DRILLING METHOD Rock Group

Diameter Code Term

Diametre ( mm ) Holes Size IG IGNEOUS ROCK
85.00 PQ Core IS IRONSTONE
63.50 HQ Core KA KAOLINITE
47.60 NQ Core LC LOST CORE (Probably Coal)
36.50 BQ Core LG LIGNITE
27.00 AQ Core LO LOST CORE (Probably Non-Coal)
Method LS LIMESTONE
Code Term MS MUDSTONE
OH Open Holes PE PEAT
CH Core Holes SC SHALY COAL
SPT Standard Penetration Test SD SIDERITE
UDS Undisturb Sample Tube SH SHALE
SL SILTSTONE
LITHOLOGY SS SANDSTONE
Soil Group (Primary) XC CARBONACEOUS CLAYSTONE
Code Term XH CARBONACEOUS SHALE
CL CLAY (FINE GRAINED SOILS) XL CARBONACEOUS SILTSTONE
SI SILT (FINE GRAINED SOILS) XM CARBONACEOUS MUDSTONE
SA SAND (FINE GRAINED SOILS) XS CARBONACEOUS SANDSTONE
GV GRAVEL (COARSE GRAINED SOILS) ZC COALY CLAYSTONE
CB COBBLES (COARSE GRAINED SOILS) ZH COALY SHALE
BO BOULDERS (COARSE GRAINED SOILS) ZM COALY MUDSTONE
ZS COALY SANDSTONE
Soil Group (Secondary)
Code Term
CY Clayey
SY Silty
SA Sandy
GY Gravelly

Rock Group
Code Term
FI Fill Material
AN ANDESITE
BA BASALT
BR BRECCIA
C1 COAL, >90% bright
C2 COAL, 60-90% bright
C3 COAL, 40-60% bright
C4 COAL 10-40% bright
C5 COAL, <10% bright
C6 COAL, dull <1% bright
C7 COAL, dull, conchoidal
CG CONGLOMERATE
CK NATURAL COKE
CN STONEY COAL (SILICACEOUS COAL)
CS CLAYSTONE
CW WEATHERED COAL
DI DIORITE
DO DOLERITE
FW FOSSIL WOOD
GA GABBRO
GRAIN SIZE
Code Term Code Term
AG Agglomerate FV Fine To Very Coarse Grained
BO Boulders FX Finely Crystalline
BR Breccia GC Gravel Coarse
CA Coarse To Very Fine Grained GF Gravel Fine
CB Coarse grained to Pebbles GM Gravel Medium
CC Coarse grained to Boulder GO gravel coarse
CD Cobbles to Boulder GP Granule grained to Pebbles
CF Coarse To Fine Grained GR Granular
CG Coarse Grained To Granular MA Medium To Very Fine Grained
CM Coarse To Medium Grained MC Medium To Coarse Grained
CO Cobbles MD Medium Grained
CP Cobbles to Pebbles MF Medium To Fine Grained
CS Coarse Grained MX Medium Crystalline
CT Conglomerate PB Pebbles
CV Coarse To Very Coarse Grained PG Pegmatoidal
CX Coarsely Crystalline VC Very Coarse Grained
FA Fine To Very Fine Grained VF Very Fine Grained
FB Fine grained to Boulder XA Very Coarse To Very Fine Grained
FM Fine To Medium Grained XC Very Coarse To Coarse Grained
FN Fine Grained XF Very Coarse To Fine Grained
FP Fine grained to Pebble XM Very Coarse To Medium Grained

PARTICLE GRADE
Soil Grade Rock Grade (Sortation)
Code Term Code Term
WG Well Graded (gradasi seimbang) B Bimodial
PG Poorly Graded (gradasi buruk) M Moderately Sorted
GG Gap Graded (gradasi berjarak) P Poorly Sorted
W Well Sorted

PARTICLE SHAPE / ROUNDNESS (Gravel, Cobbles and Sands)

Code Term
V Very angular
A Angular
S Subangular
R Rounded
U Subrounded
W Well rounded

SOIL / ROCK COLOR

Shade Description
Code Term Description
B Medium Medium
C Light to dark Terang sampai gelap
D Dark Gelap / tua
L Light Terang
M Mottled Belang
P Pale Pucat / muda
S Speckled Bintik-bintik
V Variegated Beragam
SOIL / ROCK COLOR
Hue Description
Code Term Code Term
B Brownish O Orange
C Creamy P Pinkish
E Greenish R Reddish
F Buff U Purplish
G Greyish W Whitish
K Blackish Y Yellowish
L Bluish

Color Description
Code Term Code Term
B Brown O Orange
C Cream P Pink
E Green R Red
F Buff U Purple
G Grey V Variable
K Black W White
L Blue Y Yellow

WEATHERING
Klasifikasi Terminilogi untuk Tingkat Pelapukan Material Batuan
Simbol Terminologi Panduan Lapangan

Soil terbentuk oleh pelapukan batuan yang ekstrim; struktur butiran dan unsur penyusun
RS Residual Soil masa batuan tidak dijumpai lagi; terjadi perubahan besar volume tetapi tidak mengalami
perpindahan secara signifikan. Didekripsi menggunakan Sistem Klasifikasi Soil
Batuan mengalami pelapukan secara luas dan memiliki properties soi,misal butiran lepas
Extremely atau dapat dibentuk di dalam air. Material yang dapat dibentuk tersebut dapat dideskripsi
EW**
Weathered dengan Sistem Klasifikasi Soil

HW* Kekuatan batuan biasanya berubah oleh pelapukan. Batuan mungkin mengalami
DW Distinctly perubahan warna yang besar, biasanya oleh pengotoran oksida besi. Porositas mungkin
Weathered meningkat oleh proses pencucian atau mungkin menurun porositasnya pada proses
MW* pengendapan hasil pelapukan.
Slightly Batuan mengalami sedikit perubahan warna tetapi menunjukkan sedikit atau tidak ada
SW Weathered perubahan kekuatan batuan relatif terhadap batuan segar (fresh)
FR Fresh Batuan tidak menunjukkan tanda perubahan komposisi atau pengotoran
* Terminologi Highly Weathered (HW) dan Moderately Weathered (MW) tidak digunakan dalam AS1726-1993. Terminologi
tersebut mungkin digunakan di site atau tipe bantuan khusus, untuk menyediakan data tambahan untuk engineering assesment.
** Singkatan XW digunakan untuk Extremely Weathered di AS1726-1993

Simbol Terminologi Panduan Lapangan

Material batuan dipengaruhi oleh pelapukan secara luas, dijumpai pengotor limonite atau
Highly pengaruh pencucian material batuan secara keseluruhan dan/atau tanda lain berupa
HW Weathered perubahan komposisi kimia atau fisik yang dijumpai. Porositas dan kekuatan batuan
mungkin bertambah atau bekurang.
MW Moderately Material batuan dipengaruhi oleh pelapukan secara luas, dijumpai pengotor secara luas
Weathered diseluruh material batuan dan warna alami batuan segar tidak lagi dapat dikenali
CONSISTENCY DENSITY / STRENGTH
Fine Grained Soil (clays, silts, etc.)
Deskripsi Terminologi untuk Konsistensi Soil Berbutir Halus (misal : Clay (lempung) dan Silt (lanau))
Indikasi PP
Kuat Geser
Simbol Terminologi (kPa) SPT Pembacaa Panduan Lapangan
n kPa
Sebuah jari dapat ditekan masuk ke dalam soil dengan
C1 Very Soft < 12 0-2 < 25 kPa mudah. soil muncul diantara sela-sela jari ketika ditekan
ringan
Sebuah jari dapat ditekan masuk ke dalam soil sampai
C2 Soft 12-25 2-4 25-50 kPa kedalaman 25 mm. Dapat dibentuk/ dilubangi oleh tekanan
jari secara ringan
Soil dapat ditekan masuk oleh ibu jari sampai kedalaman 5
C3 Firm 25-50 4-8 50-100 kPa mm. Dapat dibentuk/ dilubangi oleh tekanan jari secara kuat
Permukaan soil dapat membentuk lekukan ibu jari tetapi ibu
C4 Stiff 50-100 8-15 100-200 kPajari tidak dapat ditekan masuk ke dalam soil
Permukaan soil dapat ditandai dengan jari tetapi tidak dapat
C5 Very Stiff 100-200 15-30 200-400 kPamembentuk lekukan ketika ditekan dengan ibu jari

C6 Hard > 200 > 400 kPa Permukaan

> 30
C7 Friable soil hanya
Hancur atau bubuk ketika dicabik/korek dengan kuku ibu jari
dapat
ditandai
Coarse Grained Soil (sands, gravels, etc.) hanya
dengan
Kekerasan Relatif Soil Berbutir Kasar (misal : Sand (pasir), Gravels (kerikil))
kuku ibu jari
Indeks SPT 'n' pukulan
Simbol Terminologi Visual Assessment
Kekerasan per 300 mm
S1 Very Loose 0-15 % 0-4 Tiras
S2 Loose 15-35% 4-10 Mudah disekop
S3 Medium Dense 35-65 % 10-30 Disekop dengan susah
S4 Dense 65-85 % 30-50 Perlu dicuil
S5 Very Dense 85-100 % > 50 Dicuil dengan susah

Rock
Poin Load Pendekata
Simbol Terminologi Index - n Nilai UCS Panduan Lapangan
is(50) (Mpa)
Extremely Mudah dibentuk dengan tangan hingga material yang memiliki sifat
R1 < 0.03 < 0.7 properties soil
Low
Material hancur oleh pukulan mantap dengan ujung pecahan meterial
tajam; dapat dikupas dengan pisau; terlalu susah untuk memotong
R2 Very Low 0.03 to 0.1 0.7 to 2.4 triaxial sampel dengan tangan; potongan batuan dengan panjang lebih
dari 30 mm dapat dipatahkan dengan tekanan jari

Mudah dilubangi dengan pisau; lekukan 1 mm hingga 3 mm muncul

pada patahan sampel dengan pukulan mantap pada titik pegang sampel;
menghasilkan bunyi buram ketika dipukul dengan palu. Potongan core
R3 Low 0.1 to 0.3 2.4 to 7 dengan panjang 150 mm dan diameter 50 mm dapat dipatahkan dengan
tangan; ujung tajam dari core mungkin rapuh dan patah ketika dilakukan
pengangkatan
Masih bisa dilubangi dengan pisau; potongan core dengan panjang 150
R4 Medium 0.3 to 1 7 to 24 mm dan diameter 50 m dapat dipatahkan menggunakan tangan dengan
susah payah
Potongan core dengan panjang 150 mm dan diameter 50 m tidak dapat
R5 High 1 to 3 24 to 70 dipatahkan dengan tangan tetapi dapat dipatahkan dengan dipegang
dan dipukul dalam sekali pukulan mantap; ada bekas pukulan palu pada
batuan
Sampel patah dengan dipegang dan dipukul lebih dari sekali pukul; ada
R6 Very High 3 to 10 70 to 240 bekas pukulan palu pada batuan

Extremely Sampel membutuhkan banyak pukulan dengan palu geologi untuk

R7 > 10 > 240 mematahkan; ada bekas pukulan palu pada batuan
High
Catatan : Approximate UCS berdasarkan asumsi UCS/Is50 rasio 24. Rasio dapat bervariasi antara 10-30. Korelasi lokal yang relevan seharusnya ditetapkan dari hasil tes
GSI (GEOLOGICAL STRENGTH INDEX )
DEFECT
Defect Type
Code Term Description
A surface of fracture or parting in a rock, formed without displacement and across
J Joint which the rock has little tensile strength. May be closed, open or infilled.

B Bedding Bedding refers to the layering or stratification of a rock, indicating the orientation
during deposition.

C Cleat Patahan-patahan kecil alami yang ada di dalam tubuh batubara

A sheet-like mineral filling of a defect, often with replacement of the host rock. Veins
are often directly or indirectly of igneous origin, but may be a result of sedimentary
V Vein processes.

SZ Sheared Zone Zone or Seam with roughly parallel almost planar boundaries or rock substance cut by
closely spaced (often <50 mm), parallel joints or cleavage planes. The joints are
usually smooth or slickensided. Faults which consist of a single joint surface are
SS Sheared Seam referred to as Fault Surfaces.

