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TAGORE ACADEMY
SESSION 2022-2023
ENGLISH PROJECT REPORT
ON
WARS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
SUBMITTED TO. SUBMITTED BY.
Mrs.MEENA VADEHRA RITIK BHARDWAJ
(P.G.T ENGLISH) XII-A

ACKNOWLEGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the
principal Mr. Onkar singh shekhawat for his encourag ement
and for all the facilities that he provided for this project work.
Mrs.Meena
I extend my hearty thanks to Mrs. Vadehra , who
Lamhi Chauhan
guided me to the successful completion of this project. I take
this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for this
invaluable guidance constant encouragement, immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this
Project work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and also
to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project
successful and for their valuable advice and support, which I
received from then time to time.
RITIKChoudhary
Jatin BHARDWAJ
XII-A Signature of Teacher
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled, “Wars and its
consequences” submitted by “Jatin Choudhary” in partial

RITIK BHARDWAJ
fulfilment of the requirements for CBSE in “PCM” at
“Tagore Academy” is an authentic work carried out by him
under my supervision and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the
project has not been submitted to any other institute.
Mrs. Lamhi Chauhan

P.G.T Physics
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTIONS
11. SOURCES OF ERROR
12. BIBILIOGRAPHY
AIM OF THE PROJECT
To investigate the relation between the ratio

of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary
coil of
a self made transformer.
Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction

according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for

changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used
device in both low and high current circuit. As such transformers
are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so
small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one

circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving
parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-

up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages
is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for

high and low current circuits.
theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils
of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in

each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in

the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the

instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is

higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the

same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,

whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current &a

step down transformer steps up the current.
ILLUSTRATION
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power
to the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses
, η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in
iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED
IRON ROD
COPPER WIRE
VOLTMETRE
AMMETRE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on
it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through

s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing

number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.
2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and

NEON advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized

power supplies.
6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long

distances.
7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud

speakers and electric bells etc
CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary

coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary

coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C

should remain constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

BIBILIOGRAPHY
1) NCERT textbook class 12

2) NCERT physics lab Manuel
3) INTERNET
4) www.yahoo.com
5) www.scribd.com
6) www.google.com
THE END

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TAGORE ACADEMY

ENGLISH PROJECT REPORT

WARS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

SUBMITTED TO. SUBMITTED BY.

Mrs.MEENA VADEHRA RITIK BHARDWAJ

(P.G.T ENGLISH) XII-A

principal Mr. Onkar singh shekhawat for his encourag ement

guided me to the successful completion of this project. I take

this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for this

invaluable guidance constant encouragement, immense

motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this

I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and also

to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project

successful and for their valuable advice and support, which I

received from then time to time.

consequences” submitted by “Jatin Choudhary” in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for CBSE in “PCM” at

“Tagore Academy” is an authentic work carried out by him

under my supervision and guidance.

To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the

project has not been submitted to any other institute.

Mrs. Lamhi Chauhan

11. SOURCES OF ERROR

To investigate the relation between the ratio

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

= output e.m.f / input e.m.f

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

Ip = value of primary current at the same instant

Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep Ip

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current &a

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.

4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing