Year 1

Paper 2 Mark Bands

Key Concepts

- Power
- Power is a central concept in the study of global politics and a key focus of the
course. Power can be seen as ability to effect change in the world and, rather than
being viewed as a unitary or independent force, is as an aspect of relations among
people functioning within various social organizations. Contested relationships
between people and groups of people dominate politics, particularly in this era of
increased globalization, and so understanding the dynamics of power plays a
prominent role in understanding global politics.
- Sovereignty
- Sovereignty characterizes a state’s independence, its control over territory and its
ability to govern itself. How states use their sovereign power is at the heart of
many important issues in global politics. Some theorists argue that sovereign
power is increasingly being eroded by aspects of globalization such as global
communication and trade, which states cannot always fully control. Others argue
that sovereign states exercise a great deal of power when acting in their national
interest and that this is unlikely to change.
- Legitimacy
- Legitimacy refers to an actor or an action being commonly considered acceptable
and provides the fundamental basis or rationale for all forms of governance and
other ways of exercising power over others. The most accepted contemporary
source of legitimacy in a state is some form of democracy or constitutionalism
whereby the governed have a defined and periodical opportunity to choose who
they wish to exercise power over them. Other sources of legitimacy are suggested
in states in which such an opportunity does not exist. Within any proposed overall
framework of legitimacy, individual actions by a state can be considered more or
less legitimate. Other actors of global politics and their actions can also be
evaluated from the perspective of legitimacy.
- Interdependence
- In global politics, the concept of interdependence most often refers to the mutual
reliance between and among groups, organizations, geographic areas and/or states
for access to resources that sustain living arrangements. Often, this mutual
reliance is economic (such as trade), but can also have a security dimension (such
as defense arrangements) and, increasingly, a sustainability dimension (such as
environmental treaties). Globalization has increased interdependence, while often
changing the relationships of power among the various actors engaged in global
politics.
- Human Rights
- Human rights are basic claims and entitlements that, many argue, one should be
able to exercise simply by virtue of being a human being. Many contemporary
thinkers argue they are essential for living a life of dignity, are inalienable, and
should be accepted as universal. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
adopted by the UN in 1948 is recognized as the beginning of the formal
discussion of human rights around the world. Critics argue that human rights are a
Western, or at least culturally relative, concept.
- Justice
- There are a number of different interpretations of the concept of justice. It is often
closely associated with the idea of fairness and with individuals getting what they
 deserve, although what is meant by desert is also contested. One avenue is to
approach justice through the idea of rights, and what individuals can legitimately
expect of one another or of their government. Some theorists also argue that
equality not only in the institutions and procedures of a society but also in
capabilities or well-being outcomes is required for justice to be realized.
- Liberty
- The concept of liberty refers to having freedom and autonomy. It is often divided
into positive and negative liberty, with negative liberty defined as individuals
having the freedom from external coercion and positive liberty defined as
individuals having the autonomy to carry out their own rational will. Some
scholars reject this distinction and argue that in practice, one form of liberty
cannot exist without the other. It is also questioned if such an understanding of
liberty is sufficient for an interdependent world, in which the seeming freedom
and autonomy of some may depend on lack of some forms of liberty for others.
Hence, debates on equality inform our understanding of liberty as well.
- Equality
- Egalitarian theories are based on a concept of equality that all people, or groups of
people, are seen as having the same intrinsic value. Equality is therefore closely
linked to justice and fairness, as egalitarians argue that justice can only exist if
there is equality. Increasingly, with growing polarization within societies, equality
is also linked to liberty, as different people have differing possibilities to be free
and autonomous.
- Development
- Development is a sustained increase in the standard of living and well-being of a
level of social organization. Many consider it to involve increased income; better
access to basic goods and services; improvements in education, healthcare and
public health; well-functioning institutions; decreased inequality; reduced poverty
and unemployment; and more sustainable production and consumption patterns.
The focus of development debates in contemporary global politics is on issues
faced by developing countries, and on the imperative of shifting the focus from
modernization (seen as Westernization) . However, all societies and communities
face questions about how to best promote well-being and reduce ill-being.
- Globalization
- Globalization is a process by which the world’s local, national and regional
economies, societies and cultures are becoming increasingly integrated and
connected. The term refers to the reduction of barriers and borders, as people,
goods, services and ideas flow more freely between different parts of the world.
Globalization is a process that has been taking place for centuries but the pace has
quickened in recent decades, facilitated by developments in transportation and
communication technology, and powered by cheap energy. It is now widely
 acknowledged that globalization has both benefits and drawbacks and that its
benefits are not evenly distributed.

