MUSIC

ELEMENTS OF THE MEDIEVAL, RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE MUSIC

Western classical music history is traditionally understood as beginning with plainchant (also
called "Gregorian" chant), the vocal religious practice of the Roman Catholic Church.
THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (c. 700-1400)
Sacred Music of the Medieval Period: The Gregorian Chant
Characteristics of the Gregorian Chant:
1. Monophonic
• there is only one melody sang by male monks
• no accompaniment is used/purely vocal
2. Free Meter
• the Latin text determines how long each note should be sustained
• no of steady pulse / irregular meter
3. Modal
• the Church modes were the existing scale used
Ionian
Dorian
Phrygian
Lydian
Mixolydian
Aeolian
Locrian *the Locrian is not used in the liturgy as it was called as the mode of the devil.
4. Usually based on Latin Liturgy
• Latin is used in the text since music is widely used in the sacred liturgy. Ecclesiastical Latin is
the universal language of the Roman Catholic Church.
5. Use of Neume Notation
• Square notes
Secular Music of the Medieval Period: The Troubadour Music
secular music which was not bound by Catholic traditions emerged. Most of these songs were
performed across Europe by groups of musicians called Troubadours.
Characteristics of the Troubadour Music:
1. Usually, Monophonic
• Single melody/no harmony
2. Sometimes with improvised accompaniment
• Instruments: pipe, psaltery, lyre, shawm, sackbut, vielle, harp, tabor
3. Tells about chivalry and courtly love
• The story of Robin Hood was popular
4. Originated in France
5. Written in the French language

THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400-1600)

Characteristics of the Renaissance Music:
1. Mostly polyphonic
2. Imitation among the voices is common
• Each voice uses the same melodic ideas abut starts at different times
3. Use of word painting in texts and music
• Example: If the text says climbing a mountain, the pitch rises; if the text says hell, the pitch
goes low.
4. Melodic lines move in a flowing manner
5. Melodies are easier to perform because these move along a scale with a few large leaps.
Sacred Music of the Renaissance Period: The Mass
Characteristics of the Mass:
1. Polyphonic
2. May be sung a cappella or with orchestral accompaniment
3. Text may be:
• syllabic – one note set to each syllable
• neumatic – a few notes set to one syllable
• melismatic – many notes to one syllable

Five Main Sections of the Mass:

English Mass Bikol Mass
Kyrie “Lord Have Mercy” “Kagurangnan, Maherak
Ka”
Gloria “Glory to God in the “Kamurawayan sa Diyos sa
Highest” Kaitaasan”
Credo “Nicene Creed” “Nagtutubod Ako”
Sanctus at Benedictus “Holy, Holy” and “Blessed “Banal, Banal” asin
is He” “Paladan and Manadigdi”
Agnus Dei “Lamb of God” “Cordero kan Dios”
The Five Main Sections of the Mass were written in Latin except for Kyrie which is written in
Greek
Secular Music of the Renaissance Period: The Madrigal
Characteristics of the Madrigal:
1. Polyphonic
2. Sung a cappella
3. Through-composed
4. Frequently in 3 to 6 voices
THE BAROQUE PERIOD (1685-1750)
Characteristics of Baroque Music:
1. Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental.
2. Melodies are not easy to sing or remember.
3. Primarily contrapuntal textures with some homophony.
4. Dynamic contrast – alternation between loud and soft.
5. Music genres – operas, oratories, suites, toccatas, concerto grosso, fugue
• Concerto – a form of orchestral music that employs a solo instrument accompanied by an
orchestra
• Concerto Grosso – a form of orchestral music during the Baroque Period wherein the music is
between a small group of solo instruments called concertino and the whole orchestra called tutti.
• Fugue – a contrapuntal piece, developed mainly by imitative counterpoint. It is usually written
in 3 or 4 parts, with a main theme called “subject”. The entire piece grows mainly form a single
brief tune of strong musical character.
• Oratorio - a large scale musical composition for orchestra and voices that incorporates
narratives on religious themes. Unlike usual theatrical works, this is usually performed without
the use of costumes, scenery, or action. It is usually written in the native language for the
intended audience.

Examples:
a. Handel’s “Messiah,” “Samson,” “Israel,” and “Egypt”16
b. Bach’s “Christmas Oratorio”
c. Haydn’s “The Creation”
• Chorale – musical compositions that resemble a harmonized version of hymnal tunes of the
Protestant Church during the Baroque era. Original Baroque Chorale Gott, Bleib bei uns R.107.
 Orchestra consists of strings and continuo.
 Harpsichord and organ are the keyboard instruments that are commonly used.
New forms:
a. Binary – AB
b. Ternary – ABC
c. Ground bass

THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400-1600)

Renaissance Period
• The invention of printing in the 1400s paved way for a wide distribution of renaissance
compositions.
• With the emergence of the bourgeois class, renaissance music became popular as entertainment
and activity for amateurs and the educated.
• Lute was prominent instrument
• Influence of the Roman Catholic Church started to decline as the new genre arose
Though sacred music was still of great importance, secular music became more prominent in the
renaissance period.
Also known as the “golden age” of a cappella choral music.

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina is said to be the greatest master of Roman Catholic Church
music during the Renaissance Period. Majority of his compositions are sacred music. He was
committed to sacred music and has a keen interest in satisfying the desires of the Church leaders
in the sixteenth century. Pelestrina’s Pope Marcellus Mass is held up as the perfect example of
counter-reformation style. Kyrie is part of the first two section of the Pope Marcellus Mass.
His career reflects his commitment to the music of the church. He received his early training and
spent the majority of his career in various churches in Rome, including the Pope’s chapel. He
was an organist and choir master at both the Sistine Chapel and at St. Peter’s Basilica which
may have influenced his distinctively pure and restrained style in musical compositions.
Palestrina also served as an organist in St. Agapito. Hist first book, Masses became popular and
was greatly appreciated by Pope Julius III.

Thomas Morley
Morley, the son of a brewer, was born in Norwich, East England. He was a singer in the local
cathedral form his boyhood, and he became master of choristers there in 1583. Thomas Morley
was the most famous composer of secular music in his time. He was a singer in the local
cathedral during his childhood and was believed to have studied music with William Byrd, an
Elizabethan composer of sacred music. He received his bachelor’s degree in Oxford and became
an organist at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.
He tried imitating Byrd in his early works but veered towards composing madrigals that show a
variety of color, form, and technique. Most of his madrigals are light and easy to sing with some
aspects of Italian style. His Musica Transalpina, a collection of Italian madrigals fitted with
English text, was published in 1588 by Nicholas Yonge. Shortly after, he began publishing his
own collections of madrigals and made significant contribution to the history of music.

His works include:

• “Fire, Fire, My Heart”
• “Sing and Chant It”
• “Fantasie”
• “April is in My Mistress’ Face”
• “It Was a Lover and His Lass”
THE BAROQUE PERIOD (1685-1750)
Baroque Period
• The arts highlighted grandiose and elaborate ornamentation.
• New instrumental techniques and changes in musical notation were developed.
• Major and minor tonality was created.
• A lot of the musical terms and concepts that evolved in this era are still used today.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Born: Germany, March 21, 1685; Died July 28, 1750
J.S. Bach came from a family of musicians. He was taught to play violin by his father who was
then the town musician in Eisanach. He entered school at age 7 where he was taught religion and
other subjects. He became orphaned at age ten. His brother, a church organist, provided for him.
Bach’s beautiful soprano singing voice helped him to be accepted at a school in Luneberg. A few
years later, his voice changed, and Bach focused his attention to playing the violin and
harpsichord.
Bach was a religious man. His personal and deep faith is shown in his sacred music. He was
known for his compositions for organ, orchestra, and oratorio. His most important and long-term
position was as cantor at St. Thomas Church.
His works include:
• Concerto Gross
• Masses
• Cantatas
• Fugues
• Works of clavichord and harpsichord
Antonio Vivaldi
Born: Venice, March 4, 1678; Died: Vienna, July 18, 1741
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi, nicknamed il Prete Rosso (“The Red Priest”) because of his red hair, was
an Italian Baroque composer, Catholic priest, and a virtuoso violinist. Recognized as one of the
greatest Baroque composers, his influenced during his lifetime was widespread over Europe.
Vivaldi is known mainly for composing instrumental concertos, especially for the violin, as well
as sacred choral works and over forty operas. He entered the priesthood and was ordained in
1703. Vivaldi is well known for giving the strings a major role in his compositions.
His famous piece is The Four Seasons. The composition is a series of four violin concerti
depicting each of the seasons, “Spring,” “Summer,” “Autumn,” and “Winter”.
George Friedrich Händel
George Händel was the second son from the second marriage of a pastor. Despite his father’s
opposition, George secretly taught himself to play the harpsichord. At age 7, he gained access to
a church organ and started to play. A Duke heard him play and insisted on giving him a formal
music education. Under Zachau, organist of Halle Cathedral, he studied counterpoint, canon and
fugue.
Händel is remembered for his operas and oratorios. Handel became England’s favorite composer.
He has given English audiences music that in variety and interest rivalled anything they could
remember. Handel lost both of his eyesight in 1753. When he conducted his oratorio, “Samson,”
a few in the audience were unaware that he had lost his eyesight. The Messiah is Handel’s most
famous creation and the very well know “Hallelujah Chorus” is part of Handel’s “Messiah.”
The Messiah was written in the space of twenty – four days in London but it was in Dublin when
The Messiah was first performed and became an instant success.

ARTS
PRE – HISTORIC PAINTINGS
Paintings during the pre - historic era were found inside the caves which may have been their
way of communicating with each other. Prehistoric drawings of animals were usually correct in
proportion. These paintings may be more on an artifact of the archeological evidence than a true
picture of humans’ first created art.
EGYPTIAN PAINTINGS
The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the deceased afterlife place pleasant. Most
paintings were highly stylized and symbolic and show profile view of animals or people. The
dominant colors used were red, black, blue, gold, and green derived from mineral pigments that
can withstand strong sunlight without fading
GREEK PAINTINGS
Paintings from this era were most commonly found in vases, panels, and tomb. They depict
natural figures with dynamic compositions.
Most of the subjects were battle scenes, mythological figures, and everyday scenes. They reveal
a grasp of linear perspective and naturalist presentation.
ROMAN PAINTINGS
Roman paintings have wide variety of subjects, animals, everyday life, still life, mythological
subjects, portraits, and landscapes. They use the technique of mosaic, an art process where an
image is created using an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stones, or other materials.
This technique is used for decorative art or interior decorations.
BYZANTINE PAINTINGS
The lively styles of paintings which had been invented in Greek and Rome lived on in
Byzantium but this time for Christian subjects. Paintings in frescos, mosaics, and illuminated
manuscripts, and on wood panels were the main, two-dimensional media.
Manuscript painting preserved some of the classical realist tradition that was missing in larger
works.
ROMANESQUE PAINTINGS
Romanesque paintings are from medieval period, only depicting religious sentiments were
enormous in size and covered entire church walls. It also shows traces of Mozarabic influence
(Arabize influence) through elongated oval faces, large staring eyes and long noses, figures
against flat colored bands and heavy outlining
GOTHIC PAINTINGS
Paintings have been confined in the illumination of manuscript pages and the painting of frescoes
on the walls of churches cosmopolitan style, elegant mannered, and sophisticated. Patterns like
mille fleur or thousand flowers show influence which may have been due to the Crusades.
ELEMENTS OF ARTS –the building blocks or ingredients of art.
COMPONENTS:
 LINE - a continuous mark made on a surface by a moving point
 COLOR - consists of Hue (another word for color), Intensity (brightness) and Value
(lightness or darkness)
 VALUE - the lightness or darkness of a color
 SHAPE - an enclosed area defined and determined by other art elements; 2- dimensional
 FORM - a 3-dimensional object; or something in a 2-dimensional artwork that appears to
be 3-dimensional
 SPACE - the distance or area between, around, above, below, or within things
 TEXTURE - the surface quality or "feel" of an object, its smoothness, roughness,
softness

