Digital Image Processing

Part 1

Assist. Prof. Dr. Rasper Dh. Rashid

E-mail : rasber.dhahir@ukh.edu.krd
Master Students / Computer Science
2022-2023
Introduction

“An Image
is Worth more than a Thousand Words!!!”
 What is a Digital Image?
• A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image as
a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels

1 pixel

• Pixel values typically represent gray levels or colors.

• Remember digitization implies that a digital image is an
approximation of a real scene
 What is a Digital Image? (cont.)
• Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
– 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and “Alpha”)
 Types of Digital Images

1- Black and White (Binary) Images

• It is the simplest type of image. Early digital images where in
black and white.

• A black and white image is made up of pixels each of which holds

a single bit 0 or 1.
 Types of Digital Images (Cont.)
2- Gray-scale images or gray levels

• The gray levels span the full range from black to white in a series
of very fine steps, normally 256 different grays.

• Assuming 256 gray levels, each pixel can be stored in a single

byte (8 bits) of memory.
 Types of Digital Images (Cont.)
3- Indexed Color Images
• Some color images are created using a limited palette of colors, typically
256 different colors.

• These images are referred to as indexed color images because the data for
each pixel consists of a palette index indicating which of the colors in the
palette applies to that pixel.
 Types of Digital Images (Cont.)
4- Colour Images
•Color images are three band monochrome images in which, each band contains a
different colour and the actual information is stored in the digital image.
•The color images contain gray level information in each band.
•The images are represented as red, green and blue (RGB images).
•Each color image has 24 bits/pixel means 8 bits for each of the three-color
band(RGB), for a total of 16.7 million possible color combinations .
 What is Digital Image Processing?
• Digital image processing (DIP) deals with manipulation of digital
images through a digital computer.
• DIP focuses on developing a computer system that is able to perform
processing on an image.
• The input of that system is a digital image and the system process that
image using efficient algorithms, and gives an image as an output.
 History of Digital Image Processing
• Early 1920s: One of the first applications of digital imaging was in the
news- paper industry
– Images were transferred by submarine cable between London and
New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and reconstructed at the
receiving end on a telegraph printer
• Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system resulted in
higher quality images
– New reproduction processes based on photographic techniques
– Increased number of tones in reproduced images

Early digital image Improved digital image

 History of DIP (cont.)
• 1960s: Improvements in computing
technology and the onset of the space
race led to a surge of work in digital
image processing
– 1964: Computers used to improve
the quality of images of the moon A picture of the moon taken
taken by the Ranger 7 probe by the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
• 1970s: Digital image processing begins
to be used in medical applications
– 1979: Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield &
Prof. Allan M. Cormack share the
Nobel Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography, the
technology behind Computerised
Axial Tomography (CAT) scans Typical head slice CAT
image
 History of DIP (cont.)
• 1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing techniques has
exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of
areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
 Examples: Image Enhancement
• One of the most common uses of DIP techniques: improve quality,
remove noise etc
 Examples: The Hubble Telescope
• Launched in 1990 the Hubble telescope can take images of very distant
objects
• However, an incorrect mirror made many of Hubble’s images useless
• Image processing techniques were used to fix this
 Examples: Medicine
• Take slice from MRI scan of heart, and find boundaries between types
of tissue
– Image with gray levels representing tissue density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

 Examples: GIS
Geographic Information Systems
– Digital image processing techniques are used extensively to
manipulate satellite imagery
 Examples: Law Enforcement
• Image processing techniques are used extensively by law enforcers
– Plate number recognition for speed cameras/automated toll
systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of CCTV images
 Examples: HCI
Try to make human computer interfaces more natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Acquisition

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Enhancement

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Restoration

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Morphological Processing

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Segmentation

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Object Recognition

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Representation & Description

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Compression

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Colour Image Processing

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression