Waqas Thesis

A CASE STUDY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF ALLAMA
IQBAL TOWN, LAHORE.
SUBMITTED BY
MUHAMMAD WAQAS BSCET01191026
AQEEEL KAZIM BSCET01191023
ZAIN SARFARAZ BSCET01191008
SUPERVISED BY
ENGR MUDASSIR DILAWAR
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
2019-2023
A CASE STUDY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF ALLAMA
IQBAL TOWN, LAHORE.
A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Technology at
The University of Lahore, Lahore
Supervisor Evaluator 1
Engr Mudassir Dilawar Engr M Hamza
Evaluator 2 Convener, Project Cell
Engr Mazhar Yaseen Nasir Mahmood
Head of Department
Dr. Asim Anwar
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
2019-2023
i
DECLARATION
We confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has
been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged
below, and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged
below.
I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original and does not to
the best of my knowledge infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property
Right or contain any confidential material.
I accept that the University has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the
electronic version of the thesis.
I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or
any other university.
The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived
from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author.
MUHAMMAD WAQAS BSCET01191026 ____________________
AQEEL KAZIM BSCET01191023 ____________________
ZAIN SARFAZ BSCET01191008 ____________________
Date: .............................................................................
ii
PREFACE
The work presented in this dissertation was undertaken at the Department of Technology, The
University of Lahore Between 2021 to 2022. This dissertation is the result of my own work
and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where
specifically indicated in the text. Neither the present dissertation, nor any part thereof, has been
submitted previously for a degree to this or any other university.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All the praises for Allah who taught man what he did not know and for the guidance of His
people, sent Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH). Foremost, me able to read, think and write.
There are countless thanks to Allah for all the blessings in my life and making. I would like to
express my deepest gratitude to my Teacher and Supervisor, Sir Engr Mudassar Dilawar for
his endless support, guidance and suggestions during my whole work. Without his kind support
and supervision, it was not possible to complete this work in a good way.
Afterwards, I am very thankful to my teachers Engr Mazhar Yasin and Engr Muhammad
Hamza for their encouragement, moral support and constructive suggestions to complete my
work. Their continuous support and encouragement helped me a lot for improving my work.
Finally, I acknowledge all those who believe in true research for the betterment of human
beings.
iv
ABSTRACT
Households that are major producers of solid waste and suffer from the impact of
uncollected solid waste should be able to participate in improving waste management.
Therefore, the contribution of urban residents in waste management services plays an
important role in improving waste management in communities. Therefore, this study aims
to estimate the willingness of households to pay for the improvement of solid waste
management services and to analyze its determining factors using SPSS software. A total
of 238 randomly selected households were interviewed for the purposes of this study. In
this research, two descriptive and econometric methods have been used. Finally, the results
of the survey showed that 79.8% of the sample households were willing to pay for the
improvement of solid waste management services. Following this, a conditional valuation
of 1.5 kroner results in a willingness to pay of 1000 pkr [Official exchange rate of currency
1 = 31.45 (pkr)] per month and a total willingness to pay of 494,587 Pkr per month. This
amount is much higher than the amount collected by Allama Iqbal City Municipality of
Lahore (Rs. 335,000 per month). In addition, the results of the model show that the level
of household education, total monthly income, the amount of waste produced per week,
access to solid waste management services, and the respondents' responsibility for solid
waste management show a positive and significant relationship with the willingness of the
household to pay. The effect on the gender of the head of the household and the number of
children in the household. Allama Iqbal Town of Lahore City Municipality should consider
these important variables to design and implement the improvement of solid waste
management services.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................ii
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................ iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATION’S .................................................................................................. x
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of Study.................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem Statement ....................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................. 4
1.5 Study Rationale ............................................................................................................ 4
1.6 Justification of Study.................................................................................................... 5

1.7 Study Limitations ......................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................. 8
LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Solid Waste Management Policies in Pakistan............................................................. 8

2.2 Status of Solid Waste Management Practices in Pakistan ............................................ 8
2.3 Various Studies to manage properly solid waste management and strategies for WTP.
.......................................................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Municipal Solid Waste Management and its Functional Elements ............................ 15
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................ 18
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 18
3.1 Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................. 18

3.2 Study Participants ....................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Study Area .................................................................................................................. 21
vi
3.4 Allama Iqbal Town Lahore......................................................................................... 22
3.5 Instruments ................................................................................................................. 23
3.6 Data Collection Methods ............................................................................................ 24
3.7 Questionnaire Survey ................................................................................................. 24
3.8 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 30
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................ 31
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS .............................................................................................. 31
4.1 Result .......................................................................................................................... 31

4.2 Discussions ................................................................................................................. 47
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................ 50
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 50
5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 50

5.2: Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 51
REFERANCES ........................................................................................................................ 52
vii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1: Status of SWM Practices In Pakistan……………………………………….……19

Table 3.1: Status of Municipal Solid Waste in Lahore Municipality…………………….…32
Table 4.1: Statistical Summary of the Study……………………………………………..….41
Table 4.2: Required & Available Resources for Solid Waste in Allama Iqbal Town…….…47
Table 4.3: Distribution of Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (238)…...48
Table 4.4: Awareness Level on Household Solid Waste Management of the
Community People………………………………………….……………………………......53
Table 4.5: Practice Level on Household Solid Waste Management of the
Community People...................................................................................................................54
Table 4.6: Description of Explanatory Variables Used in this Study......................................55
Table 4.7: Summary of Continuous Variables……………………………………………….56
Table 4.8: Summary of Categorical Variables………………………………………….…....57
Table 4.9: Relationship between the Socio Demographic Characteristics and Practice
On Household Solid Waste Management among the Community People………………....….57
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Urban Waste Generation by Income Level and Year……………………….……11
Figure 3.1: Conceptual Framework of Solid Waste Management…………………..……….30

Figure 3.2: Map of Allama Iqbal Town, Lahore …………….………………………….…….31
Figure 4.1: Figure Shows Us Different Types of Solid Wastes …………………..………….41
Figure 4.2: Different Sources of Solid Wastes…………………………………………….…42
Figure 4.3 Various Impacts of Solid Wastes……………………………………………….…43
Figure 4.4: This Figure Show Us Different Sites Using For the Disposal of Solid Waste……43
Figure 4.5: This Figure Show Different Factors Which Hindered the Management System...44
Figure 4.6: This Figure Shows the Sites Using For the Disposal of Solid Wastes by the TMA.45
Figure 4.7: The Figure Investigated the Best Solution of Solid Wastes…………………..….45
Figure 4.8: The Data Show Different Amount of Money as Willingness to Pay for the Disposal
Of Solid Wastes………………………………………………………………………….…...46
Figure 4.9: Gender of Respondent……………………………………………...…...…….….49
Figure 4.10: Age of Respondents………………………………………………………….….50
Figure 4.11: Education Level of Respondents………………………………………….….…50
Figure 4.12: Major Occupation of Respondents…………………………………….…….….51
Figure 4.13: Household Size of Respondents………………………………………………...52
Figure 4.14: Socio-Economic Classification of Population………………………………….52
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATION’S
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
DF Degree of Freedom
GOVT Government
IBM International Business Machines
LWMC Lahore Waste Management Company
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Scientists
Sq. m Square meters
SWM Solid Waste Management
USD United States Dollar
WTP Willingness to Pay
NADRA National Database and Registration Authority
PKR Pakistani Rupees
SWM Solid Waste Management
HHS Households
APO Asian Productivity Organization
CDGL City District Government Lahore
IRB Institutional Review Board
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics
GDP Gross Domestic Product
x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a serious problem in urban areas around the world, which
is growing faster than the rate of urbanization. In 2002, 2.9 billion urban dwellers produced
0.64 kilograms (kg) of waste per person per day, which increased to 3.45% of the
population in 2012 and 87.5% of waste generation living in the day). By 2025, 4.3 billion
urban dwellers are expected to generate 1.42 kg of waste per person per day. Furthermore,
MSW occurring in low-income countries is expected to increase significantly over the
years compared to countries in other income groups (Figure 1.1). [1]
Figure 2.1 urban waste generation by income level and year
This particular group of countries will be those that lack the technological advancement
and the socio-political environment that would help them overcome this situation, thereby
exacerbating the problem of waste management. In developing countries, about 20–50% of
local government budgets are spent on waste management, yet 30–60% of waste is not
collected and less than 50% of the population is served (World Bank, 2016).[1]
Uncollected garbage is dumped indiscriminately on the streets, riverbanks and sewers. It is
mixed with human and animal waste. Thus, they contribute to flooding, the breeding of
insect and rodent vectors, and the spread of disease. Even the limited amount of waste that
is collected often ends up in landfills or uncontrolled incineration to contaminate with it
Water, air and environment resources. Environmental destruction caused by improper
disposal of waste, including surface and underground water leachate pollution, soil
pollution due to direct contact with waste and leachate, air pollution due to burning waste,
1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Birds, insects, rodents, etc. spread of disease vectors or loss giving control the release of
methane from the anaerobic decomposition of waste threatens human and animal health
and causes significant economic and welfare losses. Needless to say, the risks are
exacerbated when waste collection and treatment is inadequate or absent (Asian
Productivity Organization [APO] 2007). [1]
Pakistan, one of the developed countries in South Asia, is no exception to this rule. It has
a population of 26.5 million, with an average annual population growth rate of 1.35% from
2001 to 2011 (Central Bureau of Statistics [CBS], 2014b). Gross domestic product (GDP)
increased from $9.04 billion in 2006 to $21.14 billion in 2006, as well as rapid population
growth in urban areas (Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Center
[SWMRMC], 2008). 2016 (World Bank, 2017) may also contribute to the increase in
municipal waste, as many studies show a positive correlation. Local governments and
community groups in Pakistan are largely characterized by limited access to information,
particularly on improving waste management systems and using waste in an economically
productive manner (Pakistan Actions). As part of the current solid waste management
(SWM) landscape, there is no adequate and effective waste collection system and only
limited recycling and composting activities are carried out across Pakistan (Habib Latif
Co. Ltd. & Consultants, 2018). Indiscriminate dumping and burning of garbage piles along
roads and rivers is common, causing health hazards and environmental problems locally
and downstream. Therefore, it is a long time for waste production to increase, and if
adequate and effective management is not done beforehand, the problem will become more
serious. Effective and sustainable municipal solid waste management (MSWM) systems
can be best achieved only when the community itself takes ownership. [2]
1.2 Problem Statement

