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    Calculation-Resource Bond

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    Kishore Ram
    The document discusses complexity classes and how they are defined based on resource requirements like time and space. It specifically discusses: 1) Complexity classes group problems based on upper bounds of the most efficient algorithms' resource needs as input size increases, like problems in P growing polynomially versus exponentially. 2) The study focuses on identifying the smallest complexity class problems fall into based on the most efficient algorithms. 3) Time complexity is defined as the maximum number of steps an algorithm takes on inputs of varying length, and complexity theorists are interested in whether it is polynomial, exponential, etc. 4) Space complexity is similarly defined as the maximum number of memory cells used, and basic complexity classes like P

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    Calculation-Resource Bond

    Uploaded by

    Kishore Ram
    18 views3 pages
    The document discusses complexity classes and how they are defined based on resource requirements like time and space. It specifically discusses: 1) Complexity classes group problems based on upper bounds of the most efficient algorithms' resource needs as input size increases, like problems in P growing polynomially versus exponentially. 2) The study focuses on identifying the smallest complexity class problems fall into based on the most efficient algorithms. 3) Time complexity is defined as the maximum number of steps an algorithm takes on inputs of varying length, and complexity theorists are interested in whether it is polynomial, exponential, etc. 4) Space complexity is similarly defined as the maximum number of memory cells used, and basic complexity classes like P

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    The document discusses complexity classes and how they are defined based on resource requirements like time and space. It specifically discusses: 1) Complexity classes group problems based on upper bounds of the most efficient algorithms' resource needs as input size increases, like problems in P growing polynomially versus exponentially. 2) The study focuses on identifying the smallest complexity class problems fall into based on the most efficient algorithms. 3) Time complexity is defined as the maximum number of steps an algorithm takes on inputs of varying length, and complexity theorists are interested in whether it is polynomial, exponential, etc. 4) Space complexity is similarly defined as the maximum number of memory cells used, and basic complexity classes like P

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    18 views3 pages

    Calculation-Resource Bond

    Uploaded by

    Kishore Ram
    The document discusses complexity classes and how they are defined based on resource requirements like time and space. It specifically discusses: 1) Complexity classes group problems based on upper bounds of the most efficient algorithms' resource needs as input size increases, like problems in P growing polynomially versus exponentially. 2) The study focuses on identifying the smallest complexity class problems fall into based on the most efficient algorithms. 3) Time complexity is defined as the maximum number of steps an algorithm takes on inputs of varying length, and complexity theorists are interested in whether it is polynomial, exponential, etc. 4) Space complexity is similarly defined as the maximum number of memory cells used, and basic complexity classes like P

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    Resource bounds[edit]

    Complexity classes group computational problems by their resource


    requirements. To do this, computational problems are differentiated by upper
    bounds on the maximum amount of resources that the most efficient algorithm
    takes to solve them. More specifically, complexity classes are concerned with
    the rate of growth in the resources required to solve particular computational
    problems as the input size increases. For example, the amount of time it takes to
    solve problems in the complexity class P grows at a polynomial rate as the input
    size increases, which is comparatively slow compared to problems in the
    exponential complexity class EXPTIME (or more accurately, for problems
    in EXPTIME that are outside of P, since ).
    Note that the study of complexity classes is intended primarily to understand
    the inherent complexity required to solve computational problems. Complexity
    theorists are thus generally concerned with finding the smallest complexity class
    that a problem falls into and are therefore concerned with identifying which
    class a computational problem falls into using the most efficient algorithm.
    There may be an algorithm, for instance, that solves a particular problem in
    exponential time, but if the most efficient algorithm for solving this problem
    runs in polynomial time then the inherent time complexity of that problem is
    better described as polynomial.
    Time bounds[edit]
    Main article: Time complexity
    The time complexity of an algorithm with respect to the Turing machine model
    is the number of steps it takes for a Turing machine to run an algorithm on a
    given input size. Formally, the time complexity for an algorithm implemented
    with a Turing machine  is defined as the function , where  is the maximum
    number of steps that  takes on any input of length .
    In computational complexity theory, theoretical computer scientists are
    concerned less with particular runtime values and more with the general class of
    functions that the time complexity function falls into. For instance, is the time
    complexity function a polynomial? A logarithmic function? An exponential
    function? Or another kind of function?
    Space bounds[edit]
    Main article: Space complexity
    The space complexity of an algorithm with respect to the Turing machine model
    is the number of cells on the Turing machine's tape that are required to run an
    algorithm on a given input size. Formally, the space complexity of an algorithm
    implemented with a Turing machine  is defined as the function , where  is the
    maximum number of cells that  uses on any input of length .
    Basic complexity classes[edit]
    See also: List of complexity classes
    Basic definitions[edit]
    Complexity classes are often defined using granular sets of complexity classes
    called DTIME and NTIME (for time complexity)
    and DSPACE and NSPACE (for space complexity). Using big O notation, they
    are defined as follows:
     The time complexity class  is the set of all problems that are decided by
    an  time deterministic Turing machine.
     The time complexity class  is the set of all problems that are decided by
    an  time nondeterministic Turing machine.
     The space complexity class  is the set of all problems that are decided by
    an  space deterministic Turing machine.
     The space complexity class  is the set of all problems that are decided by
    an  space nondeterministic Turing machine.
    Time complexity classes[edit]
    Main article: Time complexity
    P and NP[edit]
    Main articles: P (complexity) and NP (complexity)
    P is the class of problems that are solvable by a deterministic Turing
    machine in polynomial time and NP is the class of problems that are solvable by
    a nondeterministic Turing machine in polynomial time. Or more formally,
    P is often said to be the class of problems that can be solved "quickly" or
    "efficiently" by a deterministic computer, since the time complexity of solving a
    problem in P increases relatively slowly with the input size.
    An important characteristic of the class NP is that it can be equivalently defined
    as the class of problems whose solutions are verifiable by a deterministic Turing
    machine in polynomial time. That is, a language is in NP if there exists
    a deterministic polynomial time Turing machine, referred to as the verifier, that
    takes as input a string  and a polynomial-size certificate string , and
    accepts  if  is in the language and rejects  if  is not in the language. Intuitively,
    the certificate acts as a proof that the input  is in the language. Formally:[4]
    NP is the class of languages  for which there exists a polynomial-time
    deterministic Turing machine  and a polynomial  such that for all ,  is in  if and
    only if there exists some  such that  accepts.
    This equivalence between the nondeterministic definition and the verifier
    definition highlights a fundamental connection between nondeterminism and
    solution verifiability. Furthermore, it also provides a useful method for proving
    that a language is in NP—simply identify a suitable certificate and show that it
    can be verified in polynomial time.

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