x)   3 d ( x)
5 5 5 0
 03
a0  3
1 5 n x
an   f  x  cos dx
5  5 5
1 0 n x 1 5 n x
  f  x  cos dx   f  x  cos dx
5 5 5 5 0 5
1 0 n x 1 5 n x
  0. cos dx   3. cos dx
5 5 5 5 0 5
n x 5
5
3
 0  sin sin n  0 and cos n  ( 1) n
5 5 n 0

3
 0  .0
5
an  0
1 5 n x
bn   f  x  sin dx
5 5 5
1 0 n x 1 5 n x
  f  x  sin dx   f  x  sin dx
5 5 5 5 0 5
1 0 n x 1 5 n x
  0. sin dx   3. sin dx
5 5 5 5 0 5
n x 5
5
3
 0  .  cos
5 5 n 0

3
 [1  cos n ]
n
3
bn  [1  (1) n ]
n
Now from equation (1) we have,
3  3 n x
f ( x)    [1  (1) n ]sin .(Ans)
2 n 1 n 5
Example 2: Find the Fourier series for the function
0 if -7 < x <0
f ( x)   .
4 if 0 < x <7
Solution: Here, period 2 L  14  L  7
The Fourier series is,

53
 a0   n x n x 
f ( x)     an cos  bn sin ..........(1)
2 n 1  7 7 
Where
1 7
a0   f  x  dx
7 7
1 7 n x
an   f  x  cos dx
7 7 7
1 7 n x
bn   f  x  sin dx
7 7 7
Now
1 7
a0   f  x  dx
7 7
1 0 1 7
  f  x  d ( x)   f  x  d ( x)
7 7 7 0
1 0 1 7
  0. d ( x )   4 d ( x )
7 7 7 0
04
a0  4
1 5 n x
an   f  x  cos dx
7 7 7
1 0 n x 1 7 n x
  f  x  cos dx   f  x  cos dx
7 7 7 7 0 7
1 0 n x 1 7 n x
  0. cos dx   4. cos dx
7 7 7 7 0 7
n x 7
7
4
 0  sin sin n  0 and cos n  ( 1) n
7 7 n 0

4
 0  .0
7
an  0

54
 1 7 n x
bn   f  x  sin dx
7  7 7
1 0 n x 1 7 n x
  f  x  sin dx   f  x  sin dx
7  7 7 7 0 7
1 0 n x 1 7 n x
  0. sin dx   4. sin dx
7 7 7 7 0 7
n x 7
7
4
 0  .  cos
7 7 n 0

4
 [1  cos n ]
n
4
bn  [1  ( 1) n ]
n
Now from equation (1) we have,
4  4 n x
f ( x )    [1  ( 1)n ]sin .(Ans)
2 n 1 n 7
Ex.03: Find the Fourier series for the function ( ) 2

Solution: Given that, ( ) 2

Here, period ∴
The Fourier series corresponding to ( ) is,

∑( )

where
∫ ( )

∫ ( )

∫ ( )

Now ∫ ( ) *∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) +
∫ ∫ , - , -
( )

∫ ( ) *∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) +

*∫ ∫ +

*[ ] [ ] +

55
 *, - , - +

* +

∫ ( ) *∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) +

*∫ ∫ +

*0 1 0 1 +

*, - , - +

* ( ) ( ) + * ( ) +
The required Fourier series corresponding to ( ) is,

∑( * ( ) + )

∑ * ( ) + Ans:
Ex.04: Find the Fourier series for the function ( ) 2

Solution: Given that, ( ) 2

Here, period ∴
The Fourier series corresponding to ( ) is,

∑( )

where
∫ ( )

∫ ( )

∫ ( )

Now ∫ ( ) *∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) +

*∫ ∫ + (0 1 0 1 )

* +

∴ ∫ ( ) *∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) +

56
 *∫ ∫ +

,[ { ∫ ∫( ∫ ) }]

[ ∫ ∫( ∫ ) ] -

,[ { ∫ }] [ ∫ ] -

,[ { }] [ ] -

,[ ] [ ] -
( ) ( )
[ ]

, ( ) -

∴ ∫ ( ) *∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) +

*∫ ∫ +

,[ { ∫ ∫( ∫ ) }]

