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    Assignment 2

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    Pallepogu Sai Teja
    This document describes four lab assignments involving the construction of different types of filters: 1) A single-stage and double-stage low-pass filter were built using resistors and capacitors. Measurements showed the output voltage decreasing with increasing frequency above the 3 kHz cutoff frequency. 2) A single-stage and double-stage high-pass filter were constructed and tested, with the output passing high frequencies above the 6 kHz cutoff. 3) A band-pass filter was made by combining a high-pass and low-pass filter, only passing frequencies within a 1 Hz bandwidth around the 6.0431 kHz center frequency. 4) An active band-pass filter was built providing gain, with cutoff frequencies unaffected

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    Assignment 2

    Uploaded by

    Pallepogu Sai Teja
    23 views19 pages
    This document describes four lab assignments involving the construction of different types of filters: 1) A single-stage and double-stage low-pass filter were built using resistors and capacitors. Measurements showed the output voltage decreasing with increasing frequency above the 3 kHz cutoff frequency. 2) A single-stage and double-stage high-pass filter were constructed and tested, with the output passing high frequencies above the 6 kHz cutoff. 3) A band-pass filter was made by combining a high-pass and low-pass filter, only passing frequencies within a 1 Hz bandwidth around the 6.0431 kHz center frequency. 4) An active band-pass filter was built providing gain, with cutoff frequencies unaffected

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    ASSIGNMENT 2

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    This document describes four lab assignments involving the construction of different types of filters: 1) A single-stage and double-stage low-pass filter were built using resistors and capacitors. Measurements showed the output voltage decreasing with increasing frequency above the 3 kHz cutoff frequency. 2) A single-stage and double-stage high-pass filter were constructed and tested, with the output passing high frequencies above the 6 kHz cutoff. 3) A band-pass filter was made by combining a high-pass and low-pass filter, only passing frequencies within a 1 Hz bandwidth around the 6.0431 kHz center frequency. 4) An active band-pass filter was built providing gain, with cutoff frequencies unaffected

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views19 pages

    Assignment 2

    Uploaded by

    Pallepogu Sai Teja
    This document describes four lab assignments involving the construction of different types of filters: 1) A single-stage and double-stage low-pass filter were built using resistors and capacitors. Measurements showed the output voltage decreasing with increasing frequency above the 3 kHz cutoff frequency. 2) A single-stage and double-stage high-pass filter were constructed and tested, with the output passing high frequencies above the 6 kHz cutoff. 3) A band-pass filter was made by combining a high-pass and low-pass filter, only passing frequencies within a 1 Hz bandwidth around the 6.0431 kHz center frequency. 4) An active band-pass filter was built providing gain, with cutoff frequencies unaffected

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    LAB ASSIGNMENT-2

    1) Aim: To construct a single stage and double stage low pass filter.
    Apparatus: Breadboard, 5.2K ohm resistors, 10 nf capacitors, oscilloscope,
    multimeter, function generator.
    Experiment: Take a bread board and attach a resistor and a capacitor as the
    circuit given below
    1
    Here, cutoff frequency 𝑓𝑐 =
    2𝜋𝑅𝐶

    Take cutoff frequency 𝑓𝑐 =3khz


    Take R and C as 5.2k and 10nf so as to adjust cutoff frequency to 3 khz.
    Now, measure the frequency response of this circuit from 10hz-12khz
    𝑋𝑐
    𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉𝑖𝑛
    𝑋𝑐 +𝑅

    Ratio of 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 to 𝑣𝑖𝑛 is called transfer function of this filter.


    𝑣𝑜⋃𝑡 1
    | |=
    𝑣𝑖𝑛 √𝜔 2 𝑅 2 𝑐 2 + 1

    1
    Capacitive reactance(𝑋𝑐 )=
    𝑆𝐶

    At lower frequencies 𝑋𝑐 ≫≫ 0.𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .


    At higher frequencies 𝑋𝑐 <<<<0.𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 0.
    For double stage low pass filter
    Observation:𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is gradually decreasing as frequency is increasing from 10hz-
    12khz. 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is almost zero as frequency tends to 12 khz. Initially, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is almost
    equal to 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .
    For double stage filter also, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is gradually decreasing as frequency is
    increasing from 10 hz-40 khz. Initially, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is almost equal to 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .
    𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is almost zero as frequency tends to 40 khz.
    Low pass filter passes the low frequency components to the input signal and
    rejects the higher frequency components.
    𝐴0
    Frequency response is the ratio between output to input amplitude i.e
    𝐴𝑖
    Conclusion: I have build a low pass filter and double stage low pass filter.
    2) Aim: To construct a single and double stage high pass filter.
    Apparatus: Breadboard, 2.6k ohm resistors,10nf capacitors, function
    generator and oscilloscope.
    Experiment: Build a high pass filter in bread board and find the 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 and 𝑉𝑖𝑛
    Graphs in oscilloscope. Adjust cutoff frequency to 6khz.
    Observation:
    It passes the high frequency components from the input signal and rejects the
    low frequency components.

    It passes all the high frequency components which are greater than this cutoff
    frequency and it rejects all the frequencies which are less this cutoff frequency
    𝑓𝑐 .
    𝑅 1
    𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉𝑖𝑛 .,𝑋𝑐 =
    𝑅+𝑋𝑐 𝑤𝑐

    When w → 0, reactance → ∞ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =0


    When w → ∞,reactance→0 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉𝑖𝑛
    Conclusion: I have build a high pass filter and double stage high pass filter.

    3)Aim: To build a band pass filter.


    Apparatus: two resistors of values 5.6k, two capacitors of values 4.7nf, bread
    board etc.
    Experiment: Build a band pass filter as follows
    Observation:
    Band pass filter is formed by cascading a high pass filter and low pass filter.
    It passes only certain band of frequencies and it reject all other frequencies
    outside the band.
    1
    𝑓𝐶1 = =6.0426khz
    2𝛱𝑅1 𝐶1
    1
    𝑓𝐶2 = =6.0436khz
    2𝜋𝑅2 𝐶2

    Bandwidth=𝑓𝑐2 − 𝑓𝑐1 =1hz

    Center frequency=√𝑓𝑐2 . 𝑓𝑐1 =6.0431khz


    Conclusion: I have build a band pass filter.

    4): Aim To build a active band pass filter.


    Apparatus: two resistors of values 1.2k ohm, two capacitors of values 47nf,
    breadboard etc.
    Experiment: Build a circuit as follows
    Calculate the 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 and 𝑣𝑖𝑛 graphs
    Observation: In passive filter, output is always less than input. Cutoff frequency
    of passive filter will depend upon the load. So, depending upon the load value,
    the cutoff frequency of such passive filters will get modified. This problems can
    be overcome by using the active filter. Active filter not only selectively passes
    the certain band of frequencies, but it also provides the gain to the input signal
    Conclusion: I have build an active band pass filter

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