: India Size and Location” "Speciol CONCEPT MAPS._ ‘Entirely in Northern hemisphere. © Betwe longitu ‘© Tropic of Cancer divides the Earth into two parts. ‘¢ Andaman and Nicobar islands in southeast and Lakshadweep is\ands in southwest. Geeta ‘© Area of 3.28 million square km. ‘© Around 2.4 percent of the world. | >| « seventh iargest country ‘© Lond boundary around 15200 km and total coastline is 7516.6 km. * Young fold mountains in the north, northwest and northeast. «India is one of the ancient civilisations in the world, ¢ It has achieved great socio-economic Progress. ‘* Contributed significantly to the making of world history. INDIA SIZE AND LOCATION + Time lag of two hours from Gujarat to ‘Arunachal Pradesh. erie [eer monn) 1¢ Indian landmass has a central location between the East ond i 1e West Asia and a southward extension of the Asian continent. ‘with Pakistan, e Trans Indian Ocean routes connect countries of Europe. ‘Nepal, Bhutan, 3st Asian countries provide strategic location. dia has longest coastline on the indian Ocean. Passes across the mountains for ancient travelers. utes contributed in exchange of ideas and knowledge. Effect of various art and architecture. Myanmar and Bangladesh. ‘Sri Lanka (separated by Palk Strait and Gulf of. ‘Mannar) and Maldives are sea neighbours.P G: Physical Features Of India is) a= = 8 | Chapter 2 2G ccconcerrmars Imm the Himalayan Mountains roa ‘+ Atobleland composed of the old crystalline, igneous ‘ond metamorphic rocks. ‘+ Formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land. ‘The plateau has broad and shallow valleys and Central Highlands ‘and the Deccan Ms i oy «fa yt gt ee 2 Ree ars raa Sera ncaa nnn Width varies from 400 Km to 150 Km. SL re en ‘is the most continuous and contains al mi val e | Amchanazomec net reente + ay omni re Soe ge al a a ge aa Wy = ener ses 2 Estes nano hnchg d tree : Sizes Seenemmigigeels ates 1 igi nee nace ¢ The Himalayas have been demarcated by river valleys as well. ¢ Punjab Himalaya, Kashmir and Himachal Himalaya, Kumaon Himalayas, Nepal Suiceleltfeasloly) > GED © The land of india displays great physical oung, and structurally fold mountains stretch over the ‘© Spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq.km. ‘© About 2400 km long and 240 to 320 km broad. © Agriculturally a productive part of india ingular landmass) ighlands are wider in the west and the ‘eastward extensions is known os the Bundelkhand ‘and Baghelkhand, and Chotanagpur in further east. ‘The Deccan Plateau lies to the south of the river larmada. ‘The Mahadev, the Kaimur hills and the Maikal range form its eastern extensions. ‘Separated by a fault from the Chotanagpur Plateau. ‘The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and the eastern edges of the Deccon Plateau respectiveld, b : Distinct features of the Peninsular plateau is the black soil area known as Deccan Trap. t t ins, formed by the Indus * The Ganga extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. the East, les the Brahmaputra plain, be divided into i, bhangar and The Norther pane a resins Bi tar + The younger depos ofthe food plains are called khadar. a variation. © The Peninsular Plateau constitutes one of the ancient landmasses. ‘The Himalayas and the Northern Plains ore the most recent landforms. layas are at youthful topography with poaks, deep ‘valleys and fost-owing rs. PHYSICAL <— Nes OF INDIA (ean aicnaar DIVISION ‘© The northern plains are formed of alluvial deposits. ‘* The peningular plateau is, composed of \gnedus and metamorphic rocks.oe’ ‘The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills, An undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes, Receives very low rainfall. Has arid climate with low vegetation cover. Luni is the only large river in this region, fiers ‘The Peninsular ploteau is flanked by stretch of narrow coastal strips, running along the Arabian ‘Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east. The western coast is a narrow plain, consists of three sections - the Konkan (Mumbai - Goa), the Kannad Plain, and the Malabar Coast. The plains along the Bay of Bengal are wide and level. In the northern part is Northern Circam ond the ‘southern is the Coromandel Coast. ‘The Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri have formed extensive delta, Lake Chitika is an important feature. ieee The country has two groups of'slands. The Lakshadweep Islands group (32 sq km) close to the Malabar coast of Kerala. Kavar the administrative headquarters. Others the Andaman and Nicobar islands. More numerous and scattered. Divided into two broad categories - The Andaman in the north and the Nicobar in the south, * Both group have great diversity of flora and fauna. These islands lig close to equator.