[ ∫ ∫( ∫ ) ] -

,[ { ∫ }] [ ∫ ] -

,[ { }] [ ] -

,[ ] [ ] -

, ( ) ( ) -
The required Fourier series corresponding to ( ) is,

∑, * ( ) + -

∑ *( ) + Ans:
Example 5: Expand the function f ( x )  x 2 , 0  x  2 in the Fourier series and show that

57
2 1 1 1
 1 2
 2 2.
12 2 3 4
Solution: Given that, f ( x )  x 2 , 0  x  2 ..................(1) Here period 2 L  2  L  
We know that, the Fourier series in the interval 0  x  2 is
a 
 n x n x 
f ( x )  0    an cos  bn sin
2 n 1    

a
 f ( x )  0    an cos nx  bn sin nx  .................(2)
2 n 1
where,
1  1 2
a0   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
   0
1  1 2
an   f  x  cos nxdx   f  x  cos nxdx
   0
1  1 2
bn   f  x  sin nx dx   f  x  sin nx dx
   0
2
1 2 1 2 1  x3  1 8 2
f  x  dx   x dx    
 0
 a0  2
(8 3  0) 
 0   3 0 3 3
1 2 1 2
 an   f  x  cos nxdx   x 2cos nxdx
 0  0
2
1  sin nx  cos nx  sin nx 
  x2  2 x.  2.
 n n2 n 3  0
2
1  x 2 sin nx 2 x cos nx 2sin nx 
   
 n n2 n 3  0
1 1 2 2 
  (0)  2 (2 cos 2 n   0)  3 .0 
 n n n 
1 4 cos 2n 4
  2 cos 2n  ( 1) 2 n  1
 n 2
n
1 2 1 2
bn   f  x  sin nx dx   x 2 sin nx dx
 0  0

2
1   cos nx  sin nx cos nx 
  x2  2 x.  2.
 n n 2
n 3  0
2
1   x 2 cos nx 2 x sin nx 2 cos nx 
   
 n n2 n 3  0
1  1 2 2 
  (4 2 cos 2 n   0)  2 (0)  3 (cos 2 n   1) 
n n n 
1  4 2 2  4
   3 .0   cos 2n  ( 1) 2 n  1
 n n  n
Now from equation (2) we have,

58
 8 2   4 4 
f ( x)     2 cos nx  sin nx 
6 n 1  n n 
4 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
  4 2    ............   4  2   2 .......  ........(3)
 1   1 
2 2 2
3 2 3 2 3
Which is the required Fourier series.
2nd part: since the function f(x) is continuous at the point , so putting in (3), we
get,
4 2  cos  cos 2 cos 3   sin  sin 2 sin 3 
f ( )   4 2    ............   4  2   2 ....... 
 1   1 
2 2 2
3 2 3 2 3
4 2  1 1 1 
2   4  2  2  2  .........   4 .0
3 1 2 3 
4 2
 1 1 
2   4  1  2  2  ......... 
3  2 3 
 2  1 1 
 4  1  2  2  ......... 
3  2 3 
2  1 1 
  1  2  2  .........  (Pr oved )
12  2 3 
Hint: formula :  uvdx  u  v  u  v  u   v  ...........
Try yourself: Expand f ( x )  x 2 , 0  x  2 in a half-range sine series.
Try yourself: Expand f ( x )  x 2 , 0  x  2 in a half-range cosine series.
Try yourself: Expand f ( x )  x  x 2 ,    x   in the cosine series and show that,
2 1 1 1
 1   ..............
6 22 32 42
Try yourself: Expand f ( x)  x , 0  x   in the sine and cosine series and show that,
2 1 1
 1  ..............
8 32 52
Try yourself: Find the Fourier series for the function
2 if 0 < x <3
f ( x)  
-2 if -3 < x <0
Try yourself: Find the Fourier coefficients corresponding to the function
3 if 0 < x <6
f ( x)  
-3 if -6 < x <0
Try yourself: Find the Fourier series for the function
-x if -4 < x <0
f ( x)  
 x if 0 < x <4
Try yourself: Find the Fourier coefficients corresponding to the function
 2-x if 0 < x <4
f ( x)   period 8
 x-6 if 4 < x <8

59
Try yourself: Find the Fourier series for the function
- if - < x <0
f ( x)  
 x if 0< x <
 2x
1+ if -  x <0
 
Try yourself: If f ( x )  
1- 2 x if 0  x 

 
2 
1
Then find the Fourier series of the function. Hence show that, 
n 1 (2 n  1)
2
8
 