Serious Issues in Study Area Due To Improper Solid Waste Management.
 Dust and dirt: Strong winds and storms spread dust and dirt from open solid waste
landfills to nearby areas.
 Odors: Areas near open dumpsters are exposed to odors from these wastes.
 Rats and other vermin: Public solid waste landfills provide an attractive environment
for rodents and other vermin.
 Toxic gases: Toxic gases are continuously exposed to the atmosphere.
2
 Leaching: storm water seepage from open landfills that contaminates groundwater
supplies.
 Health and Sanitation: Open landfills of solid waste are a serious threat to human health
and hygiene.
1.2.1 Environmental Impact

 Decomposition and degradation can occur if solid waste is not managed properly.
 Solid organic waste can produce unpleasant odors during decomposition.
 Groundwater pollution.
 Soil pollution.
 Air pollution and global warming.
1.2.2 Health Hazards
 Many diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague and gastrointestinal

diseases are common and cause loss of life.
 Failure to collect and stack solid waste can lead to unsanitary conditions.
 Improper handling of solid waste poses health risks to workers who are in direct
contact with the waste.
Types of diseases caused by uncollected solid waste in the study area. Households reported a
range of health problems including malaria (32.66%), diarrhea (12.33%), food poisoning
(6.66%), skin allergies (8.33%), respiratory problems (17.66%), and fever (8.33%). are doing.
It is associated with the deterioration of environmental quality. Fortunately, 14% of the
households did not have any problems due to the improvement of solid waste management in
the region, and most of them belonged to Allama Iqbal Town.
The correlation between uncollected solid waste and disease incidence shows a high positive
correlation between uncollected solid waste and disease incidence in the studied sites. Solid
waste that is not collected and disposed of can pose a serious disease risk. In the study site,
poor waste management practices have a negative impact on the residents near these places.
1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to analyze the current situation of HH solid waste in
Allama Iqbal city of Lahore and to identify effective methods for its management. For this
purpose, the following specific goals are achieved:
3
 To assess socioeconomic factors affecting HHS’ waste generation and conduct

characterization study of HHS’ waste.
 To assess HHS’ willingness-to-segregate waste, and socioeconomic factors
influencing it.
 To analyze HHS’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for solid waste collection service and
socioeconomic factors affecting it.
1.4 Significance of the Study

This survey looks at how much people are willing to pay for waste disposal. This study
introduces several new technologies for waste disposal. This study examines the social and
environmental effects of waste on society. This study will help the reader to understand the
waste management system. Strengths and weaknesses of the system. These two factors will
help you choose the right system for your next generation. Details of the quality or lack of
quality of the waste management system.
1.5 Study Rationale

Before deciding on the most efficient waste management options, it is necessary to identify the
current state of waste-related problems. This includes the amount of waste produced, types of
waste produced, how waste is managed, factors involved in waste management, and what these
actors currently have available for waste management, resources, etc. It is determined based on
the socio-economic, political and cultural background of a specific region. Each situation
requires a unique solution. That is why it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study on
the waste. Few studies, especially in countries like Pakistan, analyze waste generation and
waste management practices in detail to suggest the most effective solutions.
The most recent legislation related to waste management in Pakistan is the Solid Waste
Management Act, 1997, which gives full authority and responsibility to local governments for
proper management of waste. It also allows local governments to introduce waste segregation
at source, impose waste management fees, manage waste through composting and recycling,
and dispose of appropriate waste in sanitary landfills. However, local governments in Pakistan
rarely enforce this law. Policy implementation is a big challenge for any government, but it is
very important to understand the basic issues before introducing any policy to the people. This
research seeks to access a wide range of factors that may influence household (HH) behaviors
and practices for successful policy implementation.
4
1.6 Justification of Study

Some studies were conducted in all the then 58 municipalities of Pakistan, but these studies
only considered one-day waste generation data. Not all urban areas were targeted. Most of
the studies on waste management in Pakistan have focused on the Lahore Valley, but these
studies do not cover the socio-economic aspects that can influence waste generation and
management practices. In addition, the results of these studies are contradictory due to the
lack of consistent scientific methods and different assumptions for quantifying waste
generated from different sources. This is a common problem in many developing
countries, where data sources cannot be verified and may be based on assumptions rather
than scientific measurements, leading to missing or inconsistent statistics. It therefore
questions the validity of such findings and whether relevant stakeholders should rely on
them for decision-making.[2]
The city of Lahore was chosen because the authors are familiar with the study area and it
is easy to conduct fieldwork for this study with the cooperation and support of the local
government and local residents. Also, only one municipality was considered as a case
study due to the limited budget and time frame for conducting field work. Lahore
municipality is representative of most other municipalities in Pakistan in terms of waste
generation, management practices, socio-economic aspects and geographical location. It
is one of the most difficult municipalities in Pakistan, with many parts still under
development. Therefore, the study can consider conducting similar studies in other
municipalities, especially newly established municipalities, in order to understand the
SWM situation and find the most effective solutions. This study considered weekly
household waste generation data for its analysis and included all urban areas in the sample,
so the findings are expected to be more accurate, especially for stakeholders at the
municipal level. It can help to make decisions. This study is the first study in the study area
and Pakistan to assess waste segregation intentions, a WTP study for improving waste
collection services and composting practices using government-issued compost bins. These
findings will help local governments and stakeholders to understand the characteristics of
households and design appropriate rates for waste collection services and help improve the
current overall waste management scenario. This study will also serve as a guide to conduct
WTP studies in other municipalities of Pakistan and other developing countries where there is
no waste collection fee.
5
1.7 Study Limitations

This study is limited to Allama Iqbal village of Lahore and cannot be generalized to other
villages of Pakistan. However, similar studies can be conducted using similar approaches. This
study, like any other study, had financial and time limitations. This is why sample surveys are
so popular, but the most important limitation of these surveys is the lack of information about
business establishments. Due to the lack of reliable data for municipalities, it was difficult to
generate the required minimum sample size or quantify the sample size representation for this
category. Therefore, only the HH residual is considered in this study. The samples were
purposively selected due to geographic location, road infrastructure (accessibility), and lack of
familiarity with HHS and local governments. However, with these limitations in mind, the
researchers sought to include as many samples as possible to best represent their research area.
1.8 Overview of Work and Structure:
This article is organized in eight chapters. The main findings of this research are presented in
chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7. An overview of each chapter follows.
Chapter 1 Introduction
This chapter describes the research background, research problem definition, research
rationale, research objectives, research rationale, and research limitations.
Chapter 2 Literature Review
This chapter examines various policies related to solid waste management formulated in
Pakistan, various studies related to solid waste management conducted in Pakistan, and
functional elements and strategic aspects of solid waste management in Pakistan. Condition.
Chapter 3 Methodology
In this chapter, the conceptual framework of this research, the description of the research field,
the data collection and sampling method, and the data analysis method are presented.
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
This chapter examines the characteristics of waste and analyzes the composition and factors
that may affect the generation of household waste in Allama Iqbal City, Lahore Municipality.
The Willingness of Households to Separate Waste
6
This chapter analyzes the willingness of households to segregate waste and the factors that may
influence household waste segregation behavior if laws are passed by the government in the
near future.
Households' Willingness to Pay for Better Waste Collection Services
This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of households' willingness to pay for improved
waste collection services and the factors that may influence their willingness to pay and
decision making.
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Suggestions
This chapter reiterates the importance of this study and summarizes the main findings of this
study along with relevant discussion and policy recommendations.
Recommendations for future research are also provided at the end of this chapter.
7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Solid Waste Management Policies in Pakistan
Waste management laws in developing Asia are neither comprehensive nor established. The
main problems are the lack of awareness, technical know-how, laws, policies and long-term
strategies similar implications are suggested for waste management policies in Pakistan. Prior
to the 1980s, MSW was not a serious threat as it was jointly managed by city residents and
local governments who deployed labor known as kuchikars to collect and dispose of the
remaining waste It was in the 1980s that with the urbanization of Lahore, the problem of solid
waste management began to emerge. Since then, the government has started to develop and
implement waste management policies to deal with this growing problem.
2.1.1 Solid Waste Management National Policy 1996

Solid Waste Management National Policy focused on the following areas:
 Minimize environmental pollution.
 Solid waste as a resource.
 Increase public awareness and participation.
 Involve non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in public health.
 Recycle.
 Minimize solid waste generation.
 Privatization of waste management services for effective operations.
 Waste management authority under local government jurisdiction, collection of service
charges, penalties/fines for violators.
 Separate units for health work in each municipal corporation, Quasi-municipal
Corporation, municipalities and municipal development committees (Ministry of Local
Development, 1996).
2.2 Status of Solid Waste Management Practices in Pakistan

Table 2.1 provides a comparison of three major waste management surveys conducted in
all 58 municipalities of Pakistan in 2003–2004, 2008 and 2011–2012, highlighting the
impact of waste management practices. It shows the situations and how they change and
develop years
8
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Table 2.1 Status of SWM Practices in Pakistan
Variables Study periods

