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    Core CH 15 Detecting The Environment Part 2

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    TH T
    The document describes the structures of the ear, including the pinna, auditory canal, ear drum, ear bones, eustachian tube, oval window, round window, and cochlea, and their functions in detecting sound and transmitting vibrations. It also explains how equalizing pressure in the middle ear through yawning or swallowing helps allow the ear drum to vibrate freely. Finally, it outlines the seven step process of how sound waves are collected, transmitted as vibrations through the structures of the ear, and ultimately detected as the sensation of hearing.

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    Core CH 15 Detecting The Environment Part 2

    Uploaded by

    TH T
    24 views3 pages
    The document describes the structures of the ear, including the pinna, auditory canal, ear drum, ear bones, eustachian tube, oval window, round window, and cochlea, and their functions in detecting sound and transmitting vibrations. It also explains how equalizing pressure in the middle ear through yawning or swallowing helps allow the ear drum to vibrate freely. Finally, it outlines the seven step process of how sound waves are collected, transmitted as vibrations through the structures of the ear, and ultimately detected as the sensation of hearing.

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    Core Ch 15 Detecting the Environment Part 2

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    The document describes the structures of the ear, including the pinna, auditory canal, ear drum, ear bones, eustachian tube, oval window, round window, and cochlea, and their functions in detecting sound and transmitting vibrations. It also explains how equalizing pressure in the middle ear through yawning or swallowing helps allow the ear drum to vibrate freely. Finally, it outlines the seven step process of how sound waves are collected, transmitted as vibrations through the structures of the ear, and ultimately detected as the sensation of hearing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views3 pages

    Core CH 15 Detecting The Environment Part 2

    Uploaded by

    TH T
    The document describes the structures of the ear, including the pinna, auditory canal, ear drum, ear bones, eustachian tube, oval window, round window, and cochlea, and their functions in detecting sound and transmitting vibrations. It also explains how equalizing pressure in the middle ear through yawning or swallowing helps allow the ear drum to vibrate freely. Finally, it outlines the seven step process of how sound waves are collected, transmitted as vibrations through the structures of the ear, and ultimately detected as the sensation of hearing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Core Ch 15 Detecting the Environment (Part II)

    15.2 Detecting sound by the ear

    15.2.1 Structures of the ear

    Structure Functions
    Pinna Helps collect and direct sound waves into
    the auditory canal
    Auditory canal Directs the sound waves to the ear drum
    Ear drum -converts the sound waves into
    mechanical vibrations
    -transmits the vibrations to the ear bones
    in the middle ear
    Ear bones Amplify and transmit the vibrations to
    oval window
    Eustachian tube Equalizes the air pressure between
    middle ear and the atmosphere
    Oval window Transmits the vibrations from the ear
    bones to the fluid in the inner ear
    Round window Releases the fluid pressure within the
    inner ear
    Cochlea Contains sensory hair cells to detect
    sound
    Semicircular canals Contains sensory hair cells to detect head
    movements

    15.2.2 Equalizing pressure in middle ear


    (a) If the external air pressure decreases
    (e.g. in an uphill tram, ascending lift/plane)

    the pressure inside the middle ear becomes higher than the external air pressure
    the ear drum bulges outwards and cannot vibrate freely
    such hearing difficulty can be solved by yawning (opening the mouth
    cavity->decreasing the pressure inside the cavity)
    (b) If the external air pressure increases
    (e.g. in a downhill tram, descending lift/plane)

    the pressure inside the middle ear becomes lower than the external air pressure
    the ear drum bulges inwards and cannot vibrate freely
    such difficulty can be solved by swallowing air (increasing the pressure inside the
    mouth cavity)

    15.2.3 Process of hearing


    1. Sound waves are collected by the pinna and directed to the ear drum through the
    auditory canal
    2. Sound waves cause the ear drum to vibrate at the same frequency
    3. Vibrations of the ear drum are amplified and transmitted by the ear bones to the oval
    window
    4. Vibrations of the oval window cause the perilymph in the upper canal of the cochlea to
    vibrate
    5. Vibrations in the perilymph in turn cause the endolymph in the middle canal to
    vibrate
    6. Sensory hair cells in the middle canal are stimulated to produce nerve impulses
    7. The nerve impulses are transmitted by the audiotry nerve to the cerebrum where
    sensation of hearing is produced
    8. Vibrations in the perilymph are transmitted to the round window which bulges
    outwards to release fluid pressure inside cochlea

    Sensitivity (★★★★)

    1. Rods vs cones (functions, distribution)


    {DSE 14 P1-10, DSE PP-P1-3, AL 04 PIIB-4(a), CE 10-5}
    2. Yellow spot vs blind spot
    3. Formation of image on retina and signal transduction along the optic nerve
    4. Eye Defects (Glaucoma, cataract, etc)
    5. Pupil reflex {CE 03-3(a)}
    6. Accommodation {CE 01-2(a)}
    (a) Focusing near object and distant object (the role of ciliary muscle,
    suspensory ligaments, lens)
    (b) Short-sightness
    7. Sensation in ears {DSE 15 P1-1, AL 01-PIIA-1(a), CE 02-4(a), CE 99-4(a)}

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