Rectifiers 2sp

Contents
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters

Properties of Electrical Signals
DC Component (Average Value) and AC Component
Eective Value (RMS Value)
Half-Wave Rectier
Full-Wave Rectier
Center-Tapped Transformer Full-Wave Rectier
Full-Wave Bridge Rectier
Rectier Summary
Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor
Voltage Regulation
Ripple Factor
Capacitor Filter
Ripple Factor of Capacitor Filter
Diode Conduction Period and Peak Diode Current
Additional RC Filter
DC Operation
AC Operation
π -Filter
Dr. U. Sezen & Dr. D. Gökçen (Hacettepe Uni.) ELE230 Electronics I 28-Feb-2017 1 / 57
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals
DC Component (Average Value) and AC

Component
I Every (periodic) signal has a DC component and an AC component, i.e.,
v(t) = VDC + vac (t)
where VDC is the DC component and vac (t) is the AC component.

I DC component VDC is dened as the time-average or mean of the signal within one
period, i.e.,
1
Z T
VDC = Vmean = v(t)dt
T 0
where T is the period of the signal.

VDC is the voltage value displayed for v(t) on a DC voltmeter.
I AC component vac (t) is the zero-mean time-varying component of the signal given by
vac (t) = v(t) − VDC
IMPORTANT: In this course, we are going to use

1. capital letters for both quantity symbols and subscripts of DC components, e.g., IDQ ,
2. small letters for both quantity symbols and subscripts of AC components, e.g., id ,
3. small letters for quantity symbols and capital letters for subscripts of AC+DC signals,
e.g., iD where iD = IDQ + id .
Example 1: Let us calculate the DC component of the half-wave rectier output shown
below.
Solution: DC component of the signal given by its time-average in one period. However
in the case of the half-wave rectier output shown in the gure above, second half-cycle
of the signal is zero. So, we only need to integrate rst half-cycle of the signal.
Z T /2
1
VDC = Vm sin(2πt/T )dt
T 0
Z π
1 2πt
= Vm sin θ dθ . . . using change of variables θ =
2π 0 T
Vm
= [− cos θ]π
0
2π
Vm
=
π
∼
= 0.318 Vm
Example 2: Let us calculate the DC component of the full-wave rectier output shown
below.
Solution: DC component of the signal given by its time-average in one period. However
in the case of the full-wave rectier output shown in the gure above, the period of the
output signal is T2 .
Z T /2
2
VDC = Vm sin(2πt/T )dt
T 0
Z π
1 2πt
= Vm sin θ dθ . . . using change of variables θ =
π 0 T
Vm
= [− cos θ]π0
π
2Vm
=
π
∼
= 0.636 Vm
Example 3: Let us calculate the DC component of the triangular waveform shown below.
Solution: DC component of the signal given by its time-average in one period. In this
case the integral of the waveform in one period is the area of the triangle present
(Vm T /2) in one period as seen in the gure above.
Z T
1
VDC = v(t)dt
T 0

1 Vm T
=
T 2
Vm
=
2
Example 4: Let us nd the AC component of the triangular waveform shown below.
Solution: AC component of the signal is obtained by subtracting the DC component, i.e.,

Vm
vac (t) = v(t) − VDC = v(t) − .
2
Thus, the AC component of the triangular waveform is plotted as shown below.
Eective Value (RMS Value)

I Average power or mean power is dened as the time-average of the instantaneous power
over a period, i.e., Z
1 T
Pmean = p(t)dt
T 0
where p(t) is the instantaneous power and T is the period of p(t).
I The idea of eective current and voltage values comes from the need for writing the
average power as a multiple of voltage and current values just like the Watt's law, i.e.,
Pmean = Veective Ieective
where Veective and Ieective are the eective voltage and current values, respectively.
Eective Voltage Value