Zone or Seam with roughly parallel almost planar boundaries, composed of

CZ Crushed Zone disoriented, usually angular fragments of the host rock substance. The fragments
may be of clay, silt, sand or gravel sizes or mixtures of these. Unified Soil Classification
CS Crushed Seam (USC) usually GM, GC or GP.

Infilling by clay of a discontinuity within the rock. Clay may be of tectonic origin or
IS Infilled Seam from weathering or alteration processes, infilled seams are indicative of open
jointing.
DEFECT
Defect Type
Code Term Description
A zone along which there has been recognizable displacement. The walls are often
polished or slickensided resulting from the shear displacement. Frequently, rock on
FZ Fault Zone both sides of the fault is shattered and altered or weathered, resulting in fillings such
as clay, silt, breccia and/or gouge.

Roughness

Roughness Angle ( i )
Infill Material
Code Term Description
Cn Clean No visible coating or infilling
Sn Stain No visible coating or infilling but surfaces are discoloured by mineral staining, often
limonite (orange brown).
Vn Veneer A visible coating or infilling of soil or mineral substance but usually unable to be
measured (less than 1 mm). If discontinous over the plan, patchy veneer.
Infill Describe the thickness and composition of the infill materials.
Cl Clay Describe the thickness in mm.
Tc Talc
Py Pyirit
Qz Quartz
Ca Calcite
Sa Sand
etc. (material dictionary will be added if there's other fill material found outside this dictionary)

Core Axis ( CA )
Frequency Fracture ( FF )

SAMPLE TYPE
Code Term
UCS Unconfined Compressive Strength
TRX Triaxial
DS Direct Shear
PL Point Load
SPT Standard Penetration Test
UDS Undisturbed Sample
STRUCTURE
ADDITIONAL OBSERVATION
MINOR COMPONENT

Contoh:
trace of silt , trace of low plasticity silty clay , with some high plasticity clay , Silty SAND ,
Clayey SAND, Silty GRAVEL
trace of fine grained sand , trace of fine to medium gravel , with some fine to coarse
Sand, Sandy CLAY, Gravelly silty CLAY

STRUCTURE
Term Description
Homogeneous The total lack of visible bedding and the same colour and appearance throughout
Bedding The presence of layers
Fissured Breaks along definite planes of fracture with little resistance to fracturing
Polished Fracture planes are polished or glossy
Slickensided Fracture planes are striated
Blocky Cohesive soil that can be broken down into small angular lumps which resist further
breakdown
Lensoidal Discontinuous pockets of a soil within a different soil mass

Fill Material
1 Tebal & komposisi FILL harus dicatat
2 Material
3 Tipe karakteristik Fill:
- Variasi warna
- Perubahan yang sangat significant
- Ada object lain: gelas, plastik
- Terdapat material organik
4 Macam - macam Fill:
Contain plastik, sampah medikal, concrete blocks, rongsokan logam organik
UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (USCS)
Code Term Major Divisions

GW Well-graded Gravel Clean gravel (less than 5%

fines)
Gravel gravel-sand mixture,
GP Poorly graded Gravel more than 50% of little or no fines
coarse fraction
retained on No.4 Gravel with fines (> 12 % fines)
GM Silty Gravel
(4.75 mm) sieve gravel-sand-silt mixture
Coarse grained soils Gravel with fines (> 12 % fines)
GC Clayey Gravel more than 50% of gravel-sand-clay mixture
material is larger
SW Well-graded Sand than No.200
(0.075 mm) sieve Clean sand (less than 5% fines)
gravelly sand,
Sand little or no fines
SP Poorly graded Sand ≥ 50% of coarse
fraction passing
No.4 (4.75 mm) Sand with fines (> 12 % fines),
SM Silty Sand Silty sand, sand-silt mixture
sieve
Sand with fines (> 12 % fines),
SC Clayey Sand clayey sand, sand-clay mixture
Inorganic, rock flour, slight
ML Silt plasticity
Silt and Clay Inorganic, low to medium
CL Clay of low plasticity, lean clay liquid limit < 50 % plasticity
Fine grained soils Organic silt or organic clay of
OL Organic Silt, Organic Clay more than 50% of low plasticity
material is smaller
MH Silt of high plasticity, elastic silt than No.200 Inorganic silt, elastic silts
(0.075 mm) sieve