1 if -  x < 2

  
Try yourself: If f ( x )  0 if <x <
 2 2
 
1 if  x 
2
1 2  cos x cos3x cos5 x 
Then show that its Fourier series is f ( x )       ............ 
2  1 3 5 
 x+1 if -1  x <0
Try yourself: If f ( x )  
 x-1 if 0<x <1
2  sin  x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
Then show that its Fourier series is f ( x )      ............ 
  1 2 3 
Example 6: Expand f ( x)  x , 0  x  2 in a half-range sine series.
Solution: Here period 2 L  4  L  2
The Fourier series is
a0   n x n x 
f ( x )     an cos  bn sin ..........(1)
2 n 1  2 2 
Since half-range sine series, a0  0 and an  0

60
 1 L n x
bn   f  x  sin dx ; n  0,1, 2......
L  L L
2 L n x
  f  x  sin dx
L 0 L
2 2 n x
  f  x  sin dx
2 0 2
2 n x
  x sin dx
0 2
2 n x 2 2 n x
 x  sin dx   1. .cos dx
0 2 0 n 2
 2 n x  n x
2
2 2
  x. .cos
 n  
2  0 n 0
cos
2
dx

 2 n 2 n x 
2
 2  2
  2. .cos  0  .sin
 n 2  n  n 2  0
4 4  n 2 
 cos n  2 
sin  sin 0
n ( n )  2 
4 4
 cos n  sin n  0
n ( n ) 2
4
 cos n
n
4
 ( 1) n
n

From (1) we get,

a0   n x n x 
f ( x )     an cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  2 2 

 4 n x 
  ( 1)n sin 
n 1  n 2 
4 
1 n x 

 n 1
  n (1) n

2 

sin

4  x 1 2 x 1 3 x
 (  sin  sin  sin  .............)
 2 2 2 3 2
4  x 1 2 x 1 3 x
 (sin  sin  sin  .............) (ans.)
 2 2 2 3 2
Example 7: Expand f ( x)  x , 0  x  2 in a half-range cosine series.
Solution: Here period 2 L  4  L  2
a 
 n x n x 
The Fourier series is f ( x )  0    an cos  bn sin ..........(1)
2 n 1  2 2 
Since half-range cosine series, bn  0

61
 1 L
f  x  dx
L  L
a0 

1 L n x
an   f  x  cos dx ; n  0,1, 2........
L  L L
1 L
 a0   f  x  dx
L L
2 L
  f  x  dx
L 0
2 2
  f  x  dx
2 0
2
  xdx
0
2
 x2 
 
 2 0
22
 0
2
2
2 L n x
 an   f  x  cos dx
L 0 L
2 2 n x
  f  x  cos dx
2 0 2
2 n x
  xcos dx
0 2
2 n x 2 2 n x
 x  cos dx   1. .sin dx
0 2 0 n 2
n x  n x
2
 2 2 2
  x. .sin
 n  
2  0 n 0
sin
2
dx

n 2  2  2 n x 
2
 2
  2. .sin  0   .cos
 n 2  n  n 2  0
4 4  n 2 
 sin n  2 
cos  cos 0
n ( n )  2 
4 4
 .0  cos n  1
n (n )2
4
 2 2 (cos n  1)
n

From (1) we get,

62
 a0   n x n x 
f ( x)     an cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  2 2 
2  4 n x
   2 2 {( 1) n  1}cos
2 n 1 n  2
4 
1 n x
 1
 2 n
n 1
2
{( 1) n  1}cos
2
4 1 x 1 2 x 1 3 x 
 1 2  2
{( 1)1  1}cos  2 {( 1) 2  1}cos  2 {( 1) 3  1}cos  ...... 
 1 2 2 2 3 2 
4  x 2 3 x 2 5 x 
 1  2  2 cos  cos  cos  ........... 
  2 9 2 25 2 
8  x 1 3 x 1 5 x 
 1 2 
cos  cos  cos  ...........  (ans.)
  2 9 2 25 2 
Example 8:- Find the Fourier Sine series for the function f ( x)  cos x, 0 < x <  .
Solution: Here, 2 L  2  L  
a 
 n x n x 
The Fourier series is f ( x )  0    an cos  bn sin ..........(1)
2 n 1  2 2 
Since half-range sine series, a0  0 and an  0 ,
1 L n x
bn   f  x  sin
L  L L
2 L n x
  f  x  sin
L 0 L
2 
  f  x  sin nx dx
 0
2 
  cosx sin nx dx
 0
1 
  {sin (n  1) x + sin(n-1)x} dx
 0