PRINCIPLES OF ART– used to organize the Elements of Art, or the tools to make art
COMPONENTS:
 BALANCE - the way the elements are arranged to create a feeling of stability in a work
 EMPHASIS - the focal point of an image
 CONTRAST - a large difference between two things to create interest and tension
 RHYTHM & MOVEMENT - a regular repetition of elements to produce the look and
feel of movement
 PATTERN - repetition of a design
 UNITY& HARMONY - when all the elements and principles work together to create a
pleasing image
 VARIETY - the use of differences and change to increase the visual interest of the work
 PROPORTION - the comparative relationship of one part to another with respect to size,
quantity, or degree

PRE – HISTORIC SCULPTURES

Materials use in sculptures vary according to region and locality. Archaeologists believed that
their sculpture is a result of natural erosion and not of human artistry. Frequently, carving may
have mythological or religious significance.
Characteristics of the sculptures:
• The sculpture was portable and small.
• Images of humans, particularly the women, have enlarged sexual organs and small feet and
arms.
• Carving on cave walls uses the natural modulation in the wall surface to enhance the image.

EGYPTIAN SCULPTURES
Symbolic elements such as forms, hieroglyphics, relative size, location materials, color, actions,
and gestures were widely used. Their tombs required the most extensive use of sculpture. Most
materials used for sculptures are wood, ivory, and stones.
Characteristics of the sculptures:
• Symbolisms were heavily used to represent the gods. They were represented as composite
creature with animal heads on human bodies.
• Relief compositions were arranged in horizontal lines to record an event or to represent an
action.
• Most of the time the gods were shown larger than their followers, the dead larger than the
living.
• Empty spaces were filled with figures or hieroglyphics.
• All individual components were all brought to the plane of representation and laid out like
writing.

GREEK SCULPTURES
Early Greek sculptures were tensed and stiff; their bodies were hidden within enfolding robes.
After three centuries of experiments, Greek sculptures had finally evolved and showed all the
points of human anatomy and proportion.
One of the most popular styles of the Greek sculptures was the Hellenistic style.
Characteristics of the sculptures:
• Hellenistic denotes a preference in sculpture for more elaborated patterns, mannered,
arrangement of figures and groups, and an emphasis on the representation of movement for
dramatic effects.
• Human being is the depiction of physical beauty and spiritual equilibrium.
• Sculpture was composed almost entirely of marble or bronze.
• Human beauty was the “canon”, and naked human body is the main subject.
• Greeks build life-sized statues primarily male, nude, well-muscled, anonymous, and blank-
faced.

ROMAN SCULPTURES
In addition to mythological works, the Romans produced a great volume of civic sculpture
celebrating statesmen and their achievements. The Roman bust sculpture or portraiture is the
most dominant genre.
Characteristics of the sculptures:
• Sculpture is an evolution from naturalism to realism (showing the wrinkles, the bulges, and
ageing) which aims at glorifying authorities.
• The monumental altars, commemorative columns and triumphal arches were excellent surfaces
for decorative reliefs of the typical narrative style.
• Romans worked stone, precious metals, glass and terracotta but favored bronze and marble
above all else for their finest work

BYZANTINE SCULPTURES
The Byzantine sculpture in the early days is more of extensions of the Hellenistic art. Portraits of
great impacting aesthetics drama were produced. Sculpture relief was used to adorn magnificent
palaces and Churches. It is the richest expression of Christian dogma.
Characteristics of the sculptures:
• Sculpture was often done in ivory or precious metals.
• Used the triptych frequently, a three-paneled sculpture or painting
• Known for its mosaics, a decoration using pieces of stone, marble or colored glass that are
cemented to wall or floor into a picture
• The dominant features are religious, everyday life scenes, and motifs from nature.
• Animal were used as symbols (dove, deer, peafowl) while some had ACROSTIC signs that
contained a great theological significance.