2003-2004 2008 2011-2012
SWM services by
municipality (in no.
Of municipalities):
Street and public
57 57 N/a
place cleaning
Waste collection &
55 55 56
transportation
Door-to-door
19 20 24
collection
Share of HH waste to
75% N/a 50-75%
total municipal waste
Disposal practices in
municipalities (in no.
Of municipalities):
River bank 21 23 13
Road side piling 1
- -
Temporary open piles 6(river banks and open
19 27(dumping sites)
dumping
Dumping sites 10 - -
Landfill sites - 8 6(sanitary)
Controlled dumping - - 5
Not available 8 - 2
Composting mostly
in rural (in no. Of
municipalities)
At HH level 30%(17)
25 30
Municipality 4 6 6
Local club/NGOS 3 - -
Community 5 4 8
Planned 3 - -
Not available - 22 -
30% of surveyed HH.
Some promotional
activities for waste
segregation at source by
Waste segregation - -
21 municipalities.
Waste minimization
programs in 32
municipalities
Managed by most hospitals by burning, except in some
Medical Waste
municipalities where it is mixed with municipal waste.
9
No separate - No separate section

section to look to look after SWM
after SWM in 17 in 17 municipalities.
municipalities.
Lack of Lack of Lack of equipment and
equipment and equipment and human resources,
technical technical statistical records, proper
manpower, lack manpower, planning, insufficient
of capacity capacity building budget and political
building of of manpower, no
manpower, no environmental
environmental specialist in 72%
specialist in 33
Lack of data, Lack of data, Awareness programs
statistical records, statistical records, for SWM staff in only
Other Major Issues
research, research, 37 municipalities
awareness and awareness and 65% HHS not aware
information, information, of SWM program
proper planning proper planning implemented by their
in 17 municipality
municipalities 45%municipalities lack
annual plan, 67% have
not formulated short-
term plan and 62% lack
midterm or periodic
plan
Insufficient insufficient
budget in 26 budget in almost
municipalities 50% of
municipalities
No public private participation Develop clear policy
Political issues objectives, guiding
Segregation of waste at source into principles and
compostable and reusable/recyclables implementation
Composting could be the best way to strategy with timeline,
manage municipal waste as almost and monitoring and
62% are organic waste (institutional evaluation mechanism
Recommendations rather than HH in urban areas) to provide clear
Awareness program on waste and its strategic direction to
impact on health and environment local bodies.
Paper and plastics should be reused or
recycled
There is a need of technical and
financial assistance to develop an
efficient SWM system
10
Municipalities should have SWM by- Promotion of 3rs,

laws and guidelines mainly composting to
reduce waste
significantly for final
disposal.
Public awareness on
benefits of waste
segregation and
encourage public
participation.
Increase coverage of fee
collection and level of
service to recover SWM
cost, as 82% of HHS
are willing to pay fee
for better service.
Diagnostic report Baseline study on Solid waste
on state of solid solid waste management in
waste management in Pakistan: current status
management in municipalities of and policy
Source municipalities of Pakistan recommendations
Pakistan (SWMMC, 2008) (Asian Development
(SWMMC, 2004) Bank [ADB], 2013)
2.3 Various Studies to manage properly solid waste management and strategies for WTP.
Various studies have been conducted on willingness to pay for garbage services management.
For example,
Mahar Et Al. (2007): Investigating the current status of solid waste management services in
urban areas of Pakistan. For data analysis, this study used primary data of five major cities of
Punjab. This study showed that with the increase in population, the amount of waste increased
and low-income households have more health problems compared to high-income households.
The final results of this study showed that many factors play a role in solid waste management.
Therefore, these five major cities in Punjab use poor practices for municipal waste collection.
Appropriate policies should be used to solve this problem in urban areas of Pakistan.[3]
Rahji And Oloruntoba (2009): We analyzed various factors that influence households,
personal preferences and interest in waste services in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore. The purpose
of this study is to find various factors that affect the willingness of households to pay for private
11
solid waste treatment systems in the urban areas of Ibadan. We collected this information for
552 households in Ibadan, Allama Iqbal Town Lahore using primary data. Logit model was
used for analysis in this research. The final results of this study showed that education, income,
gender, occupation and household assets have a positive effect on the willingness to pay for
private solid waste management services. Therefore, this study provides several important
policy implications for improving household payment behavior for private swaps.[4]
Oyawole Et Al. (2016): From this study, we analyzed the determinants of household payments
for improved waste management services in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore. In poorer areas, more
households suffer from air pollution problems, and as a result, people in poor households face
serious health problems. The reason for this big problem is that in developing countries, most
households are unaware of environmental problems and have sufficient resources to increase
their willingness to pay for free to improve waste management services. Paying less for
improved waste management services increases the risk of health problems. This study is based
on preliminary data. To collect information, create a questionnaire using the instructions for
Basic Family Data. A multi-stage sampling method was used to analyze the data. Four villages
were selected from five districts in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore. Regular logistic regression
model is used to understand this concept. The results of the survey showed that 2% of
households are fully aware of their waste problem, but only 64% are willing to pay for better
waste management. The results show that the willingness to pay of households in the southeast
region of Allama Iqbal Town Lahore is influenced by various demographic factors such as
education, gender, age of the head of the household, size of the family and employment level
of the head of the household. This study recommends appropriate policy implications for
improving the economic status of low-income households.[5]
Thirumarpan And Dilsath (2016): Analysis of solid waste behavior of household heads in
Sri Lanka. This study showed that solid waste management leads to a continuous increase in
environmental degradation, which negatively affects human health and causes many serious
diseases. Various variables affect the willingness of households to pay for this purpose. In this
study, we used the binomial logistic regression model to understand this concept. The results
of the survey showed that only 59% of the lower part of the population were willing to pay for
the removal of this waste, while the rest of the people were not interested in improving waste
services. The average household income is between 30,000 and 35,000, but 86% of residents
are interested in paying monthly instead of daily. However, the amount of waste generated by
12
each household is 3 kg per day, which means the monthly installment for each household is
only Rs 60. The results of this study showed that there is a positive relationship between the
number of households and spending activities and a negative relationship between gender, daily
waste volume and waste disposal services. Therefore, it was concluded that families with
higher education had higher values of solid waste management rights compared to families
with lower education. As a result, this study proposes several policy recommendations to
improve the socio-economic status of families with poor education and thus increase the
willingness of households to improve waste management services.[6]
Akhtar Et Al. (2017): To improve solid waste management services in Lahore, we investigated
domestic sewage treatment plants. The main purpose of this study is to clarify the perspective
of the domestic sewage treatment plant of Gulberg community in Lahore, which is considered
the most populated area in Lahore. This article uses primary and secondary data. In this
research, a questionnaire was conducted on 200 randomly selected households. Secondary data
was also collected through demographic survey of Lahore Tehsil Municipal Commission. The
analysis of this study is by ANOVA method to understand this concept. The results show that
only richer households are interested in wastewater treatment plants to improve waste
management than poorer households. To reduce this problem among households, increase
household WTP and improve waste management, some policy measures and suggestions are
needed to solve this problem in the future.[7]
Alhassan Et Al. (2017): We examined various demographic factors affecting households at

sewage treatment plants in Ghana. Since many studies have been conducted to understand the
variables affecting household WTP for waste management, we describe the key factors
affecting household WTP for waste management, but with some limitations. This study is based
on preliminary data. A stratified sampling method was used to analyze the data. Two urban
areas have been selected: Accra and Temples, Ghana. Accepted the Tobit model. This research
showed a positive correlation between the marital status, education, income and occupation of
the head of the household and a negative correlation between gender and age of the head of the
household. Therefore, the final results concluded that various socio-economic factors
positively affect household WWTP and improve SWM.[8]
Dika Et Al. (2019): examined household intention payments to improve solid waste
management in Addis Ababa. In the data analysis of this research, secondary data was used to
13
collect information on households' willingness to pay using the probability assessment method.
In this research, we used the logistic regression model to understand this concept. As a result,
more households are fully aware of the waste problem, but more than 78% are not ready to pay
and 76% will only cooperate to improve solid waste management services. The final results of
this research showed that there is a positive relationship between household income, the
number of family members, and the age of the head of the household, and there is a negative
relationship between gender and education. This study recommends appropriate policy
implications for improving household economics and increasing willingness to pay for
improved waste management.[9]
Boateng Et Al. (2019): Household loads were investigated to improve waste management in
four major cities in Ghana: Accra, Takoradi, Kumasi and Tamale. The study found that 2 billion
households worldwide do not have access to solid waste management. Primary data was used
to collect this information. In this study, cluster surveys and simple random sampling are
conducted when 1516 ethnically diverse households from four districts in Ghana are included
in the data analysis. Logistic regression analysis is used for descriptive statistics, but the survey
did not perform well, with only 7-53% of households indicating a motivation to pay for solid
waste management improvement services. The results of this study showed that the willingness
of households to pay is influenced by many factors, including the education of the head of the
household, the amount of income and employment of the household, gender and occupation of
the household. While social impact is best demonstrated through financial services, improving
the sustainable WTP of Ghanaian households requires effort and expertise. It also emphasizes
the need for efforts to improve measurement tools to better assess waste management in
domestic wastewater treatment plants.[10]
Mulat Et Al. (2019): Various factors on household WTP for improving waste management in
Ethiopia were investigated. This study used primary data for the city of Injibara, Addis Ababa.
The sample size was randomly selected from the community of 7169 households. Systematic
sampling method was used for data analysis. The results of this research show that there is a
positive relationship between training to improve waste management and sewage treatment
plants, and there is a negative relationship between gender and willingness to pay for waste
management in the family population, which decreased with the increase in family population.
Occupancy status showed a positive relationship with waste management costs. If the
homeowner did not have a private place, they had to pay more for waste management compared
14
to families who had their own land. This study recommended the adoption of appropriate
policies to improve domestic sewage treatment plants for waste management.[11]
2.4 Municipal Solid Waste Management and its Functional Elements

MSWM must be produced, segregated, stored, collected, transported and transported, and
sourced using the most effective technology in an environmentally sound, socially
acceptable and economic manner without endangering health risks. Treatment and
disposal of solid waste. Man. Improper collection and transportation systems, improper
treatment and disposal of solid waste lead to serious health risks and environmental
pollution. Each waste management process plays a key role in the effective implementation
of waste-related policies. The functional elements of household waste are:
1. Waste Generation
2. Onsite Handling, Storage and Processing
3. Collection, Transfer and Transportation
4. Resource Recovery, Recycling and Composting
5. Disposal (Landfilling and Combustion)
2.5 Strategic Aspects of Municipal Solid Waste Management

2.5.1 Political and Legislative Aspects
Governments should establish legal and regulatory frameworks, define roles and
jurisdictions, and set goals and priorities for MSWM. Without clear MSW laws,
ordinances and regulations, effective management and management of MSW will be very
difficult for relevant authorities. A clear definition of jurisdictions and roles is essential for
the political sustainability of the MSWM system. The MSWM "strategic plan" provides
the basis for implementing the defined roles of government agencies and other
stakeholders. Lack of effective waste management laws is common in most developing
countries. Legislation related to waste management in developing countries is usually
fragmented, and several laws (such as the Public Health Act, Local Government Act,
Environmental Protection Act) contain rules and regulations related to waste management.
Containing regulatory provisions.[12]
2.5.2 Institutional Aspects

In developing countries, waste management usually requires the participation of several
15
institutions at the national level. However, there are often no defined roles/tasks of the
various national agencies in relation to SWM, and no single agency or committee has been
designated to coordinate their projects and activities. Lack of coordination between
relevant agencies often results in different agencies becoming the domestic counterparts
of different foreign sponsoring agencies for different waste management projects without
knowing what other national agencies are doing. This leads to duplication of effort, waste
of resources and instability of the overall waste management program.[12]
2.5.3 Socio-cultural Aspects

Public perceptions and attitudes towards waste can affect the entire waste management system.
All stages of waste management start with HH waste storage, through waste segregation,
recycling, collection frequency, waste volume, WTP of waste management services, opposition
to treatment site and waste disposal facilities until then, all these depend on public awareness.
Has it. And participation is therefore the fundamental issue that determines the success or
failure of any waste management system.
The social status of waste management workers is generally low in developed and developing
countries, but it is lower in developing countries than in developed countries. This is mainly
due to people's negative perception of businesses that deal with waste and unwanted items.
Such perceptions lead to disrespect for work, resulting in lower work ethic among workers and
lower job quality. Traditional values, religious beliefs and the existing caste system are the
main factors preventing effective waste management in urban areas of developing countries.
For example, in Pakistan, jobs that require direct contact with solid waste are widely believed
to be reserved for the lower classes.[12]
2.5.4 Financial Aspects

Financial aspects of MSWM relate to budgeting, costing, capital expenditure, cost recovery
and cost reduction. MSWM has very little priority in developing countries, except in capitals
and large cities. As a result, the budget provided is very limited Government waste
management departments and the level of services required to protect public health and the
environment have not been achieved. Local governments in developing countries lack good
financial management and planning. This problem is acute at the local government level, where
the local tax system is underdeveloped and therefore the financial base for public services,
including waste management, is weak. This weak financial base of local governments can be
16
compensated by collecting user service fees. However, in poorer developing countries, users'
WTP is unknown because their ability to pay for services is very limited and services are often
irregular and ineffective.[12]
2.5.5 Economic Aspects

Demand for solid waste generation and waste collection services generally increases with
economic development. The economic efficiency of MSWM systems depends on the life cycle
costs of the equipment and the long-term economic effectiveness of the services provided.
Economic valuation is an important input for MSWM strategic and investment plans. Measures
should be taken to prevent wasteful use of resources and promote waste minimization. The best
way to promote the efficient use and conservation of materials is to internalize the costs of
waste management, whenever possible, in the stages of production, distribution and
consumption.[12]
2.5.6 Technical Aspects

Technical aspects of MSWM are related to planning and implementation, maintenance of
collection and transportation system, utilization of waste, final disposal and management
of hazardous waste. In developing countries, technical systems established for primary
collection, storage, transportation, treatment and final disposal often do not meet urban
operational requirements. In many cases, procurement of imported equipment from
international donors leads to the use of inappropriate technology and/or different types of
equipment, which undermines the effectiveness of operational and maintenance functions.
In developing countries, there is a lack of manpower with the technical knowledge needed
to plan and operate waste management. Another technical limitation in developing
countries is the lack of overall planning for waste management at the local and national
levels. As a result, solid waste technologies are often selected without considering their
suitability in the overall waste management system.[12]
17
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Conceptual Framework
This study focuses on two key stakeholders of solid waste management in Allama Iqbal city of
Lahore Municipality. HH and local authorities. The role of the informal sector is particularly
important for HH in collecting recyclable waste and helps reduce the amount of waste that goes
to final disposal. These stakeholders operate under different strategic aspects of SWM: political
and legal, institutional, socio-cultural, economic and technological. The entire waste
management system can work only with the participation of such aspects and stakeholders. The
central government implements waste management strategies at the national level under
existing laws. On the other hand, municipalities are responsible for waste management within
their jurisdiction. This means that local governments are accountable to grassroots actors,
including HH.
HHs are the main source of waste generation. According to the law, HH is required to
separate waste into organic and mineral waste. However, this law is not enforced by the
local government. High-quality reusable and recyclable materials can be easily recycled
when waste is sorted at source. After collecting the reusable and recyclable materials, HH
can sell the recyclable materials to the informal or formal sector. Formal actors are
basically owners or employees of junk shops, while informal actors are those who collect
recyclables from HHs and landfills and sell these recyclables to the formal sector. Organic
waste can be turned into compost, which can be used as an alternative to chemical
fertilizers. The remaining waste is collected and taken to an open dump for disposal. This
whole process helps to reduce the total municipal waste that has to be buried in landfills.
This concept is also related to the waste management hierarchy, which classifies waste
management options in order of environmental desirability. Resource reduction and reuse
of waste is considered as the most desirable approach for waste management, followed by
recycling and composting, more recycling in the landfill, and finally waste treatment and
disposal is considered the least desirable approach.
To develop a sound waste management system, it is important to understand the behaviors and
attitudes of HH and waste management practices. This study analyzes waste generation by HH
and the various factors that can influence it. As waste segregation is not implemented by local
governments, this study assesses the determinants of waste segregation decision by HH. Local
18
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
Governments distributed subsidized compost bins for organic waste management at the HH
level. However, there was no follow-up to investigate its use, how to use or use the bucket, or
any problems with using the bucket, I tried to give appropriate recommendations to make it
more effective and efficient. Garbage collection is also done. A big problem in Allama Iqbal
City, Lahore Municipality, where most HHs are deprived of such services. This study assesses
the potential of local governments to apply waste collection fees to finance waste collection
services and ensure that most HHs have access to services. It is important to understand what
HH is willing to pay for services and the various socioeconomic factors that may influence this
decision.
Only when various aspects of waste management are in good condition, stakeholders can
take action to have a healthy waste management system. This will increase HH's awareness
of waste management policies and the importance of proper waste management, integrate
the formal and informal waste sectors into the waste management system, and ensure that
national and local governments are committed to waste management. Various aspects of
this help increase waste collection efficiency, reduce waste in final disposal and improve
overall waste management.
The details of the conceptual framework of the study and its relationship with different
aspects, stakeholders and waste management systems are presented in Figure 3.1.
19
Stakeholders
Aspects
Local government
Political and legislative Households
Formal and
informal sector
Generation
Segregation Willingness
to Segregate Socioeconomic
and other factors
Composting and recycling
Willingness
Collection
- to- pay
Disposal
Proper waste management

 Increase in awareness of proper
waste management.
 Recovery of recyclable materials
and compostable waste
 Increase In household income
 Improved waste collection
 Reduced waste for disposal
improved overall waste
management
Figure 3.1: Conceptual framework of solid waste management
20
3.2 Study Participants

All people living in the community of Allama Iqbal city in Lahore were invited to participate
in this survey. Allama Iqbal Town is located in Lahore South City Corporation, Zone 2, and
Sector 6, under Allama Iqbal Town Lahore. This community is divided into two regions: South
Iqbal Allama city and North Iqbal Allama city. According to the data of the city corporation
department, 1,600 houses and 5,000 families live in this village, of which 45,500 are male and
37,228 are female. Allama Iqbal town is a densely populated area and its people have poor
education. The sample size was estimated by warm power analysis with accepted significance
level (α) of 0.05, expected power of 0.80 (1-β), and effect size of 0.3. The actual sample size
was 84 people. 20% more samples were added to reduce the amount of wear. Therefore, the
total sample size of this research was 112 people. People from communities with the following
inclusion criteria were included in this study: both men and women who are over 18 years of
age and have been living in Allama Iqbal for more than one year. , is aware and emotionally
sensitive, willing and able to cooperate and participate in this research.
3.3 Study Area

Lahore was founded around 1000 BC by Rajaru, the son of Ramana, who was identified as a
Hindu deity in the Ramayana. Lahore was the rich cultural center of the great Mughal Empire,
which the emperors decorated with beautiful garden palaces and mosques. The city is rich in
its colorful festivals and traditions. Lahore is the second largest city of Pakistan and the second
commercial center of Pakistan. It is the second largest city in Pakistan in terms of population
and area. Lahore city (Latitude 31.51 N, Longitude 74.40 E, 711 feet (217 m) above sea level).
Figure 3.2: Map of Allama Iqbal Town, Lahore
21
3.4 Allama Iqbal Town Lahore

Allama Iqbal city of Lahore. Allama Iqbal city of Lahore is one of the administrative cities and
one of the largest cities in terms of area and population. The total population is 1,344,000
people. Allama Iqbal Municipality in Lahore is divided into 17 union councils. Figure 3.1
shows the study area map of Allama Iqbal town, Lahore. To create a household classification
scheme that tracks differences in household size, economic status, or other potentially
important demographic variables. Thus, government departments such as National Database
and Registration (NADRA), City District Government Lahore (CDGL), and Pakistan
Meteorological Department (PMD) were also consulted on various demographic and climatic
variables. Based on the reference data of the above departments, the population of Allama Iqbal
Town Lahore is divided into socio-economic categories according to table 3.1 in terms of
income and family composition. According to PMD. Selecting standardized materials
classification categories.
 Conducting a pre-sort site assessment exercise.

