Cp-Weed Science

WEED SCIENCE
Russel Van Rosales Roa

JUNE 2, 2019
OUTLINE:
 Definition of “Weed”
 Characteristics of Weeds
 Importance of Weeds to Man and Agriculture
 Classification of Weeds
 Reproduction and Weed Dispersal
 Crop-Weed Competition
 Methods of Weed Control
 Some Examples of Weeds
WHAT ARE WEEDS?
“A plant growing out of place’’

 Plants growing in a place they are not
desired
 Plants that are useless, unwanted, and
undesirable
 Plants that interfere with man or any area
of his interest
 Unwanted and undesirable which interfere
with the utilization of land and water
resources, thus, affect human welfare…
WEED CHARACTERISTICS
Rapid vegetative growth and profuse root

production
Reproduce early and efficiently
Adapted to competition and adverse
environmental condition
Seeds and vegetative propagules are
usually dormant or can be induced to be
dormant.
Cause significant damage even at low
population densities
Persist and resist control measures.
IMPORTANCE OF WEEDS
Harmful Attributes
 Reduce yield
 Increase cost of crop production
 Can serve as alternate host for
pathogens
 Impose hazards to human and
animal health
 Clog waterways
 Release harmful chemicals
IMPORTANCE OF WEEDS
Beneficial Attributes:
Food
Aesthetic values
Prevent soil erosion
Possible source of medicine
Source of genes for crop improvement
Return organic matter to the soil
WEED CLASSIFICATION:
A.BASED ON LIFESPAN
B.BASED ON HABITAT
C.BASED ON GROWTH HABIT
D.BASED ON STEM STRUCTURE
E.BASED ON ORIGIN
F. BASED ON GROSS MORPHOLOGY
A. BASED ON LIFESPAN
Annuals – complete their lifespan in a single growing season or in a year.
Perennials – have indeterminate lifespan

Simple perennials – reproduce through seeds
Creeping/Bulbous perennials – reproduce by vegetative propagules
B. BASED ON HABITAT
Upland – weeds well-adapted to well-
drained soils
Lowland/Aquatic – thrive best under

saturated or flooded condition
C. BASED ON GROWTH HABIT
Erect – vertical growth with single or multiple stem

Creeping/prostate – grows horizontally
Twining or climbing
D. BASED ON STEM STRUCTURE

Herbaceous – stems are soft and
succulent
Woody – Stems are hard with a bark ---

they are usually perennials
E. BASED ON ORIGIN
Exotic or imported – Weeds coming from another area, adapt to a new
area and then become serious weeds.
Native/endemic
F. BASED ON GROSS MORPHOLOGY
Grasses – belongs to the family Poaceae/Graminae
Sedges – belongs to the family Cyperaceae
Broadleaves
HOW DO WEEDS DISPERSE?
 Dispersal unit – refers to the

structures that are dispersed or
separated from the mother plants.
 They can be dispersed by:
i. Wind – light seeds that have
wing-like outgrowths (pappus)
ii. Water
iii. Animals
iv. Man
CROP-WEED COMPETITION
 COMPETITION – struggle of two or more plants for a limited

resources.
 Interspecific – competition between different species
 Intraspecific – competition belonging to the same species
 CRITICAL THRESHOLD LEVEL – refers to the weed density
beyond which significant reductions will be incurred by the plant
 CRITICAL PERIOD OF COMPETITION – duration within the
lifespan of the crop when it is most affected by weeds. Usually
falls during the first 1/3 to ½ of the total lifespan of the crop.
MAJOR FACTORS OF COMPETITION
Nutrients – nitrogen being the most critical

for most crop-weed competition
Water – limited amount of water may
benefit the weed but not the crop
Light – shading of leafy weed reduces light
penetration to crops.
HOW DO WE CONTROL WEEDS?
A.PREVENTIVE METHODS
B.PHYSICAL/CULTURAL METHODS
C.BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
D.CHEMICAL CONTROL
A. PREVENTIVE METHODS
Use of high quality, disease and weed free planting
materials
Control of weeds before they reached reproductive
stage.
B.PHYSICAL METHODS
Proper land preparation and management
Handweeding/slashing
Hoe weeding
Interrow cultivation
Mulching
Water management or flooding
Use of competitive crop varieties
Multiple cropping
Burning
C. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Classical or inoculative – uses host specific imported living
organisms, such as insects or pathogens, from the native country
of origin to control or supress the growth of weeds of other
country.
Inundative or augmentative approach - uses very large numbers
of existing and locally occurring natural enemies by mass rearing
followed by field release. The most commonly used are fungal
pathogens.
D. CHEMICAL CONTROL
- Involves the use of herbicides for selective control of
weeds with minimum or no injury to the crop.
- Reduces labor and provides early season weed control
within crop rows.
- However, safety precautions should be strictly followed
because they could result to:
- Crop injury
- Poor and ineffective weed control
- Drift in residue problem
D. CHEMICAL CONTROL (cont…)

CLASSIFICATION OF HERBICIDES
1. Time of Application
2. Movement in Plants
3. Selectivity

1. Time of Application
i. Preplant – applied after land preparation
ii. Pre-emergence – applied after crops are
planted but before the crop emerges
iii. Postemergence – applied after the
emergence of crops and weeds

2. Movement in Plants
i. Contact – herbicides which affect the surface where they are
directly sprayed or applied
ii. Translocated – phytotoxic effects are manifested at or away
from the sites on the plants where the spray droplets are
deposited

3. Selectivity
i. Non-selective – herbicide that has broad-spectrum
activity, kills all plants
ii. Selective – herbicide that kill some plants leaving others
unharmed.

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WEED SCIENCE

Russel Van Rosales Roa

“A plant growing out of place’’

Rapid vegetative growth and profuse root

Perennials – have indeterminate lifespan

Lowland/Aquatic – thrive best under

C. BASED ON GROWTH HABIT

Erect – vertical growth with single or multiple stem

D. BASED ON STEM STRUCTURE

Woody – Stems are hard with a bark ---

Sedges – belongs to the family Cyperaceae

 Dispersal unit – refers to the

 COMPETITION – struggle of two or more plants for a limited

Nutrients – nitrogen being the most critical

D. CHEMICAL CONTROL (cont…)

D. CHEMICAL CONTROL (cont…)

D. CHEMICAL CONTROL (cont…)

D. CHEMICAL CONTROL (cont…)

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