- Inequality
- Inequality refers to a state of affairs where equality between people or groups of
people is not realized and the consequent potential compromises of justice and
liberty. Inequality often manifests itself through unequal access to resources that
are needed to sustain life and develop individuals and communities.
Consequently, the concept is closely connected to discussions of power and of
who holds the rights to these resources and their proceeds. Inequality can be
examined both as a phenomenon within and between societies.
- Sustainability
- Definitions of sustainability begin with the idea that development should meet the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their needs. Sustainability today has three fields of debate—environmental,
socio political and economic. In global politics, mechanisms and incentives
required for political institutions, economic actors and individuals to take a longer
term and more inclusive well-being perspective in their decision-making are
particularly important.
- Peace
- Peace is often defined as both the absence of conflict and violence as well as a
state of harmonious relations. Many also refer to peace as a personal state of
non-conflict, particularly with oneself and with one’s relationship to others. Peace
is the ultimate goal of many organizations that monitor and regulate social
relationships.
- Conflict
- Conflict is the dynamic process of actual or perceived opposition between
individuals or groups. This could be opposition over positions, interests or values.
Most theorists would distinguish between non-violent and violent conflict. In this
distinction, non-violent conflict can be a useful mechanism for social change and
transformation, while violent conflict is harmful and requires conflict resolution.
- Violence
- Violence is often defined as physical or psychological force afflicted upon another
being. In the context of global politics, it could be seen as anything someone does
that prevents others from reaching their full potential. This broader definition
would encompass unequal distribution of power that excludes entire groups from
accessing resources essential for improved living standards or well-being, and
discriminatory practices that exclude entire groups of people from accessing
certain resources.
 - Non-Violence
- Non-violence is the practice of advocating one’s own or others’ rights without
physically harming the opponent. It often involves actively opposing the system
that is deemed to be unjust, through for example boycotts, demonstrations and
civil disobedience. Theorists argue that non-violence can often draw attention to a
conflict situation and that it could provide a fertile basis for post-conflict
transformation.

