LECTURE 9: PULSE-AMPLITUDE

MODULATION
DR. TRINH VAN CHIEN
 2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
CHARACTERISTICS

1. Base-band modulation
2. One-dimensional signal space
3. Antipodal binary constellation
4. Information associated to the impulse amplitude
PAM=Pulse Amplitude Modulation

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 2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
CONSTELLATION

SIGNAL SET M = {s1 (t ) = − p(t ) , s2 (t ) = + p(t )}

Versor b1(t)=p(t) (d=1)

VECTOR SET M = {s1 = (− ) , s2 = (+ )}  R

s1 = ( − ) 0 s 2 = ( + ) b1 (t )

k =1 T = Tb R = Rb

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 2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
BINARY LABELING
(example) e : H1  M

e(0) = s1

e(1) = s 2

0 / s1 1/ s 2

( − ) 0 ( + ) b1 (t )

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2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
TRANSMITTED WAVEFORM

+
s(t ) =  a[n] p(t − nT )
n =−

where

T = Tb

a[n] {− , + }

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 2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
TRANSMITTED WAVEFORM
uT 1
example for p(t ) = PT (t )
T

1 1 0 1 0 0 1
T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T 7T

sT (t )

 T

T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T 7T

− T

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 2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
SIGNAL SPECTRUM

2
P( f )
Gs ( f ) =  a2 = x P( f ) xR
2

Case 1: p(t) = ideal low pass filter

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 BANDWIDTH DEFINITION

BANDWIDTH B [Hz] = frequency interval

containing (a significant portion of) Gs(f)

Alternative definitions:
1. TOTAL BANDWIDTH (contains all the spectrum)
2. Half power bandwidth (-3dB below the maximum)
3. Equivalent noise bandwidth (rectangular (with
amplitude=maximum) containing the whole power)
4. Null to null bandwidth (main lobe width)

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 BANDWIDTH DEFINITION

5. 99% (99.9% etc.) bandwidth or fractional power containment

bandwidth (contains the 99% of the power)
6. - 35 dB (-50 dB) or bounded power spectral density bandwidth
(outside the interval, Gs(f) is -35 dB below its maximum)

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 EXAMPLE

Binary antipodal constellation with rectangular pulse

1 2
p(t ) = b1 (t ) = PT (t ) 2  sin( fT ) 
T Gs ( f ) = A T  
 ( fT ) 

Gv(f)

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 EXAMPLE

Alternative definitions:
1. TOTAL BANDWIDTH = 
2. Half power bandwidth  0.44/Tb
3. Equivalent noise bandwidth = 0.5/Tb
4. Null to null bandwidth = 1/Tb
5. 99% bandwidth  10.29/Tb
6. -35 dB bandwidth  17.57/Tb
6. -50 dB bandwidth  100.52/Tb

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 SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY

SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY [bps/Hz]

Rb
=
B

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 2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
BANDWIDTH AND SPECTRAL
EFFICIENCY

Case 1: p(t) = ideal low pass filter

Total bandwidth R Rb
(ideal case) Bid = =
2 2

Spectral efficiency id =

Rb
= 2 bps / Hz
(ideal case) Bid

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 2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
BANDWIDTH AND SPECTRAL
EFFICIENCY

Case 2: p(t) = RRC filter with roll off 

R R R (1 +  )
Total bandwidth B = (1 +  ) = b (1 +  )
2 2

Spectral efficiency  = Rb = 2 bps / Hz

B (1 +  )

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 EXERCIZE

Given a baseband channel with bandwidth B up to 4000 Hz, compute the

maximum bit rate Rb we can transmit over it with a 2-PAM constellation
in the two cases:

• Ideal low pass filter

• RRC filter with =0.25

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 2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
MODULATOR

p (t )

e( )

u T = (vT [n]) + ( a[ n]) + +

 a[n]p(t − nT )
− −
s(t ) =
n =−

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 2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
DEMODULATOR

q(t )
r (t ) y (t ) 1[n] ML s R [ n] v R [ n]
e( )
CRITERION

t0 + nT
Symbol
synchronization
R = 1/ T

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 EYE DIAGRAM
Given the matched filter output waveform

• Divide it in segments of duration 2T

• Overlap them (oscilloscope)

q(t )
r (t ) y (t )

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 EXAMPLE

1
p(t ) = b1 (t ) = PT (t )
T
x(t ) = p(t )  q(t )
1
q(t ) = p(T − t ) = PT (t )
T

x(t )

0 T 2T

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uT
EXAMPLE

1 1 0 1
T 2T 3T 4T

y (t )

1 y (t ) =  a[n]x(t − nT )
n
T 2T 3T 4T [n] = y (T + nT ) = a[n]
−1
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 EXAMPLE
uT

Consider all possible

segments of duration 0 0 0
2T

y (t )

−1
21
2T
 EXAMPLE
uT

0 0 1

y (t )

−1
22
2T
 EXAMPLE
uT

0 1 0

y (t )

−1
23
2T
 EXAMPLE
uT

0 1 1

y (t )

−1
24
2T
 EXAMPLE
uT

1 0 0

y (t )

−1
25
2T
 EXAMPLE
uT

1 0 1

y (t )

−1
26
2T
 EXAMPLE
uT

1 1 0

y (t )

−1
27
2T
 EXAMPLE
uT

1 1 1

y (t )

−1
28
2T
 EXAMPLE

Overlap all the segments

y (t )

−1

2T
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 EYE DIAGRAM

2-PAM constellation with rectangular window

1
p(t ) = PT (t )
T

+1

−1
0 T 2T
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 EYE DIAGRAM

2-PAM constellation with RRC filter (=0.5)

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 EYE DIAGRAM

2-PAM constellation in real conditions

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 EYE DIAGRAM

Fundamental quantities

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 2-PAM CONSTELLATION:
ERROR PROBABILITY
1 E
BER = erfc b ERROR PROBABILITY
2 N0

BER
1
0.1
0.01
1E-3
1E-4
1E-5
1E-6
1E-7
BER

1E-8
1E-9
1E-10
1E-11
1E-12
1E-13
1E-14
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Eb/N0 [dB] 34