Dip S8ece Module1

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
(ELECTIVE - III) LA806-5

Prepared by
AKAS G KAMAL
Asst. Professor
ECE Department
Amal Jyothi College of Engineering
Module1
1. Image representation and modeling
2. Characteristics of a digital image
3. Elements of digital image processing
systems
4. Image digitizers & scanners
5. Elements of visual perception
6. Brightness & contrast
7. Image sampling & Quantization
8. Two dimensional Sampling theorem
 Reconstruction of image from its samples
 Aliasing.
What Is Digital Image
Processing?
• The field of digital image processing
refers to processing digital images
by means of a digital computer.
The Origins of Digital
Image Processing
History of Digital Image
Processing
•Early 1920s: One of the first
applications of digital imaging was in
the news-paper industry
– The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service
– Images were transferred by submarine
cable between London and New York
Early digital image
• reduced the time required to transport a

picture across the Atlantic from more
than a week to less than three hours.
History of DIP (cont…)
•Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to
the Bartlane system resulted in higher
quality images
– New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
– Increased number Improved
digital Early 15 tone digital
of tones in image image
reproduced images
•1960s: Improvements in computing
technology and the onset of the space
race led to a surge of work in digital
image processing
– 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
A picture of the moon
– Such techniques were used taken by the Ranger 7
in other space missions probe minutes before
landing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
•1970s: Digital image processing

begins to be used in medical
applications
– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography, Typical head slice CAT
image
the technology behind
Computerised Axial
Tomography (CAT) scans
•1980s - The use of digital image
processing techniques has exploded
and they are now used for all kinds of
tasks in all kinds of areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
Module1
3. Elements of digital image
processing systems
 Aliasing.
Components of an Image Processing
System
System
Sensing
physical device that is sensitive to the
energy radiated by the object we wish to
image.
digitizer, is a device for converting the

output of the physical sensing device into
digital form.
System
Specialized image processing hardware
• front-end subsystem
e.g., digitizing and averaging video images
at 30 framess
System
Computer
PC to a supercomputer
System
Mass storage capability

An image of size 1024*1024 pixels,
in which the intensity of each pixel is an 8-bit
quantity, Software
requires one
specialized megabyte
modules thatof storagespecific
perform space iftasks.
the
image is not compressed.
System
Image displays in use today are mainly color

(preferably flat screen) TV monitors.
System
Hardcopy devices for

recording images include
laser printers,
film cameras,
heat-sensitive devices,
inkjet units, and
digital units, such as optical
and CD-ROM disks.
System
Networking
bandwidth.
Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representatio
Problem Domain n&
Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Processing:
Image Aquisition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representatio
Problem Domain n&
Description
Colour Image Image
Processing:
Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representatio
Problem Domain n&
Description
Colour Image Image
Processing:
Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representatio
Problem Domain n&
Description
Colour Image Image
Processing:
Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representatio
Problem Domain n&
Description
Colour Image Image
Processing:
Segmentation
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representatio
Problem Domain n&
Description
Colour Image Image
Processing:
Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representatio
Problem Domain n&
Description
Colour Image Image
Processing:
Representation & Description
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representatio
Problem Domain n&
Description
Colour Image Image
Processing:
Image Compression
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representatio
Problem Domain n&
Description
Colour Image Image
Processing:
Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representatio
Problem Domain n&
Description
Colour Image Image
Module1
3. Elements of digital image processing
systems
 Aliasing.
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Depending on the nature of the source, illumination energy is reflected

from, or transmitted through, objects
Image Acquisition Using a Single Sensor
• Combining a single sensor with motion

to generate a 2-D image.
Image Acquisition Using Sensor Strips
•Line sensor.
Image acquisition using a linear sensor strip

Image Acquisition Using Sensor Strips
Image acquisition
using a circular
sensor strip.
Image Acquisition Using Sensor Arrays
•Array sensor.
•4000 * 4000 CCD sensors
lens
Image Formation
t
ecj
ob
image
plane
Image Formation
rce
ou
tsh
lig
Image Formation
projection
through lens
image of object
Image Formation
projection onto
discrete sensor
digital camera
array.
Image Formation
sensors
register
average color. sampled image
Image Formation
continuous
colors, discrete
discrete
locations.
real-valued
image
Image Acquisition Using Sensor Arrays
A Simple Image Formation Model
we shall denote images by two-
dimensional functions of the
form f(x, y)
• f(x, y) must be nonzero and finite; that is,
• 0<f(x, y)<∞.
• f(x, y) may be characterized by two components:
• (1) the amount of source illumination incident on
the scene being viewed, and
• (2) the amount of illumination reflected by the
objects in the scene.
• illumination and reflectance
• i(x, y) and r(x, y)
• two functions combine as a product to
form f(x, y):
• F(x,y)=i(x, y) * r(x, y)
• Where
• 0<i(x, y) <∞
• 0<r(x,y)<1
• 0 total absorption
• 1 total reflection
• L = f(x0 , y0)
• L lies in the range Lmin ≤ L ≤ Lmax
• The interval is called the gray scale.
[0, L-1],
• where Lmin =0 is black and
• Lmax =L-1 is white on the gray scale.
• All intermediate values are shades of
gray varying from black to white.
Digital Image
• An image may be defined as a 2-dimensional

function, f(x, y),
• When x, y, and the amplitude values of f are
all finite, discrete quantities, we call the
image a digital image.
Picture Element, Image Element, Pels, Pixel
• it is the smallest unit of picture that can
be represented or controlled
• the smallest addressable screen element in
a display divice;
each square is
called a pixel (for
picture element)
Image Sampling and Quantization
To create a digital image, we need to

convert the continuous sensed data into
digital form.
This involves two processes:
Sampling and quantization.
Digitized version of image from sensor array
Representing Digital Images
Notations
Resolution
• L-level digital image of size M*N
• Spatial resolution of M*N pixels
• Gray-level(intensity) resolution of L
levels.
• For M*N image with L(=2k)discrete gray

level
• The number of bits (b) required to
store the image is b = MNk
eg) 1024x1024x8bit = 1Mbytes
Spatial resolution
Intensity Resolution
16, 8,
4, 2
gray
The Sampling
Function
The sampling
function is a set
of impulses
evenly spaced on
a grid.
27
7/12/23 1999-2007 by Richard Alan 59
Peters II
The Sampling of an Image
An image is sampled by
multiplying it by the
sampling function
FI(x,y)*S(x,y)
Let FI(x,y) denote a

continuous, infinite-
extent, ideal image
field
7/12/23 1999-2007 by Richard Alan 60

Peters II
Image Sampling in the Spatial
Domain
 
samp N I r , c   I r , c      r  jN   c  kN 
j   k  
This results in an image

whose pixels have the
values of the original
image at the impulse
locations.
7/12/23 1999-2007 by Richard Alan 61

Peters II
Neighbors of a Pixel
Distance measure
Arithmetic & Logic Operations
Logical operations
Spatial Operations
• Single pixel operations
s=T(z)
255
S0
Z0 255
Spatial Operations
• Neighborhood operations
Sxy
Image f Image g
2D Image transformation
Image transformation
Color spaces
• A color space is a mathematical

representation
of a set of colors.
• The three most popular color models are
• RGB (used in computer graphics);
• YIQ, YUV, or YCbCr (used in
videosystems);
• CMYK (used in color printing).

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DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

(ELECTIVE - III) LA806-5

• reduced the time required to transport a

•1970s: Digital image processing

digitizer, is a device for converting the

Mass storage capability

Image displays in use today are mainly color

Hardcopy devices for

Depending on the nature of the source, illumination energy is reflected

• Combining a single sensor with motion

Image acquisition using a linear sensor strip

• An image may be defined as a 2-dimensional

To create a digital image, we need to

• For M*N image with L(=2k)discrete gray

Let FI(x,y) denote a

7/12/23 1999-2007 by Richard Alan 60

This results in an image

7/12/23 1999-2007 by Richard Alan 61

• A color space is a mathematical

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