1.

Introduction
 Developmental goals of any particular idea vary from person to person. 

 Apart from personal development, we should definitely think of a country's

development.
 Development is defined as the people’s economic growth, along with the
growth of their basic needs like education, health, lifestyle, etc.
 The main aim of development is to update as per the demand of time.
 For example: to generate electricity, a dam is constructed over a river where
nearby mass is considered for construction resulting in the development of
society and country.
 It causes destruction for farmers and the lives of people living nearby.

2. Income and other goals

 Money is considered to be the basic need of people and to fulfill their daily
requirements making money or income is very important.
 Money is required to buy materialistic things as well as freedom, security,
treatment, respect to maintain a quality lifestyle.
 Hence, developmental goals are necessary to get a better income and other
things in life.

3. National Development 
 It is defined as a country’s ability to enhance the living standards of its
residents.
 For people, belief in nations' development is different.
 Improvement in people’s living standards, providing basic things to citizens
like food, education, social service, medical aid, etc, and increase in per capita
income, is referred to as National development.

4. How can you differentiate different countries or states?

 Income is a key feature to compare countries.

 Countries that have higher income are called developed countries and vice
versa.
 The income of a country is about the income of the citizens of that country.
  National income: it is the sum of the total value of the country’s goods and
services produced in a year. As every country has a different population rate, so
National income cannot be considered to compare between different countries.
 Per capita income: it is also called average income, defined as a country's total
earnings divided by the whole population. It shows the living standard of the
citizens of the country.
 The average income of the country is the ratio of the overall income of the
country to the overall population of the country.

5. Income and other criteria

 To achieve a goal, people earn more and want respect from others, the security
of their lives, and freedom.
 If we consider per capita in the country’s development, then Goa is the most
developed and Bihar is the least developed state in India.
 Net attendance ratio: defined as the total number of children, the age group
from 14 years attending the school from the total percentage of children in the
same age group.
 Literacy rate: it is the total number of people above 7 years who can write, read
and understand. If the literacy rate is high, then the state is considered to be
developed. Kerala has the highest literacy rate of 96.2% and Andhra Pradesh
has the lowest literacy rate of 66.4%.
 Infant mortality rate: it is the total number of children that die in one year of
age as a proportion of 1000 births in a year. It shows how efficient health
facilities are in any country. Kerala has the lowest infant mortality rate, that is
deaths per 1000 live births and Madhya Pradesh has the highest mortality rate
that is 48 per 1000 live births in India.

6. Human Development Index

 The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) prepares this index, in
which an annual report of human development is published every year.
 The major parameters include per capita income, literacy rate, and durability of
a person’s life, which measure the countries’ development.
 Countries are marked as very high, high, medium, and low developed countries
respectively.
 Apart from infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio; the BMI
index also plays an important role.
7. Body mass index (BMI) is measured to measure the adults who are undernourished
by calculating the weight of the person (kg) divided by the square of the height. If the
value is less than 18.5, the person is undernourished and if it is more than 25, then the
person is highly obese.

8. Public Facilities
 Public facilities play a major role in the development of the country.

 These are the facilities provided by the government like schools, transportation,
electricity, hospitals, residences, community halls, etc.
 These facilities are important as we cannot purchase every major facility.

9. Sustainable Development
 It is the development that meets all needs of today’s generation.

 It is the development of a nation without affecting the environment.

 To achieve sustainable development, we should use non-renewable resources
such as carbon-based fuel wisely.

Frequently Asked Questions and Answers

1. Write down the features of a developed country? Name the countries having
the highest and lowest per capita income in 2019 (US Dollars).
Ans: 
 Any country whose literacy rate, per capita income, and service rate is high,
those countries are called a developed country.
 The per capita income of a country is a measure of its number of people’s
economic output.
 Countries with per capita income having to be $128000 per annum are called
developed countries. Example – Qatar.
 Countries with a per capita income of $800 or less are known as developing
countries. Example: Central African Republic.

2. What is IMR and why is it important? Which state has a high and low infant
mortality rate?
Ans:
 IMR is the total number of children that die within 1 year of age as a proportion
of 1000 births in a year.
 This shows the efficiency of health facilities in a country.
 Madhya Pradesh has a high infant mortality rate of 48 deaths per 1000 live
births and Nagaland has a low infant mortality rate of 4 deaths per 1000 live
births.

3. What is India’s per capita income in 2020? Which is the richest state of India?
And which state of India makes more income?
Ans:
 As per the world development indicators, India has $7680 per capita income.

 Maharashtra is the richest state in India with a nominal GDP of 28.78 lakh
crore.
 Sikkim has the lowest GDP of 0.287 lakh crore.
 Goa has the highest per capita income of $6698 (Rs. 4,30,081)

4. Other than income, what are the other factors that are important for our lives?
Ans: Important factors for our lives are:
 Safe environment for women at their workplace.

 Freedom, respect, treatment, and security.

 Pollution-free environment.
 Political rights

5. What do you mean by development? Write down the aspect of development.

Ans: Development is the improvement of citizens' lives in terms of income, lifestyle,
etc.
Major aspects of development are:
 Development for anyone can be destructive for others.

 Different people have different goals in life.

6. Why is average income an essential criterion for development?

Ans:
Average income is the basic criteria because it shows the earning of a person, it also
gives a clear idea about the standard of living. The average income will be less if the
number of people who are not working is less.

7. Which neighboring country of India has better performance in terms of

Human development?
Ans:
 Sri Lanka performed better in terms of human development than India.

 It’s per capita income is $4390, 91% literacy rate, 93 HDI rank, 74 life
expectancy at birth which is better than India and other neighboring countries
that are Myanmar, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh.

8. Why do we use averages and what are their limitations? Provide some
examples where the word “average” is used to compare situations.
Ans:
 Averages are used to compare different parameters of the same category, not
people.
 Averages do not provide information about the distribution of a particular thing
between people.
 Example: where the word average is used for comparing situations are:
i. To find out the literacy rates in the country.
ii. Height and weight of students in a class with a total number of students.
iii. To find the average income of people in the state.

9.  “A development for one individual can be destructive for others”. Explain this
statement with two examples.
Ans: Here are two examples are:
 A businessman hires workers, those who are providing them more wages which
is a development for workers, but on the other hand, it gives a loss for a
businessman as he could have hired 2 or more workers at the same price.
 Industrialists construct apartments and buildings for his/her personal
development and for the nation. These apartments are destructive for farmers as
they could have used this land for irrigation.
Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Development
Revision Notes
Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1
The topics covered in this chapter are discussed in brief below.
What Development Promises? - Different People, Different Goals

Society is a mixture of different people and different people have different goals and
aspirations. This table shows that not all people have the same desires or goals.
Buying a tractor can be said development for a farmer but not for a student or an
employee. Thus, Different people can have different developmental goals.

Income & Other Goals

The aspirations or goals of a person can not only be just related to monetary aspects.
Income is the most vital part to fulfill our goals and aspirations but people do have
some non-material desires as well.
For example, You've got a job offer in company A and also in company B. A Provides
a higher salary but no growth opportunities or a healthy job environment whereas B
provides less pay with good working conditions and growth opportunities.
There are a lot of things that matter a lot but can't be measured. Thus, People also seek
such non-material things besides seeking more income. Similarly, development is also
a mixture of different sets of goals or desires.

National Development
As People have different goals, their notions of development will also be different.
What should a country do for development? National development talks about this
only.

How to Compare Different Countries?

Income is the most appropriate and important attribute to Compare different countries
or states. The income of all the residents of the country is called the income of the
country.
Different countries have different sizes of the population. Therefore, they can't be
compared in terms of their total income.
Thus, Average income is used to compare the countries which are calculated by
dividing the total population by the total income. It is also called Per Capita Income.
This criterion is also used for classifying countries as per World Development Reports
of the World Bank.
1. Countries having a per capita income of US$ 12,056 p.a. and above in 2017 are
classified as rich countries.
2. Countries having a per capita income of US$ 955 or less are classified as low-
income countries.

Other Criteria Besides Income

While taking two countries or regions into consideration, not only average income is
important but also public facilities do matter.

What are Public Facilities

The facilities provided by the government are called public facilities. These are
provided for the welfare of the society and the development of the country.
For example Health & educational facilities, Infrastructure, sanitation, etc.
 Kerala achieved a low infant mortality rate because of its adequate health &
educational facilities.
 In Some states, the Public Distribution System ( PDS ) works well.

Sustainability of Development
Sustainable Development means the development of the present without
compromising future generations. Scientists are warning the world that present
practices are not sustainable in nature. For example:
 Exhaustion of Natural resources like Forests & Groundwater.

 Exhaustion of Non-renewable resources like Coal, Petroleum, and natural gas.