CHAPTER 2

MUHAMAD HISSAMMUDDIN SHAH

Energy
 The capacity to do work and transfer heat.

An object or substance is moved over some distance.

What is energy Needed to carry out processes.

The heat that flows from a hot object or substance to

a cold one, when they come in contact.

Energy forms - light, heat, electricity, chemical energy

(stored in chemical bonds) and mechanical energy
(moving matter, such as flowing water).
 • Renewable (16%)
• Solar
• Wind
• Falling, flowing water
• Biomass
Energy • Non-renewable (84%)
resources • Oil
• Natural gas
• Coal
• Nuclear power
 Energy resources which are naturally
A. RENEWABLE replenished is regarded as renewable energy.
ENERGY Definition of renewable energy is defined in the
Act on the Promotion of New Energy.
 Types of Renewable Energy

SNOW-AND-ICE BIOMASS ENERGY WIND POWER PHOTOVOLTAIC

CRYOGENIC ENERGY GENERATION POWER GENERATION
Snow-And-Ice Cryogenic Energy

• A commonly employed method using snow-and-ice cryogenic energy involves storing

snow and ice frozen by open air in a highly insulation efficient storage and producing cold
water for cooling using their cold energy through a heat exchanger. Other systems using
snow-and-ice cryogenic energy include: snow/ice houses that maintain low temperature
through natural convection of stored snow/ice to store vegetables, etc.; ice shelters that
maintain the low temperature of 0oC throughout the year using latent heat that is
generated when water freezes and ice melts, and; artificial frozen ground system that
freezes soil through a heat pipe using open air to use its cold energy. As shown in Figure 2
below. A low-temperature and high-humidity environment can be created stably, easily
and at low cost using snow and ice that are inexhaustible in cold snow zones. Cold energy
of snow and ice is clean energy that does not emit CO2.
Biomass Energy

Biomass energy is derived from

organic matter, i.e., matter
from organisms, such as the
cellular tissues of plants and
animals and animal excreta.
The most common biomass
materials used for energy are
plants, wood, and waste as
shown in Figure 3. These are
called biomass feedstock.
Producing Energy from Biomass

• Biomass and biofuels

• Biomass plantations
• Crop residues
• Animal manure
• Biogas
• Ethanol
• Methanol
 Biomass Energy
• Biomass energy can also be a non-renewable
energy source. The use of plant-derived
biomass energy is gaining attention, because
it is considered carbon-neutral energy. Carbon
emissions from biomass are viewed as part of
the natural carbon cycle, in which the carbon
is found in different molecules but carbon
dioxide absorption and emissions are in
balance. Biomass contains energy first derived
from the sun: Plants absorb the sun’s energy
through photosynthesis, and convert carbon
dioxide and water into nutrients
(carbohydrates).
• The energy from these organisms can be
transformed into usable energy through direct
and indirect means. Biomass can be burned to
create heat (direct), converted into electricity
(direct), or processed into biofuel (indirect).
Therefore, carbon emissions from biomass
are not regarded as adding to atmospheric
concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Wind Power Generation

Wind power generation means

getting the electrical energy by
converting wind energy into rotating
energy of the blades and converting
that rotating energy into electrical
energy by the generator and
traditionally to do other work, like
milling or pumping. Wind power is a
sustainable and renewable energy,
and has a much smaller impact on
the environment compared to
burning fossil fuels. Wind farms
consist of many individual wind
turbines, which are connected to the
electric power transmission
network.
Producing Electricity from Wind
Photovoltaic Power Generation

Photovoltaics are best known as a method for

generating electric power by using solar cells to
convert energy from the sun into a flow of
electrons by the photovoltaic effect. A
photovoltaic system employs solar modules,
each comprising a number of solar cells, which
generate electrical power. PV installations may
be ground-mounted, rooftop mounted, wall
mounted or floating. The mount may be fixed or
use a solar tracker to follow the sun across the
sky. Solar PV has specific advantages as an
energy source: once installed, its operation
generates no pollution and no greenhouse gas
emissions, it shows simple scalability in respect
of power needs and silicon has large availability
in the Earth’s crust.
Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat

Passive solar heating Active solar heating

 • Some technologies:
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Systems
• Producing electricity
directly from sunlight.
– Solar Hot Water
• Heating water with solar
energy.
– Solar Electricity
• Using the sun's heat to
produce electricity.
– Passive Solar Heating and
Day lighting
• Using solar energy to
heat and light buildings.
– Solar Process Space Heating
and Cooling
• Industrial and
commercial uses of the
sun's heat.
Using Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature
Heat and Electricity
• Solar thermal systems
• Photovoltaic (PV) cells
 OTHER TYPE
OF ENERGY
 Hydropower
• Flowing water creates energy, captured and
turned into electricity - hydroelectric power
or hydropower.
• The most common type of hydroelectric
power plant uses a dam on a river to store
water in a reservoir.
• Water released from the reservoir flows
through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn
activates a generator to produce electricity.
Producing Electricity
from Moving Water
• Large-scale
hydropower
• Small-scale
hydropower
• Tidal power plant
• Wave power plant
 Hydropower in
Malaysia
• Hydropower is the only renewable
energy technology that is presently
commercially viable on a large scale.
• It has four major advantages, namely
it is renewable, it produces negligible
amounts of greenhouse gases, it is
the least costly way of storing large
amounts of electricity, and it can
easily adjust the amount of electricity
produced to the amount demanded
by consumers.
Generating hydroelectric power, 2011

China 736
Brazil 449
Canada 377

United States
351

Russia 173

Rest of the world 1,558

Total world 3,644

Malaysia 7.6

•In terawatt hours

1 terawatt = 1000 gigawatt
1 terawatt = 1000000 megawatt
 Hydropower Plants in Malaysia
Sungai Perak hydroelectric scheme, with 1249 MW installed capacity:
• Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia Power Station 72 MW
• Chenderoh Power Station 40.5 MW
• Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering Power Station 120 MW
• Sungai Piah Upper Power Station 14.6 MW
• Sungai Piah Lower Power Station 54 MW
• Temenggor Power Station 348 MW
• Sultan Ismail Petra Power Station 600 MW
Terengganu hydroelectric scheme, with 400 MW installed capacity:
• Sultan Mahmud Power Station 400 MW
Cameron Highlands hydroelectric scheme, with 262 MW installed capacity:
• Sultan Yusof Jor Power Station 100 MW
• Sultan idris Woh Power Station 150 MW
• Odak Power Station 4.2 MW
• Habu Power Station 5.5 MW
• Kampong Raja Power Station 0.8 MW
• Kampong Terla Power Station 0.5 MW
• Robinson Falls Power Station 0.9 MW
Independent hydroelectric schemes
• Sg Kenerong Small Hydro Power Station in Kelantan at Sungai Kenerong, 20 MW
Source: TNB 2012
 Ocean Energy
• Two types of energy: thermal
energy from the sun's heat,
and mechanical energy from
the tides and waves.
• The sun's heat warms the
surface water a lot more than
the deep ocean water, and this
temperature difference creates
thermal energy.
Electricity From Tides
And Waves
• High as well as low tides, water flows
in and out of coasts and estuaries.
• Water can spin turbines, in order to
produce electricity.
• Can only make a tiny contribution to
the world's energy supply, because of
the few suitable sites, the high
construction costs and the risk of
equipment destruction by saltwater
corrosion.
• France and Canada own the largest
tidal energy facilities right now.
 Geothermal Energy
• Heat from the Earth.
• Shallow ground to hot
water and hot rock found a
few miles beneath the
Earth's surface.
• Deeper to the extremely
high temperatures of
molten rock -magma.
Geothermal Energy

• Geothermal heat pumps

• Geothermal exchange
• Dry and wet steam
• Hot water
• Molten rock (magma)
• Hot dry-rock zones
B. ENERGY UTILIZATION