Perspectives
- Gender
- Gender is an important form of identity, and can be socially constructed as well as
biologically determined. Gender values can change drastically over time. For
example, femenist movements successfully drew attention to women’s inequality
in education, employment, the home and politics, and these issues remain
pertinent in all human societies. Today's gender relations in global politics refers
to contested and changing power relations between men and women in which men
often dominate. Many key aspects of global politics such as human rights,
development and conflict remain highly gendered, and issues such as literacy,
migration, sexual violence and disease continue to impact on men, women and
children differently.
- Increasingly gender theorist argue that dominant understandings of masculinity
may be the key to making sense of how gender relations in global politics affect
us all International orgnizations such as the Unite dNations continue to promote
both gender awareness and combat discrimination towards women through the
policy of gender mainstreaming. However, it is important to remember that many
countries and communities still have different ideas about the rights and roles of
men and women and that learning about gender can be seen to be a political act in
itself.
- Ethnicity
- Ethnicity is a form of identity of membership of an ethnic group. Individuals
within an ethnic group share common characteristics, for example, cultural and
societal similarities such as language, beliefs and history. Although there may be
no formal agreement about what makes an ethnic identity different, many people
describe themselves as descendants of a particular ethnic group and wish to
preserve this status and their rights. Categories based on ethnicity may overlap
with both national identities and racial identification.
- Religion
- Religion refers to a diverse set of belief systems. Religious identity usually has
both a personal and a social dimension. On one hand , religions provide answers
 to questions about life, death, origins of the world and so forth, and are a way for
people to find or generate meaning in their own lives. On the other hand,
members of a religion share these narratives, certain rituals and, often, social
norms and a moral code; being a member of the religious community is an
important aspect of most religions. The powerfulness of both the personal and the
social dimensions of religion to devotees combined with the fact that religions
assert authority from divine sources serves to strengthen the influence of religious
identities and communities in global politics.
Geographic levels of Analysis
- Global
- In the context of global politics, the term global describes events and trends that
have far-reaching and long term impact across the globe, cutting geographic areas.
Examples include economic globalization, climate change, appeals to human
rights, water depletion, global governance (The United Nations), and
organization.
- National
- National refers to the geographic boundaries of a particular state. Topics that
could be studied under this level include (but are not limited to) economic crisis
or economic change, political and legal reforms, change in governance, questions
of cultural practice (education, languages) and geographic borders
- International
- For our purposes, the term international represents events and trends that have a
narrower impact than global events and trends. Nonetheless, they have
implications for several geographic areas, for example, a particular region (see
below), but not only limited to that region. Examples include various international
organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), multi-national
corporations (MNCs), international law, and international trade, diasporas and
migratory movements.
- Regional
- Regional for our discussion refers to units of analysis that cover geographic areas,
such as the Middle East, Central Asia, Western and Eastern Europe, sub-Saharan
Africa, South Asia, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, among others. Topics that could
be studied under this level could include (but are not limited to) the European
Union, North American Free Trade Agreement, the Arab League, the African
Union, and the movements that cross geographic boundaries (such as indigenous
claims to land, or the re-emergence of languages) and ecological dimensions.
- Local
- Local in the context of global politics is the geographic area where social
organization is created and where culture is transmitted from one generation to the
next. It is always in relation to larger geographic spheres, and it is the place where
 cultural practices are defended against outside intrusion. This level can represent a
geographic space as small as a gated community or as large as a city or region.
“Local” is defined by its inhabitant and the practices of its residents. The
incorporation of globalization and its consequences on time, access to resources
and control over labor and social reproduction have altered the way that social
scientists think about the local. In the attempt to integrate shifts in political
influence resulting from global processes, globalization studies have tended to
marginalize the local and its role in determining the course of globalization and
global politics.
Theoretical Foundations
Realism
- View the world in competitive terms. In a realist view, global politics is dominated by
states acting in their own self-interest, prioritizing, first and foremost, national security.
Relations between states are heavily influenced by the amount of power they have.
Liberalism
- Have a more cooperative view of the world. In a liberalist view, a host of actors influence
outcomes in global politics and share a primary concern for justice, liberty and equality.
Capitalism
- The dominant ideology of production, exchange, distribution and consumption in the
modern world, according to which the basis of resource allocation is the generation of
profit. Although there are various interpretations of how political decision-making should
be involved in regulating the operation of the profit motive, all models of XX agree that
the generation of profit is necessary for economic growth and maintenance of the global
system, and generally conducive to development. Neoliberalism is a strand of XX that
advocates minimum political interference in the market mechanism.
Relativism
- Suggests values to be culturally and individually determined. Global agreements on the
most fundamental aspects of human life are hence difficult to achieve.
Universalism
- Puts forward the notion of human nature that transcends traditional boundaries of
identity.
Afghanistan Crisis

Isolationists
Pros
● Save $300,000,000, this number comes from 2 trillion dollars in the span of two decades.
● No more american lives lost, 2455 have been lost so far in the 20 year war
Cons
● Afghanistan is taken over by taliban, results in later terrorist attacks
● in human- Human Rights
Diplomatic
Pros
● Smaller armies, more effective against the guerilla warfare that the taliban use
● Supporting the innocents in Afghanistan that would otherwise be killed
Cons
● Prolongs the war/ no definite endpoint
● Not enough troops to fend off the Taliban if they decide to full out attack
Military
Pros
● Does Not prolong the war/ ends it quickly
 ● Saves more Afgan lives (Human rights)
Cons
● Cost lots of money
● Geographically, casualties will be high because the taliban will be able to use their gue
● gorilla warfare effectively against the US troops.
Development
- Capitalism - Its the dominant ideology of production, distribution, and consumption for
products. It's the dominant power in today's world.
- Capitalists in today's world are the most powerful, leading them to be the ones to
define development in our society
- Capitalism requires its own growth to survive
- Nations need to be able to reproduce and need to be able to remain healthy should
- Development is a universal and basic aim for individuals (Human Rights)
- Development can be broken down in other key concepts like security, peace,
equality, limiting conflict, and ensuring human rights
- Power is linked to the possession of resources
- This includes economic resources, military resources, human resources
- Different regional organizations can help you do free trade agreements, investment
opportunities, and treaties.
- Typically state that are developed translates into having peace to some degree
Rostow Stages of Growth (modernization theory)

Development and Key Concepts

Globalization
- Development in one part of the world can have repercussions in another part of the world.
Inequality
- After a certain point, inequality harms growth, poverty reduction, the quality of relations
in the public and political spheres of life and an individual's fulfillment and self worth.
Sustainability
- The optimal use of limited resources to ensure that the needs of the growing populations
are met.
History of development
Modernization theory
- Rostow's stages of growth and development
- The benefits and ideas of development were expected to filter down to the less-developed
areas.
The Dependency theory
- Developed countries exploiting poor countries unequally to attain development which is
something that the poor countries should try to break out of to gain internal development

The Structural Adjustment Programs

- There was a call for scaling down state intervention and allowing free markets to
encourage development.
- The role of private capital and multinational banks would increase in importance
- The human and environmental cost was steep
Poverty
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- It is the total market value of goods and services produced within a country in one year.
This includes income, wages, profits, and consumption.
Gross National Product (GNP)
- It is the total economic output including earnings from forgein investments as well as
final goods produced by a country’s firms within and outside the country
Poverty Reduction
Equitable Distribution of Wealth
- Taxes become very important
- Holding companies and the wealthy accountable
- The systems we create to help people with basic needs, they need to not be wasteful or
corrupt
Poverty
- The absence of minimum resources necessary to meet basic human needs
- Human deprivations like ill health, malnutrition, lack of involvement in decision-making
and homelessness
- Denial of choices and opportunities for a tolerable life
- Lack of material needs, economic circumstances, and social circumstances
Causes of poverty
- Overpopulation
- Colonization
- Natural disasters
- Lack of employment opportunities
- Improper governments

Human Development
Goals
- Lead longer healthier lives and
- Gain knowledge
- Have a comfortable standard of living
- Economic improvement does not mean that someone has a better life
Descriptors
- Of the people
- that is, focus on development of human resources through securing their
health and education
- For the people
- stressing the fact that economic growth has to fuel the quality of human
lives
- By the people
- meaning that people themselves should be in a position to influence this
process of development.
Sustainable Development
- Social Development
- Medical, housing, sanitation, food
- Must be met equally for all
- The pursuit of a higher standard of living should not harm or exploit others
- Economic Development
- Improvement in standard of living require the generation of wealth through
economic activity
- sustainable economies have to be competitive in the world market
- Environmental development
- Limited resources and a need for clean water, air and land, and adequate food.
 - Sustainable activities seek to protect the environment for the future and curb
problems such as global warming and deforestation.
Measuring Development
- Gross national product
- The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year
(including all incomes- wages, interest, profits, rent, and expenditures-
consumption, investment, government purchase, net exports [that is, exports
minus imports]) along with any income that a country’s residents have received
from abroad, minus income claimed by non- residents
Factors of Development
- Political Factors
- When a state has peace and security respect for human rights there is a chance to
develop
- When there's ethnic and communal strike, there's development in reverse, aka
conflict
- Conflicts destroy the fabrics of society through ill effects such as loss of life,
disease, forced migration, damage to infrastructure, and refugee crisis. The fabrics
of society are social, economic, political, and cultural.
- Conflict hampers investment and trade partners
- A lack of economic growth can result in civil and political unrest as interest
groups dispute their rights to available resources
- Liberalism
- Economic growth can be pursued with economic expansion which in turn
fuels increased incomes, raising demands, jobs and overall growth
- Privatization is less influence from the government, free market,
capitalistic society
- Socialism
- Inclined towards a centrally planned economy and state-ownership of
property
- Authoritarian
- Possession of power by a leader or a small group of elites
- Governance
- When governments hold themselves accountable and are transparent with
their transactions, there is an accelerated growth rate
- The citizens will see the government as trustworthy which can help to
boost development