* Several tbutaris the Zoskr, the Nubro, the Sho ‘ond the Hunza ae * * Flows tough Batistan and Gilgit * The Soy, the Beas, the Ravi the Chenab ond th Jhelum join indus together. In Padseaas Res southwards eventually reaching the Arabian Sea. Total ength of 2200 km, * A little over a third ofthe Indus bosin is located in isn © The Brohmoputra very close to the sources of the Indus and the Satu. ‘Slightly longer than the Indus. ‘+ Most ofits course lies outside india. * Flows eastwards parallel to the Himalayas, * Tokes 0'U'turn from Namcha Barwa and enters India. ‘+ Now called the Dihong and joined by the Dibang, the {obit and ether tibuteries wo form the Brabmeputra in ‘+ The Brahmoputra forms many riverine islands. * Pos Brehmepuera is marked by huge deposits of sit on ed. sd by the Gangotri Glacier and laknanda at Devaprayag in rakhand, is known as the Ganga. * Joined by many tributaries from the Himalayas, the Yamuna, the Ghaghara, the Gandak and the Kosi ‘+ The main tributaries from the peninsular uplands re the Chambal, the Betwa and the Son, * The Ganga flows eastwards till Farakka in West Bengal ‘* The river bifurcates here; the Bhagirathi-Hooghly flows southwards to the Bay of Bengal The ‘mainstream flows southwards into Bangladesh, joined by the Brahmoputra, ‘+ Further downstream is the Meghna. © The Ganga and the Brohmaputra’ forms the Sundarban Delta ‘©The length of the Ganga is over 2500 kam. © Drainage describes the river system of an '* The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin ‘© Any elevated area, such os @ mountain or on ‘upland, separates two drainage basins. + Such on upland is known a5 0 water divide. © The drainage systems of India are mainly controlled by the broad relief features| of the subcontinent. ‘© The indian rivers are divided into - ‘+ the Himalayan rivers + the Peninsular rivers rivers are perennial. ‘as well as from melted snow. + Carry huge loods of sit and sond. * Form meanders, oxbow Lakes, and many other depositional features. + Alarge number ofthe Peninsular rivers ore seasonal ond dependent on rainfall + Have shorter and shollower courses ‘+ Mostly originate in the Western Ghats. _~G: DRAINAGE |) © Spe ial CONCEPT MAPS) - Eien ‘© Rises in the Amarkantak hills in ‘Madhya Pradesh, # Flows towards the west in 0:ri. vol ey. ‘© The ‘Marble rocks, near Jabalpur ‘and the 'Dhuadhor falls are some of the notable ones. '» The Narmada basin covers ports of | —— _|PEAN Nas J (Eee ——— ‘+ Rises in the Satpura ranges, in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. ‘© Flows in a rift volley parallel to the Narmada. ‘basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, Gh Ff Maharashtra, vers. © The basin covers parts of Maharashtra, Madhya’ Pradesh,-— ESE ao! 1 eae iS attisgarh, mal Beemer Ree * lowe though Ota ca reach akes of large extent are called seas, like the * Water from rivers is a basic natural # The growing demand for water from ‘ay of Bengal Caspian, the Dead and the Aral seas. resource, essential for various human rivers naturally affects the quality of * Length is about 860 km, India has many lakes. activities. water. * Drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Most lakes are permanent; some contain Jharkhand and Odisha, Using rivers'for irrigation, navigation, water only during the rainy season, hydro-power generation, More water is being drained ‘A heavy load of untreated sewage ‘Some lakes are the result of glaciers and ice Use in agriculture, a major source of ‘and industrial effluents, sheets, hood of the majority of its | | 4 affects the quality and self-cleansing A meandering river across a floodplain dation capacity of the river. eae) develops an ox-bow lake. * For example, given the adequate Spits and bars form lagoons in the coastal. stream-flow, * Rising near Mahabaleshwar areas, eg, the Chitika lake, the Pulicat lake ‘* The pollution level of many rivers has # Flows for about 1400 km and and the Kolleru lake. been rising. Feaches the Bay of Bengal. Inland lakes’ are s¢ ‘imes seasonal; for * Various action plans to clean the * The Tungabhadra, the Koyano, the example, the Sambhai-lake in Rajasthan. rivers. Ce ee Most of the freshwater lakes are in the © Drainage basin is shared by Himalayan region. Maharasthra, Karnataka and ‘The Wular lake is the largest freshwater lake “ Andhra