ASTR 115 Lab Notebook Markscheme 2017 - 2018 1 1
ASTR 115 Lab Notebook Markscheme 2017 - 2018 1 1
ASTR 115 Lab Notebook Markscheme 2017 - 2018 1 1
AWARD
2
POINTS
FOR
SIGNATURE,
2
POINTS
JUST
BECAUSE
AND
6
POINTS
FOR
LAB
(EACH
Q
AB0VE
=
0.5
POINTS.
USE
YOUR
OWN
JUDGEMENT
IN
GRADING
AND
BE
LIBERAL)
******************************************************************************************************
Lab
Session
3
(Labs
3
and
4)
Lab
3
Orbit’s
and
Kepler’s
Laws
Lesson
1
1. To
achieve
escape
velocity
2. None
3. No
air-‐resistance
4. Air-‐resistance
Lesson
2
5.
A-‐5
B-‐15
C-‐10
D-‐20
E-‐10
Yes,
C=E=10
6.
foci
in
same
place,
zero
eccentricity
Lesson
3
7. Faster,
inversely
8. It
is
only
close
to
the
sun
and
Earth
for
a
very
short
time
9. Earth,
Comet
Halley’s
orbit
is
very
eccentric
there
is
a
large
difference
between
the
perihelion
and
aphelion
distances.
10. Orbital
radius
Lesson
4
11. P=8
years,
64,
8,
yes
12.
About
1.6
AU,
farther
from
sun
than
Earth
AWARD
2
POINTS
FOR
SIGNATURE,
2
POINTS
JUST
BECAUSE
AND
6
POINTS
FOR
LAB
(EACH
Q
AB0VE
=
0.5
POINTS.
USE
YOUR
OWN
JUDGEMENT
IN
GRADING
AND
BE
LIBERAL)
Lab
4
Motion
and
Gravity
Lesson
1
1. It
increases,
F=ma,
force
and
mass
are
proportional
2. A
large
mass
will
be
accelerated
less
by
the
same
force
than
a
small
mass,
a=F/m,
acceleration
and
mass
are
inversely
proportional
3. Less
force
is
required
to
accelerate
a
small
mass
the
same
amount
as
a
large
mass,
F=ma,
force
an
mass
are
proportional
4. They
will
hit
the
ground
at
the
same
time
5. The
more
massive
object
should
fall
faster
Lesson
2
6. Weight
is
the
force
with
which
gravity
attracts
a
mass.
7. You
would
weigh
less,
the
planet’s
surface
gravity
would
be
less
than
Earth’s.
8. You
would
weigh
more,
the
planet’s
surface
gravity
would
be
more
than
Earth’s.
9. The
effect
of
greater
mass
on
Uranus’
surface
gravity
is
offset
by
its
larger
size.
10. It
would
become
less
and
less.
11. Earth,
at
the
same
distance
Earth’s
greater
mass
would
give
it
a
stronger
gravitational
pull.
12. Yes
if
you
were
closer
to
the
Moon,
a
smaller
distance
to
the
moon
can
offset
the
gravitational
effect
of
Earth’s
greater
mass.
AWARD
2
POINTS
JUST
BECAUSE
AND
6
POINTS
FOR
LAB
(EACH
Q
AB0VE
=
0.5
POINTS.
USE
YOUR
OWN
JUDGEMENT
IN
GRADING
AND
BE
LIBERAL)
******************************************************************************************************
Lab
Session
4
(Lab
5)
Lab
5
–
Light
&
Spectroscopy
Lesson
1
1. Wavelength
2. Brightness
3. Long
wavelength-‐Radio;
Short
wavelength-‐Gamma
Rays
or
X-‐rays
Lesson
2
4. The
wavelength
at
which
the
most
light
is
given
off
5. A
green
leaf
6. Yes,
but
it
gives
of
more
blue
light
than
other
visible
colors
Lesson
3
7. Red,
Blue-‐Green
Violet
8. Highest
energy
photons-‐violet;
Lowest
energy-‐red
9. Hydrogen,
it
suggests
that
its
structure
is
the
simplest
Lesson
4
10. Continuous
11. Gamma
rays
and
x-‐rays;
radio
waves
12. A
blue
star
has
a
higher
temperature
than
a
red
star.
AWARD
2
POINTS
FOR
SIGNATURE
(AUTOMATIC
IF
IN
ATTENDANCE)
AND
SELECT
ANY
4
QUESTIONS
FROM
ABOVE
TO
GRADE.
EACH
ITEM
=
2
POINTS,
BUT
GO
AHEAD
AN
USE
DISCRETION
******************************************************************************************************
Lab
Session
5
(Labs
6
&
7)
Lab
6
–
The
Doppler
Effect
Lesson
1
1. Pitch,
loudness
2. Pitch
3. Frequency
4. The
pitch
will
increase
5. As
the
racecar
approaches
it
“catches-‐up”
with
its
waves,
bunching
them
up,
shortening
their
wavelength
and
raising
their
frequency.
6. Color
7. Wavelength
Lesson
2
8. A
redshift
is
when
the
wavelengths
is
a
spectrum
appear
longer
than
expected
a
blue
shift
is
when
they
appear
shorter.
Redshifts
occur
when
the
waves
get
spread
out
due
to
an
object
moving
away
from
the
observer,
blue
shifts
when
the
waves
get
bunched
up
due
to
an
object
moving
toward
and
observer.
The
amount
of
shift
will
be
more
if
the
object
is
moving
faster
less
if
slower.
9. They
are
both
moving
away
from
the
observer,
the
one
with
more
redshift
is
moving
faster.
10. No,
just
that
the
wavelengths
are
shorter
than
expected.
11. No,
it
may
be
moving
along
a
line
perpendicular
(or
side
to
side)
relative
to
the
line
between
the
object
and
the
observer
12. The
ticket
is
for
speeding,
you
must
be
going
very
fast
for
this
to
happen!
AWARD
2
POINTS
FOR
SIGNATURE
AND
SELECT
ANY
3
QUESTIONS
FROM
ABOVE
TO
GRADE.
EACH
ITEM
=
2
POINTS,
BUT
GO
AHEAD
AN
USE
DISCRETION
Lab
7
–
Telescopes
Lesson
1
1.
The
sun
is
so
far
away
that
by
the
time
they
get
to
Earth
adjacent
light
rays
are
essential
parallel
to
one
another.
4.
By
a
factor
of
4
Lesson
2
6.
Diffraction
through
a
larger
hole
will
make
an
image
smaller.
Lesson
3
10.
Visible
light
and
radio
waves.
11.
The
air
is
thinner
so
it
distorts
images
less.
12. There
is
no
air
to
distort
images
or
filter
out
any
type
of
electromagnetic
waves.
Lab
Activity
Diameter
of
Mirror
Square
of
Diameter
Amount
of
Light
Collected
1
1
100
2
4
400
3
9
900
4
16
1600
5
25
2500
Diameter
vs.
Light
Collected
will
be
a
curve
of
increasing
slope
Diameter
squared
vs.
Light
collected
will
be
straight
line
of
positive
slope
Amount
of
Light
collected
is
directly
proportional
to
the
square
of
the
diameter
of
the
mirror
FOR
THE
QUESTIONS
FROM
LESSONS
1,
2
AND
3,
AWARD
0.5
POINTS/QUESTION.
FOR
THE
LAB
ACTIVITY,
AWARD
2
POINTS,
0.67
POINT
FOR
THE
DATA
TABLE
COMPLETE,
0.67
POINT
FOR
PROPER
SKETCH
GRAPHS,
0.67
POINT
FOR
THE
SECOND
QUESTION.
******************************************************************************************************
Lab
Session
6
(Lab
8)
Lab
8
–
The
Sun
Lesson
1
1.
Core,
radiative
zone,
convective
zone,
photosphere
Lesson
2
6. Energy
is
released
Lab
Activity
Greater
luminosity
decreases
the
lifetime
of
a
star.
Greater
mass
increases
the
lifetime
of
a
star.
Less
massive
and
luminous
stars
live
a
LONGER
lifespan
than
the
sun.
More
massive
and
luminous
stars
live
a
SHORTER
lifespan
than
the
sun.
AWARD
2
POINTS
FOR
SIGNATURE,
2
POINTS
JUST
BECAUSE
AND
6
POINTS
FOR
LAB
(EACH
Q
AB0VE
=
1
POINTS)
Lab
Session
7
(Lab
9)
Lab
9
Measuring
Cosmic
Distances
Lesson
1
1. Sonar
is
sound
waves
and
cannot
travel
through
space
and
even
if
they
could
they
are
much
slower
than
radar
which
are
radio
waves
that
can
travel
through
space
at
the
speed
of
light.
Sonar
has
a
longer
wavelength
which
is
better
for
measuring
the
distance
to
objects
on
Earth
2. Radio
waves
travel
at
the
speed
of
light.
3. About
64
minutes,
just
over
2
hours.
Lesson
2
4. Parallax
is
the
apparent
shift
in
the
position
of
an
object
relative
to
its
background
due
to
a
change
in
position
of
the
observer.
5. Radar
does
not
reflect
off
stars
and
they
are
much
too
far
away
anyway,
it
would
take
too
long
for
signals
to
return
and
they
would
be
very
weak
when
they
arrived.
6. Some
stars
are
too
far
away
to
show
a
parallax
shift.
Lesson
3
7. Streetlights
are
much
closer
than
stars.
8. Apparent
brightness
decreases
with
an
observer’s
distance
from
the
source.
9. A
standard
candle
is
an
object
of
know
luminosity
that
can
be
used
to
determine
the
luminosity
of
other
objects.
Lesson
4
10. Radar,
Parallax,
Tulley-‐Fisher
Relationship,
Hubble
Law
11. The
farther
the
distance
the
larger
the
acceptable
error
.
12. Luminosity
and
Rotation
Rate.
Luminosity
increasing
with
increasing
rotation
rate
in
a
predictable
way
that
allows
estimates
of
unknown
luminosities
based
on
observed
rotation
rates.
Lab
Activity
TABLE:
Star
A
distance;
Star
B
distance;
A/B;
Star
A
Apparent
Brightness;
Star
B
Apparent
Brightness;
Brightness
Ratio
10;
20;
0.5;
4;
1;
4
20;
20;
1;
1;
1;
1
40;
20;
2;
25;
1;
0.25
60;
20;
3;
.11;
1;
0.11
When
star
A
is
half
as
far
away
as
Star
B,
Star
A
appears
4
times
as
bright
When
star
A
is
twice
as
far
as
Star
B,
Star
A
appears
0.25
times
as
bright
When
star
A
is
three
times
as
far
away
as
Star
B,
Star
A
appears
0.11
times
as
bright
B=1/d2;
Graph
is
decreasing
with
decreasing
slope
AWARD
2
POINTS
FOR
SIGNATURE
(AUTOMATIC
IF
IN
ATTENDANCE)
.AWARD
4
POINTS
FOR
ANY
4
QUESTIONS
YOU
CHOOSE
FROM
LESSONS
1
–
4,
1
POINT/QUESTION.
AWARD
4
POINTS
FOR
THE
LAB
ACTIVITY,
2
POINTS
FOR
THE
TABLE,
1
POINT
FOR
THE
QUESTIONS,
ONE
POINT
FOR
THE
SKETCH
GRAPH.
******************************************************************************************************
Lab
Session
8
(LabS
10
&
11)
Lab
10
–
The
HR
Diagram
Lesson
1
1. No,
the
star
that
appears
brighter
could
be
closer.
2. red,
yellow,
white,
blue
3. red-‐M;
yellow-‐G,
white-‐A;
blue-‐B
4. Hot=Left;
Cool=Right;
Bright=High;
Dim=Low
Lesson
2
5. The
brightest
stars
are
Blue
or
Red.
The
dimmest
stars
are
White
or
Red.
6. Brighter
stars
are
bigger.
7. Size
and
temperature.
8. The
star
directly
to
the
left
is
smaller.
9. The
star
directly
above
is
bigger.
Lesson
3
10. A
brighter
main-‐sequence
star
is
more
massive.
A
hotter
main-‐sequence
star
is
more
massive.
11. Blue,
white,
yellow,
red.
12. You
cannot
be
sure,
the
mass-‐luminosity
relationship
only
applies
on
the
main-‐sequence.
AWARD
2
POINTS
FOR
SIGNATURE
AND
SELECT
ANY
4
QUESTIONS
FROM
ABOVE
TO
GRADE.
EACH
ITEM
=
2
POINTS,
BUT
GO
AHEAD
AN
USE
DISCRETION
Lab
11
–
Stellar
Evolution
Lesson
1
1. Hydrogen
fusion
in
the
core
stops
2. More
massive
stars
live
shorter
lives.
Dimmer
main-‐sequence
stars
will
live
longer
lives.
More
massive
stars
use
their
energy
faster
being
hotter
and
brighter.
3. MORE;
BRIGHTER;
HOTTER:
SHORTER
4. LESS;
DIMMER:
COOLER:
LONGER
Lesson
2
5. Red
Giant
6. BRIGHTER;
COOLER;
LARGER
7. Up
and
to
the
right.
8. White
Dwarf
9. DIMMER;
HOTTER;
SMALLER
10. Down
and
to
the
left.
Lesson
3
11. A
supernova
12. Blue,
white,
yellow;
brighter
stars
live
shorter
lives.
13. BRIGHTEST;
MOST;
Brighter
and
hotter
more
massive
stars
live
shorter
lives.
ANY
8
QUESTIONS
FROM
ABOVE
TO
GRADE.
EACH
ITEM
=
1
POINTS.
******************************************************************************************************
Lab
Session
9
(Labs
12
and
13)
Lab
12
–
Black
Holes
Lab
Activity
Mass;
Schwarzschild
Radius;
R/M
M=3;
R=9;
R/M=3
M=5;
R=15,
R/M=3
M=10;
R=30;
R/M=3
M=20;
R=60:
R/M=3
M=30;
R=90;
R/M=3
M=50;
R=150;
R/M=3
M=60;
R=180;
R/M=3
M=90;
R=270;
R/M=3
M=100;
R=300;
R/M=3
R=3
x
M
No,
the
ratio
R/M
is
a
constant.
AWARD
2
POINTS
FOR
SIGNATURE.
AWARD
1
POINTS
FOR
JUST
DOING
THE
LAB.
AWARD
7
FOR
THE
LAB
ACTIVITY.
4
POINTS
FOR
THE
TABLE,
1.5
POINT
FOR
EACH
QUESTION
AFTER
THE
TABLE.
Lab
13
–
Detecting
Dark
Matter
in
Spiral
Galaxies
Lesson
1
1. SLOWER
2. FASTER
3. No
4. No
5. MERRY
GO
ROUND
6. NEITHER
Lesson
2
7. DIRECTLY
8. INVERSLEY
Lab
Activity
Merry-‐go-‐round
graph-‐Straight
line
with
positive
slope
Solar
system
graph-‐Decreasing
line
with
decreasing
slope
Galaxy-‐Strait
line
with
positive
slope
soon
leveling
off
to
a
constant
DOUBLE
DECREASE
STAY
ABOUT
THE
SAME
SELECT
ANY
8
ITEMS
FROM
ABOVE
TO
GRADE.
EACH
ITEM
=
1
POINTS.
Lab
Session
10
(Lab
14)
Lab
15
–
Hubble’s
Law
Lesson
1
1. REDSHIFT
2. AWAY
FROM
US
3. Distance
4. No,
it
is
caused
by
the
expansion
of
space
Lesson
2
5. It
is
expanding
6. That
we
are
in
the
center.
7. No,
observers
in
all
galaxies
would
all
other
moving
away
from
them.
8. 4
Mpc
9. 5
Mpc,
20
Mpc
Lesson
3
10. 19.5
Gyr
(19.5
billion
years)
11. Higher
Hubble
Constant-‐lower
age
of
Universe;
Lower
Hubble
Constant-‐
higher
age
of
Universe
12. 19.
5
billion
light-‐years.
Light
would
not
have
had
time
to
travel
from
anything
farther
away.
It
is
possible
that
there
are
objects
further
away
than
that,
but
the
light
from
them
has
not
had
time
to
reach
us.
AWARD
2
POINTS
FOR
SIGNATURE
AND
SELECT
8
ITEMS
FROM
ABOVE
TO
GRADE.
EACH
ITEM
=
1
POINT.