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    Lecture 1 - Introduction To Statistic and Data Analysis

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    This document provides an introduction to statistics and data analysis. It discusses key concepts like data, variables, populations and samples. It outlines the steps in statistical problem solving including identifying the problem, collecting and classifying data, and making decisions. It also describes different types of variables, scales of measurement, sources of data and methods of data collection. Finally, it distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and examples of estimation and hypothesis testing.

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    Lecture 1 - Introduction To Statistic and Data Analysis

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    33 views17 pages
    This document provides an introduction to statistics and data analysis. It discusses key concepts like data, variables, populations and samples. It outlines the steps in statistical problem solving including identifying the problem, collecting and classifying data, and making decisions. It also describes different types of variables, scales of measurement, sources of data and methods of data collection. Finally, it distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and examples of estimation and hypothesis testing.

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    Lecture 1 - Introduction to Statistic and Data Analysis

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    This document provides an introduction to statistics and data analysis. It discusses key concepts like data, variables, populations and samples. It outlines the steps in statistical problem solving including identifying the problem, collecting and classifying data, and making decisions. It also describes different types of variables, scales of measurement, sources of data and methods of data collection. Finally, it distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and examples of estimation and hypothesis testing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views17 pages

    Lecture 1 - Introduction To Statistic and Data Analysis

    Uploaded by

    ShuYun
    This document provides an introduction to statistics and data analysis. It discusses key concepts like data, variables, populations and samples. It outlines the steps in statistical problem solving including identifying the problem, collecting and classifying data, and making decisions. It also describes different types of variables, scales of measurement, sources of data and methods of data collection. Finally, it distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and examples of estimation and hypothesis testing.

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    You are on page 1of 17

    LECTURE 1

    Introduction to Statistic
    and Data Analysis
    Dr Hariati Abdullah Hashim
    hariati@utm.my
    Learning Objectives!
    In this chapter you will learn:

    • The basic vocabulary of statistics

    • From data to statistics

    • Types of variables

    • Scales of measurement

    • Category of statistics
    Statistics

    STATISTICS represents scientific procedures and methods for


    collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing data, as
    well as obtaining useful information, drawing valid conclusions and
    making effective decisions based on the analysis.
    Omar et al. (2010)
    Steps in statistical problem solving
    Identify the
    problem or
    opportunity

    Deciding on the
    Making the
    method of data
    decision
    collection

    Presenting and
    analysing the Collecting data
    data

    Classifying and
    summarizing
    the data
    Basic vocabulary of statistics
    Data

    • Data are the different values associated with a variable

    Variable

    • Variable are a characteristics of an item or individual and are what you analyze when
    you use a statistical method

    Statistics

    • A statistic is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a sample. The


    branch of mathematics that transforms data into useful information

    Population

    • A population consists of all the items or individuals about which you want to draw a
    conclusion. The population is the “large group

    Sample

    • A sample is the portion of a population selected for analysis. The sample is the “small
    group”
    Data
    Data is a measure on a variables of interest
    obtained from a sample

    ‘Average house price at Kuala Selangor is


    RM200,00’
    Source of data

    Primary Secondary
    Data collection method?
    • Direct observation
    • Face-to-face interview
    • Direct questionnaire
    • Experiment
    • Telephone interview
    • Mail or postal questionnaire
    Types of variables

    Qualitative • Categorical /non numeric

    Quantitative • Numeric (continuous / discrete)


    Basic concept of measurement

    Measurement is the process of systematically assigning


    numbers to objects and their properties to facilitate the
    use of mathematics in studying and describing objects and
    their relationships
    Four types of measurement scales

    Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

    • Distinct • Ordered • Meaningful • Absolute


    categories Categories Distances Zero
    • Eye color, • Satisfaction • Temperature, • Height, time,
    gender level, exam score, IQ age
    grade
    (=≠) (+-) (x÷)
    (<>)
    O=T+E

    True • Observe score is the actual score


    Score • True score is person’s actual ability

    Theory
    • Error can be comprised of systematic error and
    random error
    RANDOM SYSTEMATIC
    ERROR ERROR
    Time of day Calibration of scale
    Homework 2

    Types of error in survey research:


    Random vs Systematic

    Source: https://siteeconomics.blogspot.com
    Category of
    statistics

    Descriptive • Collecting, summarizing,


    analysing and presenting the
    Statistics data

    • Using data collected from a small


    Inferential group to draw conclusions about
    a larger group, generalizations
    Statistics about a population by analyzing
    samples
    Inferential statistic

    Hypothesis
    Estimation
    Testing
    e.g.: estimate the population mean
    e.g. Test the claim that the
    annual income using the sample
    population mean annual income
    mean annual income
    is RM 100,000
    End of Lecture 1

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