Pradesh. India, Lakes are of great value to human beings. Prevents flooding and helps to maintain an even flow of water. fd the Kaveri Basin ‘Rises in the Brahmagri range of the ‘Western Ghats. * Reaches the Bay of Bengal in south of Cuddatore in Tamit Nadu. * Length is about 760 ken. # Tributories are Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati and Kabini. ‘© Bosin drains in parts of Karnatako, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.GEG, <. rec ss Ps Chapter 4: sae J Se tiie aii Special CONCEPT MAPS / «Pressure ond Winds + Pressure and surface winds; [>| = Upper ir circulation: and + Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones # Jetstream UNA ues © Six major controls of the climate - latitude, itude, pressure ond wind system, distance 3m the sea (continentality), ocean currents ‘and relief features. i © Amount of solar energy received varies ‘according to latitude. ‘¢ Temperature generally decreases from the equator towards the poles (higher altitudes). © The pressure and wind system influences the temperature and rainfall pattern. ‘¢ As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases, known as Continentality. DENIS * The climate of india i strongly influenced by ‘+ The monsoons are experienced in the tropical Cae oa '* Duration of the monsoon is between 100-120 days from early © Ocean currents affect the climate of the area. coastal areas. © Facts to understand the mechanism of the June to mid-September. monsoons: © Normal increases suddenly and continues constantly for + The differential heating and cooling of tand ocak ‘and water ‘« Arives at the southern tp ofthe Indian peninsula generally by the ‘+ The shift of the position of Inter Tropical eet wack of Sune, Convergence Zone (ITCZ) ‘© Two branches — the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal + High-pressure area, east of Madagascar Branch, + Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated The Arabian Sea branch reaches Mumbai about ton days later. id Saori otha weaeeld intwtraarn to te The Bay of Bengal branch arrives in Assam. © Climate refers to the sum total of weather north of the Himalayas ‘© The mountains deflect the monsoon winds towards the west over conditions and variations over a large area for « Tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian the Ganga plains. along period of time. Hinsmorbaraeeds ‘* By mid-June, Arabian Sea branch arrives over Saurashtra- © Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere = Scuihem Occllation Kuchchh and the central part. over an area at any point of time. + ELNino (ENSO) ‘© Both branches merge over the northwestern part of the Ganga © The elements of both are the same, ie, plains. mperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, ‘© By the first week of July, westem Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana imidity and precipitation. t ‘and eastem Rajasthan experience the monsoon. © The year is divided into seasons such as 1 > | » By mid-July, the monsoon reaches Himachal Pradesh and the rest of the country. ‘winter, surimer or rainy seasons. © Withdrawal begins in northwestem states of India by early The world is divided into a number of climatic me res tember. = The cirata of nda monacon! wpe <— |e Ni + ayimuoctgber K wthraws completely hm te norton haf of + sytaenta yey fairs found matin . | | ec seeeaemapemmmaaes 4Begins from mid-November in northem India and stays til February, © December and January are thes coldest months. © Temperature decreases from south to the north, Days are warm and nights are cold. ‘© Frost is common in the north, © Himalayas experience snowfall. Some amount of rainfall occurs on the ‘Tamil Nadu coast, Wwe to the northward movement of the sun, the global heat belt shits northwards. rom March to May is hot weather season ia peratures remain lower in peninsular © The summer months experience ising temperature and faling air pressure in the northern part. © A striking feature of the hot weather ‘Season is the loo’. © Dust storms are common during May. ‘© Pre-monsoon showers are common in Kerala and Karnataka, referred to as ‘mango showers’. south-west monsoon. © Low-pressure condition ever the northern plains attracts the trade winds of the southern hemisphere. ‘© They cross the equator and blow in a southwesterly direction entering the Indian peninsula as the ‘© Bring abundant moisture to the subcontinent. '* The windward side of the Western Ghats receives very heavy rainfall. The Deccan Plateau and parts of Madhya Pradesh receive some amount of rain. ‘© The maximum rainfalls received in the north-eastem part. ‘© Mawsynram receives the highest average rainfall in the world, ‘Rainfall decreases from the east to the west ‘© During October-Novernber, the monsoon becomes weaker. Gradually replaced by a high-pressure system. ‘® October-November form a period of transition from hot rainy season to dry winter Day temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. The low-pressure conditions get transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early November. ‘8 Associated with the occurrence of cyclonic depressions PRmcuema nas less than 60 em in westem Rejasthan and parts of Gujarat, ryana and Punjab. Low in the interior of the Deccan plateau, and east of the Sahyadris. tation is around Leh in Jammu and Kashmir. receives moderate rainfall to the Himalayan region. the regions of low rainfall fall are liable to be affected by floods.Natural Vegetation and Wildlif@) (Chapter 5: =a © Lond affects the natural vegetation directly and indirectly, ‘getato * Land influences the type of vegetation. sols also vary over space. © Soils provide basis for different cole pasts ferent types of The character and extent of vegttaton ore main determined by temperature. “oe : +The emperatre fects the ype of vegetation and Tegrowth 38 voraton insur oes oes a vari nano orn paces «raat of hows rfl have more dense vepetstion a compared 0 oreas of ess aia 7 ‘India being o vast country has types of bio-forms. tt 47,000 plant species © Approximately 90,000 species of animals and fish. ‘India is one of the 12 mega bio-diversity countries ofthe world. ‘Natural vegetation refers to a naturally grown plant community. © The term flora is used to denote plants and fauna for animals. + Approximately 90,000 animal species ‘© About 2,000 species of birds © 2546 species of fish @ Also shares between 5 and 8 per cent ofthe world's amphibians, reptiles and mammals. ‘© Elephants found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnatoka ond Kerala, © One-horned rhinoceroses live in swampy and marshy lands of Assam and West Bengal. ‘¢ The Rann of Kachchh and the Thar Desert are the ind camels (blue bull), chousingha (four- azel are some other animals ing high altitudes are o home to yak ‘© In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, Crocodiles and gharials are found. + Peacocks, phessants, ducks, parakeets, cranes ond oo "nneibiting tne forests and wetlands Pon cesom INIFLORA ANDIFAUNA, ‘© Renewable resources ‘Enhances the quality of environment © Modify local climate ‘© Control soil erosion ‘© Regulate stream flow ‘© Support a vorioty of industries ‘© Provide livelihood for many communities ‘© Control wind force ond temperature ond cause rains r sphere reserves have been at up inancial and technical assistance is rovided to many botanical gardens by jovernment since 1992. roject Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great indian Bustard and many other eco- developmental projects '¢ 101 National Parks, 553 Wi ‘sanctuaries and Zoological gard setup NATURAL VEGATATION | Nome e a=TYPES OF VEGETATION ‘Tropical Evergreen © Restricted to heavy rainfall areas of the Western Ghats €nd the island groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu cous More than 200 cm of rainfall. Ashort dry season. Heights up to 60 metres or even above. Luxuriant vegetation — trees, shrubs and creepers, No definite time for trees to shed their leaves. ‘Appear green all the year round. * Commercially important trees are ebony, mahogany, osewoad, rubber and cinchona, Common animals found - elephant, monkey, lemur and leer. Meaeeecie Most widespread forests of India Also called the monsoon forests Rainfall between 200 and 70 cm Shed their leaves Divided into moist and dry deciduous Exist in — northeastern states, foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Odisha and Chhattisgarh, and on the easter slopes of the Western Ghats Teakis the most dominant species Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum, arjun and mulberry are other species. Uc caesar ea © Less than 70 cm of rainfall © Consists of thorny trees and bushes. © Found in - Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana Main plant species - Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti, © Scattered tress and have long roots. ‘Stems are succulent. Leaves are thick and small Common animals are rats, mice, rabbits, fox, wolf, tiger, lion, wild ass, horses and camels. * Cover mostly the southern slopes of the Himalayas. ‘© Temperate grasslands are common, © Temperate forests and grasslands give way to the Alpine vegetation © Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches are the common trees © Used extensively for grazing’ by nomadic tribes, like the Gujjars and the Bakarwals © Common animals found in these forests are Kashmir stag, spotted dear, wild sheep, jack © Rabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow leopard, etc. Found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides. Mud and sitt get accumulated. the plants submerged under water. Krishna, the Godavari and the Kaveri. Royal Bengal Tiger is the famous animal. Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of © Found near the deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the ‘Sundari trees are found in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta Turtles, crocodiles, gharials and snakes are also found.BE Sees ae ''s population as on March 2011 stood at 1,210.6 count for 17.5 per cent of the world's population istributed over 3.28 million square km The first census was held in the year 1872, The first complete census was in the year 1881, Lior Prades ‘sfth 199 milion people (about 16 per cent is the most * Feat '2S «Population of 0.6 milion and Lakshadweep has only 64,429 ‘Almost half of India's population lives in just five states - Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh, India is one of the most densely populated countries of the world, Only Bangladesh and Japan have higher average population densities than India ‘The population density of India is 382 persons per sq km. 41,102 persons per sq km in Bihar 17 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh ue iar) * The people are important to develop the economy and the society, © The people make and use resources and are themselves resources with varying quality, ‘© Resources; ‘calamities’ and ‘disasters’ are all ‘meaningful only in relation to human beings. Human beings are producers and consumers of earth's resources. ‘The census provides information regarding the population of our country, ‘Three major factors of population: * Size and distribution ‘© Growth and processes of change © Characteristics or qualities > ieruriren COMPONANETS/CHARACTERISTICS UH * The age composition of a population refers to the » Health affects the process of development. inane of people in diferent oge groupsin.acountry. eat rates have decined frm 25 her 1000 Population in * The population of a nation is, generally, grouped into” 3951 to 72 per 1000in 2011, three broad categories: Life expectancy at birth has increased from 36.7 years in 1951 © Children (generally below 15 years) t0 679 yeors in 20: © Working Age (15-59 years) Significant feature of the Indian population is the size of its * Aged (Above 59 years) ‘adolescent population. * Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 * Constitutes one-fifth ofthe total population males in the population. Grouped in the age group of 10 to 19 years racy isa very important quality ofa pepulation. ‘The Government of india initiated a comprehensive Family Low level of literacy isa serious obstacle, Planning Programme in 1952 * The literacy rate in the country is 73 per cent; 80.9 per The NPP 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free cent for males and 64.6 per cent for females. and compulsory school education up to 14 years of age. * ‘The distribution of the population according to different * Infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births ‘upes of occupation is referred to as the occupational» Universal immunisation of children G: Population ) Chapter 6: Special CONCEPT MAPS (eleReNeead * Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of @ country/territory during a specific period of time. ‘The absolute numbers added is the magnitude of increase. Obtained by subtracting the earlier population from the later The pace of population increase is studied in per cent per annurn, | Referred to as the annual growth rate population increased from 361 nin 1951 to 1210 million in 2011. ia may overtake China in 2045. PROCESSES OF POPULATION’ CHANGE Three main processes of change of population : birth rates, death rates and migration. Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. Death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a yeer. Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Can be internal or international Migration is an important determinant of Population change. structure, * Occupations are classified as primary, secondary and tertiary. !