- Economic Factors
- Capital
 - Stock of wealth used to produce goods and services that could be either in
the form of produced goods, natural or human capital.
- Credit
- An agreement under which a borrower receives something of value in the
present and has to repay the same with interest in the future
- Micro findings help small businesses
- Institutes providing micro finances can play a critical role in assisting
- Aid
- Aid can prop up the process of development especially in dealing with
states that are in poverty
- Aid can help things like health, education, and human development
- Aid can develop a system of reliance, which is especially harmful with
poor governments (corruption)
- Social Factors
- Values
- impact the social and economic systems
- When societies hold strong values like work ethic, trust, respect, etc. it
increases productivity
- Religious beliefs help growth because they influence individual behavior
to improve productivity
- Soft Power
- Diplomacy
- Panda Diplomacy
- Trade Unions
- Better for individuals
- Gender
- A society in which women have right and access to opportunities the
society can develop
- Migration
- Is a transfer of skilled workforce
- Immigrants usually send back money to their countries to make
development in their country
- Brain drain - takes away the valuable human resources a country can
exploit to its advantage.
- Efficacy of national and local institutions
- Multi-tier governance system planning, coordinating and executing
activities, resources and their distribution into the wider society
- Prone to corruption, fragmentation, or lack people
- Environmental Factors
- Impact of climate change
 - Weather has impact on development
- Geography
- Areas prone to natural disasters and climate change arent the best

Essay Prompt: Evaluate the view that globalization harms rather than benefits the poorest people
in countries with the lowest incomes?
Intro
- State my view,
- Explain what globalization is
- Societies becoming increasingly integrated and interdependent
- Explain what is does/ your arguments
- Increases wage gap between the rich of underdeveloped countries and the poor
- The poor countries do not gain the profits as the product is shipped to other
countries and the money does not go to the original country
- Exploiting cheap labor
- Harms the country
-
-
-
-
-
- Environmentally
- Dangerous working conditions
- Hurts local businesses
- Thesis
Pro Paragraph 1 poor countries don't get the money in their economy
- The money the country earns is for just the resources and the workforce not the actual
Pro paragraph 2 Wage Gap
- Relate power then development, workers will not have power, leads to corruption and
hinders development
- Dependency theory- Developed countries exploiting poor countries unequally to attain
development which is something that the poor countries should try to break out of to gain
internal development
Pro paragraph 3 Harms the country
- Environmentally
- Dangerous working conditions
- Hurts local businesses
Conclusion
- Restate thesis
Neoliberal theories
 - State intervention at a minimum and market free
- SAPs
Trade liberalization
- Is any act that would make the trade regime more neutral, nearer to a trade system free of
government interference.
State capitalism
- A political system in which the state has the supreme control over both production and
the usage of capital and thereby utilizes the market for political advantages, protected
from the ups and downs of a market system
Sovereign wealth funds
A state-owned investment fund or entity commonly created from balance of payment surpluses,
fiscal surpluses and so forth
Capability theory
- GNP does not necessarily guarantee a good quality of life for people
- Functionings are escaping mortality, working, resting, literacy and health, adequate
nourishment, achieving self-respect, taking part in community living.

Models of Development
- Neoliberalism
- Emerged in 1970’s and endorsed the belief that for the well being of people and
the economic growth and development of a country it was best for the state to
minimize its intervention and leave the market free
- Leave the economy alone, dont fuck with it and itll be aight
- A market will create its own economic growth
- Removal of tariffs and other things that inhibit the growth of an economy
- Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP)
- A set of policy prescriptions
- These include cuts in government expenditure and real wages, elimination
of subsidies, trade liberalization, and raising agricultural prices
- Deregulation involves removal of barriers to competition, legislations and laws in
the market by the government
- Privatization transfer the owners assets to the private sector
- The invisible hand
- The idea that the market can manage itself without any outside
intervention.
- This only works when there is a surplus of skilled workers
- Example is wapa who has no competition so they could do
anything they wanted if the government doesn't regulate them.
- State Capitalism
- State has supreme control over the production and usage of capital
 - The state uses the market for political power
- China
- Russia
- Widespread government influence on the economy
- Large companies receive help from the government in exchange for their
cooperation
- Sovereign Wealth Funds
- State owned enterprises
- Used for industries like oil and other important commodities
- Capability Theory
- Ability to live a life of normal length
- Good health, nutrition, shelter
- Ability to use sense, imagine, think, reason and have the education to realize all of
these things
- Ability to live for others and show concern for other human beings
- Ability to laugh and enjoy recreation
Trade Liberalization and Export Orientation
- Basically an open market and they just trade the stuff they want
- Opening Up trade
- Focusing on one thing to trade.they get good at trading that one thing and then basically
they makes mon mon
- Improves economy, improving development
Knowledge Economy
- One based off the production, distribution, and use of knowledge and information
- Mainly developed countries
- Education and training
- Information infrastructure
- Innovative systems
- Economic and incentive and institutional regime
Tourism (Paco put the things here)
-
Circular Economy
- Reuse and recycle
- Biological - can pass through the biosphere without harming the environment, non-toxic
- Technical - cannot be processed through the biosphere
Structural power
- Knowledge Structure
- Education System
- News Media
- The Financial Structure
 - Capitalism (circulation of money)
- Credit
- Investment
- Government has to control interest rates
- Stocky market
- The Security Structure
- Military
- The Police
Economic development
- THe US is RICh but 3 trillion in debt
- Money equal life money is hppynineesss
- H my nm s jms. What s yr’s
- H my nms jqn +
- Ur mom
-

Population
- Potential for big army
- Good workforce
- Level of literacy
Geography is importanter
- Climate
- Natural resouces
- Topographeyyy

Pg 20 - 24
Joseph Nye (he made up these terms in 1990)
Types of Power
- Hard Power
- Military strength and stuff
- Soft Power
- Like threats and stuff
- Smart Power
- Use power when it's needed and stuff
Structural Violence
- Social inequality that is exerted systematically
- Society has to be functioning for structural violence to work
- An example is the Jm Crow laws
Nation
- Common ethnicity and cultural characteristics (ex. language, religion, etc.)
State
- The sovereign nature of the area in which the state has been formed.
Hegemony
- leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.
Year 2

8/25/22
Levels of Analysis
- Global
- Local
- Regional
- National
- International
- Community

Dialectical Thinking
- Seeing things from multiple perspectives. Everything is composed of opposites and that
to understand things more fully, we need to understand their opposites

9/1/22
Noam Chomsky

Terms

- State

- Capitalism, communism, socialism, etc.

- Government-nation backed economic system

- Constituency

- A broad group of supporters/sponsors

- Pultocracy

- Political system that is dominated by the most elite and wealthy

- More specific

- Oligarchy

- Rule by a small group of wealthy people

- More general

Key Ideas
- Related to sustainable development

- Political divisions, conflict

- Government incompetence

- We need democratic government

9/8/22
Noah Peace: All parties not being in conflict

Pac Peace

- A situation where global issues can be resolved fairly and compromises can be made and

where all people of different races, genders, etc are equal except the bad ones

James Peace

- A amount of time where there is tranquility, no violence, and good relations

Zack Peace

- People working together

Maia peace

- Harmonious relations. Although different countries may have different opinions and

outlooks, everyone still coexists nicely.

International Peace Institute

Text book definition of Peace:

The absence of violent conflict.

Vocabulary:

● Negative Peace: Absence of Violence & conflict

● Positive Peace: Absence of violence or conflict, and neutralizing causes of conflict,

promoting harmony

● Harmony: When people live and work together without fighting or conflict.

● Equity:

300,000
Government Power

Unipolarity

- 1 nation has power over others & cannot be challenged

- Hegimon= a states with dominance over others

- Hegemonic stability theory- States are more likely to stay stable with a hegemon ruling

over them

Bipolarity

- Two states are equally powerful and they compete with each other for power

- Cold war

- Rivalry between US and Soviet Union

- Proxy war

- War started by a major power where smaller groups do the fighting on behalf of

the major power

- Mutually insured destruction

- If nuclear powers are in conflict and nukes are used, the destruction of both

powers is insured

Multipolarity

- Many large countries vying for power

- Realistic approach: Causes instability

- Liberal Approach: cause collaboration/interdependence

Democratic peace theory

-
 - Democracy promotes peace, conflict between democracies is rare

- Fair distribution of power, wealth, and resource lol

- Cooperation to conflict resolution for long term stability

Just war theory

- Based on religious morals that describe killing is immoral

- There are times where killing is necessary for the protection of the state

- When our country is in danger

- War is a last resort

- Victory should be attainable

- War waged by valid authorities

- War should be planned to end

Feminist peace theory

Conflict

- Conflict is when parties disagree or compete with each other over resources, territory, or

ideas. Conflict can be either violent or non-violent.

- What does conflict require?

- There must be at least two entities possessing intellectual capacity and vision, and

who are capable of communicating

- Such an entity is called an actort

Vocabulary of conflict

- Conflict actors are individuals or collectives, they are taken into account by other

conflict actors in their decision-making processes. Collective actors are characterized by

 their high degree of internal cohesion manifesting in a coherent structure of preferences.

They include states, international organizations and non-state actors

- Conflict Measures are actions and communications carried out by a conflict actor in the

context of a political conflict

- Conflict Issues are material or immaterial goods pursued by conflict actors via conflict

measures

What is a security dilemma

- It's impossible for people to trust each other to work towards a common goal. In doing so

it leads to conflict, violence, etc.

- In political science, describes a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its

own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather

than an increase in the original states security

What Theory of International relations Puts State security at the center of how states

operate in relation to other states

- Realists believe that a strong national security and defense are a priority because they

protect a state from potential aggressors and secures power over its competitors

How does the desire for security lead to an increase in military resources for both sides?

Peace Through Justice

Peace and Justice Processes Definition

- Manner of providing peace to a community

 - Specifically in Yugoslavia

Outcomes

- The UN court of law was created- dealt with war crimes committed in the balkans

- Tribunal established by UN

- Victimee

Key Concepts

- Peace

- Violence

- justice

Levels of Analysis

- Global

- International

Reasons of Conflict

- In Yugoslavia, there were racial and religious disputes

Leftits in Latin America

- Preservation of environment

- Desire for change

Neoliberalism

- Competition should be the driving force of the economy.

 - Buying and selling things in a free market is the best solution for people to get what they

need.

- Poverty is a result of your choices.

- Not concerned with historical legacies or unfair advantages.

- Reduce government regulations to involvement in the economy.

- Taxes should be very low, they are immoral.

Defining Marxism

Marxism seeks to explain social phenomena within any given society by analyzing the material

conditions and economic activities required to fulfill human material needs. It assumes that the

form of economic organization, or mode of production, influences all other social phenomena,

including broader social relations, political institutions, legal systems, cultural systems,

aesthetics and ideologies. These social relations and the economic system form a base and

superstructure. As forces of production (i.e technology) improve, existing forms of organizing

production become obsolete and hinder further progress.

Neoliberalism

Leftest Ideas

Marxism
 - Class struggles, power, resources, access to things

- Always lower classes against upper classes

- Bourgeoisie control means of production & distribution

- Proletariat are the laborers

- Colonization offer new lands, new resources, and a new global market

- This needs new resources, and new means of production to evolve

- Bourgeoisie control the state

- Proletariat are workers, simple economic inputs

Terms

1. Interstate

a. Conflict between states

2. Ideology

a. A specific way of thinking

3. Asymmetric conflict

a. When two parties are fighting each other and one has superior resources compared to the

other.

4. succession

a. When a country or state officially stops being a part of another country and

becomes independent.

5. regime change

a. A change in the government of a country that happens because another country

forces that government out of power

 6. geopolitical

a. Relating to the way that a states position and population affect its political

development and its relationship with other states or the study of this.

Notes: December 5, 2022

Security: Many of the topics, political issues and key concepts encountered in the four core units

of this course are also central to discussions of security. For example , discussions of sovereignty,

military power, wars between and within states, arms proliferation and the activities of non-state

actors have all clear links to security. There are particularly strong links between this topic and

the unit on peace and conflict. However, security also has cultural, social, and economic

dimensions. Issues such as food, water and energy security are developing increasingly concrete

ramifications in global politics. Human rights violations can be viewed as attacks on individuals’

fundamental sense of security. Furthermore, in an uncertain world, political actors may

sometimes try to benefit from people’s sense of insecurity.

James’s Definition

- A state of being free from danger or threat, a state of internal peace

The act of protecting an entity with relations to culture, economics and global society.