ROMANESQUE SCULPTURES
Some of famous sculptural pieces are reliquaries, altar frontals, crucifixes, and the devotional
images. Small individual works of art were generally made of costly materials for royal and
aristocratic patrons. These lightweight devotional images were usually carried during
processions both inside and outside the churches.
Characteristics of the sculptures:
• They were not realistic; unrealistic human figures.
• Human figures may be elongated or squat and dumpy.
• They were painted in bright colors to attract the attention of the people.
• The sculptures were adapted to fit into space available in capitals and cloisters.
• Subject matter is overwhelmingly religious.

GOTHIC SCULPTURES
Gothic sculptures have a greater freedom of style. They no longer lay closely against the wall,
but begun to project outward. Figures were given their own particular attitudes instead of being
set into particular patterns and are more lively and realistic.

Characteristics of the sculptures:

• Sepulcher is one of the new locations for sculpture wherein a death person depicted on the bed
is laying or praying.
• Approximation to physical beauty from spiritual dimension of their iconography.
• Characters’ gestures and attitudes are human, and it represents emotions and natural features.
• It is inspired in the nature with sensitive forms that can be easily understood.
• Gothic church has one compartment, pointed arches, and large windows

PHYSICAL EDUCATION
First aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill. It includes self –help and home care if medical assistance is not available or
delayed.
Common Injury Encountered by Officiating Officials and Athletes
SPRAINS HEAT EXHAUSTION
A sprain is caused by torn fibers in a Heat exhaustion is a response to heat
ligament. Swelling and bruising are some characterized by fatigue, weakness and
signs and symptoms collapse due to inadequate intake of water
to compensate for loss of fluids during
sweating.
FIRST AID FIRST AID
• Remove any clothing or jewelry around • Have the victim lie down with his/her
the joint. feet elevated. • Keep the victim cool.
• Apply cold compress at once • Elevate • Give him/her electrolyte beverages to sip
the affected join. or make a salted drink.
• The victim’s physician may recommend • Monitor the victim for signs and shock.
an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory • If the victim starts having seizures,
medication (aspirin, ibuprofen) appropriate protect him/her from injury and give first
for the victim’ general health aid for convulsions.
• If the victim loses consciousness, give
first aid for unconsciousness.
Sprain is a stretch or tear of ligament, the band of connective tissues that joins the end of one
bone with another. Sprains are caused by trauma such as a fall or a blow to the body that knock
a joint out of a position and, in the worst case, ruptures the supporting ligaments. Other serious
injuries that require immediate care of first aid.
Strain is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle tendon – a cord of tissue connecting muscle to the bone.
It is an acute, non-contact injury that results from over stretching or over- contraction.
Knee Injuries
Less severe would-be tendinitis, patella femoral compression syndrome, iliotibial band
syndrome and bursitis, to name a few. More severe injuries include bone bruises or damage to
the cartilage or ligaments. Major injuries are common to the Anterior cruciate ligament. (ACL)
and the Lateral collateral ligament (LCL).
Knee injuries can result from a blow or twist to the knee, from improper landing after a jump or
from running too hard, too much or without proper warm up.

