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    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System

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    Sohum Venkatadri
    The document discusses the typical components and configuration of a computer system's motherboard. It describes the form factor, chipset, processor socket, and types of motherboards including XT, AT, Baby AT, and ATX. It also covers the components on the motherboard like the processor, BIOS, CMOS, slots, disk controllers, I/O ports, and interfaces. Expansion slots allow adding features and include ISA, PCI, AGP, and PCI Express. I/O ports connect external devices and include serial, parallel, USB, PS/2, video, audio, network, and game ports.

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    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System

    Uploaded by

    Sohum Venkatadri
    171 views29 pages
    The document discusses the typical components and configuration of a computer system's motherboard. It describes the form factor, chipset, processor socket, and types of motherboards including XT, AT, Baby AT, and ATX. It also covers the components on the motherboard like the processor, BIOS, CMOS, slots, disk controllers, I/O ports, and interfaces. Expansion slots allow adding features and include ISA, PCI, AGP, and PCI Express. I/O ports connect external devices and include serial, parallel, USB, PS/2, video, audio, network, and game ports.

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    The document discusses the typical components and configuration of a computer system's motherboard. It describes the form factor, chipset, processor socket, and types of motherboards including XT, AT, Baby AT, and ATX. It also covers the components on the motherboard like the processor, BIOS, CMOS, slots, disk controllers, I/O ports, and interfaces. Expansion slots allow adding features and include ISA, PCI, AGP, and PCI Express. I/O ports connect external devices and include serial, parallel, USB, PS/2, video, audio, network, and game ports.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    171 views29 pages

    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System

    Uploaded by

    Sohum Venkatadri
    The document discusses the typical components and configuration of a computer system's motherboard. It describes the form factor, chipset, processor socket, and types of motherboards including XT, AT, Baby AT, and ATX. It also covers the components on the motherboard like the processor, BIOS, CMOS, slots, disk controllers, I/O ports, and interfaces. Expansion slots allow adding features and include ISA, PCI, AGP, and PCI Express. I/O ports connect external devices and include serial, parallel, USB, PS/2, video, audio, network, and game ports.

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    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System

    Introduction:

    ➢Hardware

    ➢Software

    ➢Data

    ➢Users
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Review of block diagram of Computer system
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Motherboard

    The motherboard may be characterized by

    Form factor refers to the motherboard’s geometry, dimensions,


    arrangement and electrical requirements. Advanced Technology
    Extended (ATX)) is the most common design of motherboard for
    desktop computers.

    Chipset The function of chipset is to coordinate data transfer


    between the various components of the computer.

    processor socket a rectangular connector into which the processor


    is mounted vertically, or a square shaped connector with many
    small connectors into which the processor is directly inserted.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Types of Motherboard

    XT Motherboard:XT stands for eXtended Technology. LIF (Low Insertion


    Force) sockets, ram slots DIMM and ISA (Industry Standards Architecture)
    slots, 12 pin power connector and no ports. DIMM memory modules, ISA
    slots for add- on card, and no ports.

    Example: Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium -II and Pentium-II Processors.

    AT Motherboard:AT stands for Advanced Technology. have PGA (Pin Grid


    Array) Socket, SDRAM slots, 20 pin power connector PCI slots and ISA slots.
    We find the above components on AT motherboards.

    Example: Pentium III Processors


    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Baby AT Motherboard:
    Baby AT Motherboards have the combination of XT and
    AT. They have slot type processor sockets and PGA processor
    sockets, SDRAM slots and DDRRAM slots, PCI slots and ISA
    slots, 12 pin power connector and 20 pin power connector and
    ports.

    Example: Pentium-III and Pentium-IV

    ATX Motherboard:ATX stands for Advanced Technology eXtended.


    In this motherboard, we find MPGA processor sockets,
    DDRRAM slots, PCI slots, AGP slots, Primary and secondary
    IDE interfaces, SATA connectors, 20 pin and 24 pin ATX
    power connector and ports.

    Example: Pentium-IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core, i3, i5 and
    i7 processors.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Components of Motherboard
    • Processor (CPU)
    • BIOS
    • CMOS
    • Slots
    • Disk Controllers
    • I/O Ports and Interfaces
    • BUS
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    • Processor (CPU)

    The clock speed of a CPU is defined as the


    frequency with which a processor executes
    instructions or the data that is processed.

    • BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

    BIOS is a small chip on the motherboard that holds


    a set of instructions to load the hardware settings
    required to activate various devices like keyboards,
    monitors or disk drives. BIOS invoke the bootstrap
    loader to load the operating system into memory.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    • CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)

    CMOS is a type of memory chip to store the date, time and system
    setup parameters. These parameters are loaded every time the
    computer is started.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Slots
    A slot is an opening in a computer where you can insert a printed
    circuit board. Slots are often called expansion slots because they
    allow you to expand the capabilities of a computer.

    Expansion Slots

    The expansion cards are inserted in the expansion slots. These cards give the
    computer new features or increased performance.
    ➢ ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) slot – ISA slot is
    used to connect modem and input devices.
    ➢ PCI (Peripheral Component Inter Connect) slot – PCI
    slots are used to connect graphics accelerator cards, sound
    cards, internal modems or SCSI cards. They are much
    faster than ISA cards.
    ➢ AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) slot – AGP slot is meant to
    provide faster access to a graphics accelerator card, thus
    enhancing the visual experience for the user. All Celeron
    and Pentium-III motherboards come with an AGP slot.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    RAM slot – RAM slot is used to install memory and is of two
    types. They are SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) slot and
    DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) slot. The original Pentium
    systems typically have either four 72-pin SIMM slots, or two
    168-pin DIMM slot to install memory.

    Processor slot – Processor slot is used to insert the processor


    chip which is the largest chip on the motherboard. It can be
    identified, as a heat sink or fan is located on top of it.

    PCI Express slot – It has faster bus architecture than AGP and
    PCI buses.

    PC Card – It is used in laptop computers. It includes Wi-Fi


    card, network card and external modem.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Disk Controllers: Disk controller is the circuit that enables the CPU
    to communicate with a hard disk, floppy disk or other kind of disk
    drive.

    Hard disk controller (HDC): The hard disk controller is the interface
    that enables the computer to read and write information to the hard
    drive. The first standard hard disk controller developed is the IDE
    standard drive also known as Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA).
    This drive is attached to the motherboard by means of 40-wire ribbon
    cable. The IDE standard also allows two drives to connect in a daisy-
    chain fashion. The enhanced IDE (EIDE) standard followed shortly.
    The EIDE standard is a specification that allows four drives to be
    connected
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Floppy disk controller (FDC): A floppy-disk
    controller is the interface that directs and
    controls reading from and writing to a
    computer’s floppy disk drive (FDD). A single
    floppy-disk controller board supports a 33-
    wire ribbon cable and can connect up to four
    floppy disk drives to the motherboard.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    I/O Ports and Interfaces

    The ports and interfaces are used to connect


    external devices like printers, keyboards or scanners
    to the computer, which gets connected to the
    computer’s motherboard. These ports and interfaces
    are found on the rear side of a computer. There are
    several types of ports like serial port, parallel port,
    USB port, and AGP port etc.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Serial port: Serial port is also known as communication (COM) ports
    or RS- 232-c ports. They are used for connecting communication
    devices like mouse and modem. This port transfers data serially one
    bit at a time. It needs a single wire to transmit 1 bit of data. Hence it
    takes 8 times longer to transfer a byte. There are two varieties of Com
    ports, the 9-pin ports and 25-pin ports.

    Figure 1.7 Types of ports in the motherboard


    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Parallel port:
    Parallel ports are used to connect external
    input/output devices like printers or
    scanners. This port facilitates the parallel
    transfer of data, usually one byte (8-bits) at a
    time. Parallel ports come in the form of 25-pin
    connector.

    IDE (Integrated Digital Electronics) port


    IDE devices like CD-ROM drives or
    hard disk drives are connected to the
    motherboard through the IDE port.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    USB (Universal Serial Bus) port: USB supports a
    data speed of 12 megabits per second, supporting
    up to 127 devices. USB is a plug- and-play interface
    between a computer and add-on devices. devices
    include printers, scanners, digital cameras, web
    cameras, speakers etc.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    PS-2 port (Personal System-2 port)

    The PS-2 port was developed by IBM to interface keyboards and


    pointing devices like mouse, trackballs and touch pads.

    AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) port

    The AGP port is used to connect to graphic card that provides high-
    speed video performance typically required in games and other
    multimedia applications.

    SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) port

    This port is used for adding external devices such as high-speed


    hard- disks, high-end scanners and CD-ROM drives. It does fast data
    transfers and I-O operations.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    VGA (Visual Graphics Adaptor) port connects monitor to a
    computer’s video card. It has 15 holes and is similar to serial port
    connector, but serial port connector has pins, this has holes.

    Power Connector has three-pronged plug. It connects to the


    computer’s power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket.
    Firewire Port transfer large amounts of data at very fast
    speed. It connects camcorders and video equipment’s to
    the computer. The data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per
    second. It is invented by Apple. The three variants of
    firewire port are 4-Pin firewire 400 connector, 6-Pin
    firewire 400 connector and 9-Pin firewire 800 connector
    Modem (Modulator demodulator) connects a PC’s
    modem to the telephone network.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Ethernet Port connects to a network and high
    speed Internet. It connects network cable to a
    computer. This port resides on an Ethernet Card.
    Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per
    second depending upon the network bandwidth.
    Game Port connects a PC to a joystick. It is now
    replaced by USB.
    DVI (Digital Video Interface) port connects a Flat panel
    LCD monitor to the computer’s high-end video graphic
    cards.
    Sockets are used to connect microphone, speakers to
    sound card of the computer.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) port is a system
    designed to transmit information between electronic musical
    instruments. A MIDI musical keyboard can be attached to a
    computer and allow a performer to play music that is
    captured by the computer system as a sequence of musical
    notes with the associated timing ( instead of recording
    digitized sound waves).The port and interface are required for
    connectivity.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    BUS:
    A bus is a collection of parallel wires that form a
    pathway to carry address, data and control
    signals
    Memory: A computer memory refers to the
    electronic storing space for instructions and
    data .
    There are two basic types:
    Internal memory and
    Secondary memory
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Internal memory

    Internal memory includes registers, cache memory and


    primary memory which can be directly accessed by the
    processor.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Registers The registers are high speed
    temporary storage areas located inside the
    CPU. After the CPU gets the data and
    instructions from the cache or RAM, the data
    and instructions are moved to registers for
    processing. These registers work under the
    direction of the control unit (CU) to accept,
    store and transfer instructions or data, and
    perform arithmetic or logical comparisons at
    high speed.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Cache memory: The cache memory is a very high speed memory placed in
    between RAM and CPU.

    Generally, computers have cache memory of sizes 256 KB to 2MB.

    The CPU has a built-in Level1 (L1) cache and Level2 (L2) cache, some CPUs
    have a separate cache chip on the motherboard called Level3 (L3) cache.

    CPUs have cache size varying from 256KB (L1), 6MB (L2), to 12MB (L3) cache.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Primary memory:
    RAM temporarily stores the computer’s operating system,
    application programs and current data so that the processor
    can reach them quickly. RAM is a faster memory and volatile
    in nature. i.e. when the power is switched off, the data in this
    memory is lost.
    ROM is a small memory, which stores the boot firmware (called
    BIOS). BIOS hold enough information to enable the computer
    to check its hardware and load its operating system into its
    RAM at the time of system booting. ROM is non-volatile in
    nature. i.e. even when the computer is switched off, the
    contents of ROM remains available.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Types of RAM
    DRAM: It uses transistors and capacitors. The transistors are
    arranged in a matrix of rows and columns. The capacitor
    holds the bits of information 0 and 1. The transistor and
    capacitor are paired to make a memory cell. The transistor
    acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the memory
    chip read the capacitor or change its state. must be refreshed
    continually to store information; otherwise it will lose what it
    is holding. The refresh operation occurs automatically
    thousands of times per second. DRAM is slow because the
    refreshing takes time. Access speed of DRAM ranges from 50
    to 150 ns.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    Types of RAM
    SRAM: SRAM uses multiple transistors (4 to 6), for each memory
    cell. It does not have a capacitor in each cell. It does not need
    constant refreshing and therefore is faster than DRAM. SRAM is
    more expensive than DRAM, and it takes up more space. It stores
    information as long as it is supplied with power. SRAM is very
    fast and easier to use. The access speed of SRAM ranges from 2
    to 10ns.
    SDRAM or Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory is a
    special type of DRAM that is synchronized to the system clock.
    Since it is synchronized to the CPU, it knows when the next cycle
    is coming, and has the data ready when the CPU requests it.
    This increases efficiency by reducing CPU waiting time.
    Chapter 1 Typical Configuration of Computer System
    DDR-SDRAM or Double-Data Rate SDRAM works
    the same way as does ordinary SDRAM. Data
    transfer rate is double when compared to SDRAM.

    Power Supply to a Computer System

    SMPS

    UPS

    Types of UPS

    Online UPS

    Standby UPS

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