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DBA Questions

1. How can you translate a polygon on a graph?

2. How can you reflect a polygon on a graph?
3. How can you rotate a polygon on a graph?
4. What is rigid motion? Which transformations are rigid motions?
5. What is mapping? How can you map a figure onto itself?
6. What does it mean for polygons to be congruent? (What are the requirements?)
7. How can you prove triangles are congruent?
8. How do you prove that a point on a perpendicular bisector is equidistant from the endpoints of the segment it
intersects?
9. How can you prove the triangle sum theorem?
10. How can you prove the triangle inequality theorem?
11. How can you prove the isosceles triangle theorem and its converse?
12. How can you prove the midsegment of a triangle theorern?
13. How can you prove the properties of parallelograms?
14. What are the characteristics of parallelograms, rectangles, squares, rhombi, kites, and trapezoids?

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Beginning of study materials

Coordinate plane
Shape on coordinate plan
Vertices
(x,y) of each vertice

Transformation
Translation
Reflection
Rotation
Dilation

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#1 How can you translate a polygon on a graph?

              

#2 How can you reflect a polygon on a graph?

#3 How can you rotate a polygon on a graph?

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#4 What is rigid motion? Which transformations are rigid motions?

Rigid Motion:
Any way of moving all the points in the plane such that
a) the relative distance between points stays the same and
b) the relative position of the points stays the same.
There are four types of rigid motions that we will consider: translation , rotation, reflection, and glide reflection.

#5 What is mapping? How can you map a figure onto itself?

MAPPING Equations & Definitions for Transformations of Regular Polygons

Regular polygon: A polygon where all the sides are equal in length, and all the angles are equal in measure.

Translation: Sliding a point, line, or shape up, down, left, or right.

A single translation cannot map a polygon onto itself. A series of translations where the polygon is translated the same
distance up as down, and the same distance right as left, would map a polygon onto itself.

Reflection: Flipping a point, line, or shape over a line.

To map onto itself, a regular polygon would have to be reflected over a line of symmetry.
Rotation: Turning a point, line, or shape around a center point.

#6 What does it mean for polygons to be congruent? (What are the requirements?)
Congruent Polygons
Two polygons are congruent if their corresponding sides and angles are congruent.
Note:  Two sides are congruent if they have the same length and angles are congruent if they have the same measure.

#7 How can you prove triangles are congruent?

These four criteria used to test triangle congruence include: Side – Side – Side (SSS), Side – Angle – Side (SAS), Angle –
Side – Angle (ASA), and Angle – Angle – Side (AAS).

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#8 How do you prove that a point on a perpendicular bisector is equidistant from the endpoints of the segment it
intersects?

Perpendicular Bisector Theorem

When a line divides another line segment into two equal halves through its midpoint at 90º, it is called
the perpendicular of that line segment. The perpendicular bisector theorem states that any point on the perpendicular
bisector is equidistant from both the endpoints of the line segment on which it is drawn. If a pillar is standing at the
center of a bridge at an angle, all the points on the pillar will be equidistant from the end points of the bridge.

What is a Perpendicular Bisector?

A perpendicular bisector is a line segment that intersects another line segment at a right angle and it divides that other
line into two equal parts at its midpoint.

What is Perpendicular Bisector Theorem?

The perpendicular bisector theorem states that any point on the perpendicular bisector is equidistant from both the
endpoints of the line segment on which it is drawn.

In the above figure, MT = NT; MS = NS; MR = NR; MQ = NQ

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#9 How can you prove the triangle sum theorem?
According to the Triangle Angle Sum Theorem, the sum of the three interior angles in a triangle is always 180°.

According to the alternate interior angles theorem, the alternate angles created by transversals are congruent. So, in the
case of this triangle, angle 4 is congruent to angle 1 and angle 5 is congruent to angle 3. Since the line drawn is 180
degrees, the sum of angles 4, 2, and 5 is also 180 degrees.

#10 How can you prove the triangle inequality theorem?

Triangle Inequality
The triangle inequality theorem is one of the important mathematical principles that is used across various branches of
mathematics. In real life, civil engineers use the triangle inequality theorem since their area of work deals with
surveying, transportation, and urban planning. The triangle inequality theorem helps them to calculate the unknown
lengths and have a rough estimate of various dimensions. In this article, let's learn about the triangle inequality theorem
and its proof using solved examples.

What is Triangle Inequality?

The Triangle Inequality (theorem) says that in any triangle, the sum of any two sides must be greater than the third side.
For example, consider the following ∆ABC:

According to the Triangle Inequality theorem:

 AB + BC must be greater than AC, or AB + BC > AC.
 AB + AC must be greater than BC, or AB + AC > BC
 BC + AC must be greater than AB, or BC + AC > AB.

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How Does Triangle Inequality Work?
An easy way to understand how the triangle inequality theorem works in any ∆ABC is to imagine yourself walking along
the sides of the triangle. If you have to go from A to B, for example, the shortest path will be segment AB. If you first go
to C and then to B, the distance you cover, AC + CB, will surely be greater than AB. Alternatively, let's try and understand
the Triangle Inequality theorem through construction. Suppose that you are given three lengths: x, y, and z. You are
asked to construct a triangle with these sides. You proceed as follows:

First, you draw a segment AB of length z units.

Next, keeping the tip of your compass at A, you

draw an arc of length x units.

Then, keeping the tip of your compass at B, you

draw an arc of length y units, in a way so that it
intersects the earlier arc.

The point of intersection is your third vertex C. You

join A to C and B to C, and thus you have your
triangle.

The question now is: can this always be done?

Suppose that the length y was so small that your
second arc could never intersect your first arc
(which had a radius of x units), in this case, a
triangle cannot be formed with these three
lengths.

Observe carefully that the two arcs will intersect only if the sum of the radii of the two arcs is greater than the distance
between the centers of the arc. In other words, to be able to draw a triangle:

x + y must be greater than z

This means, for example, there can be no triangle with sides 2 units, 2 units, and 5 units, because:
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2+2<5

This is how triangle inequality works.

Triangle Inequality Proof

Let us now discuss the Triangle Inequality proof. Consider the following triangle, ∆ABC:

We need to prove that AB + AC > BC.

Proof: Extend BA to point D such that AD = AC, and join C to D, as shown below:

We note that ∠ACD = ∠D, which means that in ∆ BCD, ∠BCD > ∠D. Sides opposite larger angles are larger, and thus: BD >
BC
AB + AD > BC
AB + AC > BC (because AD = AC)
This completes our proof. We can additionally conclude that in a triangle:
 Since the sum of any two sides is greater than the third, then the difference of any two sides will be less
than the third.
 The sum of any two sides must be greater than the third side.
 The side opposite to a larger angle is the longest side in the triangle.

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#11 How can you prove the isosceles triangle theorem and its converse?
Isosceles Triangle Theorem
A triangle that has two sides of the same measure and the third side with a different measure is known as an isosceles
triangle. The isosceles triangle theorem in math states that in an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite to the equal
sides are also equal in measurement. We will be learning about the isosceles triangle theorem and its converse in this
article.

What is Isosceles Triangle Theorem?

Isosceles triangle theorem states that if two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite to the congruent
sides are also congruent. To understand the isosceles triangle theorem, we will be using the properties of an isosceles
triangle for the proof as discussed below.

Isosceles Triangle Theorem Proof

Let's draw an isosceles triangle with two equal sides as shown in the figure below.

Given: ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC.

Construction: Altitude AD from vertex A to the side BC.
To Prove: ∠B = ∠C.
Proof: We know, that the altitude of an isosceles triangle from the vertex is the perpendicular bisector of the third side.
Thus, we can conclude that,
∠ADB = ∠ADC = 90º ----------- (1)
BD = DC ---------- (2)
Consider ∆ADB and ∆ADC
AB = AC [Given]
AD = AD [common side]
BD = DC [From equation (2)]
Thus, by SSS congruence we can say that,
∆ADB ≅ ∆ADC
By CPCT, ∠B = ∠C.
Hence, we have proved that if two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite to the congruent sides are
equal.

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Isosceles Triangle Theorem Converse
The converse of isosceles triangle theorem states that if two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite
to the congruent angles are equal. This is exactly the reverse of the theorem we discussed above. We will be using the
properties of the isosceles triangle to prove the converse as discussed below.
Converse of Isosceles Triangle Theorem Proof

Let's draw a triangle with two congruent angles as shown in the figure below with the markings as indicated.

Given: ∆ABC with ∠B = ∠C.