CH Clay of high plasticity, fat clay Silt and Clay Inorganic clays of high

liquid limit ≥ 50 % plasticity, fat clays
Organic clays or organic silts of
OH Organic clay, organic silt
medium to high plasticity

PT Peat Highly organic soils Peat and other highly organic

soils
UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (USCS)

Secondary
Secondary Descriptions
Primary Components Descriptions (Fine
(Coarse Grained)
Grained)
L = Low Plasticity
G = Gravel M = Silty
(Lean for Clay)
H = High Plasticity
S = Sand C = Clayey (Fat for Clay,
Elastic for Silt)
M = Silt (Non-plastic or low P = Poorly Graded (same
plasticity fines) relative grain size)
W = Well Graded
C = Clay (Plastic fines)
(different grain sizes)
O = Organic

Major Divisions Group Symbol

Clean gravel <5% GW

Gravel smaller than
> 50% of coarse fraction No.200 Sieve GP
retained on No.4
(4.75 mm) sieve GM
Coarse grained soils Gravel with >12%
more than 50% retained fines GC
on or above No.200
(0.075 mm) sieve SW
Sand Clean sand
≥ 50% of coarse fraction SP
passes No.4 (4.75 mm)
sieve Sand with >12% SM
fines SC
ML
Silt and Clay Inorganic
CL
liquid limit < 50
Fine grained soils Organic OL
50% or more passing the
No.200 (0.075 mm) sieve MH
Silt and Clay Inorganic
CH
liquid limit ≥ 50
Organic OH
Highly organic soils PT
 Group Name
well-graded gravel, fine to coarse
gravel

poorly graded gravel

silty gravel
clayey gravel

well-graded sand, fine to coarse sand

poorly graded sand

silty sand
clayey sand
silt
clay of low plasticity, lean clay
organic silt, organic clay
silt of high plasticity, elastic silt
clay of high plasticity, fat clay
organic clay, organic silt
peat
ASTM D-2487

Criteria for Assigning Group Symbols and Group Names Using Laboratory Tests

Clean Gravels
Gravels Less than 5% fines
More than 50% of coarse
fraction on No. 4 Sieve Gravels with Fines
COARSE-GRAINED SOILS
More than 12% fines
More than 50% retained
on No.200 Sieve Clean Sands
Sands Less than 5% fines
50% or more of coarse
fraction passes No.4 sieve Sands with Fines
More than 12% fines

Inorganic
Silts and Clays
Liquid limit less than 50
Organic
FINE-GRAINED SOILS

50% or more passes the Inorganic

no. 200 Sieve
Silts and Clays
Liquid limit 50 or more
Organic

HIGHLY ORGANIC SOILS

 Soil Classification
p Names Using Laboratory Tests
Group Symbol Group Name

Cu ≥ 4 and 1 ≤ Cc ≤ 3 GW Well-graded gravel GW

Cu < 4 and/or Cc < 1 or Cc > 3 GP Poorly graded gravel GP

Fines classify as ML or MH GM Silty Gravel GM

Fines classify as CL or CH GC Clayey gravel GC

Cu ≥ 6 and 1 ≤ Cc ≤ 3 SW Well-graded sand SW

Cu < 6 and/or Cc < 1 or Cc > 3 SP Poorly graded sand SP
Fines classify as ML or MH SM Silty sand SM
Fines classify as CL or CH SC Clayey sand SC
PI > 7 and plots on or above "A" line CL Lean clay ML
PI < 4 and plots below "A" line ML Silt CL
Liquid limit—oven dried < 0.75 OL Organic clay OL
Liquid limit—not dried OL Organic silt MH
PI plots on or above "A" line CH Fat clay CH
PI plots below "A" line MH Elastic silt OH
Liquid limit—oven dried < 0.75 OH Organic clay Pt

Liquid limit - not dried OH Organic silt

PT Peat
CONSISTENCY DENSITY / STRENGTH
Fine Grained Soil (clays, silts, etc.)

Coarse Grained Soil (sands, gravels, etc.)

Rock
WEATHERING