Lesson Heat Work Energy Students

OBJECTIVES
1. Determine the relationships between heat,

work and energy;
2. Differentiate non-spontaneous process
from spontaneous process;
3. Demonstrate the four movements/strokes
of a gasoline engine; and
4. Solve word problems on thermal
efficiency.
HEAT
- Is one of the driving force of
human activity.
TEMPERATURE HEAT
-Is a measure of -Is energy
hotness and coldness transferred from one
of an object; an object to another due
object that is hot has to a difference of
a high temperature, temperature between
and an object that is the two objects.
cold has a low
temperature.
James Prescott Joule
Investigated in mechanical equivalent
of heat. Almost all the work done on the
machine was transformed into heat.
Work and Energy
Energy is needed to perform work.
When work is done on an object, energy
is transferred to that object. The
transfer of energy to the object
increases its internal energy.
Internal energy
-is the sum of the molecular kinetic energy
(due to the random motion of the molecules),
the molecular potential energy (due to the
forces that act between the atoms of a
molecule and between the molecules), and
other kinds of molecular energy.
First Law of Thermodynamics
-states that the change in internal
energy of a system equals the difference
between the heat taken in by a system
and the work done by the system.
Law of Thermodynamics
The law is expressed as:
∆U = Q – W
Where:
Q = the amount of heat flowing into the system
W =the net work done by the system
∆U = the change in the system’s internal energy
Normally, heat flows from a hotter object to a
cooler object when the two objects are placed in
contact. It is the reason why a cup of coffee feels hot
to touch, while the scoop of an ice cream feels cold.
When you touch a cup of hot coffee, heat flows
from a hotter cup to a cooler hand.
When you touch a scoop of ice cream, heat again
flows from hot to cold, in this case, from the warmer
hand to the colder ice cream. The temperature of ice
cream is lower than 37°C.
Heat Pump
-It is a device that allows heat to
transfer from a colder reservoir to a
warmer reservoir which is not a natural
process.
Work is required for the heat to flow
from a lower to higher temperature.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
-states that the heat will never of itself
flow from a cold temperature to a hot
temperature object hence, heat pump is
used.
Spontaneous Process heat flows from
higher temperature to a lower temperature. It
does not require any external energy to occur.
Non –Spontaneous Process heat flows
from lower temperature to higher temperature,
it needs mechanical energy to occur.
HEAT ENGINE
a.
b.
Heat Engine
-Is a device which converts thermal
energy to mechanical energy. A very
important component of heat engines then
is that high temperatures are involved.
Three Things Happen in a
Full Cycle of a Heat Engine:
1.Heat is added. It is an input heat which is
relatively high temperature.
2. Some of that energy from that input heat
is used to do work.
3. The rest of the heat is removed at a
relatively cold temperature.
A common type of heat engine is
called the combustion engine. In a
combustion engine, heat is produced
using a combustion process, which in
turn makes use of a fuel and an
oxidizer for that fuel like air.
Two classes of combustion engines:
External combustion engine – burning of fuel takes
place outside the engine. Examples are steam, piston
engine and the atmosphere.
Internal combustion engine – burning of fuel
takes place inside the cylinder or turbine engine.
Examples are gasoline, diesel engine and our human
body.
Most vehicles make use of a gasoline engine. In
the case gasoline engines, most have four cylinders,
each containing a piston.
Gasoline engines, have four cylinders, each containing a
piston. Each piston undergoes a series of four movements or
strokes.
1. Intake Stroke The intake valve opens, allowing the cylinder to
receive the fuel-air mixture as the piston moves downward.
2. Compression Stroke The piston moves up compressing the
fuel-air mixture.
3. Power Stroke The spark plug at the top of the cylinder causes
the mixture to ignite and combust making its temperature high.
With this increase in temperature, the pressure inside the
cylinder increases causing the piston to go down and perform
mechanical work.
4. Exhaust Stroke The combusted gases are pushed out of the
opened exhaust valve through an upward motion on the
piston. The intake valve opens and the cycle repeats.
NO. CYCLE STROKE MOVEMENT OF THE WHAT HAPPENED TO
PISTON MIXTURE OF GASES?
1 Intake Moves down Filled in the cylinder
2 Compression Moves upward Compressed into

fractional amount
3 Power Moves down Ignited by the spark
plug
4 Exhaust Moves up Expelled out by the
exhaust pipe
Thermal Efficiency
The thermal energy produced from the
combustion of fuel-air mixture is transformed
into mechanical energy which moves the car.
However, not all thermal energy is
converted into useful work. Parts of the engine
itself, the cooling water in the radiator and the
surrounding air will absorb the heat and will not
be available to perform work.
Thermal energy which is not converted
to useful work is called waste heat. These
heat losses are unavoidable and greatly limit
the efficiency of heat engines.
For example, the engines of a cars are
only 30% efficient. This means that for
every 100 joules of thermal energy
produced by the combustion of gasoline,
only 30 joules are used to move the car.
Efficiency = 1- TC X 100%
TH
Sample Problem:
1. What is the efficiency of a machine when the input is 263J and the
output is 142J?
Given: QC = 142J QH = 263J Find: Efficiency
= 1- 142 J
263 J
= 46%
Sample Problem:
2. What is the efficiency of a gasoline engine that receives 195.75 J of
energy from combustion and lose 125.25 J by heat to exhaust during
one cycle?
Given: QC = 125.25 J QH = 195.75 J Find: Efficiency
= 36.01%
Sample Problem:
3. Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600K. The engine uses
part of this thermal energy for work. It exhausts the rest to a
condenser at a temperature of 350K. What is the maximum efficiency
of this steam engine?
Given: Tc = 350K TH = 600K Find: Efficiency
Solution:
Efficiency = 1- Tc
X 100%
TH
= 1- 350K
600K
X 100%
= 41.67%
Sample Problem:
4. A light bulb consumes 200J of electrical energy per second, but
only emits 25J of light energy per second. Calculate the efficiency of
this bulb.
Given: QC = 25 J QH = 200 J Find: Efficiency
= 1- 25 J
200 J
= 87.5%
Thank you
God bless everyone!

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OBJECTIVES

1. Determine the relationships between heat,

2 Compression Moves upward Compressed into

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