Fracture
A fracture is a break in the bone that can occur from either a quick, onetime injury to the bone
(acute fracture) or from repeated stress to the bone over time (stress fracture).
Dislocations
When the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated, the join is described as
dislocated. A dislocated joint is an emergency that requires medical treatments.
R.I.C.E method
* Rest the injured part, especially for the first 24to 48 hours after the injury this is the most
critical time of treatment. Avoid any activity that causes pain or makes it worse. Use crutches if
the leg, foot, or ankle is injured, support an injured wrist, arm, or shoulder with a sling. Tape an
injured toe or finger to its healthy neighbor.
* Ice is an excellent anti- inflammatory and reduces swelling and pain. Apply an ice pack or cold
compress for 10 to 15 minutes as soon as possible after an injury. Repeat each hour for 3 to 4
hours, then 4 times a day for the next 2 to 3 days. Protect your skin with a thin cloth. If ice pack
is not available, a packet of frozen vegetables in a cloth will do.
* Compression also reduces swelling. Use elastic bandages for at least 2 days. Check that the
bandage is snug, but not too tight. Take the bandage off at night. 12
* Elevation drains fluids from injured tissues. Elevate the injured area whenever you are sitting
or lying down. Try to keep the injured area at or above the level of the heart.
As an officiating official one should uphold the following athletics official ethics and guidelines
for conduct.
a. Be a Benefit and Cause No Harm
b. Be Accurate and Responsible
c. Be supportive of other participants and loyal to our Sport Organizations
d. Act with Integrity
e. Act with Fairness
f. Show Respect for Participants’ Rights and Dignity
g. Exhibit Professionalism
h. Model Appropriate Health Habits
i. Adhere to Legal Standards
j. Protect Vulnerable Persons

QUALITIES OF AN OFFICIATING OFFICIAL

PHYSICAL QUALITIES
- The capacity of an individual to perform tasks without undue fatigue and energy to do extra
recreational activities and for emergency purposes
EMOTIONAL QUALITIES
- Emotional readiness of an officiating official
- Emotional attributes that an officiating official should possess including confidence- having
belief in oneself.
SOCIAL QUALITIES
- Ability to deal with others at any given situation.
- Complaints are inevitable in a game. It is the ability of an officiating official to settle disputes
without sacrificing the integrity of a game and the officiating official to settle disputes without
sacrificing the integrity of the game and the officiating official
MENTAL QUALITIES
- Mental toughness is the term used to refer to all the qualities pertaining to one’s mental
preparations in officiating a game.

HEALTH
According to the World Health Organization (2002), the characteristics of a healthy
community include:
1. A clean and safe physical environment
2. An environment that meets everyone’s basic need
3. An environment that promotes social harmony and actively involves everyone
4. An understanding of local health and environment issues
5. A community that participates in identifying local solutions to local environment
6. A community whose members have access to varied experiences, means of interaction and
communication
7. Accessible and appropriate health services and facilities
8. The promotion and celebration of historical and cultural heritage
9. A diverse and innovative economy
10. A sustainable use of available resources for all
Effects of Environmental Problems Effects on the Environment and People’s
Environmental Problems Health
Deforestation Soil erosion, Landslide Greenhouse effect ,
Denuded upland Silting of rivers and dams
Degraded watersheds Flooding Destruction of
corals along the coast An increase in the spread
of life-threatening diseases such as malaria and
dengue fever
Flash Floods Destruction of dams and destruction of levees
Causes of diseases such a Cholera and other
water borne diseases Loss of life Contamination
of drinking water Destruction of dams and
destruction of leaves Hepatitis B Gastrointestinal
disease Leptospirosis
Soil Erosion Unproductive use of farmland Difficulty in
raising of livestock Silting of artificial lakes Loss
of soil and vegetation which causes climate
changes
Oil Spill Suffocation of marine mammals Death of trees
from oil in roots Skin irritation Memory loss
Dizziness and irritability Headache Nausea and
vomiting Chest pain Coughing and lung
problems Skin injuries, rash, and blisters
Coral Reef Degradation Loss of edible reef fish Reduction of species
diversity and richness Alteration in the size
 structure of target species
Illegal Mining Water poisoning of all the living things in it.
Destruction of beautiful coral reefs Bareness of
land
• Asbestosis, mesothelioma.
• Silicosis
• Cancers.
• Chronic obstructive lung disease (sulfur
dioxide)
• Emphysema.
• Skin diseases.
• Hearing loss (noise)
Air Pollution Global warming Formation of photochemical
smog Formation of acid rain Aerosol formation
Depletion of Ozone Asthma, lung cancer, fatigue
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease Nervous
system damage.
Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat