Mathematics Trigonometric: Tangent "Tanh"

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION:
In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric, or circular, functions. The basic hyperbolic functions are the hyperbolic sine "sinh" and the hyperbolic cosine "cosh" from which are derived the hyperbolic tangent "tanh".
HYPERBOLA:
A ray through the origin intercepts the hyperbola in the point , where is twice the area between the ray and the -axis
APPLICATIONS:
Just as the points (cos t, sin t) form a circle with a unit radius, the points (cosh t, sinh t) form the right half of the equilateral hyperbola. Hyperbolic functions occur in the solutions of some important linear differential equations, for example the equation defining a catenary, and Laplace's equation in Cartesian coordinates. The latter is important in many areas of physics, including electromagnetic theory, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and special relativity.
HISTORY: Hyperbolic functions were introduced in the 1760s independently by Vincenzo Riccati and Johann Heinrich Lambert.
PROPERTIES: The hyperbolic functions enjoy properties similar to the trigonometric functions; their definitions, though, are much more straightforward:
Here are their graphs: the
is pictured in red, the
function is depicted in blue.
As their trigonometric counterparts, the function is odd.
function is even, while the
PYTHOGORUS THEOREM:
While ,
, parametrizes the unit circle, the hyperbolic functions , parametrize the standard hyperbola , x>1.
In the picture below, the standard hyperbola is depicted in red, while the point for various values of the parameter t is pictured in blue.
DIAGRAM:
The other hyperbolic functions are defined the same way, the rest of the trigonometric functions is defined:
tanh x
coth x
sech x
csch x
For every formula for the trigonometric functions, there is a similar (not necessary identical) formula for the hyperbolic functions:
Let's consider for example the addition formula for the hyperbolic cosine function:
1)
Start with the right side and multiply out:
2) You want to show that Start with the right side and multiply out: .
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic sine function is a one-to-one function, and thus has an inverse. As usual, we obtain the graph of the inverse hyperbolic sine function ) by reflecting the graph of (also denoted by
about the line y=x:
Since is defined in terms of the exponential function, you should not be surprised that its inverse function can be expressed in terms of the logarithmic function: Let's set , and try to solve for x:
This is a quadratic equation with
instead of x as the variable. y will be considered a constant.
So using the quadratic formula, we obtain
Since for all x, and since the minus sign, so
for all y, we have to discard the solution with
and consequently
Read that last sentence again slowly! We have found out that
Here's the graph. Note that the hyperbolic cosine function is not one-to-one, so let's restrict the domain to .
Since is defined in terms of the exponential function. Its inverse function can be expressed in terms of the logarithmic function:
Let's set
, keep in mind that we restrict to
, and try to solve for x:
This is a quadratic equation with ex instead of x as the variable. y will be considered a constant.
So using the quadratic formula, we obtain
Since we have that for all x, and since fails to exceed 1 for some y, we have to discard the solution with the minus sign, so
and consequently
Read that last sentence again slowly!
We have found out that
Logarithm:
Logarithms were introduced by John Napier in the early 17th century as a means to simplify calculations
THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION WITH BASE b is the function

y = logb x. b is normally a number greater than 1 (although it need only be greater than 0 and not equal to 1). The function is defined for all x > 0. Here is its graph for any base b.
Note: For any base, the x-intercept is 1, because: The logarithm of 1 is 0. y = logb1 = 0.
Exponential functions
By definition: logby = x means bx = y.

In other words, corresponding to every logarithm function with base b there is an exponential function with base b:
y = bx. It is defined for every real number x. Here is its graph:

Mathematics Trigonometric: Tangent "Tanh"

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HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION:

Here are their graphs: the

is pictured in red, the

function is depicted in blue.

As their trigonometric counterparts, the function is odd.

function is even, while the

Start with the right side and multiply out:

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

about the line y=x:

This is a quadratic equation with

instead of x as the variable. y will be considered a constant.

So using the quadratic formula, we obtain

Since for all x, and since the minus sign, so

for all y, we have to discard the solution with

, keep in mind that we restrict to

, and try to solve for x:

So using the quadratic formula, we obtain

Read that last sentence again slowly!

We have found out that

THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION WITH BASE b is the function

By definition: logby = x means bx = y.

y = bx. It is defined for every real number x. Here is its graph:

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