Construction: Altitude AD from vertex A to the side BC.
To Prove: AB = AC
Proof: We know that the altitude of a triangle is always at a right angle with the side on which it is dropped.
Hence, ∠ADB = ∠ADC = 90º ----------- (1)
Consider ∆ADB and ∆ADC,
∠B = ∠C [Given]
AD = AD [common side]
∠ADB = ∠ADC = 90º [From equation (1)]
Thus, by AAS congruence we can say that,
∆ADB ≅ ∆ADC
By CPCT, AB = AC
Hence we have proved that, if two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite to the congruent angles
are equal.

Isosceles Triangle Theorem Examples

 Example 1: In the given figure below, find the value of x using the isosceles triangle theorem.

Solution: According to the given figure,

In ∆XYZ, we see that XY = XZ = 12 cm
According to the isosceles triangle theorem, if two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles
opposite to the congruent sides are equal.
Thus, ∠Y = ∠Z [Since XY = XZ]
∠Y = 35º, ∠Z = x
Thus, ∠Y = ∠Z = 35º.
Hence the value of x is 35º.

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  Example 2: If ∠P and ∠Q of ∆PQR are equal to 70º and QR = 7.5 cm, find the value of PR.
Solution: Let's draw a figure according to the given question,

Given that, in ∆PQR, ∠P = ∠Q = 70º.

According to the isosceles triangle theorem converse, if two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the
sides opposite to the congruent angles are equal.
Thus, PR = QR [Since, ∠P = ∠Q]
But, QR = 7.5 cm
Therefore the value of PR = 7.5 cm.
#12 How can you prove the midsegment of a triangle theorern?
Midpoint Theorem
In geometry, the mid-point theorem helps us to find the missing values of the sides of the triangles. It establishes a
relation between the sides of a triangle and the line segment drawn from the midpoints of any two sides of the triangle.
The midpoint theorem states that the line segment drawn from the midpoint of any two sides of the triangle is parallel
to the third side and is half of the length of the third side of the triangle.
In this article, we will explore the concept of the midpoint theorem and its converse. We will learn the application of the
theorem with the help of a few solved examples for a better understanding of the concept.

What is Midpoint Theorem?

The midpoint theorem states that the line segment joining the midpoints of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and equal to half of the length of the third side. This theorem is used in various places in real life, for example
in the absence of a measuring instrument, we can use the midpoint theorem to cut a stick into half.

Midpoint Theorem Definition

The midpoint theorem states that the line segment joining the midpoints of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and equal to half of the third side. Consider an arbitrary triangle, ΔABC. Let D and E be the midpoints of AB and
AC respectively. Suppose that you join D to E. The midpoint theorem says that DE will be parallel to BC and equal to
exactly half of BC. Look at the image given below to understand the triangle midpoint theorem.

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Midpoint Theorem Proof
Now, let us state and prove the midpoint theorem. The straight line joining the midpoints of any two sides of
the triangle is considered parallel and half of the length of the third side. Consider the triangle ABC, as shown in the
figure below. Let E and D be the midpoints of the sides AC and AB respectively. Then the line DE is said to be parallel to
the side BC, whereas the side DE is half of the side BC, i.e.
DE || BC
DE = 1/2 × BC
This is the statement of the midpoint theorem. Now let us look at its proof.
Given: D and E are the mid-points of sides AB and AC of ΔABC respectively.
Construction: In ΔABC, through C, draw a line parallel to BA, and extend DE such that it meets this parallel line at F, as
shown below:

Proof: Compare ΔAED with ΔCEF:

 AE = EC (E is the midpoint of AC)
 ∠DAE = ∠FCE (alternate interior angles)
 ∠DEA = ∠FEC (vertically opposite angles)

By the ASA criterion, the two triangles are congruent. Thus, DE = EF and AD = CF. But AD is also equal to BD, which
means that BD = CF (also, BD || CF by our construction). This implies that BCFD is a parallelogram. Thus,
DF || BC ⇒ DE || BC
and, DF = BC
⇒ DE + EF = BC
⇒ 2DE = BC (as, DE = EF, proved above)
⇒ DE = 1/2 × BC
This completes our proof. Will the converse of the midpoint theorem hold? Yes, it will, and the proof of the converse is
presented next.

Converse of Midpoint Theorem

The midpoint theorem converse states that the line drawn through the midpoint of one side of a triangle that is parallel
to another side will bisect the third side. Consider a triangle ABC, and let D be the midpoint of AB. A line through D
parallel to BC meets AC at E, as shown below. Now suppose that E is not the midpoint of AC. Let F be the midpoint of AC.
Join D to F, as shown below:

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By the midpoint theorem, DF || BC. But we also have DE || BC. This cannot happen because through a given point (in
this case, D), exactly one parallel can be drawn to a given line (in this case, BC). Thus, E must be the midpoint of AC. This
completes our proof of the converse midpoint theorem.

Midpoint Theorem Formula

In math, we also have a midpoint theorem formula which has its applications in coordinate geometry. It can also be
known as the midpoint theorem of a line segment. It states that if we have a line segment whose endpoints coordinates
are given as (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), then we can find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment by using the
formula given below:
Let (xm, ym) be the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment. Then,
(xm, ym) = ( (x1 + x2)/2 , (y1 + y2)/2 )
This is known as the midpoint theorem formula.
Sides Joining the Midpoints of a Triangle
An interesting consequence of the midpoint theorem is that if we join the midpoints of the three sides of any triangle,
we will get four (smaller) congruent triangles, as shown in the figure below:

We have: ΔADE ≅ ΔFED ≅ ΔBDF ≅ ΔEFC.

Proof: Consider the quadrilateral DEFB. By the midpoint theorem, we have:
 DE = 1/2 × BC = BF
 DE || BF
Thus, DEFB is a parallelogram, which means that ΔFED ≅ ΔBDF. Similarly, we can show that AEFD and DECF are
parallelograms, and hence all the four triangles so formed are congruent to each other (make sure that when you write
the congruence relation between these triangles, you get the order of the vertices correct).

Important Notes on Midpoint Theorem

 The midpoint theorem states that the line segment joining the midpoints of any two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and equal to half of the length of the third side.
 The midpoint theorem converse states that the line drawn through the midpoint of one side of a triangle
that is parallel to another side will bisect the third side.

#13 How can you prove the properties of parallelograms?

Properties of Parallelogram
Properties of a parallelogram help us to identify a parallelogram from a given set of figures easily and quickly. Before we
learn about the properties, let us first know about parallelograms. It is a four-sided closed figure with equal and parallel
opposite sides and equal opposites angles. Let us learn more about the properties of parallelograms in detail in this
article.

What are the Properties of Parallelogram?

A parallelogram is a type of quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are parallel and equal. There are four angles in
a parallelogram at the vertices. Understanding the properties of parallelograms helps to easily relate its angles and sides.
Also, the properties are helpful for calculations in problems relating to the sides and angles of a parallelogram.
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The four important properties of parallelogram angles and sides are as follows:
 The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal and parallel to each other.
 Opposite angles are equal, i.e ∠A = ∠C, and ∠B = ∠D.
 All the angles of a parallelogram add up to 360°, i.e. ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°.
 The consecutive angles of a parallelogram are supplementary, i.e.,
∠A + ∠B = 180°
∠B + ∠C = 180°
∠C + ∠D = 180°
∠D + ∠A = 180°

All the above properties hold true for all types of parallelograms, but now let us also learn about individual properties of
some special parallelograms. The three different parallelograms are square, rectangle, and rhombus which are different
from each other because of their properties yet they all come under the category of parallelograms.

#14 What are the characteristics of parallelograms, rectangles, squares, rhombi, kites, and trapezoids?
Types of Quadrilaterals
There are various types of quadrilaterals based on their properties. Squares, rectangles, parallelograms, rhombus are a
few types of quadrilaterals. A polygon with four sides and four vertices is called a quadrilateral. The word is derived from
two Latin words - "Quadri" and "Latus" meaning a variant of four and sides respectively. In quadrilaterals, the lengths
and angles might be different or the same. Tetragon and Quadrangle are the other names of a quadrilateral. 
Let's learn about some particular types of quadrilaterals in this lesson by learning about their names and properties.

Definition of Quadrilaterals
In math, a quadrilateral is a polygon having four sides, four vertices, and four angles. A quadrilateral can be defined in
two ways:
 A quadrilateral is a closed shape that is obtained by joining four points among which any three points are
non-collinear.

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  A quadrilateral is a closed 2D shape with four vertices and four sides.

Properties of Quadrilaterals
In this section, let us discuss quadrilaterals' properties in general, which applies to all types of quadrilaterals. The
properties of quadrilaterals are listed below:
 They have four sides
 They are 2D shapes
 They have four vertices
 They have two diagonals
 The sum of all the interior angles of a quadrilateral is always 360°.

Types of Quadrilaterals
There are six basic types of quadrilaterals, and they are: 
 Parallelogram
 Trapezium
 Rhombus
 Rectangle
 Square
 Kite 

Parallelogram 
A parallelogram is a type of quadrilateral with the opposite sides parallel to each other and equal in length. It is a four-
sided shape with opposite sides equal in length along with opposite angles equal and the sum of its consecutive angles is
equal to 180°. The diagonals of a parallelogram intersect each other at the midpoint. Examples of a parallelogram are
the flat surfaces of tables, desks, etc. 

Properties of a Parallelogram
Some of the properties of the parallelograms are given as:
 Two pairs of parallel sides
 Opposite sides of equal lengths
 Opposite angles that are equal
 Two diagonals bisect each other, i.e., one diagonal divides the other diagonal into exactly two halves.
In the below figure PQRS, we can see that PQ II RS and PS II QR. The diagonals intersect at the middle point O where PO
= OR and QO = OS 

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Trapezium
A quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel, its longest side sliding downwards, a triangle lookalike with its
top sliced off, and two sloping sides as edges connecting with the parallel sides is called a trapezium. The sides that are
parallel to each other are called bases and the sides that are not parallel to each other are called legs. Examples of a
trapezium are drawings of bridges, handbags, etc. 
Properties of a Trapezium
Some of the properties of the trapezium are given below:
 Contains four vertices and four edges 
 One pair of opposite sides are parallel
 The sum of adjacent angles is 180°
In the trapezium PQRS, side PQ is parallel to RS.

Rhombus 
A rhombus is also known as an equilateral quadrilateral or a diamond that contains all four sides of equal lengths. In
a rhombus, the opposite sides are parallel and the opposite angles are equal. Some of the real-life examples are the
plane surfaces of mirrors, section-based football fields, etc. 
Properties of a Rhombus
Some of the properties of the rhombus are given below:
 Opposite angles are equal 
 All four sides are equal in length
 Diagonals are congruent and perpendicular to each other
 The diagonals bisect each other dividing it into two halves
 Opposite sides are equal and parallel

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In the Rhombus PQRS, we can find out that PQ II RS and PS II QR. All the sides are equal to each other PQ = QR = RS = SP

Rectangle 
A rectangle contains four corners and four sides where opposite sides are of the same length and parallel to each other.
The angles of a rectangle are equal in measure and are right-angled i.e. they measure 90°. Few real-life examples of a
rectangle are dollar bills, a playing card, flat surface of a board, etc. 
Properties of a Rectangle
Some of the properties of the rectangle are given below:
 Two pairs of parallel sides
 All four angles are right angles, that is, they measure 90 degrees.
 Opposite sides are of equal lengths
 Two equal diagonals
 In a rectangle, the two diagonals bisect each other in equal halves
In the rectangle PQRS, PQ II RS, PQ=RS, PS II QR, and PS=QR. All the angles are 90° angles.

Square
A square is a kind of quadrilateral with all sides and angles with equal measure. The pair of opposite sides in a square are
equal and parallel to each other along with angles measuring at 90°. A square is a flat-shaped figure that looks like a
rectangle but is different in its properties. A real-life example of a square is a chessboard. 
Properties of a Square
Some of the properties of the square are given below:
 Contains four vertices and four edges
 All the four internal angles measure 90°
 Diagonals are equal and perpendicular to each other 
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  All four sides and angles are equal 
In the square PQRS, PQ = QR = RS = SP, the angles are at 90°, and PQ II RS and PS II QR.

Kite 
A kite has various names such as a dart or an arrowhead because of the shape. A kite has two pairs of equal-length sides
and these sides are adjacent to each other. A real-life example is a kite itself. 
Properties of a Kite
Some of the properties of the kite are given below:
 Contains four edges and four vertices 
 Contains one line of symmetry 
 Contains two pairs of congruent and consecutive sides 
 Diagonals are perpendicular to each other
In the kite PQRS, PQ = QR, and PS = SR.

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