1  cos( n  1) x cos( n  1) x 
  
 n 1 n  1  0

1  cos( n  1) x cos( n  1) x 
 
  n  1 n  1  0
1  cos( n  1)  1 cos( n  1)  1 
 
  n 1 n 1 

1  ( 1) n 1  1 ( 1) n 1  1 
 
  n  1 n  1 
1  1  ( 1) n 1  ( 1) n 
 
  n  1 n  1 
2{1  ( 1) n }n
 ........(2)
 ( n 2  1)

63
when n  1,
2 L x
 b1   cos x sin dx
L 0 L
2  1 
  cos x sin x dx   sin 2 x dx
 0  0


1  cos 2 x  1
     (1  1)  0
 2  0 2

Now From (1) ,we have,


2{1  (1) n }n
f ( x)   sin nx( Ans).
n2  (n 2  1)
Example 9:-Find the Fourier Cosine series for the function f ( x)  sin x, 0 < x <  .
Solution: Here, 2 L  2  L  
a 
 n x n x 
The Fourier series is f ( x )  0    an cos  bn sin ..........(1)
2 n 1  2 2 
Since half-range cosine series, bn  0 ,
1 L
a0   f  x  dx
L L
1 L n x
an   f  x  cos dx ; n  0,1, 2........
L  L L
1 L
 a0   f  x  dx
L L
2 L 2 
  f  x  dx   f  x  dx
L 0  0
2  2 4
  sin x dx    cos x 0 


 0  

64
 2 L n x
 an   f  x  cos dx
L 0 L
2 

  f  x  cos nx dx
0

2 

 0
sinx cos nx dx

1 

 0
{sin (n+1)x - sin(n-1)x} dx

1  cos(n  1) x cos( n  1) x 
  
 n 1 n  1  0

1   cos(n  1)  1 cos( n  1)  1 

 
  n 1 n 1 

1  1  ( 1) n 1 ( 1) n 1  1 
 
  n  1 n  1 
1  1  ( 1) n 1  ( 1) n 
 
  n  1 n  1 
2{1  ( 1)n }n

 (n 2  1)
Again,
2 
a1   sin x cos x dx
 0

1 

  0
sin 2 x dx

1  cos 2 x 
 
  2  0

1 1
 (1  cos 2 )  (1  1)  0
2 2
Now From (1), we have,
4  2{1  (1) n }n
f ( x)    cos nx( Ans).
 n 2  (n 2  1)

Module-12
Fourier Transform:
Suppose, F(x) be defined in the interval (- , ) and the Fourier Transform corresponding to

F(x) is defined by F{F(x)}  f(n)   e F (x)dx inx


Inverse Fourier Transform: If f(n)   einx F (x)dx , then F(x) is called Inverse Fourier

1 
Transform of f(n) and is defined as follows: F(x) 
2 

e  inx F (n) dn

65
Fourier sine Transform: Suppose, F(x) be defined in the interval (0, ) and the Fourier sine

Transform of F(x) is defined by Fs {F(x)}  f s (n)   F (x)sin nxdx
0
Fourier cosine Transform: Suppose, F(x) be defined in the interval (0, ) and the Fourier

cosine Transform of F(x) is defined by Fc{F(x)}  f c (n)   F (x)cos nxdx
0

 
 x if 0  x 
2
Example 1: Find the finite Fourier sine and cosine transform of F ( x )  
  x if   x  
 2
 
 x if 0  x 
2
Solution: Given that, F ( x )   ..........................(1)
  x if   x  
 2
From the definition of finite Fourier sine transform we get,

Fs {F(x)}  f s (n)   F (x)sin nxdx
0


 f s (n)   2 F (x)sin nxdx   F (x)sin nxdx
0
2


  2 xsin nxdx   (  x)sin nxdx
0
2


  cos nx  sin nx  2   cos nx  sin nx 
  x.  1.   (  x )  ( 1).
 n n 2
0  n n 2  
2


  x cos nx sin nx  2  cos nx sin nx 
  2    (  x )  2 
 n n 0  n n 
2

 n 1 n  n 1 n
 cos  2 sin 0( cos  2 sin )
2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2
2 n
 2 sin
n 2
From the definition of finite Fourier cosine transform we get,