• Energy utilization focuses on technologies

that can lead to new and potentially more
efficient ways of using electricity in
residential, commercial and industrial
settings as well as in the transportation
sector. Figure shows End energy use in each
sector in Malaysia in 2011 and global primary
energy consumption 2016
 • Energy Efficiency
C. Industry sub • Fuel switching
• Energy Recovery
sectors
• Renewable Energy
• Material Efficiency
• Carbon sequestration
Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency simply means using less energy to perform the same task –
that is, eliminating energy waste. Energy efficiency brings a variety of
benefits: reducing greenhouse gas emissions, reducing demand for energy
imports, and lowering our costs on a household and economy-wide level.
While renewable energy technologies also help accomplish these objectives,
improving energy efficiency is the cheapest – and often the most immediate
– way to reduce the use of fossil fuels. There are many initiatives on energy
efficiency in industries such as energy auditing of industries, demonstration
projects, rating of high efficient equipment and increasing the awareness
among industrial consumers on energy efficiency.
Fuel switching

Fuel Switching replaces inefficient fuels with cleaner and economical

alternatives, such as substituting coal or kerosene for natural gas.
Complimented by modern equipment upgrades, fuel switching is a simple
approach to reducing energy consumption and costs for end-users, while
also curbing carbon emissions. Although some industrial sectors are already
beginning to shift towards alternative fuels, some of the technology options
for switching energy-intensive processes away from current fossil fuel energy
sources are not yet commercially available, and some require further
optimisation to become technically feasible
Energy Recovery

Energy recovery includes any technique or method of minimizing the input

of energy to an overall system by the exchange of energy from one sub-
system of the overall system with another. The energy can be in any form in
either subsystem, but most energy recovery systems exchange thermal
energy in either sensible or latent form.
Renewable Energy

Renewable energy embraces a range of sub-sectors, but the field is

dominated by three: photovoltaic solar (which accounted for 47 percent of
new global capacity added in 2016), wind power (34 percent) and
hydropower (15.5 percent). But the future of all three depends on
innovation in battery storage and energy aggregators, both of which are
becoming increasingly important to investors.
Material Efficiency

Material efficiency is a description or metric which expresses the degree in

which raw materials are consumed, incorporated, or wasted, as compared to
previous measures in construction projects or physical processes. Making a
usable item out of thinner stock than a prior version increases the material
efficiency of the manufacturing process. Material efficiency goes hand in
hand with Green building and Energy conservation, as well as any other ways
of incorporating Renewable resources in the building process from start to
finish.
Carbon sequestration

Carbon dioxide is the most commonly produced greenhouse gas. Carbon

sequestration is the process of capturing and storing (CCS) atmospheric
carbon dioxide. It is one method of reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere with the goal of reducing global climate change. One of the
major benefits of CCS as an emissions reduction technology is that it can be
applied to different types of CO2 emissions sources, particularly those with
very large volumes of emissions, such as power plants and some industrial
facilities.
 Cogeneration – combines heat Two forms of energy (ex. steam and
electricity) are provided from the same
and power fuel source.

Efficient electric motors

How To High-efficiency lighting

Increase Increasing fuel economy

Energy
Efficiency Alternative vehicles

Insulation

Plug leaks
 What Can You Do?

Energy Use and Waste

• Drive a car that gets at least 15 kilometers per liter (35 miles per
gallon) and join a carpool.
• Use mass transit, walking, and bicycling.
• Turn off lights, TV sets, computers, and other electronic
equipment when they are not in use.
• For cooling, open windows and use ceiling fans or whole-
house attic or window fans.
• Buy the most energy-efficient lights, cars, and appliances
available.
 The Energy Challenge
• Increase in energy consumption, with the
risk of a major environmental impact, and
climate change, as a result of the
combustion of fossil fuels.
• The right for development is a basic
human right, and there is no possible
development without energy supply.
• For environmental reasons, the first
priority should be the development of all
the technically, economically and
environmentally feasible potential from
clean, renewable energy sources, such as
hydropower.
THANK YOU