I Let us obtain the eective voltage value Veective by dening average power over a resistor
R
1
Z T
v 2 (t)
Pmean = dt
T 0 R
Z T
1 1 2
= v (t)dt
R T 0
| {z }
V2
eective
2
Veective
=
R
I Thus, eective voltage value Veective is given as the root-mean-square (RMS) of the
voltage signal, i.e., s
1
Z T
Veective = Vrms = v 2 (t)dt
T 0
Vrms is the voltage value displayed for v(t) on an AC voltmeter.
Eective Current Value

I Let us obtain the eective current value Ieective by dening average power over a resistor
R
Z T
1
Pmean = i2 (t)Rdt
T 0
Z T
1 2
= i (t)dt R
T 0
| {z }
I2
eective
2
= Ieective R
I Thus, eective current value Ieective is given as the root-mean-square (RMS) of the
current signal, i.e., s
1
Z T
Ieective = Irms = i2 (t)dt
T 0
Irms is the voltage value displayed for i(t) on an AC ammeter.
Example 5: Calculate the RMS value Vrms of the mixed signal
v(t) = A + B cos ωt.
Solution: Let us nd Vrms

2 rst
1
Z T
2
Vrms = (A + B cos ωt)2 dt
T 0
1
Z T
= A2 + (
2AB
((cos
( + B 2 cos2 ωt2 dt
(ωt
T 0
B2 T
Z
1 2 T
= A t 0 + (1 + cos 2ωt) dt
T 2 0
T
B2 B 2 sin 2ωt

2

=A + +
2 2T T 0
B2
= A2 +
2
So, s
B2
Vrms = A2 +
2
I We can generalize the result of Example 5 for the RMS value Vrms of a general AC+DC
signal v(t) where
v(t) = VDC + vac (t),
as the combined RMS equation given below

q
Vrms = 2 +V2
VDC ac(rms)
Example 6: Calculate the RMS value of the triangular waveform shown below.

2V
 m t,
 0 ≤ t < T /2
v(t) = T
2Vm
2Vm −
 t, T /2 ≤ t < T
T
Solution: Let us calculate Vrms

2 by using integration by parts
!
2Vm 2
T /2 2Vm 2
Z
Z T
2 1
Vrms = t dt + 2Vm − t dt
T 0 T T /2 T
2 Z T /2 Z T !
1 4Vm 2 1
= t2 dt + 4Vm2
1 − t + 2 t2 dt
T T2 0 T /2 T T
4Vm2 t3 T /2 4Vm 2 t2 t3
T
= + t− +
T3 3 0 T T 3T 2 T /2
4Vm2 T
3 4Vm 2 T 3T 7T

=
+
− +
3 24
T T 2 4 24

Vm2
=
3
So, the RMS value of the triangular waveform is given by

Vm
Vrms = √
3
Example 7: Calculate the RMS value of the ideal half-wave rectier output given below.
Solution: Let us rst calculate the Vrms

2
Z T /2
2 1 2
Vrms = Vm sin2 (2πt/T )dt
T 0
1 2 π
Z
2πt
= Vm sin2 θ dθ . . . using change of variables θ =
2π 0 T
2 Z π
V 1
= m (1 − cos2θ )dθ
. . . using trigonometric identities
2π 0 2
Vm2
=
4
So, the RMS value of the ideal half-wave rectier output is given by
Vm
Vrms =
2
Example 8: Calculate the RMS value of the ideal full-wave rectier output given below.
Solution: Let us rst calculate the Vrms

2
Z T /2
2 2 2
Vrms = Vm sin2 (2πt/T )dt
T 0
1 2 π
Z
2πt
= Vm sin2 θ dθ . . . using change of variables θ =
π 0 T
2 Z π
V 1
= m (1 − cos2θ )dθ
. . . using trigonometric identities
π 0 2
Vm2
=
2
So, the RMS value of the ideal full-wave rectier output is given by
Vm
Vrms = √ ∼= 0.707 Vm
2
Example 9: Calculate the RMS value Vac(rms) of the AC component of the triangular
waveform.
Solution: We are going to use the combined RMS equation with the already calculated
DC and RMS values of the triangular waveform as follows
2 2 2
Vac(rms) = Vrms − VDC
Vm 2 Vm 2

= √ −
3 2
Vm2 V2
= − m
3 4
V 2
= m.
12
So, the RMS value of the AC component of the triangular waveform is given by
Vm
Vac(rms) = √
2 3
Example 10: Calculate the RMS value Vac(rms) of the AC component of the ideal
half-wave rectier output.
DC and RMS values of the ideal half-wave rectier output as follows
2 2 2
Vm 2 Vm 2

= −
2 π
Vm2 V2
= − m
4 π2
So, the RMS value of the AC component of the half-wave rectier output is given by
r
1 1
Vac(rms) = Vm − 2 ∼
= 0.386 Vm
4 π
Example 11: Calculate the RMS value Vac(rms) of the AC component of the ideal
full-wave rectier output.
DC and RMS values of the ideal full-wave rectier output as follows
2 2 2
Vm 2 2Vm 2

= √ −
2 π
Vm2 4V 2
= − 2m
2 π
So, the RMS value of the AC component of the full-wave rectier output is given by
r
1 4
Vac(rms) = Vm − 2 ∼
= 0.308 Vm
2 π
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Half-Wave Rectier
Half-Wave Rectier
I Generating a waveform with a non-zero mean value, i.e., non-zero DC component, from
an AC waveform (i.e., a zero-mean time-varying signal) is called rectication. The circuits
which perform rectication are called rectiers. This is a crude AC to DC conversion.
I A half-wave rectier recties only half-cycle of the waveform, i.e., circuits conducts only
for one-half of the AC cycle, maintaining the average of the output signal non-zero.
I A half-wave rectier circuit is the same as the series clipper circuit shown below.
I Sample input and ideal output waveforms for an half-wave rectier are given in the gure
below.
I The DC voltage output of the half-wave rectier is the DC component of the output
waveform and as calculated before it is given by
1
VDC(half-wave) = Vm ∼
= 0.318 Vm
π
where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal signal.
I The output of the half-wave rectier for VD(ON ) = 0.7 V is shown below
When VD(ON ) 6= 0, the DC voltage output of the half-wave rectier is approximately

equal to
1 1
VDC(half-wave) ∼
= Vm − VD(ON ) = 0.318 Vm − 0.5 VD(ON )
π 2
I When the diode is OFF, maximum negative voltage between the terminals of the diode
is the negative peak value −Vm . So, the peak-inverse-voltage for the half-wave rectier is
given by
PIV(half-wave rectier) = Vm
Thus, we need to select a diode with a PIV rating greater than Vm , i.e., PIVdiode > Vm ,
to use in our half-wave rectier circuit.
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier
Full-Wave Rectier
I A full-wave rectier recties both cycles of the waveform producing a higher DC output
as shown below
I The DC voltage output of the full-wave rectier is the DC component of the output
waveform and as calculated before it is given by
2
VDC(full-wave) = Vm ∼
= 0.636 Vm
π
where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal.
Full-Wave Rectier Circuits
There are two types of full-wave rectier circuits:

1. Center-Tapped Transformer Full-Wave Rectier
2. Full-Wave Bridge Rectier
Center-Tapped Transformer Full-Wave Rectier

Center-tapped transformer full-wave rectier shown below requires a center-tapped (CT)
transformer to establish the replica of the input signal across each section of the
secondary of the transformer and then combining two half-wave rectiers together where
the two half-wave rectiers operate on opposite cycles of the input signal.
Here, D1 operates on the positive half-cycle and D2 operates on the negative half-cycle of
input vi .
I Using the ideal diode model, operation of the center-tapped transformer full-wave rectier
are shown for positive and negative cycles in the top and bottom gures below,
respectively.
I When the diodes are OFF, maximum negative voltage between the terminals of the
diodes are twice the negative peak value. So, the peak-inverse-voltage for the
center-tapped transformer full-wave rectier is given by
PIV(center-tapped) = 2Vm
I When the diodes are not ideal, i.e., VD(ON ) 6= 0, the DC voltage output of the
center-tapped transformer full-wave rectier is approximately equal to
2
VDC(center-tapped) ∼
= Vm − VD(ON ) = 0.636 Vm − VD(ON )
π
Full-Wave Bridge Rectier

The most popular circuit to achieve full-wave rectication is four diodes in a bridge
conguration as shown below. The popularity of the rectier comes from the fact that it
eliminates the need for a transformer.
Here, D2 and D3 operate on the positive half-cycle, and D4 and D1 operate on the
negative half-cycle of input vi .
I Using the ideal diode model, operation of the full-wave bridge rectier are shown for
positive and negative cycles in the top and bottom gures below, respectively.
I When the diodes are OFF, maximum negative voltage between the terminals of the
diodes are equal to the negative peak value. So, the peak-inverse-voltage for the full-wave
bridge rectier is given by
PIV(bridge) = Vm
I The positive half-cycle operation and full output of the full-wave bridge rectier for
VD(ON ) = 0.7 V is shown below
When the diodes are not ideal, i.e., VD(ON ) 6= 0, the DC voltage output of the full-wave
bridge rectier is approximately equal to
2
VDC(bridge) ∼
= Vm − 2VD(ON ) = 0.636 Vm − 2VD(ON )
π
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Rectier Summary
Rectier Summary
Summary of the rectier circuits is given in the table below.
Rectier Ideal Output Realistic Output PIV
Half-Wave Rectier VDC = 0.318 Vm VDC = 0.318 Vm − 0.5 VD(ON ) Vm
Center-Tapped Transformer VDC = 0.636 Vm VDC = 0.636 Vm − VD(ON ) 2Vm

Full-Wave Rectier
Full-Wave Bridge Rectier VDC = 0.636 Vm VDC = 0.636 Vm − 2VD(ON ) Vm
Note: Vm is the peak value of the sinusoidal input voltage.
Homework 1: Compare the center-tapped transformer rectier and bridge rectier listing their
advantages and disadvantages. Which one is more preferable and why?
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor
Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor
A block diagram containing the parts of a typical power supply and the voltages at various
points in the unit is shown in shown above.
1. The mains AC voltage (120 Vrms 60 Hz in USA, and 230 Vrms 50 Hz in Europe), is
connected to a transformer, which steps that AC voltage down to the level for the
desired DC output.
2. A diode rectier then provides a full-wave rectied voltage.
3. Full-wave rectied voltage is then ltered by a simple capacitor lter to produce a
DC voltage. This resulting DC voltage usually has some ripple or AC voltage
variation.
4. Finally, obtained DC voltage is regulated to obtain a desired xed DC voltage. The
regulation circuit takes a DC voltage and provides a somewhat lower DC voltage,
which remains the same even if the input DC voltage varies or the output load
changes. Although one of the simplest regulators is a Zener regulator, usually an
integrated circuit (IC) voltage regulator unit is used for voltage regulation.
Voltage Regulation
I An important factor in a power supply is the amount the DC output voltage changes over
a range of loads. The voltage provided at the output under no-load condition (no current
drawn from the supply) is reduced when load current is drawn from the supply (under
load). The amount the DC voltage changes between the no-load (NL) and full-load (FL)
conditions is described by a factor called voltage regulation (VR) given by
VN L − VF L
%VR = × 100
VF L
Example 12: A DC voltage supply provides 60 V when the output is unloaded. When
connected to a load, the output drops to 56 V. Calculate the value of voltage regulation.
VN L − VF L 60 − 56
Solution: %VR = × 100 = × 100 = 7.1%.
VF L 56
I The smaller the voltage regulation, the better the operation of the voltage supply circuit.
Ripple Factor
I The ltered output shown above has a DC value and some AC variation (ripple). The
smaller the AC variation with respect to the DC level, the better the lter circuit's
operation (or the better the power supply). This ratio is called the ripple factor (r)
expressed by
Vr(rms)
%r = × 100
VDC
where Vr(rms) the RMS value of the AC ripple voltage vr (t) uctuating around the DC
value VDC at the output.
Example 13: Calculate the ripple factor of the ideal half-wave rectier output below.
Solution: %r(half-wave) = ac(rms)(half-wave) × 100 =

V m 0.386 V
× 100 = 121%.
VDC(half-wave) 0.318 Vm
Example 14: Calculate the ripple factor of the ideal full-wave rectier output below.
Solution: %r(full-wave) = ac(rms)(full-wave) × 100 =

V m 0.308 V
× 100 = 48%.
VDC(full-wave) 0.636 Vm
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter
Capacitor Filter
I A very popular lter circuit is the capacitor-lter circuit shown above. A capacitor is
connected at the rectier output, and a DC voltage is obtained across the capacitor.
I So, a full-wave rectier integrated with a capacitor lter is shown above.
Figure on the left above shows the output voltage of the ideal full-wave rectier before
the signal is ltered,
while gure on the right above shows the resulting waveform after the lter capacitor is
connected at the rectier output.
Notice that the ltered waveform is essentially a DC voltage with some ripple (or AC
variation).
I When we analyse the capacitor lter output shown on the left above,
Time T1 is the time during which diodes of the full-wave rectier conduct, charging the
capacitor up to the peak rectier voltage, Vm .
Time T2 is the time interval during which the rectier voltage drops below the peak
voltage, and the capacitor discharges through the load.
Since the charge-discharge cycle occurs for each half-cycle for a full-wave rectier, the
period of the rectied waveform is T /2 (one-half the input signal frequency).
I The ripples of the ltered voltage can be approximated by a triangular waveform as
shown on the right above, where the output waveform has a DC level VDC and a
triangular ripple voltage Vr(rms) as the capacitor charges and discharges.
Ripple Factor of Capacitor Filter
Let us derive the expression for the ripple factor of the capacitor lter output shown above
1. Charging period T1 and discharging period T2 together constitute the whole period T /2.
Thus,
T
T2 = − T1
2
2. Peak-to-peak ripple voltage Vr(p-p) is given by
Vr(p-p) = 2 (Vm − VDC )
3. We can express discharge current (i.e., load current) IDC as follows

∆V Vr(p-p)
IDC = C =C
∆t T2
4. Using similar triangles we can obtain an expression for T1

Vr(p-p) Vm
∼
=
T1 T /4
Vr(p-p) T
T1 ∼
=
Vm 4
2 (Vm − VDC ) T
∼
= . . . from Step 2
Vm 4
∼ T VDC T
= −
2 2Vm
5. We can obtain T2 from Step 1 and Step 3
VDC T
T2 =
2Vm
6. We can obtain Vr(p-p) from Step 3 and Step 5
IDC VDC IDC VDC

Vr(p-p) = =
2f C Vm fripple C Vm
where fripple = 2f and f = 1/T is the frequency of the input AC voltage.

7. Similarly, we can obtain Vr(rms) from Step 6 by using the RMS value of an AC triangular
waveform
Vr(p-p) √
Vr(rms) = √ . . . i.e., Vr(p) = 3Vr(rms)
2 3
IDC VDC
= √
2 3fripple C Vm
8. Thus, ripple factor r is given by

Vr(rms)
r=
VDC
1 VDC
= √ . . . as VDC = IDC RL
2 3fripple CRL Vm
√
Due to Vr(p) = 3Vr(rms) and Vm = VDC + Vr(p) , we obtain VDC
Vm
as
VDC VDC 1 1 1
= = = √ = √
1 + Vr(p)
Vm VDC + Vr(p) V 3Vr(rms)
1+ 1+ 3r
DC VDC
V 1 V
9. For light load (i.e., r < 6.5%), DC = √ ratio approaches to one, i.e., DC ∼
= 1.
Vm 1 + 3r Vm
So, expression for the ripple factor r reduces to
1
r∼
= √
2 3fripple CRL
10. Hence when VDC

Vm = 1,
∼ peak-to-peak ripple voltage Vr(p−p) becomes
IDC
Vr(p-p) ∼
=
fripple C
Thus, the larger the capacitor the smaller the ripple voltage and ripple factor.
Diode Conduction Period and Peak Diode Current

Larger values of capacitance provide less ripple and higher average voltage, thereby
providing better lter action. From this, one might conclude that to improve the
performance of a capacitor lter it is only necessary to increase the size of the lter
capacitor. The capacitor, however, also aects the peak current drawn through the
rectifying diodes, and as will be shown next, the larger the value of the capacitor, the
larger the peak current drawn through the rectifying diodes.
Recall that the diodes conduct during period T1 , during which time the diode must
provide the necessary average current to charge the capacitor. The shorter this time
interval, the larger the amount of the charging current. Figure on the next slide shows
this relation for a half-wave rectied signal (it would be the same basic operation for
full-wave). Notice that for smaller values of capacitor, with T1 larger, the peak diode
current is less than for larger values of lter capacitor.
Since the total discharge must equal to total charge, the following relation can be used
(assuming constant diode current during charging period):
IDC T2 = Ipeak T1
T2
Ipeak = IDC
T1
T
where T2 ∼= T for a half-wave rectier as shown above. Similarly, T2 ∼ = for a full-wave
2
rectier.
I Note that fripple = f for a half-wave rectier, and fripple = 2f for a full-wave rectier.
Example 15: (2004-2005 MI) A power-supply circuit is needed to deliver 0.1 A and an
average of 15 V to a load. The AC source available is 230 Vrms with a frequency of 50 Hz.
Assume that a full-wave rectier circuit is to be used with a smoothing capacitor in
parallel with the load as shown in the gure above. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage is to
be 0.4 V. Allow VD(ON ) = 0.7 V for the forward diode voltage drop.
Find
a) The turns-ratio n = N1 /N2 that is
needed,
b) The load resistor RL , and
c) The approximate value of the smoothing
capacitor C .
Solution: For a full-wave bridge rectier, DC voltage drop due to the diodes is 2VD(ON ) .
a) As VDC = 15 V and Vr(p-p) = 0.4 V, peak value Vm of the AC voltage at the
secondary terminal of the transformer is given by
Vm = VDC + Vr(p-p) /2 + 2VD(ON ) = 15 + 0.4/2 + 2(0.7) = 16.6 V.
Thus the turns ratio n is given by
√ √
VAC(p) 2VAC(rms) 2(230)
n= = = = 19.6.
Vm Vm 16.6
b) As VDC = 15 V and IDC = 0.1 A, RL is given by
VDC 15
RL = = = 150 Ω.
IDC 0.1
c) As VDC
VDC +Vr(p)
= 15
15.2 = 1,
∼ then Vr(p-p) ∼
=
IDC
fripple C
. So, capacitor C is given by
IDC IDC 0.1
C= = = = 2.5 mF.
fripple Vr(p-p) 2f Vr(p-p) 2(50)(0.4)
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Additional RC Filter
Additional RC Filter
It is possible to further reduce the amount of ripple across a lter capacitor by using an
additional RC lter section as shown above.
The purpose of the added RC section is to pass most of the DC component while
attenuating (reducing) as much of the AC component as possible. Figure on the next slide
shows a full-wave rectier with capacitor lter followed by an RC lter section.
Thus, adding an RC section will further reduce the ripple voltage and decrease the surge
current through the diodes.
As ripple component of the capacitor lter is much smaller than the DC component, the
operation of the lter circuit can be analysed using superposition for the DC and AC
components of signal.
I So, we are going to rst use the DC equivalent circuit (i.e., DC analysis) in order to
obtain VDC 0 .
I Then, we are going to use the AC equivalent circuit (i.e., AC analysis) in order to obtain
rms) .
0
Vr(
DC Operation
DC equivalent circuit, where both capacitors are open-circuit for DC operation, of the
additional RC lter stage is shown above.
Thus, DC output of the RC lter stage is given by
0 RL
VDC = VDC
R + RL
where VDC is the DC output of the capacitor lter.
AC Operation
So, AC output of the RC lter stage is given by

0
1
Vr( =
rms) Vr(rms)

R
1 +

Z0

where Z 0 is the parallel impedance of the capacitor C2 and the load RL , i.e.,
Z 0 = ZC ||RL , Z = q RL XC
0
RL2 + X2
C
1
and ZC = −jXC with XC = and ω = 2πfripple .
ωC2
Simplication
I If RL XC , e.g., RL ≥ 5XC , then |Z 0 | ∼

= XC .
Consequently, Vr(0 rms) could be written as
0 ∼ 1 XC
Vr( rms) = s Vr(rms) = q Vr(rms)
R2 2
R2 + XC
1+ 2
XC
R2
I Additionally if 2
1, then the above expression further reduces to
XC
0 XC
Vr( rms) ≈ Vr(rms)
R
Example 16: Consider the circuit above with fripple = 50 Hz, C2 = 10 µF and RL = 2 kΩ.
Let us calculate XC and |Z 0 |
1 1
XC = = = 318 Ω,
2πfripple C2 2π(50)(10µ)
Z = q RL XC (2k)(318)
0
= p = 314 Ω.
2 2 (2k) 2 + (318)2
RL + XC
= XC holds when RL ≥ 5XC .

Thus, the assumption |Z 0 | ∼
Example 17: Consider the circuit above with fmains = 50 Hz.

a) Find the DC and AC voltages over the load,
b) Find the ripple factors, %r and %r0 values,
c) Find the voltage regulation factor %VR.
Solution: As a full-wave rectier is used fripple = 2fmains = 100 Hz.
a) Let us nd VDC 0 rst
RL 5k
0
VDC = VDC = 150 = 136.4 V.
R + RL 0.5k + 5k
We see that DC voltage value dropped by 13.6 V.
Now, let us nd XC

1 1
XC = = = 159 Ω
2πfripple C2 2π(100)(10µ)
As RL XC ,
XC 159
0
Vr( rms) = q Vr(rms) = √ 15 = 4.55 V
2 2 5002 + 1592
R + XC
We see that ripple voltage reduced by a factor of 3.3 times.

b) Ripple factors before %r and after %r0 are given by
Vr(rms) 15
%r = × 100 = × 100 = 10%
VDC 150
0
Vr( rms) 4.55
%r0 = 0
× 100 = × 100 = 3.34%
VDC 136.4
We see that ripple factor reduced by a factor of 3 times.
c) Voltage regulation %VR is given by

VN L − VF L 150 − 136.4
%VR = × 100 = × 100 = 9.97%.
VF L 136.4
I If we want the DC voltage drop to be smaller but AC ripple drop to be higher, we can
achieve it by replacing the resistor R with a component such that its DC resistance is
small while its AC resistance is high. Such a component is an inductor.
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters π -Filter
π -Filter
By replacing resistor R in the RC lter with inductor L, we obtain a π-lter as shown

above.
While DC resistance R` of the coil is small and is AC reactance XL is high.
Example 18: For the π-lter shown in the gure above, the output DC voltage and
current are given as 200 V and 50 mA. Also VDC(C1 ) = 210 V, Vr(C1 ) = 12 Vrms and the
frequency of the ripple voltage fripple = 100 Hz. In order to satisfy r0 ≤ 2%, determine
the values of RL , R` , L and C2 . Explain any assumptions you make.
NOTE: R` denotes the DC resistance of the coil.
Solution: As VDC
0 = 200 V and IDC
0 = 50 mA, the load RL is given by
0
RL = VDC 0
/IDC = 200/50m = 4 kΩ.
We know that VDC

0 = RL
V
R` +RL DC
, so R` is given by
0 0
R` = (VDC − VDC )RL /VDC = (210 − 200)/200 = 200 Ω.
Let us nd the ripple voltage requirement as Vr(0 rms) ≤ (2%)VDC

0 = (2%)(200) = 4 Vrms
rms) ≤ 4 Vrms.
0
Vr(
Let us select XC RL as XC = RL /10 = 4k/10 = 400 Ω.