 Reviewing and compiling generated data.
 Using statistical techniques to analyze the results.
Table 3.1: Status of Municipal Solid Waste in Lahore municipality
2015 2018 2021

Variables
Average Lahore Average Lahore Average Lahore
HH waste
generation 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.15 0.14
(kg/capita/day)
Total
municipal
waste 23.60 9.35 19.89 8.30 25.62 6.60
generation(tone
s/day)
Total
Municipal
11.79 1.50 13.05 4.68 19.82 2.00
Waste
Collection
Collection
42.35 16.05 66.61 60.10 63.45 30.30
Efficiency
22
3.5 Instruments
In total, structured questionnaires of 37 questions were used to evaluate knowledge and
methods of household solid waste management. This questionnaire was prepared by
researchers based on literature review. This instrument was divided into three parts:
1. Socio-demographic questionnaire
2. Awareness of household solid waste management questionnaires
3. Practice of household solid waste management and WTP questionnaires.
3.5.1 Socio-Demographic Questionnaire:
An 11-question demographic questionnaire was used to measure the characteristics of people

in the society. This section includes age, gender, education, family, income, occupation, marital
status, waste composition and household waste issues.
3.5.2 Awareness of Household Solid Waste Management Questionnaire
A 12-question questionnaire of awareness about household solid waste management with

yes/no/don't know options was used to assess the level of awareness of household solid waste
management among community members. This questionnaire was prepared by researchers
based on literature review. Scores ranged from 0 to 12. Each correct answer gets 1 point and
wrong answer gets 0 points. Awareness was classified into three levels: low, medium and high.
A higher score indicates a higher level of awareness about household solid waste management.
3.5.3 The Practice of Household Solid Waste Management and WTP Questionnaire:
A four-question household waste management questionnaire, prepared by the researchers

based on literature review, was used to measure the practice levels of people in the community.
Subjects were asked to rate their opinions using a scale of 1 = never to 5 = always. Scores
ranged from 14 to 70 and were converted into percentages. A higher score indicates a higher
level of practice.
23
3.6 Data Collection Methods

Data collection was done by the principal investigator. Data were collected after obtaining
approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). Then permission was sought from the
advisers of the selected communities in Pakistan. The researchers were the participants in this
study. The researchers explained the methods and benefits of the study to the selected
participants. Anonymity and confidentiality of the participants were strictly maintained. Data
for research was collected from May to august 2022. Written informed consent/fingerprint
documents were obtained. Participants were informed that they could withdraw their
participation at any time without penalty, and data were collected through direct interviews
with participant surveys.
3.7 Questionnaire Survey

Qualitative methods include preparation of questionnaires and surveys. Based on these surveys,
a general questionnaire was created. This questionnaire was used to collect information from
various government departments, private organizations, waste management departments, as
well as households, scavengers, shopkeepers and waste disposal owners during the years 2021-
2022. In May 2022, it collected 240 respondents, excluding 60 respondents from TMA Allama
Iqbal Town, Lahore. For this purpose, two questionnaires were created to examine solid waste,
waste management services, their health and environmental effects and determine WTP values
for waste management in Allama Iqbal Lahore. Before the final decision, the questionnaire was
discussed with experts and pre-tested. Using systematic sampling, a sample consisting of 240
questionnaires was distributed among the residents of Allama Iqbal town and the remaining 60
questionnaires were distributed among TMA employees of Allama Iqbal town in Lahore. In
order to distribute the 240 questionnaires as best as possible, we divided the above area into 10
fictitious subdivisions and selected 24 respondents from each subdivision. Secondary data on
available services were collected from district offices and internet. For the statistical analysis
of the survey, Microsoft Excel and SPSS were used for regression analysis, coefficient,
correlation, standard deviation, total, mean, mode, median, standard error, sample variation,
range, and maximum, minimum. Respondents four variables were used for data analysis, one
variable (WTP) was used as a dependent variable and three variables (income, household
dimensions and illness) were used as independent variables. The results are displayed in bar
graphs, pie charts and tables. A model to determine household WTP to improve solid waste
management services.
24
A Case Study of Solid Waste Management of Alma Iqbal Town Lahore
The University of Lahore

Pakistan
Household Questionnaire
The goal of this study is to gather preliminary information to assess the solid waste
management for sustainable development in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore. The indirect benefits
of the study are to improve understanding of the impact of solid waste on the environment and
solid waste management practice in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore.
 Participation in the study is completely voluntary and written informed consent will be
obtained.
 The questionnaire is to be answered by the owner of the house.
 Before starting to answer the question, please go through the instructions relevant to
each question and identify the correct answer for each question.
Details of Respondent(S):
Name of the Respondent-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name of the Interviewer ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date ------------------------------------------------------------
The information requested is purely for academic purpose and will be treated
confidentially
Thank you for accepting the Questionnaire.
25
A Case Study of Solid Waste Management of Allama Iqbal Town Lahore

GENERAL INFORMATION
Please put in the appropriate box/boxes for your answer
1. Gender
1. Male
2. Female
2. Please mark your age group in the appropriate box.
1. 15-17
2. 18-29
3. 30-39
4. 40-49
5. 50-59
6. 60-64
7. 65 and over
3. How many people are currently living in this house? -----------------------------------------
4. How many are less than 15 years: ----------------------------------------------------------------
5. How many are more than 15 years: --------------------------------------------------------------
6. How long have you lived in the city?
1. Less than one year
2. 1-2 years 3. 3-4 years
3. 5-9 years
4. 10-19 years
5. 20 years or more
7. What is the highest education level?
1. Never schooled
2. Primary
3. Middle school
4. High school
5. University graduate
8. What is the major occupation?
1. Farming
2. Business
3. Government servant
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
“Solid waste” means; left-over arising from human, animal or plant activities that
are normally discarded as useless”
Please put in the appropriate box/boxes for your answer

9. Have you ever heard about solid waste management?
1. Yes
2. No
26
10. What type of solid waste comes out from your household? (one or more answers)
1. Papers and cartoon
2. Plastics (bags/bottles)
3. Food waste
4. Tins/cans
5. Fiber bags
6. Glass
7. Other
11. In what type of container so you collect waste? (one or more answers)
1. Cartoon
2. Waste basket
3. Old bucket
4. Plastic bag
5. Tin/can
6. Other----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. How often is the container emptied?
1. Once a day
2. Once in two days
3. Once in three days
4. Once a week
5. Others--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. Where do you usually put away collected wastes?
1. In the public bin
2. In the itinerant waste van
3. By the valley/lake side river
4. By the road or street side
5. on an open space
6. on a hole in own compound
7. Other---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. Are there any public bins near your house?
1. Yes
2. No
15. What problems so you think exist in your area as for waste management?
16. Are you satisfied with the waste management process of Lahore municipal waste
management company Lahore?
1. Yes
2. No
17. Please explain why the solid waste management is important to you?
18. What do you suggest Lahore municipal company to resolve solid waste problem?
27
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Environment” means; the living and non-living surroundings natural or manmade

which make life on earth possible
19. Do you know about environment impact of solid waste?

1. Yes
2. No
20. Do you ever notice waste in the road, land, public area or water resources such as lake
and rivers?
1. Yes
2. No
21. Do you ever notice burning waste in public area?
1. Yes
2. No
22. Do you ever hear of health problems due to solid waste?
1. Yes
2. No
23. Do you notice the presence of the following in and around public waste bin or dumping
land? (one or more answers)
1. Dark following water
2. Odour
3. Mosquitoes and cockroaches
4. Fire
5. Domestic animals
6. Rats
7. Scavenger
8. Others------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24. Would you personally say the solid waste is a major issue currently affecting Allama
Iqbal Town Lahore natural environment?
1. Yes
2. No
25. Do you think most environment issues in Allama Iqbal Town could be minimized if
solid waste is managed properly?
1. Yes
2. No
26. Do you agree that the new development process has impact on solid waste generation
in your area?
1. Yes
2. No
28
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development means; “promoting development at a rate and such a way

as to ensure that the quality of the environment and the supply of the resource is
maintaining and, wherever practicable enhanced to meet the needs of the present
generations without compromising future generation ‘needs”,
27. Have you heard of “sustainable development”?

1. Yes
2. No
28. Are you aware of sustainable development in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore?
1. Yes
2. No
29. Can you explain the importance of sustainable development for you?
30. Do you think solid waste management has impact on sustainable development?
1. Yes
2. No
31. Do you agree to willingness to pay (WTP) for solid waste collection service and socio-
economic factors affecting?
1. Yes
2. No
32. Do you agree that every single person has a responsibility to contribute to sustainable
development in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore?
1. Yes
2. No
33. Which your category according to the socioeconomic classification of population?
1. High
2. Middle
3. low
34. Finally, please tell me are you satisfied with the Lahore municipal waste management
company waste collection process?
1. Yes
2. No
29
3.8 Data Analysis

After completing the data collection, the data were checked to control consistency and
minimize error. The collected data were analyzed using computer software (SPSS version 21).
Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to
measure the variables. Inferential statistics such as independent t-test, one-way analysis of
variance and Pearson's correlation test were used to investigate the relationship between
awareness and practice. The results were evaluated using 95% confidence intervals and the
significance level was set at p < 0.0.
30
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 RESULT
This chapter presents the results of the categorial and major variables.
Table 4.1: Statistical Summary of the Summary of the Study
Statistics WTP Income/month Household size Disease history

Mean 83.54 49853.17 7.16 1.56
Standard error 4.10 306.21 0.11 0.08
Median 100 21500 7 1
Mode 100 2100 8 1
Standard deviation 63.55 4744 1.81 1.28
Sample variance 4027.15 22504.839 3.28 1.65
Range 300 28000 8 5
Minimum 0 12000 4 0
Maximum 300 40000 12 5
Sum 20050 5244900 1720 376
Total 238 238 238 238
4.1.1 Results of Categorial Variables
Figure 4.1: Figure shows us different types of solid waste management
31
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
The current survey revealed that plastics such as plastic bags, food waste, paper and glass are
the major solid wastes in Allama Iqbal city of Lahore as shown in Figure 4.1 According to 40%
of the respondents, the main solid waste in Allama Iqbal town is plastic, followed by food
waste.
Figure 4.2: Different sources of solid waste

In the present study, the major sources of solid waste in Allama Iqbal city of Lahore were
investigated as commercial establishments, hospitals, houses and schools, as shown in Figure
4.2 According to 47% of the respondents, commercial establishments are the main source of
solid waste in Allama Iqbal Lahore. Similarly, hospital and household waste are responsible
for plastic and food waste, which 20% and 17% of respondents agree. On-line surveys showed
that plastic and food waste from commercial and residential establishments are the main
sources of solid waste. Similarly, another line reported that domestic and commercial waste
are the main sources of solid waste in Malaysia. Malaysia generates approximately 0.5 to 0.8
kg of solid waste per person per day.
Figure 4.3 Various Impacts of Solid Wastes
32
A current study found that solid waste has a negative impact on health and environment in
Allama Iqbal city, Lahore. As shown in Figure 4.3 the negative effects of solid waste include
odor, disease, soil and water pollution. The worst impacts of solid waste are bad smell and
disease, which 38% and 30% of the respondents agree with. An inline study argues that
inadequate solid waste management is a major factor in Pakistan's environmental degradation
and poses serious threats to human health and the environment. Another internal review
reported that outdoor litter causes water pollution, soil pollution, loss of biodiversity, odor,
disease and other degradation of environmental resources.
Figure 4.4: This figure show us difference sites using for the disposal of solid waste
Current research has identified nearby bins, gutters and roadsides for solid waste disposal, as
shown in Figure 4.4 Solid waste is an open area nearby. These wastes are mostly found in open
spaces and contribute to the destruction of the environment. These results were consistent with
the studies.
Figure 4.5: This figure show different factors which hindered the management system
33
Current research shows that lack of resources, urbanization, unavailability of space, ignorance,
inadequate management systems, low community awareness and lack of effective regulations
contribute to solid waste disposal, as shown in Figure 4.5 The inhibiting factors of the
management system were investigated. According to 22% of the respondents, 16%, lack of
resources/facilities and urbanization are the two main causes of poor solid waste management
in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore is the capital and main city of Lahore district, which is an
attractive and growing market for businessmen and other professionals. As such, migration and
urbanization are one of the main causes of solid waste in Allama Iqbal city of Lahore. In Allama
Iqbal city of Lahore, poor solid waste management, low community awareness and ignorance
are other factors, similar to previous studies.
Figure 4.6: This figure shows the sites using for the disposal of solid wastes by the TMA
A current research study revealed that TMA Division of Allama Iqbal Lahore, Lahore uses
river banks, open spaces and construction sites for solid waste disposal as shown in Figure 6.
According to 62% of the respondents, rivers, among them, 23% and 15% of the respondents
agree with open spaces and construction sites as solid waste disposal sites, respectively.
Dumping of solid waste into rivers has adverse effects on aquatic life and is also the main cause
of many water-borne diseases in these areas. In-line research has shown that improper
household waste management and informal dumping of solid waste into waterways have
caused significant environmental and health problems.
34
Figure 4.7: The figure investigated the best solution of solid wastes
The present study also provided information on the best method of solid waste treatment in
Allama Iqbal city, Lahore, Lahore. According to the current research, the efficient method of
solid waste treatment in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore is to install waste energy plant, waste
treatment plant, recycling and landfill as shown in Figure 4.7 According to 40% of the
respondents, solid waste is waste installation in power plants and 31% agreed with waste
treatment plants. In-line studies have reported that solid waste management is poor in
developing countries, while most local government budgets are spent on household waste
management. It also emphasizes the need to prepare new institutions and laws for the proper
management of solid waste and a clean environment. The 3R concept is used in high-income
countries, but not commonly in developing countries. Another internal study reported that
recycling activities can save 65 corers of rupees per year, save energy and create employment.
However, landfilling and incineration are also the most suitable technologies for treatment in
Pakistan and these are the best ways to deal with the country's solid waste problem.
Figure 4.8: The data show different amount of money as willingness to pay for the disposal of
solid wastes
35
A current survey revealed that 83% of respondents are willing to pay for solid waste
management in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore, Lahore. The remaining 17% of respondents do not
agree with paying for solid waste management. The average willingness to pay is Rs 84 per
month. According to the current survey, 44% of the respondents agree to pay 100 rupees per
month as shown in Figure 8. 28% of the respondents agreed to pay Rs.50 per month for solid
waste management in Allama Iqbal Lahore, Lahore. In a survey conducted in Peshawar, 29%
and 26% of respondents agreed to pay 100 and 200 rupees per month, respectively, to improve
their solid waste management system.
Table No: 4.2 Required and Available Resources for Solid Waste in Allama Iqbal Town
Sr No# Equipment’s Available Required
1 Dustbin 0 1000
2 Hand cart 150 150
3 Tractor 03 03
4 Skip loader 03 03
5 Truck 03 03
6 Road sweeper 46 120
7 Street sweeper 84 200
8 Khwarh sweeper 0 80
4.1.2 Results of Major or Selected Variables

Results of the major variables. These include
1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
2. Awareness level on household solid waste management
3. Level of practice on household solid waste management
4. Households’ willingness-to-segregate waste
5. Households’ willingness-to-pay for improved wastecollection service
6. Relationship between awareness and practice on household solid waste management
among the community people. Total sample size was 238. The findings are described
in detail below.
4.1.2.1 Socio-Demo Graphic Characteristics of the Participants

36
Table 1 shows the socio-demographic characteristics of the people of Allama Iqbal Lahore.
According to the results of the survey, the mean age was 32.25 (SD = 10.87) years. This was
between 18 and 60 years. Most of the participants (79.46%) were female and the majority
(98.21%) were Muslim. Most of the participants (89.28%) were married. Nearly half (48.21%)
of the participants were illiterate and more than half (57.14%) were businessmen. The mean
monthly family income was 11955.36 (SD = 5278.528). Most of the respondents (93.75%)
lived in rented accommodation. Most of the participants (66.96%) have poor waste treatment
systems and high costs. However, more than half of the participants (51.78%) used irregular
services. One third of the participants did not have a trash can to collect waste at home, and
most of them (81.25%) had no training in household solid waste management.
Table 4.3: Distribution of Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (238)

Variable Category N (%) M±SD
Age 32.25±10.871
Male 184 77.3
Gender
Female 54 22.7
Islam 233 98
Religions
Hindu 5 2
No education 21 0.9
Primary 46 19
Education
Secondary 115 48
Graduate 66 28
Govt. Job 28 12
Private job 50 21
Occupations
Business 119 50
House wife 40 17
Monthly family income mini---22000, max---70000 11955.36±5278.285
Own 128 54
Residential status
Rented 110 46
Recyclable 21 9
Type of solid waste Non- recyclable 169 71
Others 50 21
There is no good system Yes 159 67
for disposal of waste No 79 33
Lack of container to Yes 84 35
collect waste at home No 154 65
Have you any training on Yes 43 18
household solid waste No 195 82
management?
37
4.1.2.1: Gender
As men and women may think differently about environmental issues, a gender-sensitive
approach to waste management can increase the effectiveness of resource allocation and
avoid unnecessary costs.
Figure 4.9: Gender of respondents

4.1.2.2: Age of Respondent
Depending on age, the behavior of stool production is very different. In the Czech
Republic, the lowest incidence of MSW was observed in children and adolescents, and the
highest was due to various activities (house renovation, exchange of HH goods), reduction
of work jobs. He had reached retirement age. , separation and disposal of accumulated
items in the past decades) creates large amounts of waste.
38
Figure 4.10: Age of Respondents

4.1.2.3 Education
The level of education of daily HH managers in China has a negative effect on HH waste
generation. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development also found that
education has a negative relationship with per capita solid waste generation. On the other
hand, found a positive effect on academic achievement. Also show that the average level
of education of Bangladeshi families has a large positive effect.
Figure 4.11: Education level of respondents
39
4.1.2.4 Occupation
Allama Iqbal Town Lahore showed that employment status has a positive effect on more waste
generation from Allama Iqbal Town found that the number of people employed in HH
contributed to the increase in waste volume.
Figure 4.12: Major occupation of respondents
4.1.2.5 Household Size
HH size has a positive effect on more waste generation. Increasing the size of HH increases
waste generation but decreases its proportion (OECD, 2014). It is clear that more members
of HH produce more waste, but the phenomenon of "living together" and "collective
consumption" saturates the amount of waste produced as the number of producers increase.
Figure 4.13: Household Size of Respondents
40
4.1.2.6 Income
This variable showed that monthly income has a positive effect on waste production. An
increase in income is expected to increase the demand for commodity products, the
consumption of which ultimately creates more waste. Bandera et al. (2007) explain that
the relatively high propensity to consume food among high-income groups leads to
increased purchases of packaged products and study materials, which lead to increased
waste generation.
Figure 4.14: Socio-economic classification of population
4.1.2.1 Awareness Level on Household Solid Waste Management of the Community