66
 
Fc {F(x)}  f c (n)   F (x) cos nxdx
0


 f c (n)   2 F (x) cos nxdx   F (x) cos nxdx
0
2


  2 xcos nxdx   (  x) cos nxdx
0
2


 sin nx  cos nx  2  sin nx  cos nx 
  x.  1.   (  x )  ( 1).
 n n 2
0  n n 2  
2


 x sin nx cos nx  2  sin nx cos nx 
    (  x ) 
 n n 0 
2
n n 2  
2

 n 1 n 1 cos n  n 1 n
 sin  2 cos  0  2  [0  2
( sin  2 cos )]
2n 2 n 2 n n 2n 2 n 2
 n 1 n 1 cos n  n 1 n
 sin  cos    sin  cos
2n 2 n2 2 n2 n2 2n 2 n2 2
2 n 2 n 1 1
 sin  2 cos  2  2 ( 1) n
2n 2 n 2 n n
 n 2 n 1
 sin  2 cos  2 {1  ( 1) n }
n 2 n 2 n
sin x if 0  x  a
Try yourself: Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of F ( x )  
0 if x  a
cos x if 0  x  a
Try yourself: Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of F ( x )  
0 if x  a
2sinAcosB  sin(A B)  sin(A B)
Hints: 2 cosAcosB  cos(A B)  cos(A B)
2sinAsinB  cos(A B)  cos(A B)
x if 0  x  1

Try yourself: Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of F ( x )  2  x if 1  x  2
0 if x  2

 x if x  a
Try yourself: Find the Fourier transform of F ( x )  
0 if x  a
1  x 2 if x  1
Example 2: Find the Fourier transform of F ( x )  
0 if x  1
1  x 2 if x  1
Solution: Given that, F ( x )   .....................(1)
 0 if x  1
From the definition of Fourier transform, we get,

67
 
F {F(x)}  f(n)   F (x) einx dx

1 1 
 f(n)   F (x) einx dx   F (x) einx dx   F (x) einx dx
 1 1
1 1 
  0.e dx   (1  x ) e dx   0.e dx
inx 2 inx inx
 1 1
1
  (1  x 2 ) einx dx
1
1
 einx einx einx 
 (1  x 2 )  ( 2 x ) 2 2  ( 2) 3 3 
 in in i n  1
1
 2 e
inx
einx 2 ieinx 
 (1  x )  2x 2  3 
 in n n  1
 2 ein 2i ein   2 e  in 2i e  in 
 0  2  3   0  2  
 n n   n n3 
2 2i
 2 (ein  e  in )  3 (ein  e  in )
n n
4 cos n 4i sin n2
 
n2 n3
4
 3 (sinn  ncosn) (ans.)
n

Example 3: Find the Fourier cosine transform of F ( x)  e x

2

Solution: Given that, F ( x)  e x ................(1)

2

From the definition of Fourier cosine transform, we get,

68
 
Fc {F(x)}  f c (n)   F (x) cos nxdx
0

 f c (n)   e  x cos nxdx............................(2)
2

0

Let, I   e  x cos nxdx............................(3)
2

dI 
  e  x (  x sin nx ) dx
2

dn 0

1 
   sin nx.e  x .(2 x ) dx
2

2 0
1 
   sin nx.e  x .d(x 2 )
2

2 0
1
  
  sin nx ( e  x )   n  cos nx.(  e  x ) dx
2 
2

0 0
2


1
 
  0  n  e  x cos nx dx
2 0
2


dI 1
   nI
dn 2
dI 1
   ndn
I 2
Integrating both sides we get,
n2
ln I    ln A
4
 n2
 ln I  ln e 4
 ln A
 n2
 ln I  ln Ae 4

 n2
 I  Ae .......................(4)
4

putting n  0 in (4) 
I  Ae0
 I  A......................(5)

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Again putting n  0 in (3) 

I   e  x dx
2


I 
2

From (5)  A 
2
 n2

From (4)  I  .e 4
2
 n2
 
  e  x cos nxdx 
2
4
.e ........................(6)
0 2

From (2)  f c (n)   e  x cos nxdx
2

0
n

2

 f c (n)  .e 4
( ans.)
2

70