Note that ZL = R` + jXL , and assuming XL R` we will take ZL ∼
= jXL .
XL − XC Vr(rms) 12
We know that ≥ 0 = = 3, so XL is given by
XC Vr(rms) 4
XL ≥ 4XC = (4)(400) = 1.6 kΩ
So, let us select XL = 1.7kΩ and nd the value of inductance L as follows
XL XL 1.7k
L= = = = 2.7 H.
ω 2πfripple 2π(100)
As XC = 400 Ω, we can nd the value of capacitance C as follows

1 1 1
C= = = = 4 µF.
ωXC 2πfripple XC 2π(100)(400)

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Contents

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

DC Component (Average Value) and AC

where VDC is the DC component and vac (t) is the AC component.

where T is the period of the signal.

vac (t) = v(t) − VDC

IMPORTANT: In this course, we are going to use

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Solution: AC component of the signal is obtained by subtracting the DC component, i.e.,

Thus, the AC component of the triangular waveform is plotted as shown below.

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Eective Value (RMS Value)

where p(t) is the instantaneous power and T is the period of p(t).

Pmean = Veective Ieective

Eective Voltage Value

Vrms is the voltage value displayed for v(t) on an AC voltmeter.

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Eective Current Value

Irms is the voltage value displayed for i(t) on an AC ammeter.

Example 5: Calculate the RMS value Vrms of the mixed signal

v(t) = A + B cos ωt.

Solution: Let us nd Vrms

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

as the combined RMS equation given below

Solution: Let us calculate Vrms

So, the RMS value of the triangular waveform is given by

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Solution: Let us rst calculate the Vrms

Solution: Let us rst calculate the Vrms

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Half-Wave Rectier

where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal signal.

When VD(ON ) 6= 0, the DC voltage output of the half-wave rectier is approximately

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier

where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal.

Full-Wave Rectier Circuits

There are two types of full-wave rectier circuits:

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier

Center-Tapped Transformer Full-Wave Rectier

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier

where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal signal.

Full-Wave Bridge Rectier

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier

where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal signal.

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Rectier Summary

Center-Tapped Transformer VDC = 0.636 Vm VDC = 0.636 Vm − VD(ON ) 2Vm

Note: Vm is the peak value of the sinusoidal input voltage.

Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor

Solution: %r(half-wave) = ac(rms)(half-wave) × 100 =

Solution: %r(full-wave) = ac(rms)(full-wave) × 100 =

I So, a full-wave rectier integrated with a capacitor lter is shown above.

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter

Ripple Factor of Capacitor Filter

3. We can express discharge current (i.e., load current) IDC as follows

4. Using similar triangles we can obtain an expression for T1

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Eective Value (RMS Value)

Pmean = Veective Ieective

Eective Voltage Value

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Eective Current Value

Solution: Let us nd Vrms

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Solution: Let us rst calculate the Vrms

Solution: Let us rst calculate the Vrms

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Half-Wave Rectier

When VD(ON ) 6= 0, the DC voltage output of the half-wave rectier is approximately

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier

Full-Wave Rectier Circuits

There are two types of full-wave rectier circuits:

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier

Center-Tapped Transformer Full-Wave Rectier

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier

Full-Wave Bridge Rectier

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Rectier Summary

I So, a full-wave rectier integrated with a capacitor lter is shown above.

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Additional RC Filter

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Additional RC Filter

where VDC is the DC output of the capacitor lter.

So, AC output of the RC lter stage is given by

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Additional RC Filter

I If RL XC , e.g., RL ≥ 5XC , then |Z 0 | ∼

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Additional RC Filter

Now, let us nd XC

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Additional RC Filter

By replacing resistor R in the RC lter with inductor L, we obtain a π-lter as shown

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters π -Filter

Let us nd the ripple voltage requirement as Vr(0 rms) ≤ (2%)VDC

Let us select XC RL as XC = RL /10 = 4k/10 = 400 Ω.

As XC = 400 Ω, we can nd the value of capacitance C as follows