People
Table 2 shows the distribution of the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation of
the level of awareness of the community about household solid waste management. According
to the results of the survey, the average score of the participants' awareness of household waste
management was calculated from a maximum of 12 points of 7.96 (SD = 0.64), which indicates
an average level of awareness. The majority (78.8 percent) of people had a low to moderate
level of awareness. The lowest (15.2%) had a high level of awareness. Based on item analysis,
1) shortness of breath, diarrhea and many other diseases are caused by improper waste
management (96.42%), 2) all streets should be clean.
41
Table 4.4: Awareness Level on Household Solid Waste Management of the Community
People
Agree Disagree
Variables M±SD
N % N %
Household solid waste management committee are
188 78 50 21 0.78±0.412
needed in the community
Every people have to know about household solid
168 71 70 28 0.71±0.454
waste management.
Local authorities have no role to play in the
90 37 148 62 0.37±0.486
household solid waste management.
Respiratory distress, diarrhea and many other
228 96 10 4 0.96±0.186
diseases arise due to improper waste management
Household solid waste cannot reuse or recycle. 158 65 80 34 0.65±0.479
Everybody rewarded of electronic household solid
90 38 148 61 0.38±0.489
waste management.
Waste disposal on open places will be harmful for
22 92 17 7 0.92±0.259
human health.
Community people are awarded of any legislation
46 19 192 80 0.19±0.399
which governs household solid waste management.
All streets should be clean and free of waste. 223 94 15 6 0.94±0.226
Incineration is the effective disposal mechanism for
95 40 43 59 0.40±0.492
Delay in household solid waste management causes
200 83 38 16 0.83±0.239
of many difficulties.
I am always concern about collect and dispose of
183 77 5 22 0.78±0.418
Total mean = 7.96 (SD = 1.64)
clean and free of garbage (94.64%), 3) open garbage disposal is harmful to human health
(92.85%), 4) late disposal of household solid waste causes many problems (83.92%), 5)
household solid waste communities need have to manage Committees (78.57%), 6) are always
concerned about the collection and disposal of household solid waste management (77.67%).
In contrast, the majority of community members believe that 1) community members are
granted household waste management laws (80.3%), and 2) local governments have a role in
household solid waste management. 62.80 percent. , 3) all win electronic management of
household solid waste (61.60%), and 4) incineration is an effective treatment mechanism for
household solid waste management (59.82%).
42
4.1.2.2 Practice Level on Household Solid Waste Management of the Community People
Table 3 shows the distribution of practice levels of participants in household waste
management among community members. The results of the survey showed that the average
practice score for household solid waste management was 2.94 (SD = 1.35) out of a maximum
of 5 points, indicating an average level of practice. About 99% had low to moderate exercise
levels. Most respondents (95%) have never used kitchen waste composting for gardening. Most
of them (92%) had never burned solid waste. when
Table 4.5: Practice Level on Household Solid Waste Management of the Community
People
Never Sometime Always

Variables M(SD)
N (%) N (%) N (%)
I use different bins for waste disposal 111(47) 110(46) 17(7) 1.92±1.49
I throw waste to drain. 211(89) 15(6) 12(5) 2.15±1.33
I use our kitchen waste as compost to me 220(93) 9(4) 9(3) 1.11±.543
for gardening.
I reuse grocery bags. 167(69) 25(10.5) 49(20.5) 3.79±1.35
I reuse our old materials than buying a new 168(70) 21(8.8) 49(20.5) 3.88±1.30
one.
I throw waste to open dumps. 198(77) 11(11) 29(12) 2.43±1.74
I throw waste to open field. 227(96.9) 4(1) 7(2.1) 1.37±1.05
I collect the waste in a household container 125(53.2) 11(4) 102(42.8) 4.69±1.2
without cover.
I collect the waste in plastic bags. 109(48.3) 26(11) 97(40.7 4.69±.91
I segregate bio-degradable and non- 192(81) 36(15) 10(4) 2.19±.90
biodegradable wastes at home.
I keep all the garbage in one garbage 117(51) 19(7) 101(42) 4.69±1.23
container.
I use to burn the solid waste when i have 224(94) 00(0) 14(6) 1.20±.84
bulk amount of solid waste.
I dispose the solid waste regularly. 162(69) 16(6) 60(25) 4.04±1.29
I dispose solid waste to waste collector. 153(65) 20(8) 65(27) 3.04±1.98
Total mean =2.94 (SD= 1.35)
43
However, many participants (91%) always collected waste without using containers and most
(90%) always used a container. Most of the respondents (87%) never litter in the field and most
(86%) always collect their waste in plastic bags. More than half (66%) of the participants had
never used a separate bin for waste disposal, and more than half (55%) had never taken their
waste to a landfill. In contrast, more than half (53%) of the participants always put their solid
waste in waste collectors, and less than half (43%) reuse old materials.
4.1.2.3 Households’ Willingness-To-Segregate Waste

This study is based on the assumption that respondents will influence future segregation
or non-segregation decisions. The explanatory variables used in this study are described in
Table 5.1 and discussed below.
Table 4.6: Description of Explanatory Variables Used In This Study
Variables Descriptions Unit of measure

Income Total average monthly
Pkr
income of HH
Total number of members
HH size currently residing in the Number of individuals
house
1 = male
Gender Gender of HH
0 = female
House ownership Ownership of currently 1 = owned
resided house 0 = rented
Environmental awareness Whether respondent is aware 1 = yes
about environmental impacts
by waste or not 0 = no
Waste collection services Have access to waste 1 = yes
collection service or not 0 = no
WTP Whether respondent is
willing to pay for improved 1 = yes
waste collection service or 0 = no
not
Make compost Whether the HH use their 1 = yes
waste to make compost or not 0 = no
Segregated waste for a week Whether the HH segregated 1 = yes
the waste for a week or not 0= no
The total number of HHSs using waste for composting is slightly higher than non-
composting HHSs. Approximately 52% of HHS surveyed compost and approximately
48% do not compost. Most HHS sorted their waste within a week (95.76%) and were very
44
satisfied with the practice. We have seen a change in the cleanliness of our home and
surroundings and the behavior of HH members to properly manage their waste. Almost all
households separated their waste for one week, but only 67.33% were willing to separate
their waste in the future if the government enforced the law. Some of the main reasons for
households not wanting to separate their waste in the future are:
1. Do not want to be forced to segregate waste.
2. Law implementation will not be successful because people will not obey the law.
3. Generate less amount of waste so it can be self-managed.
The summary of these characteristics of the HHS in this study are also summarized in table
4.7 And table 4.8.
Table 4.7: Summary of Continuous Variables

Variables Observations Mean Standard Minimum Maximum
deviation
Income 238 36854.20 28509.48 35000 244803
HH size 238 3.64 1.48 1 9
Table 4.8: Summary of Categorical Variables

Variables Category Observations (%)
Gender Male 175(73.82)
Female 63(26.18)
House ownership Owned 207(87.28)
Rented 31(13.72)
Waste collection services Have services 87(36.66)
Do not have services 151(63.34)
Environmental awareness Aware 138(58.35)
Do not aware 100(41.65)
WTP Yes 144(60.85)
No 94(39.15)
Make compost Yes 123(51.87)
No 115(48.13)
Segregated waste for week Yes 227(95.75)
No 111(4.24)
Relationship between the socio demographic characteristics and practice on household solid
waste management among the community people
Table 4.9 showed the relationship between demographic characteristics and practice on
45
household solid waste management. Bivariate analysis was done to examine

Table 4.9 Relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and practice of household
solid waste management among the people (N = 238).
Table 4.9: Relationship between the Socio Demographic Characteristics and Practice on
Household Solid Waste Management among the Community People
Variable Category N (%) M±SD -ve +ve
≤20 142(60) 2.48±1.32 -
Age 0.898
≥20 96(40) 2.51±1.40 0.219
Male 50(21) 2.30±1.05 -
Gender 0.460
Female 188(79) 2.54±1.41 0.742
Muslims 233(98) 2.50±1.35
Religions Hindu and 0.517 0.606
5(2) 2.00±1.41
others
Married 211(89) 2.49±1.31 -
Marital status 0.892
Unmarried 27(11) 2.54±1.67 0.137
Uneducated 21(8) 2.36±1.24
Education Secondary 115(48) 2.28±1.30 2.705 0.071
Graduate 78(44) 3.02±1.52
Job 60(25) 2.24±1.22
Occupations Business 135(57) 2.39±1.35 0.887 0.415
Other 66(28) 2.85±1.52
Low Inc. 95(40) 2.47±1.43
Monthly family income Moderate 64(27) 2.73±1.46 0.777 0.462
High Inc. 78(33) 1.32±1.12
Owned 128(54) 2.93±0.450
Residential status 0.844 0.378
Rented 110(46) 2.46±1.38
Non recycle 20(8) 3.50±1.41
Type of solid waste 2.386 0.019
Recycle 218(92) 2.40±1.31
Have you any training on Yes 43(18) 3.74±1.31
household solid waste 5.219 0.000
No 195(82) 2.20±1.19
management?
Total awareness -0.08 0.930
Relationships between demographic characteristics and household solid waste management

practices of participants who were trained in household solid waste management were
significantly correlated with practice (t = 5.219, P < 0.001). This means that good practices
should be applied by people trained in household waste management. We also found that solid
waste composition was highly correlated with household solid waste management practices (t
46
= 2.386, p = 0.019). This means that those dealing with non-recyclable solid waste had better
practices for household solid waste management. The rest of the other variables were not
important for household solid waste management.
4.2 Discussions
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice of household solid waste
management among the people of Allama Iqbal city, Pakistan. The findings show that people
in the community have a low to moderate level of awareness about household solid waste
management. The discussion will be held under the following headings:
4.2.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants

Based on the current survey, the majority of the participants recognized the type of solid waste
as the biggest unsanitary, unhealthy and source of various bacteria and stated that it is non-
recyclable waste. A study in Allama Iqbal Town Lahore also showed the same results. In
Allama Iqbal Town Lahore, a survey was conducted among people to assess their knowledge
and practices in waste management. The survey showed that most of the participants had a
good knowledge of recyclable waste. This may be due to similar training, Cultural background,
and environment between two countries. In this study, most of the participants had no formal
training in household solid waste management. Inadequate education can affect the level of
awareness, and a lack of education in household solid waste management can lead to a decrease
in awareness and practice in household solid waste management. A previous study conducted
by showed the same results. Previous studies have shown that community awareness programs
have an effective role in increasing people's practice levels. Another study reported that people
with formal education had better practices for proper household solid waste management.
4.2.2 Awareness Level of Household Solid Waste Management among the Participants
This survey showed that the level of awareness of the community is low to medium. These
findings are similar to previous research conducted in Pakistan and the Philippines. A cross-
sectional descriptive study was conducted in Pakistan to identify levels of awareness and
practice regarding household solid waste. The findings showed that the majority of the
participants had an average level of awareness. This result may be due to educational
background, culture, income and similar educational information about household solid waste
47
management. Based on item analysis, the majority of participants answered the following items
correctly.
1. Difficulty in breathing. Diarrhea and many other diseases are caused by improper waste
management.
2. The streets should be clean and thin.
3. Disposing of waste in open spaces is harmful to human health.
4. Communities need household waste management committees.
These results are similar to other studies and conducted in Malaysia, Pakistan and Indonesia.
The reason for similar results may be due to respondents' similar demographic backgrounds,
cultures, and roles Mass media, billboards, electronic media, and print media provide
information on the following: Possibly. Information was also obtained from the local public
health nurse.
The majority of the participants answered incorrectly toward the following items:
1. Local governments have no role in household solid waste management.

2. All rules related to household solid waste management are given to community
members. This result is inconsistent with the Pakistani study. Pakistani people are
aware of the waste management law and local government assistance implemented by
govt. This strategy may be developed to increase the detection rate of false items in
diagnostic questionnaires.
4.2.3 Practice on Household Solid Waste Management among the Participants

The findings of the present study showed that the participants had a low to moderate level of
practice. The mean total score for household waste management practices was 2.94. The results
showed that most of the participants had never used kitchen waste as horticultural compost due
to lack of knowledge about compost and did not have space for gardening. However, the results
of the current study contradict previous studies conducted in Uganda. In Uganda, most survey
participants had good knowledge of food waste composting and horticulture. The reason for
their good recognition may be that the participants are educated and have space for gardening.
The study also found that most of the participants were not familiar with incineration of large
amounts of solid waste. The reason for this result was that the participants were aware that
burns are harmful to health and the environment. This finding is similar to the previous work
done. Most of the participants collected their waste in household containers without lids. This
48
was harmful to health and the environment, and participants did not have better practice
systems for waste collection, nor did they have access to bins with lids. It had different results.
Participants had a good knowledge of waste storage, better waste collection systems and waste
containers with lids available. Most of the participants kept all their waste in one bin at all
times. The reason for this is the lack of waste containers due to lack of awareness of waste
management. These findings are similar to previous research conducted. Our survey showed
that most participants always collect their waste in plastic bags. However, this result is different
from the previous work done. The survey showed that few people in the community collect
their waste in plastic bags. The possible reasons for these differences are the low economic
situation and the unavailability of plastic bags in the market.
4.2.4 Relationship Between Socio-Demographic Characteristics And Practice On

Household Solid Waste Management Among The Participants
Training on household solid waste management is important to improve the performance of

community members. The present study showed that the training of participants in household
solid waste management is significantly related to practice. A previous study conducted by
showed the same results. This study showed that the demographic background, waste
management system, education, culture and role of politics and living conditions of the
respondents are similar, so that the people of the society did not have formal education in the
field of household waste management have not received. This study also showed the
relationship between types of solid waste and practices. This result is very similar or consistent
with the previous study conducted in India by The reason for the similar results was that the
largest solid waste was unsanitary and unhealthy and was a source of various bacteria that
affected human health and polluted the environment. This finding is different from the previous
work done. Previous research has shown that positive relationships between awareness and
exercise reasons may be due to different education, background, better household solid waste
management information systems, and positive exercise environments. Providing training to
community members, enhancing waste management information systems, follow-up by local
community leaders, ensuring solid waste disposal by waste collectors, use of dustbin lids, etc.
It is used to raise awareness and practice building positive relationships among people in the
community. Encouraging waste management practices in the community in different ways.
49
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion
This study was conducted in order to derive household WTP for improving solid waste
management in Allama Iqbal city of Lahore. As a result, 86.3 percent of the sample respondents
found that the average WTP across the sample was 13.10 birr, while in the low, middle, and
high income groups, the respective figures were 6.00, 13.25, and 16.75 birr per month,
Indicates willingness to pay. To improve waste management services respectively. This means
that the average WTP of the respondents is much higher than the current SWM service costs.
Consequently, waste management service fees should be set at a level that does not encourage
illegal dumping and maximizes cost recovery. Therefore, this study recommends that proposed
health fees should be reviewed based on willingness and ability to pay before implementation.
The expected incomes of the city municipality from the low, middle and high income groups
are 364,731.25, 252,950.25 and 85,596 rupees per month respectively, which is a total of
703,277.5 rupees per month (8,439,330 rupees per year). If this revenue is properly collected,
it can cover 92.3% of the cost recovery with a 100% solid waste collection rate in the study
area. We also use a binary logit model to identify important explanatory variables that are
expected to influence household WTP decisions. The results show that the level of education
of the head of the household, monthly gross income, the amount of waste produced per week,
access to waste management services and the responsibility of the waste manager have
statistically positive and significant effects on the WTP of the household. This means that
unlike the negatively related variables (gender of household head and number of children), the
above variables increase the potential of household WTP to improve waste management
services. The implication of this study is that Allama Iqbal town Municipality of Lahore should
consider these important variables in order to design and implement improved waste
management service
50
CHAPTER 5 CONCULSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.2: Recommendations
This paper focuses on household waste generation, management practices including

composting practices at the household level, willingness to separate waste, and willingness
to pay for waste collection services. There are certain aspects that are recommended for
future research and are described below.
1. The study was conducted only in Allama Iqbal city of Lahore as a case study.
However, it may not reflect the situation in other municipalities. Therefore,
inclusion of more municipalities is recommended and a comparative study of larger
and smaller municipalities in terms of economy, population diversity and size will
provide a better picture of the overall situation in Pakistan.
2. This study only focuses on household waste generation and management practices.
3. If possible, future research work should include waste generation and management
practices for commercial, school, industrial, and other sources.
4. This study used an open question format as a willingness to pay method. Since this
method is rarely used at present, the most widely used approach in the current
situation, the so-called binary choice format, should be adopted for future research
work.
5. Explanatory variables used in the model analysis to identify factors affecting waste
production, willingness to separate waste and willingness to pay are based on
relevant literature. However, future studies should use similar variables to ensure
consistency of findings. It helps to build strong arguments.
6. Further studies should be conducted to assess composting practices at the
household level and understand the current challenges of households.
7. Careful research should be done to identify the reasons for high cadmium content
in home compost.
8. The role of the informal sector and the flow of recyclable materials should also be
studied.
9. Traditional values, religious beliefs and existing caste system are the main factors
against effective solid waste management in urban areas of developing countries.
Therefore, these aspects must also be common.
51
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A CASE STUDY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF ALLAMA

IQBAL TOWN, LAHORE.

MUHAMMAD WAQAS BSCET01191026

AQEEEL KAZIM BSCET01191023

ZAIN SARFARAZ BSCET01191008

ENGR MUDASSIR DILAWAR

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

The University of Lahore, Lahore

Engr Mudassir Dilawar Engr M Hamza

Evaluator 2 Convener, Project Cell

Engr Mazhar Yaseen Nasir Mahmood

MUHAMMAD WAQAS BSCET01191026 ____________________

AQEEL KAZIM BSCET01191023 ____________________

ZAIN SARFAZ BSCET01191008 ____________________

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................ iii

LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATION’S .................................................................................................. x

1.1 Background of Study.................................................................................................... 1

1.5 Study Rationale ............................................................................................................ 4

1.6 Justification of Study.................................................................................................... 5

LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 8

2.1 Solid Waste Management Policies in Pakistan............................................................. 8

3.1 Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................. 18

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS .............................................................................................. 31

4.1 Result .......................................................................................................................... 31

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 50

5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 50

Table 2.1: Status of SWM Practices In Pakistan……………………………………….……19

Figure 1.1: Urban Waste Generation by Income Level and Year……………………….……11

Figure 3.1: Conceptual Framework of Solid Waste Management…………………..……….30

ANOVA Analysis of Variance

IBM International Business Machines

LWMC Lahore Waste Management Company

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Scientists

Sq. m Square meters

SWM Solid Waste Management

USD United States Dollar

WTP Willingness to Pay

NADRA National Database and Registration Authority

PKR Pakistani Rupees

SWM Solid Waste Management

APO Asian Productivity Organization

CDGL City District Government Lahore

IRB Institutional Review Board

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

CBS Central Bureau of Statistics

GDP Gross Domestic Product

Figure 2.1 urban waste generation by income level and year

1.2 Problem Statement

1.2.1 Environmental Impact

1.2.2 Health Hazards

 Many diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague and gastrointestinal

1.3 Objectives of the Study

 To assess socioeconomic factors affecting HHS’ waste generation and conduct

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Study Rationale

1.6 Justification of Study

1.7 Study Limitations

1.8 Overview of Work and Structure: